39734




elx 3                                  kMNt;sMKal;RtYs²GMBIvis½yeRbg\næn³                        Ex ]sPa qñaM 2007
                            eCosvagkarrgdak;bNþasaBIFnFan
RbeTssMbUrFnFaneRbgCaeRcIn)anTTYlrgeRKaHkareCrdak;bNþasaelIFnFanFmµCati[1].b:uEnþRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_
mYycMnYnFMerobcMcat;EcgeCosputecjBIkarrgdak;bNþasaenH. kMNt;RtaenHsikSaRtYtBinitü emIlelIRbeTssMbUr
FnFaneRbgbYn ehIynigeKalneya)ayrbs;eKEdleK)anGnuvtþtam cab;taMgBIedIm TsvtSr_ 1970. mYy
RbeTsnIehSrIy:a KWCakrNIpSBVpSayy:agl¥GMBIePaKRTBüeRbg EdleFIV[cuHexSayeRcInCagkareFIV[cMerIneCOnelOn
dl;esdækic©. cMENkÉgRbeTsbIdéTeTot man\NÐÚensIu m:aeLsIu nigbUsVaNa TTYl)aneCaKC½yelIEpñkesdækic©KYr[
etI
cab;GarmµN_ cMeBaHFnFansMbUrrbs;eK.

                RbeTssMbUrFnFanmYycMnYnRtUverobcM            GnuvtþeLIgedayRbeTsnIehSrIy:a \NÐÚensIu m:aeLsIu
                edIm,IeCosvagkarrgdak;bNþasaedayrebob        nigbUsVaNa enAkñúgkareqøIytbcMeBaHkarhUrcUlR)ak;cMNUl
                Na? nIehSrIy:a nig\NÐÚensIuGaceFIVkar        FnFan nigehtubc©½yCabnþbnÞab;.
rebobeFobKñaKYr[cab;GarmµN_. RbeTsTaMgenHnaMeRbg
ecjRbhak;RbEhlKñaenABak;kNþalTsvtSr_ 1980 dMbUg.                                nIehSrIy:a ³
RbeTsTaMgBIrmanRbCaCneRcIn manPaBtantwgtamtMbn;                  enAqñaM1970 nIehSrIy:amanEpñkÉkCny:agskmµ
nigkartantwgEpñkCnCati. EteTaHbICanIehSrIy:aCaRbeTs          nigmankmøaMgBlkmµkargarFM edayeFIVkarsnüay:ag
naMeRbgecjFM TI6 enAelIBiPBkñúgqñaM2005k¾eday k¾enAEtCa      »LarikenAkñúgkarERbkøayCaRbeTsmhaGMNacesdækic©
RbeTsmYyEdlmanRbCaCnRkIRkbMputenAkñúgGnutMbn;                kñúgtMbn;. rdæaPi)alCabnþbnÞab;)ancab;yknUveKalbMNg
sahara GaRhVik ehIyk¾Ca]TahrN_KMrUnUvGIVEdlxusqÁg            CarYmbI³ karGPivDÆn_esdækic© karcUlrYmrbs;RbeTs
cMeBaHePaKRTBüeRbg xN³Edl\NÐÚensIuTTYl)ankar                 [kan;EteRcIn TaMgenAkñúgEpñkeRbg nigminEmnEpñkeRbg
sresIrGMBIkMeNInesdækic©rhUtdl;qñaM1996. cMeBaH              nigkarEbgEck[mansmFm'TUlMTUlayBIR)ak;cMNUl
lT§plxusEbøkd¾FMEbbenH KWminEmnedaysar\NÐÚensIu              enATUTaMgRkumCnCati nigtMbn;.
maneRbobelInIehSrIy:a munnwgkarRtUv):an;eRbg elIkdMbUg
1973     -    74   eT.    CakarBit   sßanPaBdMbUgenA             enAxN³eBlRtUv)a:n;eRbgdMbUgqñaM 1973 - 74
\NÐÚensIuKWGIVmYyEtmankarGnueRKaH ³ rbbeyaFa )an             )ancab;epþImbegáInplcMNUlrdæy:ageRcIn rdæaPi)al dMbUg
eLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM 1966. GRtaGñkecHGkSrmnusS               eLIy)anxitxMsnSMR)ak;cMNUl d¾elIslubenH. Etkar
eBjv½ymankMritTab       manbBaðaCatisasn_ nigPasacMruH       BüayamxitxMsnSMmanGayuxøI. enAeBlTMhMénePaKRTBü
layLMKñaeRcIn EdlGacnaM[manTMnas; ¬sUmemIl[1]cMeBaH          eRbgfIµmankarl,IB¤suHsay sMBaFneya)aydak;[cMNay
\T§iBlePaKRTBüeRbgGMBICemøaHEbk)ak;sIuvil¦nigGMeBIBuk        R)ak; cMNUleRbgTaMgGs; enAkñúgRbeTsenH)anekIneLIg
rlYyrIkraldal.                                               ehIyPøamenaHrdæaPi)al )anbegáInkarcMNayhak;bIdUc
                                                             tMéleRbgenAx<s;CaGcié®nþy_. eGanPaBfvika)anFøak;cuH
    kMNt;RtaenHerobrab; nigbgðajBIlkçN³pÞúyKñaEdl            rdæaPi)alcab;epþImx©IbulBIbreTs EdleCOCak;edayeFIV

2                                           kMNt;sMKal;RtYs²GMBIvis½yeRbg\næn³                        Ex ]sPa qñaM 2007
karbgðajBIkarekIneLIgtMéleRbgCabnþ. PøamenaH bMNul          rbs;nIehSrIy:a KWsßitkñúgPaBminnwgny:agxøaMg cMnYnkar
breTsTaMgenHk¾ERbCaminmannirnþPaB.                          pliteRbgmankarERbRbYl KWkarnaMecjeRcInCagBak;
                                                            kNþalcenøaH qñaM1979 nig1983 bEnßmeTAelIPaB
     enAGMLúg 1975 - 1980 rdæaPi)al)anpþl;GaTiPaB           minnwgn+éntMéleRbg edaymankarFøak;cuHBIcMnYnx<s;25
eTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬dwkCBa¢Ún nigsarKmnaKmn_¦Er:         Ban;landuløarenAqñaM1980 mkRtwmcMnYnTab6Ban;lan
nigkmµnþsal ksikmµ nigkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk suxaPi)al nigGb;rM     duløarenAqñaM1986. enAGMLúgeBlkMBugRtUv):an;eRbg
ehIyniglMenAzaneTAtamlMdab;. karcMNayeTAelIkarGb;rM         rUbiyb½NÑnIehSrIy:a)anekIneLIg ehIykarnaMecjksikmµ
bzmsikSa )anekIneLIgy:ageRcIn ehIysmiTi§plmYyd¾FM           )anEbkCaBIr. CMerIseKalneya)ayTn;exSay )anBRgIk
KWkareRbIR)ak;cMNUleRbgpþl;eTA[karGb;rMbzmsikSaTUeTA        plminl¥énPaBmineTogTat; R)ak;cMNUleRbg Edlbgá[
esÞIrEtTaMgGs;. eTaHbImanPaBRKb;RKan;xøÜnÉgkñúgEpñk         briyakasvinieyaKTun minmankarcab;GarmµN_Nas;Na.
ksikmµ KWCaeKalbMNg CaTIR)afñacg;)ank¾eday kar
vinieyaKelIEpñkksikmµ)anFøak;cuH. ehIyEpñkdéTeTot                 enAcMeBaHmuxkarekIneLIgpllM)akesdækic© rdæaPi)al
manKMeragCaeRcIn )ancab;epþImy:agqab;rh½s edayminKitKUr     eyaFafIµEdleLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM 1983 )andak;ecj
RtwmRtUvdl;PaBzitefresdækic© karsRmbsRmYl b¤ehtu            kmµviFIrwtbnþwgsareBIBn§ rYmTaMgkarkat;fvikaCaTUeTA
bc©½yCabnþbnÞab; CamYynwgkarkarBarbnþicbnþÜccMeBaH          kat;bnßykarnaMcUl nig kMNt;GRtabþÚrR)ak;breTs. éfø
karcMNayx¢Ix¢ar nigGMeBIBukrlYy.                            R)ak;QñÜlminGackat;bnßy)an cMeBaHehtuplneya)ay
                                                            ehIykarkat;fvikanaM[KMeragCaeRcInminRtUv)anbBa©b;. bnþ
     karRtUv):an;eRbgelIkTI2 qñaM1979 - 80 )anCMruj         nUveGanPaB nigelcecjnUvbBaðaesvabMNulEdlnaM
[mankarcMNayhYsRbmaNmYyeTot eFIVkartemøIgR)ak;              [rdæaPi)aleFIVkarGnum½tkmµviFIEksRmYlrcnasm<½n§enA
Exx<s; nigpþl;KMeragvinieyaKTunfIµ² rYmTaMgkarksagrdæFanI   qñaM1986. eRkABIkarkat;bnßyEpñksaFarN³ nigelIkkMBs;
fIµenAkñúgRbeTsmYykEnøgeTotKWGab`Uca. PaKh`unvinieyaKTun    rdæ)alsareBIBn§CafIµmþgeTot va)anbgðajBIkarlM)akkñúg
rbs;LayGiun      (lion)  elIEpñkksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ)an       pøÚvneya)ay. karRtUv)a:n;eRbgelIkTI3 naM[mankarcMNay
Føak;eTAelIKMeragFM²mYycMnYntUcEdlmankarcMNayeRcIn          kan;EteRcInEfmeTot    [ ]
                                                                                   2 .
dUcCa plitkmµEdkEfb Farasa®sþ nigkarplitCI. eKal
neya)ayrkSaGRtakarR)ak;TabsmRsb rYmCamYykarbegáIn                 tYy:agRbeTsGñknaMecjeRbgFM²CaeRcIn nIehSrIy:a
R)ak;QñÜl ehIynwgkarbegáInGaRtabþÚrR)ak; ¬sUmemIl           )anpþl;kar]btßmÖFndl;tMéleRbg\n§n³CaRbvtþisa®sþ.
[ ]
 1 nUvkarBiPakSaGMBICMgWhULg;¦)anCMruj[man]sSahkmµ          enHminRtwmEtCakarcMNayd¾eRcInb:ueNÑaHeT EtEfm
GtimUlFnEp¥kelIFatucUlénkarnaMcUl. karxusTRmg;              TaMgeFIV[manpSarggwtd¾FMeFg karrt;Bn§eRbg\n§n³Ca
nigPaBKµanRbsiTi§PaBTaMgenH enAkñúgEpñkesdækic© )an         CMnYy]btßmÖFneTAkan;RbeTsCitxag pþl;hirBaØb,Tanmin
bnßynUvel,Ón]sSahUbnIykmµEdlRbkYtRbECg nigPaK               RKb;RKan;enAkñúgkarrkSa nigeFIVTMenIbPavUbnIykmµ dl;eragcRk
cMENkrbs;]sSahkmµenAkñúgplitplkñúgRsuksrub                  enAkñúgRsuk nigkgVHeRbg\n§n³Cajwkjab; rYmCamYynwg
(GDP)      CakarBit va)anFøak;cuHBI19PaKryenAqñaM 1974      kareLIgéføEdleFIV[manplb:HBal;dl;GñkeRbIR)as;
mkenA10 PaKry qñaM 1994.                                    nigCaBiess dl;GñkRkIRkCnbT. eRbg\n§n³efakk¾)an
                                                            CMruj[mankareRbIR)as;eRbg\n§n³mincaM)ac; nigminman
     enAeRkayqñaM 1980 R)ak;cMNUleRbg)anFøak;cuH            RbsiTi§PaBpgEdr. begáInkareRbIR)as;eRbg\n§n³ rYmCa
nigR)ak;cMNUlBitR)akdsMrab;mnusSmñak;² )anFøak;cuH          mYynwgkarrt;Bn§ begáIntRmUvkarkñúgRsuk {y:agc,as;}
y:agKMhuk. R)ak;cMNUlEdl)anmkBIkarnaMeRbgecj                eRbg\n§n³ EdleKrt;Bn§ecjeTAeRkARsuk KWminRtUv

Ex ]sPa qñaM 2007                         kMNt;sMKal;RtYs²GMBIvis½yeRbg\næn³                                 3
)aneRbIBitR)akdenAelITIpSarkñúgRsuk EtvabgðajnUvtam      TsvtSr_ nIehSrIy:amin)anrkeXIjbBaða enAkñúgkarlubbM)at;
sßitifa CakareRbIR)as;enAkñúgRsuk ehIynigkat;bnßykar     GMeBIBukrlYyeT. eRbgenAEtpþl;CaR)ak;cMNUlrdæaPi)al
naMecjeRbg Edlkat;bnßynUvR)ak;cMNUldl;rdæaPi)al.         RbEhl85PaKry nigbnþCaRbPBCemøaH nigkarRKb;RKg
    karGnuvtþn_ksikmµenAkñúgTsvtSr_1970 nigTsvtSr_       minRtwmRtUv. nIehSrIy:a)anbgðajnUvkarebþCJarbs;xøÜn
1980 )aneFIV[rafyy:agxøaMgnUveKalbMNgkarbMeBj            CasaFarN³nUvtmøaPaBR)ak;cMNUl edaydak;dMeNIr
RKb;xøÜnÉg. eTaHbIkarxitxMRbwg ERbgsßitenAeRkam {Rbti    karnUvKMnitpþÜcepþImeGaymantmøaPaB]sSahkmµ
btþikar]btßmÖRbeTsCati} enAkñúgTsvtSr_1970k¾eday         nisSarNkmµ       ¬dMeNIrkartmøaPaBsþIGMBI]sSahkmµ
nIehSrIy:aKWCaGñknaMecjksipltic ehIy)ankøayCaGñk         EdldkykFnFanBIeRkamdI ¬maneRbg ]sµ½n Er : .l. ¦
naMcUles,óg y:agFMenAedImTsvtSr_1980. kgVHkar            EdlnwgRtUveFIVkarBiPakSaeTAelIkMNt;Rtapþl;B½t'man
bBa¢ak;BIPaBkmµsiTi§dIFøIkarcMNayCasaFarN³sMedAelI       sMrab;GnaKt.
ehdæarcnasm<½n§TIRkug eRcInCagehrdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT
karnaMcUles,ógefakedaysarEtGRtabþÚrR)ak;x<s;                                     \NÐÚensIu
kgVHkmøaMgkargarCMnajEdleFIVcMNakRsukeTAkan;tMbn;             enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_1960 \NÐÚensIuKWCaRbeTs
TIRkug ehIynigkgVHRbsiTi§PaBenAkñúgkarEbgEckFatu         mYykñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlRkIRkbMputenAelIBiPBelak
cUlkñúgRsuk nigkarKaMRTEpñkbec©keTsEdlpþl;[man           CamYynwgeGanPaBd¾FM nigGtiprNa hYsRbmaNCit 1500
lT§plKYr[xkcitþ.                                         PaKrykñúgmYyqñaMenAkñúgcMNucmYy. elakRbFanaFibtI
                                                         s`UhatU )aneLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM1966. eTaHbIsßitenA
    KuNPaBeKalneya)ayesdækic©enAkñúgnIehSrIy:a           eRkamrbbeyaFa CamYynwgGMNacmCÄkary:agFMenAeRkam
cuHTn;exSayCabnþeRkayqñaM1990. skmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµ          karkan;kab;rbs;elakRbFanaFibtIk¾eday k¾rdæaPi)al
TTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarcMNgTak;TgCabuKÁl nig              elaks`UhatU )anpþl;CaGaTiPaBeTAelIkarGPivDÆesdækic©
karrIkraldalénGMeBIBukrlYy. GñkxøHsgS½yfaelak            sgát;F¶n;eTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ Gb;rM ]sSahkmµGtimUlFn
]tþmesnIy Ga)aca Etmñak;Ég )anlYcR)ak;cMNUlrdæaPi)al     ehIyCaBiesseTAelIksikmµ EdlCasmamaRtkarcMNay
tamkar)a:n;RbmaNRbEhlCa2/2Ban;landuløarshrdæ             y:agx<s;minFmµtarbs;rdæaPi)alEdl)aneFIVkarkMNt;.
enAkñúgeBlelakkan;tMENgRbFanaFibtI cenøaH1993
nig1998 [3].                                                  elakRbFanaFibtI     s`UhatU     )ancat;taMgbegáIt
                                                         RkumTIRbwkSaesdækic©5nak; GñksikSaCan;x<s;TaMgenaHecj
    nIehSrIy:a)anvilmkkan;karRKb;RKgtamEbbsIuvil         mkBImhaviTüal½yesdækic©énsaklviTüal½y\NÐÚensIu.
eRkayBIkare)aHeqñat1999 nig)aneFIVkarxitxMRbwgERbg       Gs;elakTaMgenaH KWCaGñkbec©karFibetyü ¬RkumGñk
y:agxøaMgenAkñúgkaredaHRsayGMeBIBukrlYy nigbegáIn        lMeGogdMeNaHRsay b¤kargartamEbbbec©keTs¦ man
karGPivDÆ. enAqñaM 2004 KN³kmµakarbTelIµsesdækic©        cMeNHdwgx<g;x<s; nigmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; nigman\Ti§Bl
nighirBaØvtßúRtUv)anbegáIteLIgEdlcab;epþImkat;eTas       GnuvtþCak;EsþgFMeFg. epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelI
mnusSelIerOgBukrlYyenAkñúgtulakarsIuvilCaelIkdMbUg.      esßrPaBma:RkUesdækic© nigkarRKb;RKghµt;ct;eTAGtiprNa
rdæaPi)al)anGnum½tnUvc,ab;sareBIBn§tMéleRbg Edl          nigeGanPaBfvika rdæaPi)al)aneFIV[fycuHnUvGtiprNay:ag
kMNt;nUvkarsnSMR)ak;cMNUld¾elIslub enAeBltMéleRbg        KMhukenAqñaM1969.       karcab;ykGMNacrbs;elak
BiPBelakeLIgéføhYsBItMéleKal.                            RbFanaFibtIkñúgGayu31qñaMEdlnaM[elakdwknaMeTArkkar
                                                         braC½yesdækic© )anpþl;[mankarKitKUrEvgq¶ay nig
    karebIk[manGMeBIBukrlYybgá[y:ab;yWnGs;CaeRcIn        bnþkartak;EtgeKalneya)ay.

4                                           kMNt;sMKal;RtYs²GMBIvis½yeRbg\næn³                   Ex ]sPa qñaM 2007
     vis½yksikmµ      RtUv)ancat;TukCaEpñkmYyPaKbI          R)ak;enAqñaM1983 nig1986 ehIy eFIVkMENTRmg;esdækic©.
énkargarsrubenAedImTsvtSr_1960 ehIyva)anedIrtY              enHKWkareqøIytby:agKMhuk. cenøaHqñaM1983 nig1992
naTId¾sMxan;enAkñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßy         karrYmcMENkrbs;plitkrkmµnþsalenAkñúgkarnaMecj
PaBRkIRk. enAkñúgGMLúgeBlRtUv)a:n;eRbgdMbUg rdæaPi)al       TMnijsrub)anekIneLIgBI7PaKry mkdl;Cit 50PaKry.
)ankMNt;RbEhl20PaKry énkarcMNayvinieyaKTun                  m®nþIxøH )ancat;TukkarFøak;cuHtMéleRbgBiPBelak Cakar
rbs;xøÜn eTAelIvis½yksikmµ ebIeFobeTAnwgRbeTs               CUnBrkñúgTMrg;Cakarlak;)aMg.
nIehSrIy:amanEt 2°b:ueNÑaH. rdæaPi)al)anpþl;CMnYy
]btßmÖFny:agFMeTA[FatucUl ¬CI fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it¦ dak;             enHminGacniyayfa ral;eKalneya)ayesdækic©
vinieyaKTuneTAelIFarasa®sþ pøÚvfñl; nigsalaeron enA         TaMgGs;suT§l¥enaHeT. rdæaPi)alRtUvrkSanUvkarCMnYy
tMbn;CnbT nigCYyrkSanUvesßrPaBtMélGgár. CaP½BVsMNag         ]btßmÖFnelItMéleRbg\n§n³[)aneRcIn ¬tMéleRbgekIn
sMrab;\NÐÚensIu karerobcMeBlevla sMrab;neya)ayTaMgenH       eLIgelIseTVrdgenAqñaM2005 EtkarcMNayCMnYy]btßmÖFn
ekIteLIgtMNalKñaCamYynwgbdivtþn_ébtg EdlENnaM               srubenAqñaM2006 tamkar):an;RbmaNRbEhlenAEt
bgðajGMBIdMNaMGtiplepSg²CaeRcIn. R)ak;cMNUleRbg             7Ban;landuløarshrdæ¦ ehIyenHva)aneFIV[manplb:H
)anpþl;CMnYy ]btßmÖFneTAelICI nig BRgIkdl;EpñkepSg²         Bal;Ca GviC¢mandUcKñaeTAnwgGIVTaMgLayenAnIehSrIy:a Edr.
eTot EdlmanGtipl. TaMgenH)anCYybegáInplRsUvenA              vibtþihirBaØvtßú qñaM 1997-98 )aneFIV[b:HBal;dl;esdækic©
cugTsvtSr_ 1970 nigedImTsvtSr_ 1980 ehIy                    \NÐÚensIu xøaMgCagbNþarRbeTsGas`annana ehIyGñkviPaK
\NÐÚensIu)anERbkøayBIRbeTs mankarnaMcUlesIÞrEt              xøHGHGagfa viFIEdlmankMeNIn d¾qab;rh½srbs;RbeTs
mYyPaKbIénBaNiC¢kmµGgárenAelIBiPBelak enAkñúgqñaMxøH        manGnþrskmµeTAnwgsßab½nTn;exSayEdlnaMeTArkvibtþi
mkCaRbeTsmanhUbcukRKb;RKan;enAqñaM 1985 eKal                F¶n;F¶r[4]. EteTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday \NÐÚensIu)anebIk
bMNgdMbUgRtUv)anmnusSCaeRcInKitfaminGaceTArYc.              bgðajBIrebob EdlplitkreRbgFMmñak;)anBuHBarsßanPaB
                                                            dMbUg EdlminGnueRKaH nigkarTajykBIkarcMNaypl
     RbeTsk¾)an {CYy} pgEdr dl;vibtþihirBaØvtßú rbs;        laPeRbgx¢Hx¢ay mkeFIV[seRmceCaKC½yesdækic©d¾KYr[
Pertamina  enAqñaM1975. Pertamina KWCaRkumh`uneRbgrbs;rdæ   cab;GarmµN_.
Edl)anxkxanenAkñúgkarsgR)ak;km©Irbs;xøÜnenAkñúgqñaM
1975 eRkayBI)aneFIVvinieyaKTuny:agFMeFg nigGaCIvkmµ                                  ma:eLsIu
cMruHmux edayeFIVkarbUksrubbMNulTaMgGs;RbEhl 10Ban;               m:aeLsIu TTYlGMeNayTanFnFanFmµCatiCaeRcIn
landuløarshrdæ esIµnwgCit30PaKryénplsrubkñúgRsuk            EdlrYmmaneRbg ekAs`U sMNr):ahaMg nig dUgeRbg.
(GDP)  rbs;\NÐÚensIu. vibtþiTaMgenH)aneFIVxUcekrþ×eQµaHRkum dUcKñanwg\NÐÚensIu nig nIehSrIy:aEdr ma:eLsIuRbQmmux
h`unPertamina y:agF¶n;F¶r nigmanb:HBal; dl;neya)ayxøaMgkøa  nwgPaBtantwgCatisasn_cMruH EtrdæaPi)al)anEsVgrk
)anBnüamhicätad¾mhima nigkarvinieyaKTunRbkbeday             eKalneya)ayRbkbedaykarKitBicarNaelIkarelIk
haniP½yelIEpñkeRbg ¬enAeBltMéleRbgFøak;cuHenAkñúg           kMBs;suxumalPaBRkumCnCatiPaKeRcIn KWCnCati Buminput
TsvtSr_1980 enAmaneBlenAkñúgkarlubecalKMerag                eras    Edlrs;enACnbT nigmanPaBRkIRkCagRkumdéTeTot.
Edl)aneRKagTuk¦ehIyeFIVkarBRgwgGñkkMENTRmg;.
                                                                  FatupSMd¾sMxan;énPaBeCaKC½y KWGRtasnSMsMécx<s;
     enAeBltMéleRbgFøak;cuHenAkñúgedImTsvtSr_1980           EdleFIV[manedImTunsMrab;vinieyaKTun. RKYsarmankar
rdæaPi)al)aneqøIytby:agqab;rh½snUvviFankarmYycMnYn          snSMsMécBIkMeNIt nigbEnßmBIenHeTotGñkeFIVkartMrUv[cUl
EdlRbmUlpþúMkarkat;bnßycMNaykarbBa©úHtMélGRtabþÚr           rYmenAkñúgKMeragsnSMCacaM)ac;. karcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)al

Ex ]sPa qñaM 2007                           kMNt;sMKal;RtYs²GMBIvis½yeRbg\næn³                                     5
ykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkarGb;rM lMenAzan suxaPi)al             sßitenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTssMbUrFnFand¾KYr[cab;GarmµN_
nigseRmc)annUvkarEbgEckmantulüPaBtamtMbn;PUmi              bMput edaysareKalneya)aysareBIBn§d¾RbugRby½tñsMedA
sa®sþ.                                                     RKb;RKgelIcMNUlEdl)anmkBIEr:eBRC. R)ak;cMNUlBI
                                                           t,ÚgeBRC sn§wksn§ab;)anRtUvdak;cMNayeTAelIkarGPivDÆ
    m:aeLsIu )anCMrujnUvkmµnþsalsMedAkarnaMecjcab;BIedIm   ehdæarcnasm<½n§ Gb;rM suxaPi)al nig ksikmµ nigcMNay
TsvtSr_1970. eKalneya)ay mYyEdlminTTYl                     tictYcbMputeTAelIKMerag {kitüanuPaB}.
eCaKC½y KWkareRbIR)ak;cMNUleRbgenAkñúgedImTsvtSr_
1980 enAkñúgkarebIk]sSahkmµFunF¶n; nig]sSahkmµKImI              cMeBaHkarvaytMélnUvkarGnuvtþsareBIBn§ rdæaPi)al)an
¬rfynþ EdkEfb nigsIum:g;tצ edayRkumh`unsaFarN³            begáItnUvsnÞsSn_mYyehAfa pleFobnirnþPaBfvika.
EdlmankarkarBarBIrdæaPi)al. eKalneya)ay enHnaM             enHKWCapleFobkarcMNayminEmnvinieyaKTun¬KW
eTArkpllM)akesdækic©. TMhMEpñksaFarN³ )anekIneLIg          kareRbIR)as;¦cMeBaHR)ak;cMNUlEdl)anmkeRkABIEr:.
eTVrdgcenøaH qñaM1966 nig1981. dMeNIrminrIklUtlas;         pleFobEdlFMCagÉkta bgðaj[eXIjfa rdæaPi)al
enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_1980 )anbEgVrRbeTs[gak                  kMBugeRbIR)ak;cMNUlEr:sMrab;kareRbIR)as;EpñkhirBaØvtßú
eTArkkarGPivDÆesdækic© EdldwknaMedayÉkCn.                  EdlminGacmannirnþrPaBry³eBlyUr.

    CMnYskarnaMcUl m:aeLsIu)anEsVgrkesdækic©cMruHmux            enAqñaM1972 enAkñúgqñaMdEdlplitkmµt,ÚgCa Ebb
nig]sSahUbnIykmµsMdAkarnaMecj. eKalneya)ay                 BaNiC¢kmµ)ancab;epþImeLIg rdæaPi)albegáItmUlniFimYy
esdækic©smRsbRtUvbegáIteLIg nigRtUv )anGnuvtþeday          edIm,IsnSMR)ak;cMNUlelIsenAbreTs edIm,Ipþl;hirBaØb,Tan
m®nþIraCkar bNÐit nigGñkbec©karFibetyü. enAkñúgdMNak;      dl;eGanPaBfvikaenAkñúgeBlmantMrUvkar nigENnaMbgðaj
kalkarGnuvtþdMbUg rdæaPi)al)anepþatkarykcitþTuk            R)ab;BIeKalneya)ayR)ak;cMNUly:agCak;lak; Edl)an
dak;eTAelI]sSahUbnIykmµGtiBlkmµ EdleRbIkmµkr               tak;EtgeLIg edIm,ITb;sáat;R)ak;kéRmEr:min[Føak;eTAkñúgR)ak;
mkBItMbn;CnbT.         CaP½BVsMNag    enAkñúgeBlenaH       kéRmTUeTA. neya)aykugsg;sIus)anvivtþ nig)anerob
Rkumh`uncMruHsasn_ )aneFIVkartemøIgkarplitenAkñúg          cMRbeTsbUsVaNaEdlnaMeTArktmøaPaBmankMritx<s;enA
RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ EdlmanR)ak;QñÜlTab. edIm,I              kñúgkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUlnigkarcMNaysaFarN³. vrCn
pÁt;pÁg;kmµkrmanCMnajeTAdl;EpñkkmµnþsalEdl                 dwknaM)anTuk[Rkumbec©karFibetyü nigm®nþIrdækarman
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cMENkfvikay:agFMsMrab;vis½yGb;rM.          CaCMhanTI1      x<s;¦enAdac;edayELkenAkñúgkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ay
rdæaPi)al)anpþl;[karGb;rMbzmsikSaminbg;éfø. kar            smRsb.
Gb;rMelIkTI3 KWRtUv)anBRgIkRsbeTAtamkarrIkcMerInEdl
seRmc)anenAkñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSa nigkarcuHeQµaHcUl               rdæaPi)alTTYl)anekrþ×eQµaHCaRbvtþisa®sþ cMeBaH
eronekIneLIgRtIKuNcab;taMgBI1960 dl; 1990 [5].             PaBs¥at)atRtwmRtUv EterOgGaRsUvmYycMnYn)anpÞúHeLIg
                       bUsVaNa                             enAedImTsvtSr_1990. enAkñúgkareqøIytb rdæaPi)al
                                                           )anbegáItnaykdæanbTelIµsBukrlYy nigesdækic©enA
    enAeBlTTYl)anÉkraCüqñaM1966             bUsaVNa KW     qñaM1994 edIm,ICapll¥. GMeBIBukrlYy sßitenAkñúgkMrit
CaRbeTsmYyEdlRkIRketaky:akbMput. bUsVaNa KW minEmn         Taby:agl¥ EdleK)anemIleXIj enAkñúgRbeTskMBug
CaRbeTspliteRbgeT EtCaRbeTsplitt,Úg eBRCman                GPivDÆn_epSg² eTotPaKeRcIn. tarag 1 cMNat;fñak;
KuNPaBd¾FMbMputenAelIBiPBelak. CaRbeTstUc bUsVaNa          RbeTstamlMdab;GMeBIBukrlYy edayeyagtamsnÞsSn_

 6                                      kMNt;sMKal;RtYs²GMBIvis½yeRbg\næn³                         Ex ]sPa qñaM 2007
    tarag1 snÞsSn_GMeBIBukrlYyrbs;GgÁkartmøaPaB               nigpþl;[BYkeKsV½ytPaBsmRsbenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg
GnþrCati 2005                                                 esdækic©. ]TahrN_TaMgenHbgðaj[eXIjfa karrgdak;
                                                              bNþasaelIFnFan          KWminGaceCosput)aneT      b:uEnþ
    cMNat;fñak;          RbeTs             BinÞú              qnÞ³neya)ayrwgmaM nigkarebþCJacitþx<s;cMeBaHeKal
    1                    Gays_ELn          9/7                neya)ayesdækic©l¥RtUveCosva[putpgEdr eTIbGac
    32                   bUsVaNa           5/9                FananirnþrPaB)aneRcInqñaM.
    39                   m:aeLsIu          5/1                                     Éksareyag
    70                   Gar:ab;b`ÍsavDIt  3/5                   [ ]
                                                                   1 FnaKarBiPBelak 2007. {eRbg nig]sµ½n ³ etICa
    137                    \NÐÚensIu       2/2                    karRbTanBr b¤kardak;bNþasa?} kMNt;Rtapþl ;B½t'man
    152                    nIehSrIy:a      1/9                    EpñkeRbgkat elx 2.
    RbPB³    http://ww1.transparency.org/cpi/2005/               [ ] Amuzegar, Jahangir.
                                                                    2                           1999. karRKb;RKg
cpi2005_infocus.html.                                             ePaKRTBü eRbg ³ pllaP nigGnÞak;eRKaHfñak;
                                                                  rbs;GUbiuc. jÚy:k³ caghVage)aHBum<pSay I.B.Tauris
TTYl)an EdlcgRkgeLIg edayGgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati.                   Publishers.
bEnßmeTAelIRbeTsEdl)aneFIVkarsikSa sÞg;mtienAkñúg                [ ] Pan, Esther.
                                                                   3                    2005. {pleRKaHfñak;én eRbg{
kMNt;RtaenH Gar:ab;b`ÍsavDIt KWCaRbeTsEdlnaMecj                   RkumRbwkSaTMnak;TMngGnþrCati.www.cfr.org/publica-
eRbgFMbMput ehIybnÞab;mkRbeTsGays_ELn KWman                       tions/8996/pernicious_effects_of_oil.html.
GMeBIBukrlYyticCageKbMput k¾RtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgkar          [ ] Temple, Jonathan.
                                                                    4                         2001. {karekIneLIgnUv
eRbobeFobenHpgEdr.                                                bBaða³ \NÐÚensIueRkay1966}      http://ksghome.
                                                                  harvard.edu/~drodrik /Growth%20volume/
                    esckþIsnñidæan                                Temple-Indo.pdf.
    rhUtmkdl;eBlfIµ²enH pøÚvesdækic©rbs;RbeTs                       [ ] Auty, R.M.
                                                                     4                        PaBsMbUrFnFannigkar
nIehSrIy:a)anbgðajnUvkMhuseKalneya)ayCaeRcIn                      GPivDÆn_esdækic© 2001. Oxford:    Oxford Univer-
nigkareFIV[cuHexSayGPi)alkic©CaTUeTA)aneFIVkarBicarNa             sity Press.
TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarrgdak;bNþasaelIFnFanFmµCati³
karcMNayy:ageRcIneTAelIKMeragminR)akdRbCaGMBIkitiþnam
cMeBaH karrIklUtlas;EpñksaFarN³ EdlminGaccuHkic©
snüaenAeBlEdltMéleRbgcuHefak ehIynigkarlYcR)ak;                            sMrab;B½t'manlMGit sUmTak;Tg
cMNUleRbgeBjTI cMeBaHkarelIkeLIgBIrbI. pÞúymkvij                                  elak bu`n vasna
RbeTs\NÐÚensIu)ancat;EcgseRmckMeNInbYndg elIpl                                   m®nþIehdæarcnasm<½n§
srubkñúgRsuksMrab; mnusSmñak;²tamry³esßrPaBneya)ay                         GIuEm:l³ vbun@worldbank.org
eKalneya)ayesdækic©l¥ karelIkkMBs;plitPaBbnÞan;                                           b¤
elIEpñkksikmµ eKalneya)ayepþatelIPaBRkIRk nigkar                               elakRsI masamIu kUCIma
eqøIytbRbsiT§iPaB cMeBaHPaBKµanlMnwgén R)ak;cMNUleRbg.                      RbFanRkumGPivDÆn_famBl
\NÐÚensIu m:aeLsIu nig bUsVaNa )anBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelIGñk
bec©karFibetyüEdlmankarbNþúHbNþalCan;x<s;                               GIuEm:l³  mkojima@worldbank.org