ANNEXURE VI: INTEGRATED PEST AND NUTRITION MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPNM) Table of Content ANNEXURE VI: INTEGRATED PEST AND NUTRITION MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPNM) ------------------------------------------- 1 6. 1 INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 6. 2 OBJECTIVES OF IPNM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 6.3 BASELINE ASSESSMENT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 6.3.1 Agricultural Crops --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 6.3.2 Cropping Practices -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 6.3.3 Agro-Chemical Use -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 6.4 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT APPROACH -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 6.5 MAJOR ACTIVITIES UNDER IPNM PROMOTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 6.6 CAPACITY BUILDING ON IPNM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 6.7 MONITORING OF IPNM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 6.8 DETAILS ON INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 6.8.1 Selection of IPM Methods Based on Assessment of Economic Threshold Level ------------------------------ 11 6.8.2 Criteria for Pesticide Selection and Use --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 6.8.3 Pesticide Storage, Handling and Disposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 6.9 MAJOR INSECT PESTS BY CULTIVATED CROPS AND IPM STRATEGY --------------------------------------------------------------- 15 6.10 DETAILS ON INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 6. 1 Introduction The project interventions on improved irrigation may lead to agricultural intensification and associated use of agro-chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. Therefore, the EMF of the project includes a strategy to introduce Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management (IPNM) to the farmers in the project area. The project will support IPNM as the key strategy to enable farmers to combat pests, diseases and nutrient deficiencies. Effective implementation of IPNM practices will reduce the risk of water pollution through leaching of chemicals from farmlands to water sources, both surface and sub-surface. 6. 2 Objectives of IPNM IPNM seeks to promote and support safe, effective and environmentally sound pest and nutrient management. The specific objectives relating to pest management are the following: 1. Minimize crop loss, augment farm production with scientific application of synthetic pesticides; 2. Reduce environmental pollution caused due to the application of synthetic pesticides; 3. Introduction and adoption of biological and cultural methods for managing pests below the Economic Threshold Level (ETL); 4. Reduction in health hazards arising due to chemical pesticides during handling; 5. Minimizing pesticide residues through the application of appropriate doses; 6. Promotion of bio pesticides. The specific objectives relating to nutrient management are the following: 1. Improving and sustaining soil fertility and land productivity; 2. Reducing environmental degradation due to overuse of synthetic fertilizers; 3. Addressing nutrient deficiencies identified through systematic soil testing; 4. Introduction and adoption of organic methods for meeting plant nutrition needs. 6.3 Baseline Assessment 6.3.1 Agricultural Crops Three season crop cultivation is observed in project districts. However, summer cultivation is limited only in 6 project districts and cultivated area is very insignificant with respect to Kharif and Rabi cultivation. Cereal, Pulses and vegetable are main crop types cultivated in project districts. Paddy is the main crop cultivated during kharif season whereas pulses and vegetable are cultivated during Rabi season. Oilseed is also cultivated in moderate amount during Rabi season. District wise (considering only 99 project blocks) as well as crop type cultivated area is tabulated below. Table 1: Season as well as crop wise area cultivated (considering 99 project blocks) District Crop Kharif (Ha.) Rabi (Ha.) Summer (Ha.) Total (Ha.) Irriga Rain Total Irriga Rain Total Irriga Rain Tota Irriga Rain Total ted fed ted fed ted fed l ted fed Balasore Cereals 25041 62984 88025 3499 0 3499 0 28540 62984 91524 Pulses 3000 1623 4623 0 Oilseeds 2232 670 2902 0 Vegetables 5119 9045 14164 9935 1184 11119 0 15054 10229 25283 Bargarh Cereals 40476 38904 79380 2978 0 2978 0 43454 38904 82358 Other cereals 566 0 566 163 0 163 0 729 0 729 Annexure- VI Page 1 of 25 District Crop Kharif (Ha.) Rabi (Ha.) Summer (Ha.) Total (Ha.) Irriga Rain Total Irriga Rain Total Irriga Rain Tota Irriga Rain Total ted fed ted fed ted fed l ted fed Pulses 2113 19335 21448 0 5961 5961 0 2113 25296 27409 Oilseeds 1666 9044 10710 618 1407 2025 0 2284 10451 12735 Fibres 0 2004 2004 0 0 0 0 0 2004 2004 Other crops 1189 1225 2414 1039 718 1757 0 2228 1943 4171 Bhadrak cereals 84899 30039 115298 Pulses 6493 6145 12638 Oil seeds 2024 170 2194 Fibre 345 0 345 other crop 17088 533 17621 Bolangir Cereals 30862 96633 127495 371 0 371 3393 0 3393 34626 96633 131259 Coarse cereals 252 4482 4734 534 0 534 786 4482 5268 Pulses 1914 50486 52400 53589 53589 1558 1558 3472 104075 107547 Oil seeds 1290 7569 8859 5471 5471 6569 6569 7859 13040 20899 Fibres 26408 26408 26408 26408 Vegetables 3394 14295 17689 8516 2520 11036 11910 16815 28725 Boudh Cereals 20810 760 0 21570 Coarse Cereals 90 85 0 175 Pulses 5110 6215 0 11325 Oil seeds 1285 541 0 1826 Fibres 90 0 0 90 Vegetables 1580 3006 0 4586 Spices 233 254 0 487 Others 0 10 0 10 Gajapati Cereals 2200 600 2800 97 0 97 203 0 203 2500 600 3100 Coarse Cereals 221 5124 5345 24 0 24 16 0 16 261 5124 5385 Pulses 0 2520 2520 0 535 535 0 0 0 0 3055 3055 Oil seeds 0 435 435 216 159 375 40 0 40 256 594 850 Fibre 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 Vegetables 325 2105 2430 489 960 1449 231 0 231 1045 3065 4110 Spices 0 1230 1230 27 45 72 13 0 13 40 1275 1315 Ganjam Cereals 166707 20704 194360 75 0 75 705 0 705 174436 20704 195140 Coarse Cereals 18447 31050 49497 1881 83 1964 867 33 900 21195 31166 52361 Pulses 399 32999 33398 767 154793 155560 2285 27123 29408 3451 214915 207625 Oilseeds 5659 16639 22298 10214 2033 12247 2513 11521 14034 18386 30193 48579 Fibres 0 2960 2960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2960 2960 Vegetables 30780 20265 52489 11315 6585 17900 12125 0 12125 55664 26850 82514 Spices 2434 144 2578 2816 450 3266 0 0 0 5250 594 5844 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 2939 0 2939 2939 0 2939 Jajpur Cereals 57450 66170 123620 2860 0 2860 0 0 0 60310 66170 126480 (includes Coarse cereals 970 2000 2970 100 0 100 0 0 0 1070 2000 3070 all blocks) Pulses 440 5170 5610 10530 56350 66880 0 0 0 10970 61520 72490 Oil seeds 1240 1110 2350 31020 2560 33580 0 0 0 32260 3670 35930 Fibres 1470 300 1770 0 0 0 1470 300 1770 Vegetables 9080 2100 11180 12740 0 12740 0 0 0 21820 210 23920 Condiments and Spi 880 450 1330 4520 0 4520 0 0 0 5400 450 5850 ces Sugarcane 0 0 0 2070 0 2070 0 0 0 2070 0 2070 Kalahandi Cereals 70560 97176 167736 30757 0 30757 0 0 0 101317 97176 198493 Coarse cereals 5166 14766 19932 849 0 849 0 0 0 6015 14766 20781 Pulses 0 68243 68243 3476 96756 100232 0 0 0 3476 164999 168475 Oil seeds 1731 11660 13391 9338 20769 30107 0 0 0 11069 32429 43498 Fibre 0 44174 44174 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44174 44174 Condiments & 864 344 1208 2634 0 2634 0 0 0 3498 344 3842 Spices Sugarcane 0 0 0 1880 0 1880 0 0 0 1880 0 1880 Kandhamal Cereals 4849 12546 17395 196 0 196 0 0 0 5045 12546 17591 Coarse cereals 1208 4497 5705 37 0 37 0 0 0 1245 4497 5742 Pulses 0 3940 3940 227 3568 3795 0 0 0 227 7508 7735 Oil seeds 13 4642 4655 215 6560 6775 0 0 0 228 11202 11430 Fibre 0 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 Vegetables 2334 2750 5084 2717 0 2717 0 0 0 5051 2750 7801 Condiments & 83 6847 6930 141 0 141 0 0 0 224 6847 7071 Spices Keonjhar Cereals 58454 89667 148121 2974 0 2974 0 0 0 61428 89667 151095 Coarse cereals 3005 18165 21170 165 0 165 0 0 0 3170 18165 21335 Pulses 0 23040 23040 2578 37602 40180 0 0 0 2578 60642 63220 Oil seeds 0 13691 13691 3293 10067 13360 0 0 0 3293 23758 27051 Fibre 1420 1867 3287 0 0 0 1420 1867 3287 Vegetables 10076 15595 25533 20489 0 20489 0 0 0 30565 15595 46160 Condiments & 994 2412 3406 4561 0 4561 0 0 0 5555 2412 7967 Spices Annexure- VI Page 2 of 25 District Crop Kharif (Ha.) Rabi (Ha.) Summer (Ha.) Total (Ha.) Irriga Rain Total Irriga Rain Total Irriga Rain Tota Irriga Rain Total ted fed ted fed ted fed l ted fed Sugarcane 0 0 0 50 0 50 0 0 0 50 0 50 Mayurbhanj Cereals 80411 147288 81072 1478 0 1478 3494 0 3494 85383 147288 232671 Coarse cereals 0 206 206 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 206 206 Pulses 1002 26848 27850 2250 29267 31517 98 0 98 3350 56115 59465 Oil seeds 134 2732 2866 9547 10980 20527 1083 0 1083 10764 13712 24476 Fibre 0 1670 1670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1670 1670 Vegetables 13120 40429 53549 30054 5315 35369 0 0 0 43174 45744 88918 Nabarangpur Cereals 13072 40032 53104 3075 0 3075 0 0 0 16147 40032 56179 Pulses 0 3158 3158 390 825 1215 1186 0 1186 1576 3983 5559 Oil seeds 0 0 0 452 0 452 0 0 0 452 0 452 Nuapada Cereals 13464 24946 38410 810 0 810 0 0 0 14274 24946 39220 Coarse cereals 0 2550 2550 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2550 2550 Pulses 0 19920 19920 0 14844 14844 0 0 0 0 34764 34764 Oil seeds 4942 5483 10425 3750 359 4109 0 0 0 8692 5842 14534 Fibre 40 3610 3650 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 3610 3650 Any other 1513 1173 2686 3200 167 3367 0 0 0 4713 1340 6053 Subarnapur Cereals 2870 10600 13470 250 0 250 100 0 100 3220 10600 13820 Coarse cereals 10 50 60 2 0 2 0 0 0 12 50 62 Pulses 1125 5085 6210 927 4098 5025 200 0 200 2252 9183 11435 Oil seeds 40 349 389 270 380 650 150 0 150 460 729 1189 Fibre 0 145 145 0 0 0 0 145 145 0 290 290 Any other 726 644 1370 1200 50 1250 0 0 0 1926 694 2620 Source: District Irrigation Plan – 2016 < https://pmksy.gov.in/mis/rptDIPDocAllDistrict.aspx?SOBbuGJosmNKnx2PPqk1sJzoFivaooTkhWIoGMassifVYOaDyxFfOTOQQ VKug6/bRGdOIMUHhda6BXFpRuVqJ/gY0o5s8TKm6RZxaceTGFWF3jwSakR9XdsPhEdtHrF3sqx1dN8wzkRu5ZW6tCcTZwfx19 +4PaFNe/EgFF8t0idodIzpp+pMy3Ry+FUnn6x9 > 6.3.2 Cropping Practices It seems from response given by respondents that, adoption of SRI process of rice cultivation has gained momentum. Majority of farmers are well aware about SRI process of rice cultivation. However, practice of crop rotation is significantly low in sampled project area even after moderate knowledge on its potentiality to increase soil fertility. Mixed cropping and inter-cropping practice are also very low in sampled project area. Use of soil amendment to maintain soil pH level is found as one of best practices adopted by farmers of sampled area. Table 2: Cropping practice and soil amendment MIP Block Mixed Intercroppi Soil Crop cropping ng amendment rotation Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangpur Chandaha Never Never No Yes ndi Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Ganjam Never Never Yes No Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Khallikote Never Never No No Ganjam Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Karanjia Never Never No No Khaibandha MIP, Balasore Nilagiri Yes No Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Daringbad Never Never No 1 i Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Patnagarh Kharif Never No No Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi Bhawanip Kharif Kharif Yes No atna Source: Field study conducted by CTRAN Consulting 6.3.3 Agro-Chemical Use Crops grown under various agro-climatic situation are affected by a large number of pests and diseases. Most often chemical control is being resorted to protect the crops to avoid crop losses. Besides adopting Annexure- VI Page 3 of 25 situation specific need based Chemical control measures, Government is also providing IPM techniques, Seed Treatment campaigns, e-pest surveillance, etc. 6.3.3.1 Crop Disease and Pesticide Use With changing climatic conditions, different type of pest attack is increasing1 year by year. Pest attack has also increased and changing in these changing climatic conditions. To combat pest attack on standing crop, treatment of matured crop, fungicide and etc. and to increase productivity, pesticide use rate for different crops is increasing year on year basis. Total pesticide consumption of whole state is increasing gradually year on year basis. Total fertilizer consumption for the state has increased almost by 1.5 times from 1.0 thousand MT in the year 2000-01 to 1.44 thousand MT in the year 2013-14. However, per hectare consumption rate ranges between 157- 169 Gms./ Hect. during this long 14 years’ time period. Consumption rate has jumped almost at 7% increase rate during 2011-12 to 2013-14 period2. Table 3: Year wise pesticide consumption in Odisha Year Total Consumption (in thousand Consumption (Gms./ MT) Hect.) 2000-01 1.00 157.00 2001-02 1.02 159.00 2002-03 1.03 139.00 2003-04 1.03 138.00 2004-05 0.99 148.68 2005-06 1.04 138.53 2006-07 1.10 148.94 2007-08 1.09 143.28 2008-09 1.16 149.10 2009-10 1.22 141.00 2010-11 1.18 159.00 2011-12 1.16 148.00 2012-13 1.21 158.00 2013-14 1.44 169.00 Source: Economic Survey 2014-15 Crops grown under various agro-climatic situation are affected by a large number of pests and diseases. Most often chemical control is being resorted to protect the crops to avoid crop losses. The details of pesticides consumption during 2013-14 for whole Odisha are as follows Table 4: Pesticide consumption in Odisha during 2013-14 Sl. Type of Pesticides Consumption in MT No. Kharif’ Rabi’ 2013- Total 2013 14 1 Insecticides 470 213 683 2 Fungicides 120 67 187 3 Weedicides 57 49 106 4 Rodenticides 5 2 7 5 Plant growth regulators 6 7 13 1 Source: Field Findings: Sample MI tank wise crop diseases and used pesticides are listed down in below table. Use of bio-pesticides like Mangla Gold (Humic Substances Granules), GIM plus, Bio-20, Activzyme, Neem Oil and Biozyme are observed at Bolangir, Kalahandi and Bolangir districts. 7 out of 9 interviewed pesticide distributor/ retailer are familiar with India Govt. banned pesticides list and they have gained knowledge about banned pesticides from training programme organised by Dept. of Agriculture or newspaper or newsletter by pesticide company. Table 5: Crop deseses and used synthetic pesticed at sample MI location Name of MIP Block Disease Synthetic Pesticide Dhandamunda Chandahandi Swarming caterpillar in paddy, BPH and BLB in Monophosphate, MIP, paddy, Aphid and pod borer in arhar, downy mildew Coelophysis, Nabarangpur in blackgram, leaf curl virus in vegetables, root knot Buprofezin, Malathion, nematode of brinjal, fruit & shoot borer of brinjal, Monocrotophos (Ib) termite in mango Jallibandha Ganjam Blast and brown spot diseases in paddy, sheathrot Phaspa, MIP, Ganjam and sheath blight diseases in paddy, cercospora blight Cypermethrin (II), diseases in blackgram, swamping caterpillar attack on Propanet, Quizolfop, paddy, leaf spot diseases in green/ blackgram Thiophanate-methyl, Mycozal, Tricyclazole (II), Mancozeb, Chloropyrophos, Imidachloropid Bisipur MIP, Karanjia Leaf folder in paddy, blast and bacterial leaf bligh Monocrotophos (Ib), Mayurbhanj (BLB) of rice, rice caseworm and leaf folder attack, Triacontanol, swarming caterpillar in paddy, brown plant hopper Chlorpyrifos (II), (BPH) in paddy, bacterial leaf streak and blight in Dimethoate (II), rice, cercosporella blight disease in greengram/ arhar, Streptomycin, black aphid in greengram/ arhar, stem borer in mango Endosulfan (II), Streptocycline, Mancozeb Khaibandha Nilagiri Brown plant hopper (BPH) in paddy, flea beetle in Copper oxychloride MIP, Balasore black/Greengram, yellow mosaic virus (YMV) attack (II), Flonicamid, on blackgram/ greengram, leaf eating caterpillars on Chlorpyrifos (II), bitter gourd/ leafy vegetables, phomopsis blight of Mancozeb, Phaspa brinjal, black aphid of mango and brinjal Dandrabahal Patnagarh Gundhy bug in paddy, blast and brown spot Quizalofop (II), MIP, Bolangir diseases in paddy, brown plant hoppers in paddy, pod Nuvan, Ekalux, borer in arhar, flea beetle in black/greengram, blister Metalaxyl (II), beetles in arhar, leaf eating caterpillars, Red pumpkin Streptocycline, beetle in bitter gourd, leaf spot & blight of bitter Monophosphate, gourd/ brinjal Imidacloprid (II), Cypermethrin (II), Monophosphate, Annexure- VI Page 5 of 25 Name of MIP Block Disease Synthetic Pesticide Jamunasagar Bhawanipatna Swarming caterpillar in paddy, stem borer in Monocrotophos (Ib), MIP, Kalahandi paddy, sheath blight/rot of paddy, flea beetle of black/ Imidacloprid (II), Greengram, leaf eating caterpillars in bitter gourd/ Dichlorovinyl brinjal Dimethyl Phosphate (DDVP), Buprofezin, Chlorpyrifos (II), Hexaconazole, Ekalux, Streptocycline, Jaggery Kalimati MIP, Harichandanpur Blast, Bacterial leaf blight, brown spot, stealth Tricyclazole, Keonjhar blight, foot rot in paddy, wilting in sunflower, YMV Plantomycin, and powdery mildew in green gram, YMV in black streptocycline, gram, Leaf blight and other fungal disease in Brinjal Carbendazim, mancozeb, chloropyrifos Imidacloprid, Chloroquine Phosphate Source: Survey conducted by CTRAN consulting during December, 2018. Light trapping process of pest control has totally vanished in all sampled project area. However, few farmers are still practicing pheromone trapping process for selected Rabi crop. Almost 70 % respondents are practicing biological treatment of seed as pest control measures. Table 6: Pest control measures Sample MIP Block Pheromone Light Biological trapping trapping Treatment Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangpur Chandahandi Not Applied Not Applied For selected crop Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Ganjam For selected Not Applied For selected crop crop Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Khallikote Not Applied Not Applied Not Applied Ganjam Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Karanjia Not Applied Not Applied Not Applied Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Daringbadi Not Applied Not Applied Not Applied Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Patnagarh Not Applied Not Applied For all crop Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi Bhawanipatna Not Applied Not Applied For all crop Kalimati MIP, Keonjhar Harichandanpur Not Applied Not Applied Not Applied Source: Field study conducted by CTRAN Consulting Issues: • Pest attack is very common phenomenon in all sample project blocks. • Pesticide consumption rate is increasing year on year basis in all project districts. Most of the farmers are well familiar with pesticide company’s brand name but not aware of pesticide’s generic name or constituent main chemical and recommended doge. They apply it as per recommendation of local distributor/ dealer/ retailer. However, few marginal farmers have obtained training or undergone awareness programme organised by Block level office of Agriculture Department. • Most of the farmers are not aware about pheromone or light trapping process. Use of these old processes are diluting heavily because of easy availability of chemical pesticides which gives immediate solution. • Use of bio-pesticides by farmers is very low in all sampled area. Farmers have not adopted use of bio-pesticides mainly because of slow effect wrt. chemical pesticides. • Awareness level on WHO classified Ib and II pesticides is almost NIL among pesticides retailer as well as farmers. Annexure- VI Page 6 of 25 • Use of WHO classified Ib and II pesticides is reported in all sampled project area. • Farmers are moderately aware about detrimental effect of chemical fertilizer on soil fertility and health but now aware of other environmental consequence. 6.3.3.2 Fertilizer Use The use of chemical fertilizers substantially improves the productivity and production of crops. Due importance is being given on balanced use of fertilizers in line with the Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) principles, which not only enhances production but also maintains the fertility of the soil. Fertilizer consumption for whole Odisha state in the year of 2013-14 during Kharif was 375.46 thousand MT and 111.68 thousand MT during Rabi season. While there was an increase in Kharif fertiliser consumption (12.3%) the Rabi consumption declined by 28.4% due to less supply of canal water and also the Phailin and Flash flood that inhibited farmers to go for intensive cropping3. The details of fertilizer consumption made by different project Districts are tabulated below. Table 7: Project District wise fertilizer consumption Project District 20006- 07 2013- 14 2016-17 Consumption (N) (P) (K) Total (N) (P) (K) Total (N) (P) (K) Total (Kg./ Hect.) - 2016-17 Nawarangpur 12.3 2.7 2.4 17.3 26.8 8.2 6.5 41.6 23.3 8.4 4.0 35.7 152.2 Ganjam 22.5 4.8 4.3 31.7 29.7 5.9 2.5 38.0 26.3 4.2 3.0 33.6 56.9 Keonjhar 6.5 4.2 0.8 11.5 8.0 4.2 0.9 13.1 7.7 3.3 1.1 12.1 32.3 Mayurbhanj 11.4 4.7 1.9 18.0 14.2 5.3 1.7 21.2 15.0 5.0 2.0 22.0 42.3 Balasore 20.9 8.9 4.5 34.3 19.6 8.4 3.6 31.6 15.0 9.5 5.6 30.2 95.9 Bhadrak 14.2 7.2 2.8 24.2 11.6 6.7 2.0 20.4 13.0 7.7 3.6 24.3 121.4 Jajpur 9.8 3.6 1.9 15.3 9.4 3.7 1.8 14.9 9.6 3.9 2.5 16.0 65.0 Gajapati 3.1 0.8 0.2 4.1 3.3 1.3 0.5 5.1 3.3 0.8 0.3 4.4 34.9 Kandhamal 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 1.6 1.7 1.1 0.4 3.1 18.7 Bolangir 11.8 4.9 3.5 20.2 14.4 4.1 3.2 21.6 12.7 5.0 2.5 20.2 44.4 Bargarh 30.0 12.7 8.1 50.8 30.7 13.8 6.7 51.2 26.2 14.4 7.3 47.9 101.8 Boudh 5.5 2.4 1.0 8.9 4.6 1.5 0.4 6.6 4.1 1.6 0.7 6.4 48.9 Sonepur 5.1 2.0 1.0 8.1 7.1 2.8 1.2 11.1 6.1 2.4 1.6 10.1 48.5 Kalahandi 19.2 7.1 3.7 30.0 21.8 8.1 3.6 33.5 18.9 7.3 3.5 29.7 46.5 Nuapara 1.0 0.3 0.2 1.5 6.3 2.8 1.0 10.1 5.8 2.2 0.8 8.8 34.2 Total 173.6 66.6 36.5 276.7 208.2 77.3 36.1 321.7 188.8 76.9 38.8 304.5 Source: Odisha Agriculture Statics (2013-14) < http://agriodisha.nic.in/content/pdf/Agriculture%20Statistics_2013-14.pdf Note: N= Nitrogen, P= Phospetic and K= Potassium • All units are in Thousand MT Total fertilizer consumption in 15 project districts has decreased from 321.7 thousand MT in the year 2013- 14 to 304.5 thousand MT in the year 2016-17. However, per hectare fertilizer consumption in 5 project districts (Nawarangpur- 152.2, Bhadrak- 121.4, Bargarh- 101.8, Balasore- 95.9 and Jajpur- 65.0) in the year of 2016-17 is more than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg./ hect. for the year 2013-14. Per hectare fertilizer consumption is almost three times at Nawarangpur and two times at Bhadrak district than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg. / hect. in the year of 2013-14. Fertilizer consumption rate is almost inline with state average in Gajam district where almost 46% of MIP are located. Fertilizer consumption rate is relatively low in scheduled project districts – Gajpati, Kandhamal, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Kalahandi except in Nawarargpur and Jajpur. Lowest consumption rate is reported at scheduled district Kandhamal (18.7 kg./ hect.) followed by Keonjhar (32.3 kg./ hect.), Nuapara (34.2 kg./ hect.) and Gajapati (34.9 kg./ hect.). 3 Odisha Agriculture Statistics 2013-14 Annexure- VI Page 7 of 25 NPK use ration in project districts in the year 2013-14 was 5.8: 2.1: 1 against state ratio of 5.5: 2.08: 1 in the same year. However, NPK use ration in the project districts for the year of 2016:17 was 4.9: 2: 1; indicates increase in use of Potassium based fertilizer. Per hectare Field Findings Farmers of the project area mostly use Urea, NPK, DAP and MOP fertilizers. Consumption of urea is more than other fertilizers. Use of organic manure (farmyard manure, compost, green manure) is the oldest practiced means of nutrient replenishment. But due to increasing trend of using cow dung as fuel and using crop residue as animal feed, use of organic manure is reduced. People in command area of the project also used animal waste as organic manure for their crops. However, the use of organic manure is less than that of Mineral fertilizers. Use of bio-fertilizer is gaining popularity at snail pace mainly because of high input cost. Presence of vermi composting unit in surrounding villages is reported in 8 cases out of 11 sampled MI tank. Sampled MI tank wise fertilizer usages details are tabulated in table below: Table 8: Sampled MI wise fertilizer use practice MIP Block Used Fertilizer Bio- Presence of Fertilizer Use Vermin composting Dhandamunda MIP, Chandahandi Urea, Potash, DAP, Ammonia, Yes Nabarangpur Sulphate Jallibandha, Ganjam Ganjam DAP, Urea, Potash, Anusar, MicoLife, No Gromor, NPK Fatra, Cow dung Talakholaghai, Khallikote Urea, Potash, Gromor Yes Mohanpur, Ganjam Bisipur MIP, Karanjia DAP, Potash, Urea Yes Mayurbhanj Khaibandha MIP, Nilagiri DAP, Gromor, Super Potash, Urea Annapurna, Yes Balasore Godavari Gold, Mahashakti Cradigappa, Daringbadi Urea, Potash, DAP, Super Potash, Own Yes Kandhamal Gromor Compost Dandrabahal MIP, Patnagarh Gromor, Urea, Potash, DAP, No Bolangir NPK, 20.20.0.13, 10.26.26, IPL Mangala Super, Ammonia Sulphate Gold Jamunasagar MIP, Bhawanipatn Urea 40 %, Potash 60 %, DAP Seed Bed Yes Kalahandi a (10.46), Gromor, 20.20.0.13 (NPK) Kalimati MIP, Harichandanp DAP, Potash, Urea Yes Keonjhar ur Source: Survey conducted by CTRAN consulting during December, 2018. Application of azolla /blue green algae as fertilizer is not reported in all sampled project districts. Other organic managing practices like green manuring and cultivation of N-fixing crops are practiced by almost 50% of respondents. However, bacterial culture treatment practice is significantly low among all respondents. Annexure- VI Page 8 of 25 Table 9: Organic manuring practice MIP Block Green Azolla Bacterial Cultivation manuring /Blue Green culture of N fixing Algae treatment crops Dhandamunda MIP, Chandahandi Never Not Selected Occasionall Nabarangpur Applied Pulses y Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Ganjam Annuall Not Not Applied Regularly y Applied Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Khallikote Annuall Not Never Ganjam y Applied Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Karanjia Never Not Not Applied Occasionall Applied y Khaibandha MIP, Balasore Nilagiri Annuall Not Not Applied Never y Applied Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Daringbadi Annuall Not Not Applied Never y Applied Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Patnagarh Never Not Not Applied Regularly Applied Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi Bhawanipatn Never Not All Regularly a Applied Kalimati MIP, Keonjhar Harichandan Never Not Not Applied Never pur Applied Key issues: 1. Unscientific application of fertilizer (higher doses). Fertilizer consumption in 5 project districts (Nawarangpur- 152.2, Bhadrak- 121.4, Bargarh- 101.8, Balasore- 95.9 and Jajpur- 65.0) in the year of 2016-17 is more than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg./ hect. for the year 2013-14. 2. Per hectare fertilizer consumption is almost three times more at Nawarangpur and two times more at Bhadrak district than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg./ hect. in the year of 2013-14. 3. Recommendation of Dept. of Agriculture on fertilizer use as per soil health card are not followed by most of the farmers; 4. Poor adoption of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management; 5. Input supplier to farmer extension which is more commercial and less technical; 6. Less use of organic manure in comparison to synthetic fertilizers 7. Less fertilizer efficiency and less adoption of fertigation method of application 6.4 Salient Features of the Project Approach 1. Popularizing IPNM approach among the farming community through awareness, training and exposure; 2. To play a catalytic role in transfer of innovative IPNM skills/methods/techniques to farmers through extension services; 3. Human Resource Development in IPNM by imparting training on IPNM to training of individual service providers, irrigation operators and farmers. Annexure- VI Page 9 of 25 6.5 Major Activities under IPNM Promotion Table 10: IPNM Strategy and Key Activities Key Activities Execution Strategy Responsibility Training of individual service Orientation training by crop type Implement: PD ATMA/ providers and irrigation operators on DDH (Before & during IPNM. cultivation) Training of Farmers on IPNM through Crop specific orientation on IPM in phased Supervise: Asst. Horticulture trained individual service providers manner Officer (Quarterly); SPU- and irrigation operators Agronomist & Environmental Developing IEC materials IEC materials on crop specific IPNM in local Expert (Quarterly) language with visual display Monitoring: PD ATMA/ DDH (Monthly) 6.6 Capacity Building on IPNM The project will adopt a cascading approach for the capacity building of farmers where resource persons will be developed through Training of Trainers (TOT) programme. The ground force available for irrigation management, specifically the individual service providers and the irrigation operator staff, will be trained on IPNM initiatives. They will provide support to farmers on IPNM in consultation with the local agriculture officer. For capacity building, a need assessment related to IPNM will be done with the stakeholders, including mapping of current practices. Based on the findings of Training Need Assessment (TNA), relevant training modules and IEC materials will be developed covering crop specific IPNM practices (crops grown in different agricultural seasons). Trainings will be organized before the on-set of agricultural seasons, i.e., at least 30-45 days before sowing / planting. It will help the farmers to get acquainted with the IPNM and its adoption during actual cropping period. Hand holding support will be rendered to the farmers through the individual service providers and irrigation operators during different stages of crop growth. The capacity building activities plan is presented in the table below. Table 11:Capacity Building Activates & Follow Up Capacity Building Project Villages Preparatory Pre- Kharif Pre-Rabi Rabi Stage Kharif A. Preparatory Phase Assessment of Training Needs Preparation of Training Content Designing Training Modules / IEC Materials Piloting of the Training Materials Finalising Training Window / Session Plan Coordinate with Irrigation Operators and Individual service Providers B. Organisation Phase Training of Irrigation Operators and Individual service Providers Training of farmers C. Follow Up Phase Monitoring Field Guidance Annexure- VI Page 10 of 25 6.7 Monitoring of IPNM Key monitoring indicators covering the capacity building efforts on IPNM will be assessed periodically as part of internal monitoring and periodic monitoring by third party. Table 12:Monitoring of IPNM Promotion Sl. No. Activity Monitoring Areas Monitoring Indicators Responsibility Time Frame 1 1 Development Learning materials cover No. and type of learning SPU - 6 months from of crop IPNM specific IPNM materials developed Agronomist & project inception learning practices Environmental materials and Expert its distribution PD ATMA/ to farmers / DDH farmer’s Distribution of learning No. of farmers provided SPU - 1 month from organisationsmaterials to individual with IPNM related Agronomist & printing of service providers, irrigation learning materials Environmental documents operators and farmers Expert, PD ATMA/ DDH 2 Training and Training of individual No. of farmers of different PD ATMA/ Annually awareness service providers, irrigation holding categories trained DDH; throughout creation operators and farmers on on IPNM; SPU - project duration IPNM No. of individual service Agronomist & providers trained on Environmental IPNM; Expert No. of women farmers / tenants trained on IPNM 1 Additionally, the external M&E agency shall also undertake concurrent monitoring of IPNM implementation in selected tanks on a quarterly basis. 6.8 Details on Integrated Pest Management Practices The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Practices that will feed into the capacity building program on IPNM are detailed in this section. 6.8.1 Selection of IPM Methods Based on Assessment of Economic Threshold Level The ETL differs by pest and also by crop types. Pest population is expected to be maintained at levels below those causing economic loss. It is generally assumed that pest tolerant capacity of different crops is limited and when it exceeds or approaching the ETL, chemical control methods can be used. Different pest / disease control methods of IPM will be applied based on the determination of ETL and pest density. A priority list of different control methods of IPM is presented below. Table 13:Adoption of IPM Methods & its Priority IPM Procedures Methods of Executing Priority in Application Cultural Avoidance of monoculture To be given preference as Improved disease resistant varieties. preventive mechanism Summer ploughing. Optimum plant densities. Avoiding excessive irrigation. Avoiding high nitrogenous fertilization. Annexure- VI Page 11 of 25 IPM Procedures Methods of Executing Priority in Application Trap crops Biological Conservation / promotion of bio agents like birds, parasites & Second Priority pathogens for biological control of pests. Mechanical Damage/Destroying all the eggs of the insect; Third Priority Destroy any material infested by insect, pest and diseases. Chemical Chemical Control when the loss is beyond ETL Last Priority when crop Use of recommended chemicals only loss is beyond ETL 6.8.2 Criteria for Pesticide Selection and Use The criteria to be followed for the selection and use of pesticides are (1) they must have negligible adverse human health effects, (2) they must be shown to be effective against the target species and (3) they must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. Secondly, the pesticides banned by Govt. of India should be avoided in the selection and use along with pesticides listed by WHO under Ia, Ib and II. 6.8.3 Pesticide Storage, Handling and Disposal Precautionary Measures When administering the pesticides, general precautions to be taken are as follows. Farmers will be educated / aware of taking required protective measures during administering pesticides. Using Personal Protective Equipment: Personal protective equipment will prevent pesticides from coming in contact with the body or clothing. These also protect the eyes and prevent the inhalation of toxic chemicals. Personal safety gear includes clothing that covers the arms, legs, nose, and head. Farmers will be educated to wear gloves and boots to protect the hand and feet, and hats, helmets, goggles, and face masks to protect the hair, eyes, and nose. Respirators are used to avoid breathing dust, mist or vapour. Body Wear: Body wear made of cotton are the best but should not be worn without additional protective clothing. When there is a chance of contacting wet spray, large sleeves with cuff-buttons, and pants with buttons at the bottom offer good protection. Aprons: Waterproof rubber or plastic aprons are effective. They should be long enough to protect the general clothing. Head protection: Dust and mist settle easily on hair. Hats that are water resistant, wide brimmed with sweatbands are effective in protecting it. Many helmets provide attachments for face shields and goggles. Eye Galss / Goggles: Farmers will be educated / oriented to protect their eyes from splashes, spills, mist, and droplets by using glasses / goggles. Goggles with plain lenses and full side shields are preferable. The lenses may become coated with pesticide droplets during spraying; hence cleaning tissues or an extra pair of goggles are a must. Face shield: A face shield is a transparent acetate or acrylic sheet which covers the face and prevents it from splashes or dust. Face shields allow better air circulation and provide a greater range of vision than goggles Hand and feet protection Gloves: Dermal exposure occurs the most in the hand region. The use of gloves reduces this risk. Gloves should be up to 2 to 3" long below the elbow i.e., they should extend to the mid forearm. Waterproof gloves, such as those made of rubber, latex or PVC are preferable. After use, they should be discarded away from ponds, wells, and animals or even incinerated. Annexure- VI Page 12 of 25 Footwear: Shoes made of rubber or synthetic materials like PVC and nitrite can be used to prevent dermal exposure of feet. Protective footwear should be calf-high and worn with the legs of the protective pants on the outside to prevent spray from getting in. Leather or fabric shoes should never be worn as they absorb pesticides. Shoes should be checked for any leakage or damage before use. Respiratory equipment: A respirator is a device that offers protection to the lungs and respiratory tract. Different kinds of respiratory equipment are used based on the type and toxicity of pesticides. They include nose filters/disposable masks, cartridge respirators, canister-type respirators/gas masks, positive pressure breathing apparatus, self-contained breathing apparatus, and powered air cartridge respirator. Safety in Application of Pesticides: Misuse of pesticides can be extremely dangerous. Apart from polluting the environment, they may prove fatal to human beings, animals, birds, and fish. Phytotoxicity often results when used in excess in plants. Judicious use, and careful and safe handling may prevent hazards. Safe handling of pesticides involves their proper selection and careful handling during mixing and application. Safety during Application: This reduces risk and prevents pollution. It also ensures safety to animals, which may be nearby. The following precautions may be taken while applying pesticides. 1. Wearing protective body cover / personal protective equipment (PPE) by the operator (hand gloves, mask like air purifying / air supplied etc.); 2. Spraying should be done in the windward direction, taking care to see that there are no animals, people, or animal feed nearby; 3. Applying correct dosage and avoiding use of higher dosages than recommended; 4. Checking the sprayer and spraying equipment for leaks before use, using properly maintained and functioning equipment. 5. While applying pesticide, restraining from taking food items, drink or smoke; 6. Do not blow, suck or apply the mouth to any sprayer nozzle or other spraying equipment. 7. Washing hands, face and other body parts with soap after spraying; 8. Wash overalls and other protective clothing at the end of every working day in soap and water and keep them separate from the rest of the family’s clothes. 9. In case if any part of the body is exposed and come in contact with the pesticide, it should be washed-off immediately; 10. Change clothes immediately after spray and cleaning body properly. 11. Visit to doctor in case of feeling unwell. Storage Precautions to be taken in storing the pesticides are (1) keeping the place of storing of pesticides away from human and animals, (2) keeping away from water sources, (3) keeping at a height which should be out of reach of children, (4) keeping away from exposure to sunlight and moisture, (5) well ventilated place of storing, (6) well stacking to avoid of spillage, (7) away from food / consumable items / must not be stored with food items, and (8) the place of storage should be out of reach of children. Transportation Pesticides should be transported (1) in well-sealed and labelled containers, (2) should be transported separately, i.e. not with any other consumable items, cloths, drugs etc., (3) proper stacking to prevent Annexure- VI Page 13 of 25 leakage, (4) display of warning notice on the vehicle transporting pesticides, if transported in bulk with regular checking during transportation. Disposal System 1. At the end of the day’s work, the inside of the spray pump should be washed and any residual pesticides should be flushed out; 2. The rinsing water should be collected and carefully contained in clearly marked drums with a tightly fitted lid. This should be used to dilute the next day’s tank loads or disposed properly at disposal sites like pits or digs; 3. Pouring the remaining pesticides into surface water sources like stream, nala, rivers, wells or any drinking-water sources is strictly prohibited; 4. Decontaminate containers where possible. For glass, plastic or metal containers this can be achieved by triple rinsing, i.e. part-filling the empty container with water three times and emptying into a bucket or sprayer for the next application; 5. All empty packaging should be kept away from common approach space and should be returned to the designated organisation / individual for safe disposal. Re-use of empty insecticide containers will be prohibited. The used packages shall not be left outside to prevent their re-use. Used packages shall be broken and buried away from habitation. 6. While purchasing, date of manufacture and date of expiry will be reviewed, as per the print; 7. In case the stock remained unutilised and crossed the date of expiry, it should be returned to the supplier. Table 14: Safety Precautions in different stages of application of pesticides SN Particulars Safety Measures 1 Purchase 1. Always purchase only required quantity of pesticides and avoid bulk purchase; 2. Purchase as per the prescription of experts from Ag. Dept. / KVKs etc.; 3. Never purchase loose or unsealed containers. Purchase pesticides before the expiry date ends; 4. Don’t purchase pesticides without proper label. 2 Storage 1. Avoid storage of pesticides in house premises or near grain storage; 2. Never keep any pesticide near food; 3. Keep all pesticides away from reach of children and livestock; 4. Don’t expose them to sunlight for longer period; 5. Keep all pesticides in original container in intact seal; 3 Handling Never transport any pesticides along with food material. 4 While preparing 1. Always use clean water; solution 2. Always protect your nose, eyes, mouth, ears and hands with clothes; 3. Use hand gloves; 4. Don’t eat, drink, smoke or chew while filling the spray tank; 5. Don’t smell pesticides; 6. Never mix granules with water except those wettable granules; 7. Avoid spilling of pesticides solution while filling the spray tank. 5 Equipment 1. Select right kind of equipment and nozzle; 2. Don’t blow nozzle with mouth; 3. Don’t use unwashed sprayer for weedicide or insecticide. 6 While applying 1. Apply only recommended dose and spray solution; pesticides 2. Apply insecticides preferably in the evening. Avoid rainy or hot sunny or windy days; 3. Don’t apply pesticides against the wind direction; 4. Thoroughly wash the sprayers & buckets with soap water after spraying; Annexure- VI Page 14 of 25 SN Particulars Safety Measures 5. Buckets used for spraying should not be used for domestic purpose; 6. Avoid entry of animals & workers in the field immediately after spraying. 7 Disposal 1. Left over spray solution should not be drained in to ponds / tanks / water bodies; 2. Should not be disposed off near open well / shallow wells or drinking water source; 3. Used empty containers should be crushed and buried deep in soil; 4. Never re-use empty pesticide container for any other purpose. 6.9 Major Insect Pests by Cultivated Crops and IPM Strategy Table 15:IPM Strategy by Crop Type Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest Paddy Stem borer Bacterial leaf Nursery: Leaf folder blight 1. Raise pre-crop kharif grow Sesbania or sunhemp and incorporate 45 days Gall midge Leaf spot old crop in soil during land preparation wherever possible. Green leaf hopper Leaf Blast 2. Select suitable resistant or moderately resistant variety. Hispa Neck blast 3. Use disease and insect free pure seed. Mites Stem rot 4. Seed treatment (for diseases) with carbendazim 50% WP @ 2 g/kg seed or Thrips Sheet rot Trichoderma/Pseudomonas @ 5-10 g/ha of seed for seed or soil borne Gundy bug Sheet blight diseases and carbosulfan 2 g/kg of seed for root nematodes or as per local False smut recommendations. In termites, endemic areas, seed treatment with Dirty panicle chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 10000 ml/ha along with 10% solution of gum arabica @ 0.25 litre/100 kg seed along with 10% solution of gum Arabica in 3.75 litre of water just before sowing. 5. Timely planting/sowing. 6. Pre-sowing irrigation: Many weeds can be controlled by applying pre- sowing irrigation to area where nursery or seedlings are to be transplanted. The emerged weeds can be ploughed under. 7. Raising of healthy nursery. 8. As far as possible rice seedling should be free from weed seedlings at the time of transplanting. 9. Destruction of left over nursery, removal of weeds from field and cleaning of bunds. 10. Normal spacing with 30-36 hills/ m2 depending on the duration of the variety. 11. 30 cm alley formations at every 2.5 to 3 m distance in plant hopper and sheath blight endemic areas. 12. Balanced use of fertilizers and micro-nutrients as per local recommendations. Proper water management (alternate wetting and drying to avoid water stagnation) in plant hopper, bacterial blight and stem rot endemic areas. Maintain a thin layer of water on soil surface to minimize weed growth. 13. In direct sown rice, the crop should be sown in lines at recommended spacing to facilitate inter-weeding operations. Mechanical methods of weed should be practiced after 2-3 weeks and second time if necessary after 4-6 weeks of sowing. 14. In nursery, spray Chlorantraniliprole (18.5SC) @200ml/Ha in 150- 200ltl of water (Or) In the main field, between 15-20 DAT, as a prophylactic measure, apply granules of Chlorantraniliprole (0.4GR) @ Annexure- VI Page 15 of 25 Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest 10kg/Ha. (Or) if the pest still persists, at ETL level repeat the spray Chlorantraniliprole (18.5 SC) @200ml/Ha in 150-200l of water. (Or) At both nursery stage and main field, at ETL spray Flubendiamide (40 SC) @125ml/Ha in 150-200lts of water. Main Crop: 1. Collection of egg masses and larvae of pest to be placed in bamboo cages for conservation of biocontrol agents. 2. Removal and destruction (burn) of diseased/pest infested plant parts. 3. Clipping of rice seedlings tips at the time of transplanting to minimize carryover of rice hispa, case worm and stem borer infestation from seed bed to the transplanted fields. 4. Use of coir rope in rice crop for dislodging case worm, cut worm and swarming caterpillar and leaf folder larvae etc. on to kerosinized water (1 L of kerosene mixed on 25 kg soil and broadcast in 1ha). 5. Trichogramma japonicum and T chilonis may be released @ 1 lakh/ha on appearance of egg masses / moth of yellow stem borer and leaf folder in the field. 6. Natural biocontrol agents such as spiders, drynids, water bugs, mirid bugs, damsel flies, dragonflies, meadow grasshoppers, staphylinid beetles, carabids, coccinellids, Apanteles, Tetrastichus, Telenomus, Trichogramma, Bracon, Platygaster etc. should be conserved. 7. Collection of egg masses of borers and putting them in a bamboo cage- cum-percher till flowering which will permit the escape of egg parasites and trap and kill the hatching larvae. Besides, these would allow perching of predatory birds. 8. Habitat management: Protection of natural habitats within the farm boundary may help in conserving natural enemies of pests. Management of farmland and rice bunds with planting of flowering weeds like marigold, sun hemp increases beneficial natural enemy population and also reduce the incidence of root knot nematodes. Provide refuge like straw bundles having charged with spiders to help in build up spider population and to provide perch for birds. 9. Spray Dinetofuran (20SG) @200ml/Ha in 150-200 lt of water. (Or) -Spray Pymetrozine (50WG) @300ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Buprofezin (25SC) @750ml/Ha in 150-200lt of water (for green leaf hopper); 10. Spray Spiromesifen (240SC) @500ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Spirotetramet (150 OD) @600ml/Ha in 150-200lt of water (for Mits). 11. Spray Spinosad (45SC) @ 187.5ml/Ha. (for Thrips) 12. Spray Streptocyclin @25gr/Ha. (Or) -Spray Propineb (70WP) @750gr/Ha. (Or) -Spray Mancozeb (75%WG) @1250gr/Ha. (Or) Spray Azoxystrobin (23SC) @750ml/Ha. (Or) -Spray Picoxystrobin (250EC) @320ml/Ha. (Or) -Spray Pyraclostrobin (250EC) @300ml/Ha. (Or) -Spray Kresoximmethyl (50WG) @312.5gr/Ha. (for diseases like bacterial leaf blight, leaf spot, leaf blast); 13. Spray Pencycuron (250SC) @ 187.5ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Thifluzamide (240SC) @375ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Validamycin (3L) @1000ml/Ha. (for sheet blight); 14. Spray Azoxystrobin (23SC) @750ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Picoxystrobin (250EC) @320ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Pyraclostrobin (250EC)@300ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Kresoximmethyl (50WG) @312.5gr/Ha. (for false smut); 15. Spray Azoxystrobin (23SC) @750ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Picoxystrobin (250EC) @320ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Pyraclostrobin (250EC) @300ml/Ha. (Or) Spray Kresoximmethyl (50WG) @312.5gr/Ha. (for Dirty Panicle) Annexure- VI Page 16 of 25 Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest Groundnut Aphids Collar rot Monitoring for Pest & Disease Jassids Stem rot Thrips Dry root rot • Community level monitoring to know change in destruction and abundance of pest Leaf Miner Yello mold • Organise regular pest monitoring and assess bio control potential at every 5 to 10 km distance Gram pod borer randomly. Tobacco • Use pheromone traps for monitoring Spodoptera/Helicoverpa and leaf miner. caterpillar Pre-Sowing stage Groundnut white grub • Deep ploughing in summer. Termite • Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of preferred host trees in area of white gr Groundnut • Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize. Bruchid • Early sowing. • Collection and destruction of white grub adults. • Installation of 12 light traps/ha or bonfire against Red Hairy Caterpillar Sowing stage • Two hand hoeing at 20 days and 35-45 days after sowing for effective weed control. • Stray planting of cowpea or soybean (for leaf miner) castor and sunflower for S. /itura as trap cro • Soil application of castor cake @ 1000 kg/ha or neem cake against stem rot. • Continue with light trap or bonfire against RHC. • Collection and destruction of egg masses of RHC in the fields around light-trap areas. • Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 4g/kg OR Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum @ 4 g/kg seed Vegetative stage • Rouge out bud necrosis affected and chump infected plants. • Irrigate once. • Continue with light trap or bonfire and mechanical collection of RHC egg masses/caterpillars. • Install one pheromone trap per ha. for monitoring or 5 trap/ha for mass trapping of Spodoptera. • Collection and destruction of- early stage larvae of Bihar hairy cater pillar. • Collection and destruction of white grub adults from jujube or neem trees around the field. • Install per ha.10-12 bird perches. • Two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing. • Release egg parasite, Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha, 4 times (7-10 days interval) against Tobacc • Spray SNPV @ 250LE or B.t @ 1 kg/ha for controlling defoliators. • Spray Carbendazim @ 375 g a.i./ha or 2 gm of Chlorothalanil/lit for control of leaf spots and rus • Spray Quinalphos @ 1250 ml/ha to control hairy caterpillar. Flowering stage • Collect and destroy egg masses and early instar larvae of S. litura. • Continue Pheromone trap @ 1/ha for monitoring or 5/ha for mass trapping of S. litura • Spray neem based formulation @ 2%. • Release Trichogramma chilonsis (50000/ha) twice and Cheilomenus sexmaculata (1250/ha twic Fruiting stage • Collect egg masses and early instar larvae of S. litura. • Spray neem based formulation @ 2%. • Spray SNPV @ 250 LE/ha or B.t. 1 kg/ha on need basis. • No chemical control applied at the maturity stage. Storage • Store the pods in polythene lined gunny bags and fill the top of the bags with sand. • Mouth of bags not be closed to avoid germination loss. Annexure- VI Page 17 of 25 Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest • Harvest at optimum maturity stage to avoid pod infection. Greengram/ Blackgram Pod borer Bacterial leaf Mechanical control methods Spotted pod borer blight Remove and destroy stem fly damaged seedlings Spiny pod borer Powedry mildew Pest and Disease Management: Organic Ecosystem Blue butterfly Rust Pull out plants manifesting symptoms of sterility mosaic, yellow Yellow mosaic mosaic, leaf curl and leaf crinkle virus disease since they will serve as a source of inoculum spread by sucking pests Collect eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of the insects to the extent possible to reduce their population (leaf feeding caterpillars, beetles, weevils, grasshoppers etc.) Burn the crop residues after harvest. Cultural control methods Sow good and healthy seeds In stem fly endemic areas use a higher seed rate to the extent of 25 - 30% to compensate the loss of seedlings Maintain the fields and bunds free from weeds Avoid crops susceptible to some pests either as mixed crops or in crop rotation Provide T shaped bird perches Grow castor along the borders to trap S.litura, marigold to trap H.armigera and cowpea to trap stem fly. The plant density should not exceed 30 - 35 / sq.m. If it exceeds it creates favourable microclimate suitable for the multiplication of pests and diseases. Botanical control methods Spray NSKE (5%) or neem oil (3%) alternatively (aphid, mite, whitefly) Biological control methods Spray specific NPV suspensions of H. armigera and S. litura in the evening hours Behavioural control methods Set up sex pheromone traps to attract and kill male moths of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Set up five traps per acre from floral bud formation and change the septa once in 3 weeks Use of light trap to monitor and kill the attracted adult moths of tobacco cut worm. Cabbage / Cauliflower Diamond back Damping-off and Nursery Stage: moth; wire stem; 1. Prepare raised nursey beds about 10 cm above ground level for good Tobacco Downy mildew; drainage to avoid damping off etc.; caterpillar; Alternaria leaf 2. Follow soil solarisation for 2-3 weeks using 0.45 mm thick polythene sheet. Stem borer; spot; Sufficient moisture should be present in the soil for solarization; Cabbage aphid Bacterial black 3. Treat the soil with neem cake at 50 g / m2 impregnated with 10-15 g rot effective strain of Trichoderma; 4. Seed treatment with effective strain of Trichoderma @ 4 g / kg seed to manage rots. Seedling dip for 30 min with Trichoderma viride 1 % WP @ 10 g / lit water to manage collar rot in cabbage can also be followed; 5. Need based soil drenching with captan 75 WP @ 0.25 % or captan 75 WS @ 0.3 % to manage damping off; 6. Spray NSKE 5% for management of H. undallis which appears in rainy season nursery sometimes. Main Crop: Annexure- VI Page 18 of 25 Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest 1. Adopt wide spacing of 60 x 50 cm to reduce the spread of diseases; 2. Growing of Indian mustard as trap crop after every 25 rows of cabbage. (One row of mustard is sown 15 days before cabbage planting and second 25 days after planting of cabbage). First and last row should be of mustard; 3. Mustard traps 80-90% of diamond back moth (DBM) population and other pests like aphids. Spray fenvalerate 5 % EC @ 300 ml / ha in 600 lit water to manage DBM in trap crop mustard. 4. Spraying of B. thuringiensis var.kurstaki 5 WP @ 50 g a.i./ ha or 3 gm / litre at 10 DAP for DBM; 5. Installation of light traps / bulb @ 3 / acre for DBM. Adults are attracted to light trap and fall in water bucket. Within 3-4 days most of the adults get killed; 6. Release egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoideabactrae at 1.0 lakh / ha 3-4 times at weekly interval (optional) 7. Spray mancozeb 75 WP or zineb 75 WP @ 1.5-2 kg / ha in 750-1000 lit water to manage leaf spot; 8. Removal of basal and infected leaves to reduce Alternaria leaf spot and bacterial black rot of early stage; 9. Spray Neem Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) 5% or malathion 50 EC @ 1500 ml / ha in 1000 lit water for stem / head borer. Spray NSKE 5% at primordia formation (18-25 DAP-head initiation stage - most critical stage) for DBM control. Repeat, if DBM is >1 / plant at 10-15 days interval. Maximum of 3-4 NSKE sprays in one crop season are required. When NSKE are sprayed, thorough coverage of the entire plant surface is must. Use sticker with spray. This will control aphids as well as tobacco caterpillar. 40 kg / ha of NSKE powder is required; 10. Need based spray of spinosad 2.5 SC @ 600 ml or novaluron 10 EC @ 750 ml / ha in 500-1000 lit water for DBM control; 11. Spray acetamiprid 20 SP @ 75 g ha in 500-600 lit water for aphids in late cauliflower; 12. Installation of yellow sticky traps for trapping winged aphids; 13. Collection of egg masses and larvae of tobacco caterpillar as they are gregarious in nature. Scout for papery patches & apply baits; 14. Set up sex pheromone traps @ 5 / ha for mass trapping and to monitor the activity of adult moths; 15. Spray SlNPV @ 250 LE / ha (2x109 POB) 2-3 times in evening with jiggery 2% when larvae are young; 16. Need-based spray of cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 600 g / ha in appr. 500 lit water for tobacco caterpillar; Brinjal Hadda beetle; Damping off; Nursery Stage: Aphids; Phomopsis blight 1. Green manuring with sunhemp / Dhaincha in July-August; Leaf roller; and fruit rot; 2. Raised seed bed about 10 cm above ground level for good drainage to Leaf hopper; Little leaf; avoid damping off etc.; Shoot and fruit Root-knot 3. Cover the nursery beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) borer; nematode thicknesses for three weeks during June for soil solarisation which will help Mites (Red spider in reducing the soil borne insects, diseases like bacterial wilt and mite); nematodes. However, care should be taken that sufficient moisture is Nematodes present in the soil for its solarization; 4. Seed (5 g / kg seed), nursery (250 g in 50 lit water drenched over 400 sq. mt area) and seedling root dip (1% for 15 min) treatment with Trichoderma viride 1 % to manage damping off or root rot etc. and need based soil drenching with captan 75 WP @ 0.25 %; Annexure- VI Page 19 of 25 Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest 5. Selection of fruit borer resistant varieties / hybrids. Main Crop: 1. Setting up of yellow sticky / Delta traps @ 2-3 / acre for white fly; 2. Give 2-3 sprays of NSKE 5% at weekly interval for the control of sucking pests and leaf folder; 3. If incidence of white fly and other sucking insect pests is still above ETL, apply diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 600 g / ha in 500-750 litres water or spiromesifen 22.9 SC @ 400 ml / ha (mites) in 500 lit water; 4. Pheromone traps @ 100 / ha should be installed for monitoring and mass trapping of shoot & fruit borer moths. Replace the lures with fresh lures after every 15-20 days interval; 5. Clipping of damaged shoots from time to time in initial stages; 6. Bird perches @ 10 / acre should be erected; 7. Sprays of NSKE also brings down the borer incidence significantly. Neem oil (Azadirachtin based 1%) application is also helpful in reducing borer infestation, though marginally; 8. Release egg parasitoid T. brasiliensis @ 1-1.5 lakh / ha for shoot & fruit borer, 4-5 times at weekly interval; 9. Apply neem cake @ 250 kg / ha (in two splits) in soil along the plant rows at 25 and 60 DAT for reducing nematodes and borer damage. Don’t appl y neem cake when there is heavy wind velocity or temperature is above 30 0 C.; 10. Need-based alternate sprays of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 200 ml / ha in 500-750 lit water or emmamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 200 g / ha in 600 lit water at 15 days interval effectively controls shoot & fruit borer; 11. Collection & destruction of little leaf affected plants, phomopsis blight affected fruits & field sanitation; 12. Spray zineb 75 WP @ 1.5-2 kg / ha in 750-1000 lit water or carbendazim 50 WP @ 300 g / ha in 600 lit water to manage Phomopsis blight and leaf spot diseases; 13. Continuous cropping of brinjal leads to more borer and bacterial wilt infestation. Therefore, crop rotation with non-solanaceous crops may be followed. 14. The commonly seen natural enemies of pests in brinjal cropping system should be protected from unwanted and excessive sprays of chemical pesticides. Bitter gourd Mites, Aphid, Powdery Cultural control: Bettle Mildew, Deep ploughing of fields during summer. Fruit fly Downy mildew Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) Catterpillar thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests. Biological control: Apply neem cake/pongamia cake @ 100 kg/acre in soil at the time of last plouging or reducing nematodes, and soil dwelling pests. • Apply Trichoderma spp. @ 2.5 kg/acre along with FYM Conserve predators such as Pennsylvania leather wing beetle (Chauliognathus pensylvanicus); larvae of which feed on pumpkin beetle Annexure- VI Page 20 of 25 Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest larva. • Conserve parasitoids such as Celatoria setosa (grub) • Spray NSKE 5% Chemical control: Apply trichlorfon 5% GR @ 200 g/acre or trichlorfon 5% DUST @ 200 g/acre Generally cucurbit crops require 40: 32: 24 kg N: P: K/acre Apply N in two splits first one (50%) at 25 days after sowing. Apply entire P and K at the time of sowing. Micro nutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular nutrient. To maintain the sex ratio (more number of female flowers), spray borax @ 1 g/l at 2-4 leaf stage Mango Physical Method 1. Removal and destruction of affected and fallen fruits due to fruit fly and fruit borer infestation 2. Destruction of affected shoots due to shoot borer infestation along with larvae in young orchards. 3. Remove the dead and weak branches in order to reduce the inoculum of various pathogens. 4. Keep the stalks of the fruit clear by removing dried rachis, small leaves which harbor the disease and pests inoculums. Remove the unfruited panicles to avoid scratching injury to fruits, put dried leaves in between adjacent fruits. 5. Ploughing/weeding or digging of the soil under tree canopy. This will expose the hibernating pupae of gall midge and other pests like fruit borer, fruit fly etc. 6. Avoiding overcrowding of the laterals and foliage as it develops the favourable microclimate for pest and disease build up. 7. It also prevents the penetration of the pesticide sprays which invites the pest resurgence due to residual population. Therefore, proper thinning/centre opening should be done and trees be kept open and well aerated. Cultural Method • The neem products particularly Nimbicidine @ 2 ml/lit can control 50 to 60% hopper population and hence it can be used during lean periods of outbreak right from the bud burst stage and thereafter in 10 to 15 days interval, so that hopper build up will be checked without disturbing natural enemies like red ants, spiders and lace wing bugs and coccinellids which are common predators in mango garden. Chemical Method Annexure- VI Page 21 of 25 Major insect/ Diseases IPM strategy pest • For blossom protection, use 5ml Fenvalerate 20 EC or 9ml Decamethrin 2.8 EC or 20ml Quinalphos 25 EC or 1.2 g Clothianidine 50 WDG or 1.0 g Thiomethoxam 25 WDG or 20 ml Phenthoate 50 EC per 10 lit of water. • Midge : Fenitrothion (0.05%) • Thirps : Phosalone (0.05%) if intensity is more apply Thiomethoxam 25% 2gm or Spinosad 45% 2.5 ml/10 lit. • Mealy bugs : DDVP (0.05%) during advance stage of fruit development • Shoot borer: Quinalphos • The trees and branches when cut, invites the stem borer problem. Therefore, cut portions should be treated with pesticide and applied with Bordeaux mixture Biological Method • Glyricidia is a major host of mealy bugs, Ferissia virgata which is predominant species of mealy bugs in Konkan region. The incidence was noticed in the month of March. Therefore, the population of mealy bugs on glyricidia should be monitored form March onwards and if noticed, glyricidia stumps should be chopped off and destroyed. • Explore the possibility of releasing, Cryptolemus montrizerae, a potential predator of mealy bugs during second fortnight of March as spray schedule will already be exhausted by this time and hence, there is no hurdle in establishment of predator population. Marigold Aphids Wilt & stem rot Bettle & Weevils Collar rot Spraying of Phosphamidon 0.02% at 10-15 days interval helps to check the Leaf Hopper Leaf spot & population of the aphids. Red spider mites blight Powdery mildew Spraying of systemic insecticides like Roger @ 2 ml/ litre of water on the under surface of the leaves effectively controls the insects. Sprayings of Quinalphos (0.05%) as soon as the pest infestation is observed. Spraying of miticides like Kelthane (2 ml/litre of water) or Dicofol (0.1%) is effective against the mites. Soil treatment with captan, mancozeb and Fosetyl-Al Spraying Sulfex(3g/Litre of water) and Mancozeb(2g/ litter of water) Soil sterilization by Formalin @ 2% before sowing and spraying of Dithane Z-78 @ 2g/liter of water Note: In the changing scenario, consultations will be made with local SAUs, KVKs, Agriculture Dept. on recommended package of practices for IPM in crops that are specific to a particular geographical area / project location. Annexure- VI Page 22 of 25 6.10 Details on Integrated Nutrient Management Practices The Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Practices that will feed into the capacity building program on IPNM are detailed in this section. INM embraces soil, nutrient, water, crop, and vegetation management practices, tailored to a particular cropping and farming system. The INM aims at improving and sustaining soil fertility and land productivity and reducing environmental degradation. It optimizes the condition of the soil, with regard to its physical, chemical, biological and hydrological properties, for the purpose of enhancing farm productivity, while minimizing land degradation. It not only provides tangible benefits in terms of higher yields, but also conserve the soil resource. INM also contributes to pest management. Stressed crops are more susceptible to disease and to the effects of pest attacks. Crops growing in poorly structured soil, under low or unbalanced nutrient conditions or with inadequate water supply will be stressed. Responding to disease or pest attacks by applying pesticides is a costly symptomatic approach to a syndrome which is better addressed by improving the ecological conditions and systems within which the crops are cultivated. INM practices combine use of inorganic, organic and biological resources in a reasonable way to balance efficient use of limited resources and ensure ecosystem sustainability. At the farm level, integrated and synergistic approach will be adopted under INM, involving the following. 1. Matching the land use requirements with the land qualities present in the area, i.e., the biological, chemical and physical properties of the soil, and the local climatic conditions (temperature, rainfall etc.); 2. Seeking to improve yield by identifying and overcoming the most limiting factors that influence yield; 3. Better plant management, i.e., (i) planting at the beginning of the rain to increase protective ground cover to enhance infiltration and biological activity and (ii) timely weeding to reduce crop yield losses; 4. Promotion of complementary crop, livestock and land husbandry practices in combination to maximize addition of organic materials and recycle farm wastes, so as to maintain and enhance soil organic matter levels; 5. Land management practices that ensure favourable soil moisture conditions for the proposed land use (e.g. moisture conservation in low rainfall areas, drainage in high rainfall areas); 6. The replenishment of soil nutrients through an integrated plant nutrition management approach like organic manuring, application of crop residues, rhizobial N-fixation, Phosphorous and other nutrient uptake; 7. Efficient fertiliser use with application of appropriate quantities and method of application to minimizes losses (for example, rather than broadcasting, project will educate farmers to apply fertilizer into the soil directly). 8. Combinations of crop, livestock and land husbandry practices that reduce rainfall impact, improve surface infiltration, and reduce the velocity of surface run-off thereby ensuring soil loss below the ‘tolerable’ level; 9. Crop rotation, agro-forestry and soil restorative practices that maintain and enhance the soils physical properties thereby encouraging root development and rainfall infiltration; 10. Promotion of crop-livestock system in project clusters as a part of integrated nutrient management strategy; Annexure- VI Page 23 of 25 11. Nutrient monitoring during growing stage by using colour chart and application of nutrients accordingly. Annexure- VI Page 24 of 25