91176 MENA DATA BOOK Office of the Chief Economist September 2014 THE WORLD BANK MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Doi: 10.1596/ 978-1-4648-0424-3License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the adaptation rests solely with the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party- owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0424-3 DOI: 10.1596/ 978-1-4648-0424-3 Indicator tables Acknowledgements Iii Users Guide V Regional Tables vii 1. BASIC INDICATORS 1 Table 1.1 Demographics 2. NATIONAL AND FISCAL ACCOUNTS Table 2.1 Gross Domestic Product 3 Table 2.2 GDP and GDP Per Capita Growth 5 Table 2.3 Inflation Rate 7 Table 2.4 Investment and Saving 8 Table 2.5 Unemployment Rate 10 Table 2.6 Government Fiscal Balance 14 Table 2.7 Current Account Balance 15 Table 2.8 International Reserves 16 Table 2.9 Poverty Rate 17 3. TRADE Table 3.1 Exports of Goods and Services 22 Table 3.2 Imports of Goods and Services 24 Table 3.3 Exports to Trading Blocs 27 Table 3.4 Imports from Trading Blocs 28 Table 3.5 Trade in Goods within MENA 29 Table 3.6 External Sector 30 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) 34 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) 43 Table 3.9 Crude Oil Prices 52 Table 3.10 Food Prices 53 4. INFRASTRUCTURE Table 4 1 Doing Business Indicators 54 Table 4.2 Technology Indicators 57 Table 4.3 Water and Energy 61 5. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Table 5.1 Health Indicators 64 Table 5.2 Education Indicators 68 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators 72 Glossary 81 MENA Data Book September 2014 |i MENA Data Book September 2014 | ii Acknowledgements The MENA Data Book is a product of the Chief Economist Office for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region of the World Bank. This volume was prepared by a team led by Lili Mottaghi and comprising Youssouf Kiendrebeogo, Isabelle Chaal-Dabi and Nathalie Lenoble. The overall work was carried out under the guidance of Shanta Devarajan, Chief Economist of the Middle East and North Africa region. The MENA data Book is designed as both a quick reference and a reliable dataset for monitoring economic and social developments in the region. The data are drawn from the 2014 World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) and IMF’s Direction of Trade Statistics. It contains macroeconomic, sectoral, and social indicators for 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region and aggregates for other developing regions. MENA Data Book September 2014 | iii Users Guide Tables The tables are numbered by section. Countries are listed by sub-region. Indicators are shown for the most recent years or periods for which data are available. The Glossary section contains definitions of the terms used in the tables. Time series data are available through the World Bank’s Open Data website (http://data.worldbank.org). Symbols used: … Data are not available or that aggregate cannot be calculated because of missing data in the years shown 0 or zero or small enough that the number would round to 0.0 zero at the displayed number of decimal places $ Current U.S. dollars bl Barrels of oil GDP Gross Domestic Product Kg Kilogram mt Metric tons PPP Purchasing Power Parity Aggregate Measure for Region and Sub-classifications The aggregates are based on the World Bank’s analytical regional classification for Middle East and North Africa, which may differ from common geographic usage. Where possible, aggregates are calculated by summing the results from individual countries. Aggregate ratios and growth rates based on summable data are calculated from the sums of the underlying indicators. Aggregate ratios and growth rates that cannot be calculated by summation are weighted averages unless otherwise noted in the tables. Aggregates are weighted whenever possible by the value of the denominator. If another indicator is used as the weight, this is noted within the individual tables. Statistics and Data Consistency Considerable effort has been made to harmonize the data, but full comparability cannot be assured, and care must be taken in interpreting indicators. Many factors affect data availability, comparability, and reliability. Data coverage may not be complete because of special circumstances affecting the collection and reporting of data. MENA Data Book September 2014 |v Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous year unless otherwise noted. Except where otherwise stated, growth rates are in real terms. Classification of Economies For the current 2015 fiscal year, low-income economies are defined as those with a GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method of $1,045 or less in 2013; middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $1,045 but less than $12,746; high-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,746 or more. Lower- middle-income and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $4,125. The term country, used interchangeably with economy, does not imply political independence but refers to any territory for which authorities report separate social or economic statistics. The term “developing” used to denote low- and middle-income countries does not imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar levels of development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. For more information about the 2014 MENA Data Book, please visit our website at www.worldbank.org/mena. MENA Data Book September 2014 | vi Regional Tables The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank’s analytical regions and may differ from common geographic usage. East Asia and Pacific (EAP) American Samoa, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Democratic Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay, and Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and West Bank and Gaza. MENA Country Groupings Oil exporters include GCC countries and developing oil exporters: GCC countries include Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Developing oil exporters include Algeria, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. Oil importers include Djibouti, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and West Bank and Gaza. MENA Data Book September 2014 | vii Regional Tables League of Arab States includes the Middle East and North Africa, as described above (except Iran), Comoros, Mauritania, Somalia, and Sudan. South Asia (SA) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. MENA Data Book September 2014 |viii Table 1.1 Demographics Population (millions) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 372.6 379.8 387.0 394.1 Developing MENA 328.1 333.8 339.6 345.4 Oil Exporters 237.3 242.4 247.3 252.2 GCC 44.5 46.0 47.4 48.7 Bahrain 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Kuwait 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 Oman 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6 Qatar 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 Saudi Arabia 27.3 27.8 28.3 28.8 United Arab Emirates 8.4 8.9 9.2 9.3 Developing Oil Exporters 192.8 196.3 199.9 203.5 Algeria 37.1 37.8 38.5 39.2 Iran 74.5 75.4 76.4 77.4 Iraq 31.0 31.8 32.6 33.4 Libya 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 Syrian Arab Republic 21.5 22.0 22.4 22.8 Yemen 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 Oil Importers 135.3 137.5 139.7 141.9 Djibouti 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 Jordan 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.5 Lebanon 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 Egypt 78.1 79.4 80.7 82.1 Morocco 31.6 32.1 32.5 33.0 Tunisia 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.9 West Bank and Gaza 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.2 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 347.7 355.1 362.5 369.8 East Asia and Pacific 1963.5 1977.4 1991.6 2005.8 Europe and Central Asia 266.7 268.6 270.4 272.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 568.2 574.7 581.4 588.0 South Asia 1606.8 1628.4 1649.2 1670.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 864.0 887.4 911.5 936.1 MENA Data Book September 2014 |1 Table 1.1 Demographics (Cont.) Population Growth (percent) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 Developing MENA 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 Oil Exporters 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 GCC 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.6 Bahrain 4.9 3.2 1.9 1.1 Kuwait 4.8 4.4 3.9 3.6 Oman 5.1 7.6 9.1 9.2 Qatar 11.2 8.8 7.1 5.6 Saudi Arabia 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 United Arab Emirates 9.0 5.6 3.1 1.5 Developing Oil Exporters 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Algeria 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 Iran 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 Iraq 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 Libya 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 Syrian Arab Republic 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 Yemen 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 Oil Importers 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Djibouti 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Jordan 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Lebanon 2.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 Egypt 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 Morocco 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Tunisia 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 West Bank and Gaza 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 East Asia and Pacific 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Europe and Central Asia 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Latin America and the Caribbean 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 South Asia 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 |2 Table 2.1 Gross Domestic Product Nominal GDP (billion US dollars) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 2405 2891 3126 3070 Developing MENA 1261 1444 1527 1428 Oil Exporters 1977 2430 2636 2555 GCC 1144 1448 1600 1642 Bahrain 26 29 30 33 Kuwait 120 161 183 185 Oman 59 70 78 81 Qatar 125 170 190 202 Saudi Arabia 527 670 734 745 United Arab Emirates 287 349 384 396 Developing Oil Exporters 833 983 1037 913 Algeria 161 199 204 210 Iran 423 528 503 369 Iraq 143 191 216 223 Libya 75 35 82 75 Syrian Arab Republic … … … … Yemen 32 29 32 36 Oil Importers 428 461 490 514 Djibouti 1 1 1 1 Jordan 26 29 31 34 Lebanon 38 40 43 44 Egypt 219 236 263 272 Morocco 91 99 96 104 Tunisia 44 46 45 47 West Bank and Gaza 8 10 10 11 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 2052 2435 2691 2772 East Asia and Pacific 7629 9293 10331 11413 Europe and Central Asia 1647 1841 1868 1986 Latin America and the Caribbean 4893 5483 5467 5655 South Asia 2071 2306 2303 2355 Sub-Saharan Africa 1281 1444 1504 1592 MENA Data Book September 2014 |3 Table 2.1 Gross Domestic Product (Cont.) GDP Per Capita (US dollars) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 6453 7612 8078 7789 Developing MENA 3842 4325 4496 4133 Oil Exporters 8330 10027 10660 10133 GCC 25706 31441 33727 33734 Bahrain 20546 22467 23040 24613 Kuwait 40091 51397 56367 54919 Oman 20984 23133 23624 22181 Qatar 71510 88861 92633 93352 Saudi Arabia 19327 24116 25946 25852 United Arab Emirates 34049 39058 41692 42370 Developing Oil Exporters 4320 5005 5187 4488 Algeria 4350 5272 5310 5361 Iran 5675 7006 6578 4763 Iraq 4613 6019 6625 6670 Libya 12375 5685 13303 12167 Syrian Arab Republic … … … … Yemen 1395 1253 1341 1473 Oil Importers 3161 3354 3507 3624 Djibouti 1353 1464 1575 1668 Jordan 4371 4666 4909 5214 Lebanon 8756 9145 9764 9928 Egypt 2804 2973 3256 3314 Morocco 2869 3095 2951 3162 Tunisia 4176 4305 4197 4329 West Bank and Gaza 2186 2489 2534 2711 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 6431 7501 8153 6817 East Asia and Pacific 3885.3 4699.6 5187.4 5690.0 Europe and Central Asia 6177.4 6852.4 6907.2 7296.7 Latin America and the Caribbean 8611.9 9539.8 9404.3 9616.8 South Asia 1289.0 1415.9 1396.2 1409.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 1482.9 1627.1 1649.6 1700.9 MENA Data Book September 2014 |4 Table 2.2 GDP and GDP per Capita Growth Real GDP Growth (percent) 2000-2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 5.3 4.7 5.8 2.6 Developing MENA 4.8 1.1 5.3 0.4 Oil Exporters 5.4 5.2 6.4 2.6 GCC 5.8 7.8 6.2 4.4 Bahrain 4.2 2.1 3.4 4.9 Kuwait 3.7 6.3 8.3 -0.4 Oman 9.1 5.4 3.4 5.2 Qatar 11.9 13.0 6.2 6.1 Saudi Arabia 5.6 8.5 6.8 4.5 United Arab Emirates 5.0 4.9 4.7 5.2 Developing Oil Exporters 4.8 0.4 6.7 -0.9 Algeria 3.8 2.8 3.3 2.8 Iran 4.4 3.0 -5.8 -1.7 Iraq 5.7 10.2 10.3 4.2 Libya 5.8 -62.1 104.5 -10.9 Syrian Arab Republic 5.8 -3.4 -18.9 -18.7 Yemen 3.8 -12.7 2.4 4.8 Oil Importers 4.8 2.4 2.7 2.7 Djibouti 1.6 4.5 4.8 5.0 Jordan 5.9 2.6 2.7 2.8 Lebanon 4.8 2.0 2.2 0.9 Egypt 4.9 1.8 2.2 2.1 Morocco 4.5 5.0 2.7 4.4 Tunisia 4.9 -1.9 3.7 2.3 West Bank and Gaza 6.5 12.4 6.3 1.9 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 5.4 5.0 7.0 3.1 East Asia and Pacific 7.2 8.3 7.4 7.1 Europe and Central Asia 2.6 6.3 1.7 3.9 Latin America and the Caribbean 3.9 4.3 2.8 2.4 South Asia 5.1 6.3 4.9 5.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.5 4.1 4.3 4.2 Note: regional and sub-regional aggregates are weighted by corresponding GDP. MENA Data Book September 2014 |5 Table 2.2 GDP and GDP per Capita Growth (Cont.) Real GDP per Capita Growth (percent) 2000-2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 3.3 2.8 3.9 0.8 Developing MENA 3.1 -0.6 3.5 -1.3 Oil Exporters 3.2 3.1 4.3 0.7 GCC 1.8 4.3 3.2 1.8 Bahrain -0.7 -1.1 1.5 3.8 Kuwait -1.2 1.9 4.4 -4.0 Oman 4.0 -2.2 -5.7 -4.0 Qatar 0.6 4.2 -0.9 0.5 Saudi Arabia 3.9 6.7 4.9 2.6 United Arab Emirates -3.9 -0.7 1.6 3.7 Developing Oil Exporters 3.0 -1.4 4.9 -2.7 Algeria 2.0 0.9 1.4 0.9 Iran 3.1 1.7 -7.1 -3.0 Iraq 3.1 7.7 7.8 1.7 Libya 4.5 -63.1 103.7 -11.7 Syrian Arab Republic 3.5 -5.4 -20.9 -20.7 Yemen 1.4 -15.0 0.1 2.5 Oil Importers 3.3 0.8 1.1 1.1 Djibouti 0.1 3.0 3.3 3.5 Jordan 3.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 Lebanon 2.6 1.0 1.2 -0.1 Egypt 3.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 Morocco 3.3 3.7 1.3 2.9 Tunisia 3.8 -3.1 2.7 1.3 West Bank and Gaza 3.6 9.4 3.3 -1.1 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 0.5 1.0 3.3 0.0 East Asia and Pacific 5.6 7.6 6.7 6.4 Europe and Central Asia 1.9 5.5 1.1 3.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 1.8 3.1 1.7 1.3 South Asia 3.0 4.9 3.5 3.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 1.4 1.5 1.5 MENA Data Book September 2014 |6 2.3 Inflation Rate Table CPI Inflation (percent) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 4.0 4.8 5.1 3.2 Developing MENA 4.0 5.1 6.1 3.5 Oil Exporters 3.6 4.9 6.1 3.2 GCC 2.6 3.0 2.8 3.1 Bahrain 2.0 -0.4 2.8 3.2 Kuwait 4.5 4.9 2.8 2.6 Oman 3.2 4.1 2.9 1.2 Qatar -2.4 1.9 1.9 3.1 Saudi Arabia 5.3 5.8 2.9 3.5 United Arab Emirates 0.9 0.9 … … Developing Oil Exporters 4.2 10.7 13.1 7.1 Algeria 3.9 4.5 8.9 3.3 Iran 10.1 20.6 27.4 39.3 Iraq 2.9 5.8 6.1 1.9 Libya 2.8 15.5 6.1 2.6 Syrian Arab Republic 4.4 4.8 37.4 89.6 Yemen 11.2 16.4 17.3 11.0 Oil Importers 4.0 4.4 4.8 3.5 Djibouti 4.0 5.1 3.7 3.5 Jordan 5.0 4.4 4.8 5.5 Lebanon 4.0 5.4 5.7 2.7 Egypt 11.3 10.1 7.1 9.5 Morocco 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.9 Tunisia 4.4 3.6 5.5 6.1 West Bank and Gaza 2.8 2.7 1.7 2.7 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 4.0 4.8 4.9 3.2 East Asia and Pacific 4.0 5.5 3.0 3.0 Europe and Central Asia 6.1 7.6 3.1 4.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 4.0 5.5 4.1 3.8 South Asia 7.6 9.7 9.4 7.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.4 5.9 6.5 4.9 Note: The average inflation rates are median rates for the region and sub-regional groups. MENA Data Book September 2014 |7 Table 2.4 Investment and Saving Gross Fixed Capital Formation (percent of GDP) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 25.8 22.7 22.8 23.0 Developing MENA 25.1 24.7 24.7 23.0 Oil Exporters 28.3 21.7 21.9 23.3 GCC 26.8 19.2 19.5 23.3 Bahrain 26.0 15.6 19.5 … Kuwait 20.3 16.4 15.1 … Oman … … … … Qatar 38.1 … … … Saudi Arabia 24.5 22.7 21.5 23.3 United Arab Emirates 24.9 22.0 21.9 … Developing Oil Exporters 36.3 31.8 31.4 … Algeria 36.3 31.8 31.4 … Iran … … … … Iraq … … … … Libya … … … … Syrian Arab Republic … … … … Yemen … … … … Oil Importers 23.2 23.6 23.6 23.0 Djibouti … … … … Jordan 23.0 24.5 26.0 27.2 Lebanon 24.8 26.7 29.4 27.9 Egypt 18.6 16.9 15.6 13.8 Morocco 30.7 30.7 31.4 … Tunisia 24.6 21.8 21.1 … West Bank and Gaza 17.3 20.7 17.9 … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 25.3 23.2 24.0 23.0 East Asia and Pacific 41.1 40.9 42.0 42.4 Europe and Central Asia 20.9 22.0 22.0 21.5 Latin America and the Caribbean 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.0 South Asia 28.5 29.0 28.1 26.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 19.7 19.9 20.2 19.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 |8 Table 2.4 Investment and Saving (Cont.) Gross Domestic Savings (percent of GDP) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 28.6 29.9 29.1 17.9 Developing MENA 14.5 13.5 12.4 10.2 Oil Exporters 47.3 52.0 51.3 34.4 GCC 51.1 56.1 55.7 48.4 Bahrain 45.9 47.6 47.1 … Kuwait 55.2 61.8 62.7 … Oman … … … … Qatar 74.4 76.9 75.6 … Saudi Arabia 47.4 53.4 49.9 48.4 United Arab Emirates 32.5 41.0 43.3 … Developing Oil Exporters 37.8 41.7 40.3 20.3 Algeria 48.5 47.9 47.0 … Iran … … … … Iraq 27.1 35.5 33.6 20.3 Libya … … … … Syrian Arab Republic … … … … Yemen … … … … Oil Importers 6.7 4.1 3.1 6.9 Djibouti … … … … Jordan 3.2 -0.8 -1.1 -0.8 Lebanon -0.8 -1.2 8.8 14.3 Egypt 14.1 13.0 8.0 7.2 Morocco 25.2 22.8 21.1 … Tunisia 21.9 17.3 15.1 … West Bank and Gaza -23.2 -26.4 -33.1 … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 27.4 28.9 26.0 17.9 East Asia and Pacific 47.0 45.9 46.4 46.5 Europe and Central Asia 18.0 19.0 17.6 16.7 Latin America and the Caribbean 20.4 20.6 19.7 18.5 South Asia 28.1 26.2 24.4 23.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 18.4 19.3 18.5 20.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 |9 Table 2.5 Unemployment Rate Unemployment Rate (percent) 2000-2010 2011 2012 MENA 11.6 10.8 10.8 Developing MENA 12.6 12.1 12.1 Oil Exporters 12.1 10.5 10.5 GCC 4.7 4.2 4.7 Bahrain 7.0 7.4 7.4 Kuwait 1.2 1.6 1.5 Oman 8.1 8.2 8.1 Qatar 0.8 0.6 0.6 Saudi Arabia 5.5 4.4 5.6 United Arab Emirates 3.0 4.0 3.8 Developing Oil Exporters 14.0 12.7 12.6 Algeria 20.2 9.9 9.8 Iran 11.8 13.3 13.1 Iraq 18.6 15.2 15.1 Libya 8.9 8.1 8.9 Syrian Arab Republic 9.0 8.4 8.3 Yemen 15.0 17.7 17.6 Oil Importers 10.8 11.4 11.4 Djibouti … … … Jordan 14.4 12.9 12.2 Lebanon 8.5 8.9 8.9 Egypt 9.9 12.0 11.9 Morocco 11.1 8.9 9.0 Tunisia 14.5 12.9 12.8 West Bank and Gaza 23.1 21.0 23.0 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 11.9 10.8 10.8 East Asia and Pacific 4.6 4.4 4.5 Europe and Central Asia 10.1 9.9 9.7 Latin America and the Caribbean 7.7 6.6 6.6 South Asia 4.2 3.8 3.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 8.1 7.6 7.6 Note: Regional and sub-regional aggregates are weighted by corresponding labor force. MENA Data Book September 2014 | 10 Table 2.5 Unemployment Rate (Cont.) Youth Unemployment, Total (percent of total labor forces ages 15-24) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 21.4 21.4 21.9 Developing MENA 26.7 27.1 27.5 Oil Exporters 19.2 18.9 19.4 GCC 13.8 13.4 13.9 Bahrain 26.8 26.8 27.5 Kuwait 9.7 9.5 9.2 Oman 21.1 20.8 20.6 Qatar 1.3 1.7 1.7 Saudi Arabia 29.8 23.0 27.8 United Arab Emirates 10.9 10.9 11.0 Developing Oil Exporters 26.7 26.4 27.0 Algeria 22.2 22.2 21.6 Iran 28.4 28.4 28.9 Iraq 32.2 32.3 32.1 Libya 22.1 21.0 23.9 Syrian Arab Republic 19.3 19.3 19.3 Yemen 35.1 34.8 34.8 Oil Importers 26.7 27.8 28.1 Djibouti … … … Jordan 30.1 31.6 31.3 Lebanon 22.8 22.7 22.8 Egypt 26.3 35.5 35.7 Morocco 17.7 17.8 17.4 Tunisia 29.4 29.3 29.3 West Bank and Gaza 37.7 31.5 34.6 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 21.5 21.5 21.9 East Asia and Pacific 10.6 10.6 11.0 Europe and Central Asia 21.1 20.4 19.9 Latin America and the Caribbean 14.6 13.8 13.6 South Asia 9.9 9.9 9.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 14.0 13.9 13.8 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 11 Table 2.5 Unemployment Rate (Cont.) Unemployment, Female (percent of female labor force) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 18.9 20.0 19.9 Developing MENA 19.7 21.1 20.7 Oil Exporters 19.8 19.4 19.6 GCC 13.2 12.3 14.5 Bahrain 18.5 18.4 18.0 Kuwait 1.3 1.3 1.2 Oman 15.1 14.9 14.7 Qatar 2.6 3.9 3.8 Saudi Arabia 16.9 14.9 20.8 United Arab Emirates 12.7 12.6 11.6 Developing Oil Exporters 21.7 21.4 21.1 Algeria 19.4 19.3 18.6 Iran 21.0 20.7 20.0 Iraq 22.9 22.9 22.5 Libya 13.7 11.5 15.6 Syrian Arab Republic 23.0 22.9 22.3 Yemen 28.0 27.6 27.1 Oil Importers 17.7 20.7 20.4 Djibouti … … … Jordan 22.8 22.0 21.0 Lebanon 10.8 10.7 10.6 Egypt 22.2 27.5 27.1 Morocco 9.7 10.2 9.9 Tunisia 14.6 14.5 14.3 West Bank and Gaza 19.5 16.5 18.0 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 18.3 19.4 19.5 East Asia and Pacific 3.9 4.0 4.0 Europe and Central Asia 10.5 10.2 10.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 8.9 8.2 8.1 South Asia 4.9 4.8 4.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 8.3 8.3 8.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 12 Table 2.5 Unemployment Rate (Cont.) Unemployment, Male (percent of male labor force) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 8.3 8.2 8.3 Developing MENA 10.8 10.7 10.9 Oil Exporters 6.7 6.6 6.6 GCC 3.3 3.1 3.2 Bahrain 4.8 4.7 4.8 Kuwait 1.7 1.7 1.6 Oman 6.9 6.9 6.9 Qatar 0.1 0.2 0.2 Saudi Arabia 3.6 2.7 3.1 United Arab Emirates 2.5 2.4 2.4 Developing Oil Exporters 10.1 10.0 9.9 Algeria 8.1 8.0 8.0 Iran 11.9 11.7 11.6 Iraq 13.6 13.6 13.6 Libya 6.7 6.7 6.3 Syrian Arab Republic 5.9 5.8 5.8 Yemen 14.3 14.2 14.3 Oil Importers 11.5 11.5 11.8 Djibouti … … … Jordan 10.2 10.9 10.3 Lebanon 8.3 8.3 8.3 Egypt 4.8 7.1 7.0 Morocco 8.9 8.4 8.7 Tunisia 12.4 12.4 12.3 West Bank and Gaza 24.6 21.9 24.1 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 9.4 9.3 9.4 East Asia and Pacific 4.7 4.7 4.8 Europe and Central Asia 10.5 9.8 9.6 Latin America and the Caribbean 5.9 5.5 5.5 South Asia 3.5 3.4 3.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 7.0 6.9 7.0 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 13 Table 2.6 Government Fiscal Balance Fiscal Balance (percent of GDP) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 2.0 2.9 5.1 2.5 Developing MENA -0.3 -3.6 -3.1 -6.3 Oil Exporters 2.1 5.0 7.7 5.1 GCC 4.6 9.6 13.2 10.4 Bahrain -4.8 -0.1 -3.2 -4.4 Kuwait 22.2 36.0 34.6 31.6 Oman 4.0 7.4 0.5 1.6 Qatar 2.9 6.4 9.5 11.1 Saudi Arabia 5.2 8.3 13.2 8.7 United Arab Emirates -2.1 2.9 8.9 6.5 Developing Oil Exporters -1.0 -1.4 -0.3 -3.9 Algeria -1.3 -1.5 -5.0 -1.5 Iran -1.2 -1.4 -2.0 -2.2 Iraq -4.3 4.7 4.1 -5.9 Libya 8.9 -15.4 27.8 -3.6 Syrian Arab Republic -1.4 -12.1 -16.7 -12.4 Yemen -5.2 -5.7 -12.4 -7.8 Oil Importers 1.2 -8.5 -9.4 -11.0 Djibouti -0.5 -0.7 -2.7 -5.8 Jordan -12.7 -12.7 -10.5 -14.1 Lebanon -7.6 -6.4 -8.7 -9.4 Egypt 8.1 -9.8 -10.6 -13.7 Morocco -4.7 -6.7 -7.4 -5.5 Tunisia -0.6 -3.3 -5.5 -6.9 West Bank and Gaza -19.7 -15.0 -14.9 -12.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 14 Table 2.7 Current Account Balance Current Account Balance (percent of GDP) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 7.6 12.3 12.9 10.1 Developing MENA 2.6 4.4 2.5 -0.8 Oil Exporters 10.4 15.8 16.5 13.2 GCC 13.5 20.6 23.3 20.0 Bahrain 3.0 11.2 7.3 8.0 Kuwait 30.8 41.7 45.5 40.5 Oman 10.0 15.4 11.7 8.9 Qatar 19.0 30.3 32.4 29.2 Saudi Arabia 14.9 19.9 19.9 16.2 United Arab Emirates 3.1 9.2 18.5 16.1 Developing Oil Exporters 6.4 9.0 6.6 1.7 Algeria 7.5 9.9 6.0 0.3 Iran 6.5 11.0 6.6 8.0 Iraq 4.8 12.0 6.7 -0.8 Libya 16.8 3.2 29.1 -3.5 Syrian Arab Republic -0.6 -14.7 -15.2 -12.2 Yemen -4.3 -3.0 -1.7 -3.1 Oil Importers -5.5 -6.1 -6.8 -5.5 Djibouti -5.4 -14.1 -18.4 -23.7 Jordan -12.0 -10.2 -15.2 -10.0 Lebanon -20.3 -10.9 -8.1 -8.5 Egypt -2.1 -2.6 -3.1 -2.1 Morocco -4.3 -8.0 -9.7 -7.6 Tunisia -4.7 -7.4 -8.2 -8.4 West Bank and Gaza -24.3 -32.0 -36.4 -29.1 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 15 Table 2.8 International Reserves Total Reserves (billion US dollars) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 1049 1134 1312 1414 Developing MENA 483 475 505 510 Oil Exporters 920 1027 1209 1309 GCC 566 659 807 905 Bahrain 5 5 5 6 Kuwait 25 30 33 35 Oman 13 14 14 16 Qatar 31 17 33 42 Saudi Arabia 459 557 674 738 United Arab Emirates 33 37 47 68 Developing Oil Exporters 354 367 402 404 Algeria 170 191 201 201 Iran … … … … Iraq 51 61 70 78 Libya 106 111 125 120 Syrian Arab Republic 21 … … … Yemen 6 5 6 5 Oil Importers 129 107 104 105 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 Jordan 14 12 9 14 Lebanon 44 48 53 48 Egypt 37 19 16 17 Morocco 24 21 18 19 Tunisia 10 8 9 8 West Bank and Gaza … … … … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 1050 1135 1313 1414 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 16 Table 2.9 Poverty Rate Percent of Population Percent of Population below $1.25 a Day below $2.00 a Day 1990 2010 1990 2010 MENA 5.8 2.4 23.5 12.0 Algeria 6.2 2.1 21.8 11.9 Djibouti 21.4 12.8 44.8 32.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 5.2 1.1 29.4 10.4 Iran, Islamic Rep. 3.9 0.7 13.1 4.3 Iraq 9.3 2.2 37.1 18.7 Jordan 1.5 0.1 11.1 1.6 Morocco 4.1 1.6 19.8 9.8 Syrian Arab Republic 2.8 0.4 20.6 9.2 Tunisia 5.9 1.1 19.0 4.3 West Bank and Gaza 0.4 0.0 2.8 0.3 Yemen, Rep. 18.5 16.8 44.9 45.6 Percent of Population Percent of Population below $2.50 a Day below $4.00 a Day 1990 2010 1990 2010 MENA 35.8 22.0 63.1 50.1 Algeria 33.1 20.5 62.5 45.9 Djibouti 57.9 44.1 81.4 71.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 46.2 24.4 78.9 64.7 Iran, Islamic Rep. 20.3 8.9 40.8 26.8 Iraq 53.8 33.1 83.7 68.4 Jordan 20.2 5.4 45.2 26.0 Morocco 31.0 18.7 58.3 45.3 Syrian Arab Republic 33.5 19.3 64.6 48.4 Tunisia 28.5 8.3 53.2 25.5 West Bank and Gaza 6.3 1.1 22.1 11.0 Yemen, Rep. 60.5 60.8 85.9 85.2 Source: World Bank, Povcalnet MENA Data Book September 2014 | 17 Table 2.9 Poverty Rate (Cont.) Percent of Population below $1.25 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 77.2 56.2 35.5 12.5 China 84.0 60.2 35.6 11.6 Europe and Central Asia 1.9 1.9 3.8 0.7 Latin America and the Caribbean 11.9 11.9 11.3 5.1 Middle East and North Africa 9.6 5.8 5.0 2.4 South Asia 61.1 53.8 45.1 31.0 Sub-Saharan Africa 51.5 56.5 58.0 48.5 Number of People (millions) below $1.25 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 1,096.5 926.4 653.6 250.9 China 835.1 683.2 446.4 155.5 Europe and Central Asia 8.2 8.6 18.0 3.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 43.3 52.0 57.4 29.5 Middle East and North Africa 16.5 13.0 13.6 8.0 South Asia 568.4 617.3 619.3 506.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 204.9 289.7 376.8 413.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 18 Table 2.9 Poverty Rates (Cont.) Percent of Population below $2.00 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 92.4 81.0 61.7 29.7 China 97.8 84.6 61.4 26.8 Europe and Central Asia 8.3 6.8 12.2 2.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 23.8 22.1 21.6 9.9 Middle East and North Africa 30.1 23.5 22.0 12.0 South Asia 87.2 83.6 77.9 66.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 72.2 76.0 77.5 69.9 Number of People (millions) below $2.00 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 1,312.9 1,333.8 1,136.3 597.7 China 972.1 960.8 769.7 358.9 Europe and Central Asia 35.8 31.5 57.5 11.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 86.6 96.5 109.4 57.9 Middle East and North Africa 51.8 52.9 59.8 39.9 South Asia 810.7 958.8 1,069.2 1,089.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 287.6 389.2 503.3 596.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 19 Table 2.9 Poverty Rate (Cont.) Percent of Population below $2.50 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 95.3 88.2 71.7 39.9 China 99.6 91.7 71.8 36.1 Europe and Central Asia 15.1 11.7 19.2 4.1 Latin America and the Caribbean 31.0 28.6 28.2 14.0 Middle East and North Africa 42.7 35.8 34.6 22.0 South Asia 92.9 90.8 87.1 79.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 79.5 82.6 83.9 78.2 Number of People (millions) below $2.50 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 1,353.2 1,453.4 1,320.4 801.4 China 989.4 1,040.4 898.8 482.9 Europe and Central Asia 64.8 54.2 90.1 19.6 Latin America and the Caribbean 113.0 124.7 142.7 81.8 Middle East and North Africa 73.7 80.7 94.3 72.7 South Asia 863.3 1,041.0 1,195.8 1,298.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 316.6 423.2 544.8 667.2 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 20 Table 2.9 Poverty Rate (Cont.) Percent of Population below $4.00 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 97.8 95.7 87.6 61.7 China 100.0 98.0 88.7 57.5 Europe and Central Asia 36.8 28.8 39.7 12.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 48.8 44.6 45.5 27.2 Middle East and North Africa 67.3 63.1 62.5 50.1 South Asia 97.9 97.3 96.0 93.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 89.8 91.7 92.5 89.8 Number of People (millions) below $4.00 a Day 1981 1990 1999 2010 East Asia and Pacific 1,388.7 1,576.6 1,614.8 1,239.8 China 993.5 1,112.8 1,111.7 769.8 Europe and Central Asia 157.9 133.8 186.9 57.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 177.9 194.5 230.7 158.8 Middle East and North Africa 116.0 142.2 170.1 166.0 South Asia 910.5 1,115.7 1,318.7 1,522.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 357.7 469.8 600.5 766.1 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 21 Table 3.1 Exports of Goods and Services Exports of Goods and Services (percent of GDP) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 49.9 56.0 56.7 42.2 Developing MENA 33.4 34.8 34.8 31.9 Oil Exporters 55.8 62.7 63.5 48.0 GCC 60.4 68.5 69.7 49.8 Bahrain 69.5 79.0 75.3 0.0 Kuwait 64.2 70.2 70.6 … Oman 57.0 62.0 … … Qatar 60.0 71.7 75.6 Saudi Arabia 49.7 56.2 54.4 52.0 United Arab Emirates 78.4 90.3 95.2 … Developing Oil Exporters 38.6 40.9 41.2 41.6 Algeria 38.4 38.7 37.2 … Iran … … … … Iraq 38.8 43.2 45.0 41.6 Libya … … … … Syrian Arab Republic … … … … Yemen … … … … Oil Importers 29.7 29.6 29.3 25.7 Djibouti … … … … Jordan 48.2 47.7 46.2 42.5 Lebanon 36.3 36.2 56.5 62.5 Egypt 21.3 20.6 17.4 17.6 Morocco 33.2 35.6 36.2 … Tunisia 50.5 49.4 49.1 … West Bank and Gaza 13.8 15.4 16.3 … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 48.9 55.0 55.4 42.2 East Asia and Pacific 35.2 35.0 33.5 31.5 Europe and Central Asia 37.7 42.0 36.2 34.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 22.2 23.5 23.7 22.7 South Asia 20.8 22.6 22.5 23.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 30.1 33.2 31.9 33.2 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 22 Table 3.1 Exports of Goods and Services (Cont.) Exports of Fuels (percent of merchandise exports) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 76.0 76.2 81.2 Developing MENA 66.2 62.2 61.2 Oil Exporters 83.4 83.0 89.2 GCC 83.8 83.9 87.9 Bahrain 74.3 71.8 … Kuwait … … … Oman 77.8 74.4 83.5 Qatar 76.4 75.0 Saudi Arabia 87.5 88.6 88.4 United Arab Emirates … … … … Developing Oil Exporters 82.7 80.6 96.3 Algeria 97.3 97.2 97.1 Iran 70.8 70.5 … Iraq … … … Libya 97.7 … … Syrian Arab Republic 49.9 … … Yemen 91.2 89.1 89.5 Oil Importers 14.4 15.1 16.1 Djibouti … … … Jordan 1.1 0.2 0.3 Lebanon 0.2 0.1 2.9 Egypt 29.8 30.9 31.5 Morocco 1.1 2.6 4.0 Tunisia 14.2 14.6 … West Bank and Gaza … … … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 77.0 77.2 80.9 East Asia and Pacific 6.1 6.6 6.8 Europe and Central Asia 15.8 16.9 16.6 Latin America and the Caribbean 23.3 24.9 15.9 South Asia 14.4 15.7 15.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 40.1 41.2 40.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 23 Table 3.2 Imports of Goods and Services Imports of Goods and Services (percent of GDP) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 39.6 37.6 38.6 33.5 Developing MENA 36.3 34.6 35.8 37.1 Oil Exporters 39.8 36.9 37.7 32.7 GCC 41.8 39.4 40.3 30.8 Bahrain 50.9 47.8 48.5 … Kuwait 29.2 24.8 22.9 … Oman 32.6 32.5 … … Qatar 23.8 25.8 28.8 … Saudi Arabia 33.1 29.6 29.3 30.8 United Arab Emirates 71.9 72.3 74.5 … Developing Oil Exporters 32.2 27.9 28.6 39.3 Algeria 31.4 28.7 27.7 … Iran … … … … Iraq 33.1 27.0 29.4 39.3 Libya … … … … Syrian Arab Republic … … … … Yemen … … … … Oil Importers 39.2 40.3 42.1 35.7 Djibouti … … … … Jordan 69.0 73.9 74.3 71.3 Lebanon 61.9 64.2 77.1 76.1 Egypt 26.1 24.7 25.8 24.7 Morocco 43.1 48.7 50.4 … Tunisia 55.3 56.4 58.3 … West Bank and Gaza 55.5 59.1 63.1 … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 38.9 37.1 38.1 33.5 East Asia and Pacific 31.3 32.3 31.0 29.3 Europe and Central Asia 41.3 46.6 40.9 39.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 22.7 24.1 25.1 24.6 South Asia 25.9 29.5 30.0 27.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 31.4 34.0 33.7 32.9 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 24 Table 3.2 Imports of Goods and Services (Cont.) Imports of Food (percent of merchandise imports) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 15.1 16.5 16.6 Developing MENA 16.0 18.0 19.3 Oil Exporters 15.2 16.1 15.6 GCC 13.6 14.1 13.3 Bahrain 7.6 8.3 … Kuwait … … … Oman 12.1 11.0 10.3 Qatar 8.2 … … Saudi Arabia 15.7 15.2 13.9 United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters 16.8 19.0 22.4 Algeria 16.3 22.8 19.9 Iran 15.4 14.1 … Iraq … … … Libya 12.1 … … Syrian Arab Republic 21.0 … … Yemen 30.8 31.5 32.5 Oil Importers 15.1 17.3 18.1 Djibouti … … … Jordan 16.2 16.1 17.4 Lebanon 16.3 16.8 16.2 Egypt 19.1 23.7 22.4 Morocco 11.4 12.6 12.4 Tunisia 9.3 … … West Bank and Gaza … … … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 15.4 16.9 16.6 East Asia and Pacific 5.8 6.0 6.3 Europe and Central Asia 6.9 6.8 7.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 7.6 7.7 7.0 South Asia 6.1 5.7 5.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 11.1 14.1 12.5 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 25 Table 3.2 Imports of Goods and Services Fuel Imports (percent of merchandise imports) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 8.8 10.5 12.7 Developing MENA 11.4 13.7 21.5 Oil Exporters 4.7 4.7 4.6 GCC 4.1 5.0 1.7 Bahrain 38.0 43.9 … Kuwait … … … Oman 7.1 10.3 7.7 Qatar 0.9 … … Saudi Arabia 0.3 0.3 0.5 United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters 5.5 4.2 13.3 Algeria 2.1 2.3 9.7 Iran 2.8 1.4 … Iraq … … … Libya 1.1 … … Syrian Arab Republic 19.7 … … Yemen 21.0 29.8 27.3 Oil Importers 17.6 20.4 24.6 Djibouti … … … Jordan 22.1 29.0 32.5 Lebanon 21.4 24.2 29.6 Egypt 13.4 14.9 18.7 Morocco 23.1 25.3 27.7 Tunisia 12.6 14.8 … West Bank and Gaza … … … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 9.8 11.9 12.8 East Asia and Pacific 14.8 17.1 18.3 Europe and Central Asia 16.5 15.6 15.5 Latin America and the Caribbean 10.5 12.5 12.8 South Asia 33.4 36.7 40.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 16.0 18.1 18.9 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 26 Table 3.3 Exports to Trading Blocs Exports to Trading Blocs (percent of total) United European Rest of the States and China Union World Canada MENA 7.5 14.0 11.1 67.5 Developing MENA 8.2 31.1 12.8 47.9 Oil Exporters 7.6 12.1 11.7 68.7 GCC 7.2 7.0 10.4 75.5 Bahrain, Kingdom of 1.7 3.4 0.8 94.1 Kuwait 11.7 6.3 8.8 73.2 Oman 1.9 2.1 38.2 57.8 Qatar 1.1 8.5 6.2 84.2 Saudi Arabia 14.2 10.2 13.9 61.7 United Arab Emirates 0.8 3.8 4.3 91.0 Developing Oil Exporters 8.9 27.9 15.7 47.5 Algeria 12.7 65.0 3.3 19.0 Iran, Islamic Republic of 0.0 1.1 26.7 72.2 Iraq 18.4 15.5 19.7 46.3 Libya 6.6 69.5 5.0 18.9 Syrian Arab Republic 0.1 1.0 0.0 98.8 Yemen, Republic of 0.6 1.5 29.0 68.9 Oil Importers 5.8 42.5 2.6 49.1 Djibouti 0.7 1.8 0.0 97.5 Egypt 6.1 28.1 5.0 60.8 Jordan 18.1 3.6 1.5 76.8 Morocco 4.5 60.6 1.6 33.3 Lebanon 2.3 9.1 1.0 87.6 Tunisia 2.5 74.4 0.3 22.8 League of Arab States 8.0 14.8 10.0 67.2 Source: Direction of Trade Statistics, IMF MENA Data Book September 2014 | 27 Table 3.4 Imports from Trading Blocs Imports from Trading Blocs (percent of total) United European Rest of the States and China Union World Canada MENA 8.7 26.3 12.8 52.2 Developing MENA 4.8 29.2 12.9 53.2 Oil Exporters 9.1 23.5 13.4 54.1 GCC 12.1 23.8 12.8 51.4 Bahrain, Kingdom of 8.6 13.2 10.1 68.1 Kuwait 11.0 24.5 10.8 53.7 Oman 6.0 14.4 6.7 73.0 Qatar 18.4 26.3 6.2 49.0 Saudi Arabia 13.6 26.3 12.9 47.1 United Arab Emirates 11.4 23.6 14.6 50.5 Developing Oil Exporters 2.9 22.8 14.6 59.7 Algeria 5.1 52.2 12.4 30.4 Iran, Islamic Republic of 0.4 9.3 18.8 71.4 Iraq 4.7 14.3 14.7 66.3 Libya 4.1 39.9 12.0 44.0 Syrian Arab Republic 0.1 5.9 4.2 89.7 Yemen, Republic of 3.9 10.9 15.3 70.0 Oil Importers 7.3 37.6 10.5 44.6 Djibouti 4.6 6.7 28.3 60.4 Egypt 8.6 28.6 12.6 50.2 Jordan 6.5 21.7 10.3 61.4 Morocco 8.5 50.2 6.9 34.4 Tunisia 3.8 57.2 6.5 32.6 Lebanon 5.5 42.4 12.4 39.6 League of Arab States 9.4 27.7 12.1 50.8 Source: Direction of Trade Statistics, IMF MENA Data Book September 2014 | 28 Table 3.5 Trade in Goods within MENA Trade in Goods within MENA, 2012 Exports Imports Percent of Percent Percent of Percent total trade of GDP total trade of GDP MENA 6.1 4.6 6.4 5.0 Developing MENA 6.2 2.9 6.7 6.4 Oil Exporters 6.1 4.7 6.5 4.8 GCC 6.1 6.1 6.1 3.7 Bahrain, Kingdom of 6.1 10.3 7.5 14.2 Kuwait 5.9 3.4 6.8 3.1 Oman 6.0 9.3 6.9 12.6 Qatar 5.3 0.8 6.6 3.8 Saudi Arabia 6.0 4.2 6.0 1.7 United Arab Emirates 6.6 12.8 5.9 5.1 Developing Oil Exporters 6.1 2.5 7.2 6.6 Algeria 5.9 1.4 5.9 1.1 Iran, Islamic Republic of 5.8 1.1 7.7 8.7 Iraq 5.8 1.3 7.3 4.2 Libya 6.2 2.6 6.4 5.2 Syrian Arab Republic 11.6 25.3 9.9 27.1 Yemen, Republic of 6.3 3.7 7.1 12.4 Oil Importers 6.4 3.6 6.1 5.9 Djibouti 7.5 32.6 7.6 64.3 Egypt 6.7 3.3 5.9 3.4 Jordan 8.0 9.7 6.9 21.8 Lebanon 8.0 3.9 6.3 7.1 Morocco 5.5 1.1 6.0 5.8 Tunisia 5.8 5.2 5.8 6.6 Source: Direction of Trade Statistics, IMF MENA Data Book September 2014 | 29 Table 3.6 External Sector Worker's Remittances (billion US dollars) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 38.0 41.3 45.2 46.5 Developing MENA 37.7 40.4 44.1 46.2 Oil Exporters 5.0 5.6 4.6 7.1 GCC 0.3 0.9 1.1 0.3 Bahrain … … … … Kuwait … … … … Oman … … … … Qatar … 0.6 0.8 … Saudi Arabia 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 United Arab Emirates … … … … Developing Oil Exporters 4.7 4.8 3.5 6.8 Algeria 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.0 Iran 1.2 1.3 … 1.4 Iraq 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 Libya … … … … Syrian Arab Republic 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 Yemen 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 Oil Importers 33.0 35.6 40.6 39.4 Djibouti 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jordan 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 Lebanon 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.2 Egypt 12.5 14.3 19.2 17.5 Morocco 6.4 7.3 6.5 6.6 Tunisia 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.3 West Bank and Gaza 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.1 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 37.9 40.4 45.6 45.1 East Asia and Pacific 75.8 86.0 78.3 … Europe and Central Asia 32.2 37.7 38.7 … Latin America and the Caribbean 55.7 59.0 59.5 … South Asia 82.0 96.5 108.1 … Sub-Saharan Africa 28.7 27.2 26.7 … MENA Data Book September 2014 | 30 Table 3.6 External Sector (Cont.) Tourism Revenues (billion US dollars) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 70.8 55.4 56.0 Developing MENA 50.7 37.6 36.0 Oil Exporters 32.4 23.0 22.9 GCC 20.1 17.8 19.9 Bahrain 2.2 1.8 1.7 Kuwait 0.6 0.6 0.8 Oman 1.2 1.6 1.8 Qatar … 4.5 7.2 Saudi Arabia 7.5 9.3 8.4 United Arab Emirates 8.6 … … Developing Oil Exporters 12.3 5.2 3.0 Algeria 0.3 0.3 0.3 Iran 2.6 2.6 Iraq 1.7 1.6 1.6 Libya 0.2 … … Syrian Arab Republic 6.3 … … Yemen 1.2 0.8 1.1 Oil Importers 38.4 32.4 33.0 Djibouti 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jordan 4.4 3.9 4.5 Lebanon 8.0 6.8 6.3 Egypt 13.6 9.3 10.8 Morocco 8.2 9.1 8.5 Tunisia 3.5 2.5 2.9 West Bank and Gaza 0.7 0.8 … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 68.3 53.1 56.8 East Asia and Pacific 111.1 127.2 139.3 Europe and Central Asia 52.3 60.7 63.6 Latin America and the Caribbean 49.2 52.3 55.6 South Asia 18.9 22.9 23.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 24.8 27.6 30.2 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 31 Table 3.6 External Sector (Cont.) Foreign Direct Investment (Net inflows, billions US dollars) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 67.6 44.6 50.2 Developing MENA 25.6 15.8 22.8 Oil Exporters 52.5 36.8 37.5 GCC 42.0 28.7 27.4 Bahrain 0.2 0.8 0.9 Kuwait 1.3 3.3 2.9 Oman 1.1 0.8 1.5 Qatar 4.7 -0.1 0.3 Saudi Arabia 29.2 16.3 12.2 United Arab Emirates 5.5 7.7 9.6 Developing Oil Exporters 10.5 8.1 10.1 Algeria 2.3 2.6 1.5 Iran 3.6 4.2 4.9 Iraq 1.4 2.1 3.4 Libya 1.8 … … Syrian Arab Republic 1.5 … … Yemen -0.1 -0.7 0.3 Oil Importers 15.1 7.7 12.7 Djibouti 0.0 0.1 0.1 Jordan 1.7 1.5 1.5 Lebanon 4.3 3.5 3.7 Egypt 6.4 -0.5 2.8 Morocco 1.2 2.5 2.8 Tunisia 1.3 0.4 1.6 West Bank and Gaza 0.2 0.2 0.2 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 66.3 43.4 48.9 East Asia and Pacific 320.4 386.5 356.3 Europe and Central Asia 23.5 74.3 64.7 Latin America and the Caribbean 110.7 146.4 151.7 South Asia 31.3 40.4 27.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 29.1 39.8 36.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 32 Table 3.6 External Sector (Cont.) Net Official Development Assistance (billion US dollars) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 9.5 10.5 12.6 Developing MENA 9.5 10.5 12.6 Oil Exporters 3.3 3.7 4.1 GCC … … … Bahrain … … … Kuwait … … … Oman … … … Qatar … … … Saudi Arabia … … … United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters 3.3 3.7 4.1 Algeria 0.2 0.2 0.1 Iran 0.1 0.1 0.1 Iraq 2.2 1.9 1.3 Libya 0.0 0.6 0.1 Syrian Arab Republic 0.1 0.3 1.7 Yemen 0.7 0.5 0.7 Oil Importers 6.2 6.8 8.6 Djibouti 0.1 0.1 0.1 Jordan 1.0 1.0 1.4 Lebanon 0.4 0.5 0.7 Egypt 0.6 0.4 1.8 Morocco 1.0 1.5 1.5 Tunisia 0.6 0.9 1.0 West Bank and Gaza 2.5 2.4 2.0 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 12.4 13.0 15.0 East Asia and Pacific 9.9 7.8 8.8 Europe and Central Asia 7.3 10.7 10.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 11.0 11.4 10.1 South Asia 15.4 16.9 14.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 44.4 47.4 46.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 33 Table 3.7Trading Partners (Exports) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Algeria % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Spain 10.4 9.8 10.9 15.7 Italy 15.4 14.2 16.0 13.7 United Kingdom 2.3 3.9 5.1 10.9 France 6.6 8.9 8.5 10.3 United States 24.2 20.6 15.0 8.1 Netherlands 7.3 6.7 7.3 7.3 Canada 5.2 6.1 7.1 4.6 Brazil 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.0 Turkey 4.7 3.4 3.7 4.0 China 2.1 3.0 3.6 3.3 Total 82.4 81.0 81.9 81.9 Bahrain 2010 2011 2012 2013 Saudi Arabia 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.2 United Arab Emirates 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 Qatar 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 United States 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.6 Korea, Republic of 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.5 India 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.5 Singapore 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 Netherlands 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 Thailand 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.0 Japan 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.0 Total 15.8 16.0 16.9 15.9 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 34 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Djibouti % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Somalia 76.3 74.1 79.0 80.5 Yemen, Republic of 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.4 United Arab Emirates 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.7 Egypt 8.5 5.0 2.1 2.1 India 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.0 Oman 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 France 0.1 1.0 1.5 0.8 Pakistan 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 United States 0.6 0.7 2.1 0.7 China 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.5 Total 95.4 91.5 96.3 97.2 Egypt 2010 2011 2012 2013 Italy 8.2 8.6 7.9 6.7 India 4.7 7.2 6.9 6.5 Saudi Arabia 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.0 China 1.7 2.0 2.5 5.0 Germany 2.1 2.5 2.2 4.8 Libya 4.4 1.8 4.9 4.7 Turkey 3.7 4.8 5.3 4.4 United States 6.2 5.8 6.8 4.3 France 3.4 4.1 3.9 4.2 Spain 6.1 4.2 3.4 3.1 Total 46.6 47.1 50.2 49.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 35 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Iran % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 16.7 21.2 22.1 26.7 Turkey 7.0 8.7 10.6 10.9 India 10.2 8.1 11.9 10.6 Japan 10.2 9.0 7.0 7.3 Korea, Republic of 6.4 7.9 7.6 5.9 Pakistan 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.8 Syrian Arab Republic 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.8 United Arab Emirates 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.4 Taiwan Province of China 2.5 1.7 1.3 1.2 Saudi Arabia 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.1 Total 56.9 60.4 65.6 68.8 Iraq 2010 2011 2012 2013 India 14.2 22.4 20.2 21.6 China 12.2 13.3 13.6 19.7 United States 24.5 22.2 21.1 14.6 Korea, Republic of 8.6 11.7 11.0 10.2 Greece 1.7 1.4 2.4 5.3 Italy 6.9 3.7 4.4 4.3 Canada 4.0 3.5 4.7 3.8 Singapore 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.3 Taiwan Province of China 3.8 1.2 2.8 2.9 Japan 6.7 4.7 3.0 2.9 Total 82.6 84.1 84.3 88.5 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 36 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Jordan % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Iraq 15.4 15.0 15.1 18.4 United States 15.6 15.4 16.6 17.6 Saudi Arabia 10.7 9.4 11.0 13.6 India 13.1 12.9 10.7 7.3 United Arab Emirates 4.3 3.4 3.7 4.0 Indonesia 2.5 3.2 4.1 3.4 Algeria 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.0 Lebanon 3.3 4.4 3.5 2.0 Kuwait 1.5 2.1 1.5 2.0 Syrian Arab Republic 4.0 3.8 3.0 2.0 Total 72.3 71.2 71.1 72.3 Kuwait 2010 2011 2012 2013 Korea, Republic of 16.0 17.7 16.0 17.2 India 13.3 15.3 15.7 16.1 Japan 15.2 13.7 13.4 12.3 United States 8.2 8.4 11.7 11.6 China 9.9 9.6 9.2 8.8 Taiwan Province of China 9.0 8.1 7.6 7.7 Singapore 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.2 Pakistan 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.0 Netherlands 3.4 3.3 2.6 2.9 Egypt 2.2 2.9 2.3 2.5 Total 84.5 86.0 85.5 85.2 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 37 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Lebanon % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 South Africa 8.9 16.0 19.3 16.6 Saudi Arabia 6.4 7.3 8.0 9.1 United Arab Emirates 10.8 7.7 7.9 9.0 Syrian Arab Republic 5.7 5.1 6.6 7.1 Switzerland 13.0 12.3 12.2 6.4 Iraq 6.9 4.7 4.7 5.4 Turkey 6.0 6.6 3.5 3.9 Jordan 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4 Algeria 0.4 0.3 0.6 2.2 Qatar 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.2 Total 63.0 64.9 67.8 65.3 Libya 2010 2011 2012 2013 Italy 27.4 23.9 23.6 20.3 Germany 8.9 15.0 12.7 15.2 France 13.8 14.9 9.8 10.5 United States 4.8 3.6 4.5 6.3 Spain 9.6 5.5 7.6 6.3 Netherlands 2.3 2.9 3.6 5.3 China 9.8 11.2 11.3 5.0 United Kingdom 4.2 3.6 4.8 4.6 Greece 4.0 2.3 3.9 3.8 Switzerland 1.0 0.8 2.5 3.6 Total 85.8 83.8 84.2 81.1 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 38 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Morocco % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 France 21.6 19.7 21.0 21.5 Spain 17.1 18.2 17.3 18.9 Brazil 3.3 5.0 5.4 6.0 United States 3.6 4.6 4.6 4.2 Italy 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.8 India 5.9 6.2 4.9 3.7 Netherlands 3.3 2.7 2.5 3.0 Germany 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.7 United Kingdom 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.7 Belgium 2.0 1.9 1.7 2.6 Total 67.2 67.2 66.2 69.0 Oman 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 27.1 30.0 31.7 38.2 Japan 12.5 10.4 12.9 10.3 United Arab Emirates 11.2 10.5 10.3 10.0 Korea, Republic of 11.4 10.8 9.9 8.7 Taiwan Province of China 4.8 2.5 7.9 6.4 India 10.1 9.2 3.6 5.6 Thailand 7.0 5.3 4.4 3.9 Singapore 2.3 2.6 4.4 3.3 United States 2.2 4.6 2.7 1.9 Saudi Arabia 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 Total 89.9 87.1 89.1 89.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 39 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Qatar % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Japan 29.2 25.5 26.6 27.1 Korea, Republic of 16.0 17.6 18.9 18.9 India 8.3 9.6 12.0 10.6 China 3.3 4.0 5.4 6.2 Singapore 7.4 6.3 5.7 5.8 Taiwan Province of China 2.8 3.2 4.1 4.5 Thailand 2.9 2.1 2.0 3.0 United Kingdom 4.1 6.2 3.2 2.3 Italy 2.8 2.4 2.3 1.6 Belgium 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.2 Total 79.1 78.8 81.5 81.2 Saudi Arabia 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 12.9 13.6 13.6 13.9 United States 12.8 13.4 14.2 13.5 Japan 14.0 13.9 13.6 13.0 Korea, Republic of 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.8 India 8.0 7.8 8.2 9.4 Taiwan Province of China 4.6 3.8 3.7 4.1 Singapore 4.4 4.8 4.3 3.3 South Africa 1.8 1.3 2.1 2.4 Thailand 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 France 1.3 1.6 1.7 2.0 Total 72.7 72.4 73.2 73.6 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 40 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), Syria % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Iraq 36.9 40.4 59.7 62.1 Saudi Arabia 6.4 7.0 10.4 10.8 Kuwait 4.0 4.4 6.5 6.8 United Arab Emirates 3.5 3.8 5.6 5.8 Libya 2.6 2.9 4.2 4.4 Lebanon 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 Jordan 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.7 Egypt 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.7 Qatar 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 Turkey 3.8 1.8 0.5 0.6 Total 63.7 66.6 92.9 96.3 Tunisia 2010 2011 2012 2013 France 29.8 31.9 28.1 27.5 Italy 20.6 22.5 19.7 19.3 Germany 8.8 9.4 8.6 9.4 Libya 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.3 Spain 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.9 Switzerland 1.7 1.3 4.6 4.2 United Kingdom 5.2 2.9 3.2 3.9 Netherlands 2.3 2.4 3.5 3.7 Algeria 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 United States 2.5 1.6 2.0 2.4 Total 82.4 83.7 82.3 83.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 41 Table 3.7 Trading Partners (Exports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Exports), United Arab Emirates % of Total Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Japan 15.1 16.1 15.3 14.5 India 16.0 13.4 13.3 11.3 Iran, Islamic Republic of 11.6 10.9 10.7 10.4 Korea, Republic of 6.3 5.5 5.3 6.2 Thailand 4.6 5.4 5.5 5.9 Singapore 3.3 4.4 5.5 5.6 China 2.2 3.1 3.8 4.3 Oman 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 Pakistan 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 Turkey 0.4 0.6 1.3 1.8 Total 64.6 64.2 65.5 64.9 Yemen 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 30.6 29.4 38.2 29.0 Korea, Republic of 4.6 10.6 11.7 15.8 Thailand 5.9 13.3 13.3 14.5 India 24.6 7.5 11.0 8.6 Japan 4.8 6.0 4.0 6.1 United Arab Emirates 4.3 4.7 5.6 5.0 Saudi Arabia 2.6 2.8 3.4 3.0 Kuwait 2.3 2.6 3.1 2.7 Singapore 0.9 3.2 0.1 2.1 Sudan 2.1 1.1 0.3 1.6 Total 82.6 81.3 90.7 88.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 42 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Algeria % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 11.0 10.0 11.8 12.4 France 15.1 15.1 12.8 11.4 Italy 10.0 9.9 10.3 10.3 Spain 6.5 7.3 8.6 9.3 Germany 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.2 United States 5.2 4.6 3.5 4.3 Turkey 3.7 3.0 3.6 3.8 Argentina 3.0 3.8 3.6 3.2 Brazil 2.2 3.7 2.7 2.4 India 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.4 Total 64.5 65.1 64.2 64.7 Bahrain 2010 2011 2012 2013 Saudi Arabia 24.2 28.2 27.4 27.9 China 7.7 7.6 9.5 10.1 United States 12.0 10.5 9.6 8.3 Japan 5.6 4.1 6.4 6.2 India 5.9 5.7 4.9 5.4 Australia 1.5 1.5 1.2 5.2 United Arab Emirates 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.1 Germany 3.7 4.8 3.0 3.0 Switzerland 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.7 United Kingdom 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.4 Total 68.3 70.4 70.0 74.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 43 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Djibouti % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 18.5 16.0 24.2 28.3 Saudi Arabia 18.3 17.5 16.3 16.9 India 12.5 15.3 10.6 10.0 Indonesia 3.0 5.9 7.3 7.9 United States 5.2 4.2 3.3 4.6 Pakistan 4.9 4.1 3.7 4.0 Malaysia 7.5 5.1 2.1 2.6 France 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.3 Turkey 1.3 1.4 2.4 1.9 Thailand 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.9 Total 75.2 73.5 72.7 80.3 Egypt 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 9.2 9.2 9.5 12.6 United States 9.4 10.4 7.6 7.8 Italy 5.6 5.0 5.0 5.5 Turkey 3.6 4.2 5.1 4.8 Germany 7.6 6.3 6.7 4.6 Ukraine 3.1 3.1 5.3 4.1 India 2.9 2.6 3.2 3.9 Russian Federation 3.5 4.2 5.3 3.8 Kuwait 2.9 4.5 4.0 3.7 Saudi Arabia 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.7 Total 51.7 53.7 55.8 54.5 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 44 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Iran % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 United Arab Emirates 33.8 30.2 33.4 36.3 China 8.6 17.0 13.8 18.8 India 2.7 2.9 3.1 6.5 Korea, Republic of 5.6 7.0 7.5 5.9 Turkey 5.7 4.1 11.8 5.5 Germany 6.8 4.7 3.7 3.2 Brazil 0.9 2.7 2.6 2.1 Italy 2.7 2.9 2.1 1.8 Russian Federation 1.7 3.8 2.3 1.5 Argentina 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 Total 68.7 76.5 81.5 82.9 Iraq 2010 2011 2012 2013 Turkey 22.4 24.6 26.6 25.5 Syrian Arab Republic 21.9 20.2 18.6 18.1 China 13.4 11.4 12.1 14.7 United States 6.1 7.2 5.0 4.3 Korea, Republic of 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.2 Germany 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.5 Italy 2.2 2.0 2.0 3.5 Jordan 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.7 India 2.6 2.0 3.1 2.0 Ukraine 1.3 1.8 2.1 1.6 Total 81.0 80.2 79.8 80.2 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 45 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Jordan % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Saudi Arabia 19.6 22.1 23.5 18.2 China 10.8 9.8 9.6 10.3 United States 5.6 6.4 6.6 6.2 India 2.5 2.7 3.4 5.0 Italy 3.4 5.1 4.5 4.7 Germany 6.6 4.5 3.9 3.8 Turkey 3.6 2.9 3.9 3.4 United Arab Emirates 2.6 3.8 2.8 3.3 Egypt 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.2 Korea, Republic of 4.2 3.2 2.8 2.5 Total 63.3 64.5 64.9 60.7 Kuwait 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 8.8 9.6 9.1 10.8 United States 13.3 12.4 11.7 10.4 Saudi Arabia 6.8 8.3 8.5 7.8 Japan 6.8 6.1 8.2 7.6 Germany 5.9 5.0 5.1 5.3 Korea, Republic of 5.0 6.5 6.9 4.6 France 3.1 2.0 2.1 4.5 India 7.9 6.4 4.6 4.2 Italy 4.4 3.6 4.6 4.1 United Arab Emirates 3.5 4.2 4.3 4.0 Total 65.6 64.1 65.1 63.2 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 46 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Lebanon % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 9.1 8.1 8.3 12.4 France 6.7 7.5 7.2 8.6 Italy 7.8 9.3 8.6 8.5 United States 10.7 9.9 11.2 5.2 Germany 7.0 5.7 5.6 4.7 Turkey 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.1 Egypt 2.4 4.7 4.0 4.0 Greece 1.4 1.5 4.2 3.3 Netherlands 1.3 1.7 1.9 3.0 Switzerland 3.1 5.0 2.4 2.9 Total 53.3 57.7 58.0 56.7 Libya 2010 2011 2012 2013 Italy 16.0 9.2 8.3 13.2 China 10.2 9.6 13.2 12.0 Turkey 9.5 9.9 11.8 11.7 Egypt 6.0 7.4 7.9 6.8 Germany 6.0 5.2 4.7 5.4 Korea, Republic of 7.0 2.4 5.9 4.5 France 6.7 5.3 3.8 4.4 Greece 3.4 2.8 5.1 3.8 Tunisia 3.6 10.4 4.6 3.7 United States 3.3 3.8 3.0 3.6 Total 71.6 65.9 68.3 69.0 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 47 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Morocco % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Spain 11.8 11.3 13.1 13.5 France 15.4 13.6 12.1 12.9 United States 7.1 8.6 6.8 7.5 China 8.0 6.5 6.9 6.9 Saudi Arabia 5.9 6.8 6.2 6.2 Italy 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.3 Germany 4.6 4.5 4.9 4.8 Russian Federation 3.5 4.7 5.0 4.2 Turkey 2.2 2.6 2.6 3.1 Iraq 2.0 2.6 2.4 3.0 Total 66.4 66.3 64.9 67.5 Oman 2010 2011 2012 2013 United Arab Emirates 25.8 27.8 24.2 24.0 Japan 15.9 11.9 12.5 10.9 India 4.6 5.4 8.5 10.4 China 4.8 4.3 6.3 6.7 United States 5.6 6.1 6.1 5.5 Brazil 0.8 3.5 3.9 3.9 Saudi Arabia 3.8 4.1 3.6 3.6 Korea, Republic of 3.4 3.9 3.2 3.5 Germany 3.2 3.8 2.8 2.7 Thailand 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.6 Total 70.7 73.2 73.6 73.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 48 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Qatar % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 United States 15.5 12.7 14.2 18.0 United Arab Emirates 10.3 12.3 11.4 10.3 Saudi Arabia 7.8 9.3 8.6 7.8 United Kingdom 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.3 China 4.2 5.5 4.8 6.2 Germany 9.2 5.2 4.8 5.0 Italy 5.4 4.5 4.4 4.9 Japan 5.6 4.6 6.0 4.8 France 4.5 4.6 4.4 3.6 Korea, Republic of 2.3 2.1 2.9 3.1 Total 71.0 67.1 67.9 70.0 Saudi Arabia 2010 2011 2012 2013 United States 12.3 11.9 13.2 13.0 China 11.0 12.8 13.4 12.9 India 4.8 4.9 6.3 8.1 Germany 7.2 7.1 6.5 7.4 Korea, Republic of 4.8 6.0 6.6 6.1 Japan 6.9 5.6 6.0 4.7 Italy 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.5 France 6.0 3.9 3.0 3.2 United Kingdom 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.5 Turkey 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.2 Total 61.6 61.3 63.4 63.5 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 49 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), Syria % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 Saudi Arabia 12.7 15.6 23.8 26.3 United Arab Emirates 6.2 7.7 11.7 12.9 Iran, Islamic Republic of 4.6 5.6 8.6 9.5 Iraq 3.8 4.6 7.1 7.8 Turkey 7.7 6.5 2.8 6.3 China 10.1 9.7 6.7 4.2 Libya 1.5 1.9 2.9 3.2 Kuwait 1.5 1.8 2.8 3.1 Korea, Republic of 5.2 3.4 2.4 2.7 Ukraine 2.7 3.7 3.2 2.6 Total 56.1 60.5 72.0 78.7 Tunisia 2010 2011 2012 2013 France 19.2 18.6 16.7 18.7 Italy 17.7 16.1 14.4 14.8 Germany 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.3 China 6.1 6.2 7.0 6.5 Algeria 2.8 2.7 4.1 5.0 Spain 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 Turkey 2.9 3.6 3.2 3.5 United States 4.1 3.7 3.3 3.4 Azerbaijan, Republic of 0.0 1.2 2.5 3.3 Russian Federation 4.7 5.8 4.5 2.8 Total 70.0 70.3 67.4 69.9 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 50 Table 3.8 Trading Partners (Imports) (Cont.) Top 10 Trading Partners (Imports), United Arab Emirates % of Total Imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 13.5 13.7 13.7 14.6 India 18.7 19.8 16.9 14.0 United States 7.4 8.1 10.4 10.7 United Kingdom 2.9 3.1 3.0 5.9 Germany 5.4 4.6 5.1 5.1 Japan 4.7 3.8 4.1 3.7 Italy 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 Korea, Republic of 3.5 3.7 3.2 2.5 Singapore 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5 France 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.4 Total 64.4 65.0 64.0 64.5 Yemen 2010 2011 2012 2013 China 12.8 11.7 15.3 15.3 United Arab Emirates 14.2 18.6 14.5 13.2 India 5.1 6.4 9.5 9.4 Saudi Arabia 6.7 8.8 6.9 6.2 Kuwait 5.0 6.5 5.1 4.7 Turkey 3.4 2.9 3.8 4.3 United States 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.7 Malaysia 1.7 1.9 1.6 3.6 Brazil 4.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Japan 3.1 1.4 2.3 2.6 Total 60.5 65.5 66.0 66.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 51 Table 3.9 Crude Oil Prices Nominal (US$/bl) Brent WTI 1985 27.3 27.8 1986 14.8 15.1 1987 18.3 19.2 1988 15.0 16.0 1989 18.2 19.6 1990 23.7 24.5 1991 20.1 21.5 1992 19.3 20.6 1993 17.0 18.6 1994 15.8 17.2 1995 17.1 18.4 1996 20.7 22.1 1997 19.1 20.3 1998 12.7 14.3 1999 17.8 19.2 2000 28.3 30.3 2001 24.4 25.9 2002 25.0 26.1 2003 28.9 31.1 2004 38.3 41.4 2005 54.4 56.4 2006 65.4 66.0 2007 72.7 72.3 2008 97.6 99.6 2009 61.9 61.7 2010 79.6 79.4 2011 110.9 95.1 2012 112.0 94.2 2013 108.9 97.9 2014 107.7 100.6 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 52 Table 3.10 Food Prices International Food prices Maize Rice Wheat Sugar ($/mt) ($/mt) ($/mt) (cents/kg) 2012M07 333 555 346 50 2012M08 332 545 349 46 2012M09 321 544 353 44 2012M10 321 533 358 45 2012M11 322 530 361 43 2012M12 309 530 348 43 2013M01 303 540 335 42 2013M02 303 539 319 40 2013M03 309 535 310 41 2013M04 280 536 308 39 2013M05 296 509 320 39 2013M06 298 484 313 38 2013M07 280 454 305 37 2013M08 239 425 305 38 2013M09 207 428 308 38 2013M10 202 423 326 41 2013M11 199 405 307 39 2013M12 197 399 292 36 2014M01 198 377 276 34 2014M02 209 382 292 37 2014M03 222 366 324 39 2014M04 222 352 325 39 2014M05 217 346 335 40 2014M06 202 356 307 40 2014M07 183 375 280 40 2014M08 176 414 263 38 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 53 Table 4.1 Doing Business Indicators Starting a Business-Procedures (number) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 2010 2011 2012 2013 Developing MENA 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.1 Oil Exporters 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.2 GCC 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.5 Bahrain 8.5 8.0 7.8 7.8 Kuwait 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Oman 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Qatar 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Saudi Arabia 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 United Arab Emirates 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Developing Oil Exporters 8.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 Algeria 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 Iran 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Iraq 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 Syrian Arab Republic 12.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 Libya 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Yemen … … 10.0 10.0 Oil Importers 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Djibouti 8.1 8.1 8.1 7.4 Jordan 11.0 11.0 11.0 9.0 Lebanon 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Egypt 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Morocco 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Tunisia 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 West Bank and Gaza 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Other Developing Regions 11.0 11.0 11.0 9.0 League of Arab States East Asia and Pacific 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.2 Europe and Central Asia 8.3 7.8 7.9 7.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 6.3 5.8 5.5 4.8 South Asia 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.0 Sub-Saharan Africa 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 54 Table 4.1 Doing Business Indicators (Cont.) Starting a Business-Time (days) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 18.5 17.9 20.1 18.8 Developing MENA 19.3 19.3 22.7 20.8 Oil Exporters 17.7 16.8 20.4 20.3 GCC 16.9 15.3 14.4 14.3 Bahrain 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Kuwait 35.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 Oman 12.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Qatar 9.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 Saudi Arabia 21.0 21.0 21.0 20.5 United Arab Emirates 15.0 13.0 8.0 8.0 Developing Oil Exporters 18.6 18.6 26.3 26.3 Algeria 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Iran 11.0 11.0 16.0 16.0 Iraq 32.0 32.0 29.0 29.0 Libya … … 35.0 35.0 Syrian Arab Republic 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 Yemen 12.0 12.0 40.0 40.0 Oil Importers 19.7 19.7 19.6 16.1 Djibouti 37.0 37.0 37.0 17.0 Jordan 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Lebanon 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Egypt 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Morocco 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 Tunisia 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 West Bank and Gaza 49.0 49.0 48.0 45.0 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 19.9 19.4 21.0 19.6 East Asia and Pacific 42.8 39.4 39.6 39.5 Europe and Central Asia 16.7 15.0 14.0 12.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 63.7 63.4 63.6 40.9 South Asia 24.8 23.3 19.4 16.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 42.6 33.8 31.8 27.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 55 Table 4.1 Doing Business Indicators (Cont.) Starting a Business-Cost (percent of income per capita) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 37.2 35.6 33.6 29.8 Developing MENA 53.6 51.3 47.5 42.0 Oil Exporters 24.7 23.5 19.3 14.5 GCC 4.5 4.3 3.4 3.5 Bahrain 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 Kuwait 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 Oman 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.4 Qatar 7.2 6.1 4.9 5.1 Saudi Arabia 7.3 6.3 5.0 5.0 United Arab Emirates 6.8 8.4 6.0 6.4 Developing Oil Exporters 49.1 46.6 35.2 25.4 Algeria 12.9 12.1 12.1 12.4 Iran 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.1 Iraq 108.0 115.9 76.2 39.3 Libya … … 31.7 19.1 Syrian Arab Republic 38.1 17.1 15.6 12.5 Yemen 82.1 83.8 71.9 66.1 Oil Importers 56.8 54.6 58.1 56.1 Djibouti 169.9 165.4 195.7 184.7 Jordan 27.6 23.6 23.4 22.3 Lebanon 75.0 67.1 67.0 76.5 Egypt 10.9 10.4 10.2 9.7 Morocco 15.8 15.7 15.5 9.5 Tunisia 5.0 4.2 4.1 4.7 West Bank and Gaza 93.7 96.0 91.0 85.5 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 46.4 44.5 40.6 35.7 East Asia and Pacific 30.8 27.8 33.8 34.9 Europe and Central Asia 10.0 8.7 7.4 6.9 Latin America and the Caribbean 44.8 45.5 42.1 39.9 South Asia 27.2 23.9 21.1 19.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 102.1 85.6 72.5 66.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 56 Table 4.2 Technology Indicators Access to Electricity (percent of population) 2010 2011 MENA 95.0 95.0 Developing MENA 94.4 94.4 Oil Exporters 92.5 92.5 GCC 99.2 99.2 Bahrain 99.4 99.4 Kuwait 100.0 100.0 Oman 98.0 98.0 Qatar 98.7 99.6 Saudi Arabia 99.0 99.0 United Arab Emirates 100.0 100.0 Developing Oil Exporters 91.0 91.0 Algeria 99.3 99.4 Iran 98.4 98.3 Iraq 98.0 98.0 Libya 99.8 99.8 Syrian Arab Republic 92.7 92.8 Yemen 39.6 39.9 Oil Importers 99.4 99.4 Djibouti … … Jordan 99.4 99.4 Lebanon 99.9 99.9 Egypt 99.6 99.6 Morocco 98.9 98.9 Tunisia 99.5 99.5 West Bank and Gaza … … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 87.8 87.1 East Asia and Pacific 92.2 92.0 Europe and Central Asia … … Latin America and the Caribbean 93.7 94.8 South Asia 70.7 73.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 34.6 34.9 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 57 Table 4.2 Technology Indicators (Cont.) Fixed Line and Mobile Phone Subscribers (per 100 people) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 108.4 115.4 120.8 125.5 Developing MENA 98.2 105.3 111.1 116.2 Oil Exporters 110.5 114.6 117.0 123.4 GCC 183.8 189.0 190.1 190.8 Bahrain 143.4 152.4 183.9 187.7 Kuwait 150.4 174.4 172.6 205.4 Oman 174.5 168.5 168.4 164.3 Qatar 140.4 136.6 146.1 171.7 Saudi Arabia 204.5 210.1 204.4 192.9 United Arab Emirates 147.0 151.9 171.0 194.2 Developing Oil Exporters 93.6 97.2 99.6 107.3 Algeria 96.3 102.4 105.9 110.0 Iran 107.3 111.1 113.7 122.6 Iraq 80.7 85.8 87.3 101.7 Libya 200.8 180.2 169.0 177.8 Syrian Arab Republic 73.2 78.9 78.7 76.2 Yemen 53.3 54.7 62.9 73.7 Oil Importers 104.7 116.8 127.4 129.0 Djibouti 22.1 25.0 27.0 30.3 Jordan 110.1 118.1 134.4 147.0 Lebanon 85.3 96.3 99.5 98.6 Egypt 102.8 116.1 130.5 129.8 Morocco 112.9 125.1 130.1 137.4 Tunisia 116.7 126.5 128.2 124.9 West Bank and Gaza 73.9 79.4 83.6 83.0 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 98.7 108.6 114.6 118.2 East Asia and Pacific 97.1 108.1 117.2 119.4 Europe and Central Asia 147.9 145.0 147.1 150.9 Latin America and the Caribbean 114.1 122.8 127.6 132.6 South Asia 62.6 72.5 71.5 73.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 46.2 54.8 61.5 67.7 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 58 Table 4.2 Technology Indicators (Cont.) Roads, Paved (percent of total roads) 2010 2011 MENA 81.3 75.0 Developing MENA 81.6 75.6 Oil Exporters 76.6 73.5 GCC 59.0 59.6 Bahrain 82.1 83.7 Kuwait … … Oman 48.7 49.3 Qatar … … Saudi Arabia … … United Arab Emirates … … Developing Oil Exporters 77.1 74.3 Algeria 77.1 Iran 80.6 74.3 Iraq … … Libya … … Syrian Arab Republic 64.9 … Yemen … … Oil Importers 86.2 77.3 Djibouti … … Jordan 100.0 100.0 Lebanon … … Egypt 92.2 … Morocco 70.4 70.6 Tunisia 76.0 76.3 West Bank and Gaza 100.0 100.0 Other developing regions League of Arab States 80.5 73.5 East Asia and Pacific 88.4 97.4 Europe and Central Asia 122.3 129.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 113.2 121.7 South Asia 62.6 72.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 46.2 54.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 59 Table 4.2 Technology Indicators (Cont.) Internet Users (per 100 people) 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 25.8 30.2 35.2 38.4 Developing MENA 22.7 26.6 31.2 34.1 Oil Exporters 19.4 23.9 28.5 31.5 GCC 48.7 56.4 63.2 69.2 Bahrain 55.0 77.0 88.0 90.0 Kuwait 61.4 65.8 70.5 75.5 Oman 35.8 48.0 60.0 66.5 Qatar 69.0 69.0 69.3 85.3 Saudi Arabia 41.0 47.5 54.0 60.5 United Arab Emirates 68.0 78.0 85.0 88.0 Developing Oil Exporters 12.7 16.3 20.0 22.5 Algeria 12.5 14.0 15.2 16.5 Iran 14.7 21.0 27.5 31.4 Iraq 2.5 5.0 7.1 9.2 Libya 14.0 14.0 16.5 Syrian Arab Republic 20.7 22.5 24.3 26.2 Yemen 12.4 14.9 17.4 20.0 Oil Importers 36.9 41.2 46.6 50.7 Djibouti 6.5 7.0 8.3 9.5 Jordan 27.2 34.9 41.0 44.2 Lebanon 43.7 52.0 61.2 70.5 Egypt 31.4 39.8 44.0 49.6 Morocco 52.0 46.1 55.4 56.0 Tunisia 36.8 39.1 41.4 43.8 West Bank and Gaza 37.4 41.1 43.4 46.6 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 27.0 29.7 34.0 36.8 East Asia and Pacific 29.0 32.2 36.1 39.5 Europe and Central Asia 33.4 38.6 42.9 45.9 Latin America and the Caribbean 34.2 38.7 42.6 45.8 South Asia 7.2 9.4 11.6 13.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 10.2 12.7 14.7 16.9 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 60 Table 4.3 Water and Energy Improved Water Source (percent of population with access) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 90.4 90.6 90.7 Developing MENA 89.4 89.6 89.7 Oil Exporters 88.0 88.2 88.3 GCC 97.5 97.5 97.6 Bahrain 100.0 100.0 100.0 Kuwait 99.0 99.0 99.0 Oman 91.5 92.3 93.0 Qatar 100.0 100.0 100.0 Saudi Arabia 97.0 97.0 97.0 United Arab Emirates 99.6 99.6 99.6 Developing Oil Exporters 85.8 85.9 86.0 Algeria 83.8 83.9 83.9 Iran 95.7 95.8 95.9 Iraq 84.4 84.9 85.4 Libya … … … Syrian Arab Republic 89.7 89.9 90.1 Yemen 54.6 54.8 54.9 Oil Importers 94.5 94.7 94.8 Djibouti 91.8 92.1 92.1 Jordan 96.2 96.2 96.1 Lebanon 100.0 100.0 100.0 Egypt 99.3 99.3 99.3 Morocco 82.7 83.2 83.6 Tunisia 95.9 96.4 96.8 West Bank and Gaza 81.8 81.8 81.8 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 83.5 83.6 85.3 East Asia and Pacific 90.2 90.6 90.9 Europe and Central Asia 94.8 94.8 94.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 93.2 93.5 93.8 South Asia 89.4 90.3 91.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 62.6 63.3 64.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 61 Table 4.3 Water and Energy (Cont.) Improved Sanitation Facilities (percent of population with access) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 88.5 88.9 89.4 Developing MENA 87.0 87.4 88.0 Oil Exporters 88.1 88.5 88.8 GCC 99.3 99.3 99.3 Bahrain 99.2 99.2 99.2 Kuwait 100.0 100.0 100.0 Oman 96.6 96.6 96.6 Qatar 100.0 100.0 100.0 Saudi Arabia 100.0 100.0 100.0 United Arab Emirates 97.5 97.5 97.5 Developing Oil Exporters 85.6 86.0 86.4 Algeria 95.1 95.1 95.2 Iran 88.4 89.0 89.4 Iraq 83.1 83.9 84.7 Libya 96.6 96.6 96.6 Syrian Arab Republic 94.6 95.2 95.7 Yemen 52.7 53.0 53.3 Oil Importers 89.2 89.6 90.4 Djibouti 61.4 61.3 61.4 Jordan 98.0 98.1 98.1 Lebanon … … … Egypt 94.9 95.0 95.9 Morocco 73.6 74.5 75.4 Tunisia 89.1 89.8 90.4 West Bank and Gaza 94.3 94.3 94.3 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 79.1 79.6 81.6 East Asia and Pacific 66.0 66.5 66.9 Europe and Central Asia 93.9 94.0 94.1 Latin America and the Caribbean 79.8 80.4 81.0 South Asia 38.2 39.0 39.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 29.1 29.2 29.6 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 62 Table 4.3 Water and Energy (Cont.) CO2 Energy Use Emissions (kg of oil equivalent ((mt per capita) per capita) 2010 2010 2011 MENA 5.8 2180.7 2150.2 Developing MENA 3.9 1400.9 1375.8 Oil Exporters 7.7 2905.5 2841.2 GCC 19.7 7850.1 7683.9 Bahrain 19.3 7568.2 7353.2 Kuwait 31.3 10892.6 10408.3 Oman 20.4 8262.5 8356.3 Qatar 40.3 16558.9 17418.7 Saudi Arabia 17.0 7043.8 6738.4 United Arab Emirates 19.9 7474.8 7407.0 Developing Oil Exporters 4.9 1764.5 1705.4 Algeria 3.3 1082.1 1108.3 Iran 7.7 2829.3 2812.7 Iraq 3.7 1222.3 1266.4 Libya 9.8 3577.5 2186.1 Syrian Arab Republic 2.9 1005.4 910.0 Yemen 1.0 367.2 311.6 Oil Importers 2.4 864.3 888.2 Djibouti 0.6 … … Jordan 3.4 1175.2 1142.9 Lebanon 4.7 1470.2 1448.7 Egypt 2.6 942.4 978.0 Morocco 1.6 511.4 539.1 Tunisia 2.5 917.0 890.4 West Bank and Gaza 0.6 … … Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 4.6 1837.3 1806.9 East Asia and Pacific 4.9 1571.1 1670.7 Europe and Central Asia 5.3 2028.7 2080.5 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.7 1287.0 1292.3 South Asia 1.4 544.5 554.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 685.6 680.5 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 63 Table 5.1 Health Indicators Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 72.7 72.9 73.1 Developing MENA 71.2 71.4 71.6 Oil Exporters 73.4 73.6 73.8 GCC 76.0 76.2 76.4 Bahrain 76.3 76.4 76.5 Kuwait 74.2 74.3 74.4 Oman 76.0 76.3 76.6 Qatar 78.1 78.3 78.5 Saudi Arabia 75.1 75.3 75.5 United Arab Emirates 76.6 76.8 77.0 Developing Oil Exporters 70.8 70.9 71.1 Algeria 70.6 70.8 70.9 Iran 73.1 73.4 73.8 Iraq 68.8 69.0 69.2 Libya 74.8 75.0 75.2 Syrian Arab Republic 74.9 74.8 74.7 Yemen 62.5 62.7 62.9 Oil Importers 71.5 71.8 72.1 Djibouti 60.3 60.8 61.3 Jordan 73.4 73.6 73.7 Lebanon 79.3 79.6 79.8 Egypt 70.5 70.7 70.9 Morocco 70.2 70.4 70.6 Tunisia 74.6 74.9 75.1 West Bank and Gaza 72.6 72.8 73.0 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 70.3 70.5 70.7 East Asia and Pacific 73.5 73.7 73.8 Europe and Central Asia 71.6 72.0 72.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 74.0 74.2 74.5 South Asia 66.1 66.4 66.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 55.4 55.9 56.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 64 Table 5.1 Health Indicators (Cont.) Mortality Rate Infant (per 1,000 live births) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 MENA 40.4 33.8 28.3 23.4 19.6 Developing MENA 48.7 41.7 35.5 29.5 24.6 Oil Exporters 34.8 28.7 23.7 19.4 16.1 GCC 22.5 16.6 12.6 10.3 8.6 Bahrain 19.7 15.5 10.9 9.7 8.6 Kuwait 14.0 12.3 11.1 10.1 9.7 Oman 32.0 20.9 14.7 11.5 10.3 Qatar 17.6 13.2 10.7 8.8 6.9 Saudi Arabia 37.0 26.0 18.8 13.2 8.5 United Arab Emirates 14.4 11.4 9.6 8.4 7.5 Developing Oil Exporters 47.1 40.8 34.7 28.5 23.6 Algeria 41.9 37.0 29.8 22.6 18.4 Iran 43.9 35.8 28.4 21.7 16.5 Iraq 41.7 38.7 35.8 32.9 29.7 Libya 36.6 29.2 24.4 19.8 14.5 Syrian Arab Republic 30.7 24.9 20.0 16.1 13.1 Yemen 87.8 79.3 69.9 57.8 49.2 Oil Importers 50.0 42.5 36.2 30.4 25.6 Djibouti 92.5 88.2 84.8 78.3 69.3 Jordan 30.0 26.3 23.2 20.1 17.3 Lebanon 27.1 21.8 17.0 12.0 8.7 Egypt 62.7 49.1 36.1 25.9 19.6 Morocco 63.0 51.9 42.4 34.7 28.8 Tunisia 40.3 31.8 24.8 19.2 15.0 West Bank and Gaza 34.5 28.6 24.9 22.5 20.2 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 49.1 42.7 37.6 33.0 28.7 East Asia and Pacific 49.4 44.2 38.5 32.0 27.7 Europe and Central Asia 35.7 33.8 27.5 21.6 17.1 Latin America and the Caribbean 36.7 30.6 25.3 21.3 18.8 South Asia 86.2 72.6 60.3 49.5 40.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 93.0 89.3 82.8 71.9 61.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 65 Table 5.1 Health Indicators (Cont.) Fertility Rate, Total (births per woman) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 2.8 2.8 2.8 Developing MENA 3.0 3.0 3.0 Oil Exporters 2.8 2.8 2.7 GCC 2.4 2.4 2.4 Bahrain 2.1 2.1 2.1 Kuwait 2.7 2.7 2.6 Oman 2.9 2.9 2.9 Qatar 2.1 2.1 2.0 Saudi Arabia 2.8 2.8 2.7 United Arab Emirates 1.9 1.8 1.8 Developing Oil Exporters 3.2 3.1 3.1 Algeria 2.8 2.8 2.8 Iran 1.9 1.9 1.9 Iraq 4.2 4.1 4.1 Libya 2.5 2.5 2.4 Syrian Arab Republic 3.1 3.0 3.0 Yemen 4.5 4.3 4.2 Oil Importers 2.9 2.9 2.9 Djibouti 3.6 3.5 3.5 Jordan 3.5 3.4 3.3 Lebanon 1.5 1.5 1.5 Egypt 2.9 2.8 2.8 Morocco 2.6 2.7 2.7 Tunisia 2.1 2.2 2.2 West Bank and Gaza 4.2 4.1 4.1 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 3.3 3.3 3.2 East Asia and Pacific 1.9 1.9 1.9 Europe and Central Asia 2.0 2.0 2.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.2 2.2 2.2 South Asia 2.7 2.6 2.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 5.2 5.2 5.1 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 66 Table 5.1 Health Indicators (Cont.) Malnutrition Prevalence, (% children under 5) Height for Age Weight for Age Latest years Latest years MENA 21.0 2011 18.7 10.2 available9.4 Latest years Developing MENA 24.1 21.6 11.3 10.2 available Oil Exporters 21.5 19.4 11.6 10.1 GCC 12.8 9.3 7.5 6.8 Bahrain 13.9 13.6 6.3 7.6 Kuwait 4.0 4.3 2.7 2.9 Oman 12.9 9.8 10.0 11.3 Qatar 11.6 … 4.8 … Saudi Arabia 21.4 9.3 13.5 5.3 United Arab Emirates … … … … Developing Oil Exporters 28.7 26.1 15.1 12.4 Algeria 23.3 15.9 11.1 3.7 Iran 20.4 7.1 9.5 4.6 Iraq 20.0 27.5 8.0 7.1 Libya 20.7 21.0 4.3 5.6 Syrian Arab Republic 28.6 27.5 10.0 10.1 Yemen 59.3 57.7 47.6 43.1 Oil Importers 20.2 17.8 8.0 8.3 Djibouti 32.6 33.5 25.4 29.6 Jordan 12.0 8.3 3.8 3.6 Lebanon 17.2 16.5 3.5 4.2 Egypt 23.8 30.7 8.7 5.4 Morocco 23.1 14.9 7.7 9.9 Tunisia 16.8 9.0 3.5 3.3 West Bank and Gaza 16.1 11.8 3.6 2.2 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 21.0 19.5 12.6 13.2 East Asia and Pacific 13.6 11.9 6.0 5.3 Europe and Central Asia 12.3 11.3 2.2 1.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 12.8 12.0 3.2 2.9 South Asia 39.8 38.9 33.9 32.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 38.9 38.0 21.5 20.8 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 67 Table 5.2 Education Indicators Adult Literacy Rate (percent of people ages 15+) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 88.1 86.9 85.2 Developing MENA 84.7 84.5 82.1 Oil Exporters 92.6 96.4 85.3 GCC 92.6 96.4 96.1 Bahrain 94.6 … … Kuwait … … 95.5 Oman 86.9 … … Qatar 96.3 96.4 96.7 Saudi Arabia … … … United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters … … 80.9 Algeria … … Iran … … 84.3 Iraq … … 79.0 Libya … … 89.9 Syrian Arab Republic … … 85.1 Yemen … … 66.4 Oil Importers 84.7 84.5 84.9 Djibouti … … … Jordan 92.6 95.9 … Lebanon … … … Egypt 72.0 … 73.9 Morocco … 67.1 … Tunisia 79.1 79.7 … West Bank and Gaza 94.9 95.3 95.9 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 88.1 86.9 84.2 East Asia and Pacific 94.4 … … Europe and Central Asia 98.1 … … Latin America and the Caribbean 92.2 … … South Asia 61.4 … … Sub-Saharan Africa 59.3 … … MENA Data Book September 2014 | 68 Table 5.2 Education Indicators (Cont.) Youth Literacy Rate (percent of people ages 15-24) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 96.5 95.0 94.9 Developing MENA 95.7 94.3 93.8 Oil Exporters 97.6 97.9 94.4 GCC 97.6 97.9 98.9 Bahrain 98.2 … … Kuwait … … 98.8 Oman 97.7 … … Qatar 96.8 97.9 99.1 Saudi Arabia … … … United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters … … 92.6 Algeria … … … Iran … … 98.0 Iraq … … 82.2 Libya … … 99.9 Syrian Arab Republic … … 95.6 Yemen … … 87.4 Oil Importers 95.7 94.3 95.9 Djibouti … … … Jordan 98.8 99.1 99.1 Lebanon … … … Egypt 87.5 … 89.3 Morocco … 81.5 … Tunisia 97.2 97.3 … West Bank and Gaza 99.2 99.3 99.3 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 96.5 95.0 93.7 East Asia and Pacific 98.8 … … Europe and Central Asia 99.5 … … Latin America and the Caribbean 97.8 … … South Asia 79.3 … … Sub-Saharan Africa 69.6 … … MENA Data Book September 2014 | 69 Table 5.2 Education Indicators (Cont.) Gross Primary School Enrollment (percent school age population) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 105.7 103.7 105.1 Developing MENA 105.5 103.0 104.6 Oil Exporters 107.2 108.3 108.9 GCC 106.8 106.2 106.7 Bahrain … … … Kuwait … … … Oman … 107.0 109.0 Qatar … … … Saudi Arabia 100.9 100.7 102.8 United Arab Emirates 112.7 110.9 108.3 Developing Oil Exporters 107.4 109.9 110.6 Algeria 113.3 115.5 117.4 Iran 106.3 106.2 106.0 Iraq … … … Libya … … … Syrian Arab Republic 118.1 121.2 122.3 Yemen 92.0 96.7 96.9 Oil Importers 104.2 99.1 101.2 Djibouti … 67.4 69.5 Jordan 98.8 98.9 98.4 Lebanon 103.4 103.7 106.6 Egypt 112.3 108.6 113.4 Morocco 111.7 114.5 116.1 Tunisia 108.8 108.3 109.7 West Bank and Gaza 90.5 92.0 94.4 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 105.0 103.2 105.3 East Asia and Pacific 118.9 118.3 118.4 Europe and Central Asia 99.6 99.8 99.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 111.2 109.9 108.9 South Asia 110.4 110.4 110.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 98.9 99.7 100.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 70 Table 5.2 Education Indicators (Cont.) Gross Secondary School Enrollment (percent school age population) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 83.2 84.0 79.5 Developing MENA 77.0 75.7 72.4 Oil Exporters 86.3 91.1 85.1 GCC 103.6 106.8 101.1 Bahrain 96.4 103.7 95.5 Kuwait … … … Oman … 97.8 93.5 Qatar 104.3 111.6 … Saudi Arabia 110.2 114.1 114.3 United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters 73.3 75.4 69.2 Algeria 95.4 97.6 Iran 81.1 83.8 86.3 Iraq … … … Libya … … … Syrian Arab Republic 72.5 73.9 74.4 Yemen 44.3 46.2 46.9 Oil Importers 79.5 75.8 73.9 Djibouti … 39.7 43.8 Jordan 89.9 89.1 87.8 Lebanon 74.3 76.1 74.0 Egypt 75.9 85.6 86.3 Morocco 62.5 65.6 68.9 Tunisia 89.0 91.1 … West Bank and Gaza 85.4 83.6 82.8 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 78.5 79.9 74.5 East Asia and Pacific 78.7 81.3 82.9 Europe and Central Asia 92.1 93.7 93.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 88.7 88.5 88.1 South Asia 59.7 62.5 63.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 39.9 40.7 41.2 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 71 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators Life Expectancy at Birth, Female (per 1,000 female adults) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 73.7 73.9 74.1 Developing MENA 73.2 73.4 73.7 Oil Exporters 73.9 74.1 74.3 GCC 77.1 77.3 77.5 Bahrain 77.0 77.2 77.3 Kuwait 75.1 75.3 75.4 Oman 78.2 78.5 78.8 Qatar 79.0 79.2 79.3 Saudi Arabia 76.9 77.2 77.4 United Arab Emirates 77.6 77.8 78.0 Developing Oil Exporters 73.1 73.4 73.6 Algeria 72.2 72.4 72.5 Iran 75.1 75.4 75.7 Iraq 72.6 72.8 73.0 Libya 76.8 77.0 77.1 Syrian Arab Republic 77.5 77.6 77.7 Yemen 63.9 64.1 64.3 Oil Importers 73.3 73.5 73.8 Djibouti 61.9 62.4 62.9 Jordan 75.1 75.3 75.4 Lebanon 81.5 81.8 82.0 Egypt 72.9 73.1 73.3 Morocco 72.0 72.2 72.5 Tunisia 76.6 76.9 77.2 West Bank and Gaza 74.3 74.6 74.8 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 71.7 71.9 72.1 East Asia and Pacific 73.5 73.7 73.8 Europe and Central Asia 71.6 72.0 72.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 74.0 74.2 74.5 South Asia 66.1 66.4 66.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 55.4 55.9 56.4 Note: Regional and sub regional aggregates are weighted by population except for female labor force share by total labor force. MENA Data Book September 2014 | 72 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) Mortality Rate, Adult, Female (per 1,000 female adults) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 108.3 106.4 104.5 Developing MENA 113.9 112.0 110.1 Oil Exporters 103.9 102.2 100.6 GCC 67.1 65.8 64.6 Bahrain 63.2 62.3 61.4 Kuwait 61.5 60.8 60.0 Oman 75.8 74.2 72.6 Qatar 50.0 49.3 48.6 Saudi Arabia 69.9 68.6 67.3 United Arab Emirates 61.4 60.3 59.2 Developing Oil Exporters 112.3 110.8 109.2 Algeria 123.9 122.3 120.8 Iran 87.0 85.0 82.9 Iraq 115.4 113.7 112.1 Libya 82.6 81.3 80.1 Syrian Arab Republic 75.4 74.7 74.1 Yemen 215.1 213.1 211.0 Oil Importers 116.1 113.8 111.5 Djibouti 249.3 242.4 235.4 Jordan 98.4 97.1 95.9 Lebanon 49.6 48.0 46.3 Egypt 122.2 119.7 117.3 Morocco 126.3 123.8 121.2 Tunisia 71.3 70.0 68.7 West Bank and Gaza 104.0 101.9 99.7 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 130.3 128.4 126.6 East Asia and Pacific 94.6 92.4 90.1 Europe and Central Asia 101.0 99.6 98.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 104.0 102.5 100.9 South Asia 159.9 157.3 154.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 326.0 316.0 306.0 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 73 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) Literacy Rate, Adult, Female (percent of females ages 15 and above) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 68.2 68.3 71.9 Developing MENA 67.0 67.3 71.4 Oil Exporters 88.0 95.6 74.4 GCC 88.0 95.6 95.3 Bahrain 91.6 … … Kuwait … … 95.0 Oman 81.8 … … Qatar 95.4 95.6 95.8 Saudi Arabia … … … United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters … … 73.7 Algeria … … … Iran … … 79.2 Iraq … … 72.2 Libya … … 83.7 Syrian Arab Republic … … 79.2 Yemen … … 50.2 Oil Importers 67.0 67.3 67.1 Djibouti … … … Jordan 89.2 93.9 … Lebanon … … … Egypt 63.5 65.8 Morocco … 57.6 … Tunisia 71.1 71.7 … West Bank and Gaza 92.2 92.6 93.6 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 68.2 68.3 68.7 East Asia and Pacific 75.3 75.5 75.6 Europe and Central Asia 75.6 76.0 76.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 77.2 77.4 77.7 South Asia 67.7 68.0 68.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 56.4 57.1 57.6 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 74 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) Literacy Rate, Youth Female (% of females ages 15-24) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 87.7 83.9 89.9 Developing MENA 87.0 83.4 89.7 Oil Exporters 98.1 98.7 91.2 GCC 98.1 98.7 99.2 Bahrain 97.6 … … Kuwait … … 98.8 Oman 98.2 … … Qatar 98.3 98.7 99.8 Saudi Arabia … … … United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters … … 90.9 Algeria … … … Iran … … 97.7 Iraq … … 80.6 Libya … … 99.9 Syrian Arab Republic … … 94.5 Yemen … … 77.8 Oil Importers 87.0 83.4 87.5 Djibouti … … … Jordan 98.8 99.3 99.2 Lebanon … … … Egypt 84.3 … 86.1 Morocco … 74.0 … Tunisia 96.1 96.3 … West Bank and Gaza 99.3 99.4 99.2 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 87.7 83.9 86.6 East Asia and Pacific 98.8 … … Europe and Central Asia 99.3 … … Latin America and the Caribbean 98.0 … … South Asia 73.3 … … Sub-Saharan Africa 64.1 … … MENA Data Book September 2014 | 75 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) School Enrollment, Primary, Female (percent gross) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 105.8 105.7 107.9 Developing MENA 106.1 105.9 108.1 Oil Exporters 104.5 105.7 106.7 GCC 103.3 103.6 106.5 Bahrain … … … Kuwait … … … Oman … 107.4 109.5 Qatar … … … Saudi Arabia 101.7 102.1 106.0 United Arab Emirates 108.4 106.9 106.9 Developing Oil Exporters 104.7 106.2 106.8 Algeria 109.7 111.7 114.0 Iran 105.7 105.6 105.2 Iraq … … … Libya … … … Syrian Arab Republic 116.2 119.3 120.2 Yemen 82.6 86.7 87.6 Oil Importers 107.8 105.7 109.7 Djibouti … 64.2 65.9 Jordan 97.9 98.1 97.5 Lebanon 98.6 98.8 101.9 Egypt 109.9 105.3 111.1 Morocco 108.1 111.4 113.1 Tunisia 107.1 106.8 108.4 West Bank and Gaza 89.7 91.6 93.7 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 105.8 105.6 108.6 East Asia and Pacific 118.3 117.8 117.6 Europe and Central Asia 99.1 99.3 98.5 Latin America and the Caribbean 109.5 108.3 107.4 South Asia 109.9 110.4 110.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 95.1 95.4 96.3 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 76 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) School Enrollment, Secondary, Female (percent gross) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 77.4 81.7 80.0 Developing MENA 74.6 78.7 76.2 Oil Exporters 80.5 83.2 80.4 GCC 104.6 107.6 112.1 Bahrain 95.3 101.3 96.6 Kuwait … … … Oman … 95.3 … Qatar 116.7 117.2 … Saudi Arabia 104.2 108.6 112.8 United Arab Emirates … … … Developing Oil Exporters 75.8 77.9 72.8 Algeria 97.1 99.5 Iran 79.0 81.3 83.4 Iraq … … … Libya … … … Syrian Arab Republic 72.7 74.0 74.6 Yemen 33.8 35.7 36.9 Oil Importers 73.2 79.5 79.4 Djibouti 35.3 38.1 Jordan 91.5 90.6 89.0 Lebanon 75.0 76.4 74.3 Egypt 74.4 84.7 85.5 Morocco 58.0 60.6 63.4 Tunisia 92.2 93.3 … West Bank and Gaza 88.8 87.9 86.7 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 76.1 80.9 77.7 East Asia and Pacific 78.9 81.6 83.6 Europe and Central Asia 90.2 91.6 91.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 92.1 91.8 91.2 South Asia 57.2 60.3 60.9 Sub-Saharan Africa 36.0 36.9 37.6 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 77 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) Ratio of Female to Male Primary Enrollment 2010 2011 2012 MENA 95.7 95.5 96.4 Developing MENA 95.2 94.8 95.5 Oil Exporters 95.8 96.0 96.8 GCC 99.5 100.5 103.7 Bahrain … … … Kuwait … … … Oman … 100.8 100.8 Qatar … … … Saudi Arabia 101.6 102.8 106.1 United Arab Emirates 92.6 93.0 97.4 Developing Oil Exporters 94.9 94.8 95.0 Algeria 93.9 93.8 94.4 Iran 98.9 98.8 98.7 Iraq … … … Libya … … … Syrian Arab Republic 96.8 97.0 96.8 Yemen 81.7 81.6 82.8 Oil Importers 95.6 94.8 95.9 Djibouti 90.9 90.1 Jordan 98.3 98.5 98.2 Lebanon 91.0 90.8 91.4 Egypt 95.9 94.2 96.0 Morocco 94.0 94.8 95.2 Tunisia 97.0 97.2 97.8 West Bank and Gaza 98.2 99.1 98.5 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 94.9 94.6 95.9 East Asia and Pacific 99.1 99.2 98.8 Europe and Central Asia 98.9 99.1 99.1 Latin America and the Caribbean 97.1 97.2 97.3 South Asia 99.1 100.0 100.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 92.7 91.8 92.1 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 78 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) Labor Force, Female (percent of total labor force) 2010 2011 2012 MENA 20.3 20.3 20.4 Developing MENA 21.2 21.3 21.4 Oil Exporters 17.8 17.8 17.9 GCC 15.5 15.5 15.4 Bahrain 19.4 19.4 19.5 Kuwait 23.6 23.7 23.8 Oman 17.9 16.7 15.5 Qatar 11.9 11.7 11.6 Saudi Arabia 14.2 14.2 14.2 United Arab Emirates 15.5 15.5 15.5 Developing Oil Exporters 18.6 18.7 18.8 Algeria 16.8 16.9 17.0 Iran 18.0 18.1 18.3 Iraq 17.3 17.3 17.4 Libya 27.5 27.8 28.3 Syrian Arab Republic 14.9 15.0 15.1 Yemen 25.8 25.9 26.0 Oil Importers 24.7 24.7 24.8 Djibouti 34.7 34.9 34.9 Egypt 24.1 24.1 24.2 Jordan 18.0 18.2 18.1 Morocco 26.8 26.8 26.9 Lebanon 22.9 23.3 23.6 Tunisia 26.9 26.9 26.9 West Bank and Gaza 17.9 18.1 18.3 Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 22.0 22.1 22.1 East Asia and Pacific 43.5 43.4 43.4 Europe and Central Asia 42.1 42.2 42.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 41.4 41.5 41.6 South Asia 27.1 27.1 27.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 45.9 45.9 45.8 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 79 Table 5.3 Gender Indicators (Cont.) Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliament 2010 2011 2012 2013 MENA 9.5 7.8 10.3 14.4 Developing MENA 10.2 8.3 11.2 14.1 Oil Exporters 7.6 7.6 11.5 13.8 GCC 4.9 4.3 4.2 15.9 Bahrain 2.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 Kuwait 7.7 7.7 6.2 6.2 Oman 0.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 Qatar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saudi Arabia 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.9 United Arab Emirates 22.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 Developing Oil Exporters 8.3 8.4 13.3 13.3 Algeria 7.7 8.0 31.6 31.6 Iran 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.1 Iraq 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 Libya 7.7 … 16.5 16.5 Syrian Arab Republic 12.4 12.4 12.0 12.0 Yemen 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Oil Importers 13.0 8.1 8.1 17.2 Djibouti 13.8 13.8 13.8 12.7 Jordan 10.8 10.8 10.8 12.2 Lebanon 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 Egypt 12.7 2.0 2.0 … Morocco 10.5 17.0 17.0 17.0 Tunisia 27.6 26.7 26.7 26.7 West Bank and Gaza Other Developing Regions League of Arab States 12.7 10.7 13.5 18.9 East Asia and Pacific 17.9 17.9 18.2 19.3 Europe and Central Asia 14.6 15.3 16.9 17.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 23.8 23.9 25.5 25.8 South Asia 20.1 20.3 20.3 20.0 Sub-Saharan Africa 18.9 20.7 21.5 22.4 MENA Data Book September 2014 | 80 Glossary Access to electricity refers to the number of people with access to electricity (both on-grid and off-grid) as a percentage of the total population. Adult female literacy is the percentage of women ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday lives. Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday lives. CO2 emissions are carbon dioxide emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include contributions to the carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. CPI inflation rates are measured by the consumer price index and reflect the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. Current Account Balance (percent of GDP) is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income, as a percentage of current GDP. Doing business indicators. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business, from 1 – 189. A high ranking on the ease of doing business index means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. This index averages the country's percentile rankings on 10 topics, made up of a variety of indicators, giving equal weight to each topic. The rankings for all economies are benchmarked to June 2013. Energy use refers to apparent consumption, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock exchanges, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. Exports of goods and services are the value of all goods and non- factor services provided to the rest of the world. Exports of goods and MENA Data Book September 2014 | 81 Glossary services include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formally called factor services) as well as transfer payments. Fertility rate, total (births per woman) represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with current age-specific fertility rates. Fiscal Balance (percent of GDP) is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. In the 1986 GFS manual nonfinancial assets were included under revenue and expenditure in gross. Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) refer to telephone lines and mobile cellular (Post-paid and prepaid) subscriptions, as a percentage of total population. Food imports comprises the commodities in SITC sections 0 (food and live animals), 1 (beverages and tobacco), and 4 (animal and vegetable oils and fats) and SITC division 22 (oil seeds, oil nuts, and oil kernels). Foreign direct investment, is the inflow of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long- term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. Fuel exports comprise SITC section 3 (mineral fuels). Fuels imports comprise the commodities in SITC section 3 (mineral fuels). GDP growth rates Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. MENA Data Book September 2014 | 82 Glossary GDP in current US dollars, at purchaser’s prices, is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. GDP per capita (US dollars) is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2005 U.S. dollars. Gross fixed capital formation (percent of GDP) is private investment covers gross outlays by the private sector (including private nonprofit agencies) on additions to its fixed domestic assets, as a percentage of current GDP. Gross primary school enrollment is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematic skills along with elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music. Gross school enrollment, primary, female is the ratio of female enrollment, regardless of age, to the female population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding or such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music. Gross school enrollment, secondary, female is the ratio of female enrollment, regardless of age, to the female population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- and skill- oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. MENA Data Book September 2014 | 83 Glossary Gross secondary school enrollment is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. Imports of goods and services are the value of all goods and non- factor services received from the rest of the world as a share of GDP. Imports of goods and services include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formally called factor services) as well as transfer payments. Improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate excreta disposal facilities (private or shared, but not public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. Improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling. Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year. Internet users (per 100 people) refer to individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 12 months. Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. MENA Data Book September 2014 | 84 Glossary Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. For more details, see the International Telecommunication Union World Telecommunication Development Report. Labor force comprises people ages 15-64 who meet the International Labor Organization definition of the economically active population (all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period). It includes both the employed and unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal and part-time workers, in general the labor force includes armed forces, the unemployed and first-time job seekers but excludes homemakers, other unpaid caregivers, and workers in the informal sector. Labor force, female is the number of females ages 15-64 in the labor force divided by the total labor force ages 15-64. Life expectancy at birth for females indicates the number of years a newborn girl would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to stay the same throughout her life. Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to stay the same throughout the course of his or her life. Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age is the percentage of children under 5 years of age whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median reference standard for their age as established by the World Health Organization, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US National Center for Health Statistics. Figures are based on children under age three, four, or five, depending on country sources. Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births. The data are estimated using a regression model that takes into account information on fertility, birth attendants, and HIV prevalence. Merchandise exports represent the f.o.b. value of goods provided to the rest of the world. Net official development assistance (ODA) consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development MENA Data Book September 2014 | 85 Glossary Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non- DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. It includes loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent). Non-oil merchandise exports refers to the share of total merchandise exports made up by exports of goods included under SITC section 3. Per capita GDP at current US dollars is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Per capita GDP growth rates Annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant local currency. GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Population growth rates are calculated from population totals using an exponential growth rate equation, and reflect the average annual rate for the period indicated. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status except refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament is the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber of the legislature occupied by women Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary schools is the percentage of girls to boys enrolled at primary and secondary levels in public and private schools. Roads, paved (percent of total roads) refer to paved roads are those surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or MENA Data Book September 2014 | 86 Glossary bituminized agents, with concrete, or with cobblestones, as a percentage of all the country's roads, measured in length. Starting a business indicators identify the bureaucratic and legal hurdles an entrepreneur must overcome to incorporate and register a new firm. They examine the procedures, time, and cost involved in launching a commercial or industrial firm with up to 50 employees and start-up capital of 10 times the economy's per capita gross national income. Total fertility rate is the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates. Total Reserves (Billion US dollars) comprise holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights, reserves of IMF members held by the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities. The gold component of these reserves is valued at year- end (December 31) London prices. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts should include any other prepayment made for goods and services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except in cases where these are so important as to justify a separate classification. Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. MENA Data Book September 2014 | 87 Glossary Workers’ remittances are current transfers by migrants who are employed or intend to remain employed for more than a year in another economy in which they are considered residents. Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 that can, with understanding, read and writes a short, simple statement on their everyday lives. Youth literacy, females is the percentage of women ages 15-24 who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday lives. MENA Data Book September 2014 | 88 WORLD BANK MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION MENA Data Book, September 2014 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Telephone: 1 (202) 473-1000 Fax: 1(202) 522-2510 Website: http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena