SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OPTIONS AND ACTION AREA TO IMPLEMENT THE NATIONAL STRATEGY SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OPTIONS AND ACTION AREA TO IMPLEMENT THE NATIONAL STRATEGY 4 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS @2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the government they present. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. All queries on rights and licenses should be address to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group. 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2626; email: pubrights@worldbank.org CONTENTS 5 Abbreviations 11 Acknowledgements 13 CONTENTS Executive summary 14 I. INTRODUCTION 29 1.1 Background 29 1.2 Objectives and structure of the report 29 1.3 Methodology and approach 30 2. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 32 2.1 Domestic solid waste management in Vietnam: 32 current situation 2.1.1 Background 32 2.1.2 Institutional 33 2.1.3 Legislation and regulation 35 2.1.4 Solid waste Operations 37 2.1.5 Financial 40 2.2 Technologies and Options for solid waste sector 43 improvement 2.2.1 Waste generation, composition and forecast 44 2.2.2 Key different waste management and disposal/ 47 treatment technologies 2.2.3 Four distinct solid waste management improvement 55 options/scenarios 2.3 Solid waste management options/scenarios for selected cities 60 2.3.1 Hanoi 60 2.3.2 Phu Tho 76 2.3.3 Hai Phong 90 2.4 Strategic action areas for implementation of the national 105 strategy of solid waste management 2.4.1 Domestic solid waste forecast for Vietnam 105 2.4.2 Solid waste management infrastructure 107 2.4.3 Legal and institutional 111 2.4.4 Costs and waste fees 114 2.4.5 Private sector participation 115 2.4.6 Contribution of the solid waste sector to NDC 116 commitments 6 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS 3. PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 120 3.1 Introduction and objective 120 3.2 Waste from mining, steel processing and electronic industry 120 3.2.1 Mining, steel processing and electronic industry waste types and quantities 120 3.2.2 Suitable options for minimization, recycling, treatment and disposal for waste, steel and 124 electronic industry 3.3 Wastewater sludge in Vietnam 129 3.3.1 Wastewater sludge quantities and distribution 129 3.3.2 Suitable options for disposal and treatment of wastewater sludge 131 3.3.3 Regional management plans and treatment schemes for wastewater sludge in Northern Vietnam 132 3.3.4 Potential for co-incineration in Southern Vietnam 132 3.4 Industrial (hazardous) waste for large industries - Binh Thuan 132 3.4.1 Large industries (hazardous) waste types and quantities 132 3.4.2 Suitable options for minimizing, recycling and treatment of (hazardous) waste from large 135 industries in Binh Thuan 3.5 Industrial (hazardous) waste management, treatment, financing and challenges 137 3.5.1 Current and future treatment options in Vietnam 137 3.5.2 Management and operational structure 139 3.5.3 Private involvement 139 3.5.4 Industrial (hazardous) waste financing in Vietnam and Europe 139 3.5.5 Legislation, monitoring and enforcement 141 3.5.6 Key challenges for industrial (hazardous) waste 141 ANNEXES 143 ANNEX 1: Overview environmental legislation 143 ANNEX 2: Map of landfill locations 147 ANNEX 3: List of landfill locations 148 ANNEX 4: Number of industrial enterprises visited 150 ANNEX 5: Environmental advantages and disadvantages of treatment options 151 CONTENTS 7 LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Targets for waste separation and recycling 35 Table 2-2 Updated targets for waste separation and recycling 36 Table 2-3 Landfills in Vietnam 39 Table 2-4 Fees in Hanoi City 41 Table 2-5 Income breakdown URENCO Hanoi (x 1,000) 42 Table 2-6 Breakdown Domestic Solid Waste (DSW) income (x1,000) 42 Table 2-7 Estimated collection and transport costs (US$/ton) 43 Table 2-8 Waste generation and collection rates 45 Table 2-9 Estimated Composition of Domestic Solid Waste (in % by weight) 46 Table 2-10 Elements to be analyzed for RDF at cement co-processing 54 Table 2-11 Equipment, facilities and applicable costs included in the options 59 Table 2-12 Example on breakdown of estimated costs for establishment of incinerators and landfills 59 Table 2-13 Forecast on population and waste generation for Hanoi 61 Table 2-14 Option/Scenario 1 - Waste flow forecast Hanoi for 2018 - 2030 65 Table 2-15 Option 1, Hanoi - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 66 Table 2-16 Option/Scenario 1- Basic Solid Waste Management System: Total investment estimated 66 for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-17 Option/Scenario 1 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Solid Waste Collection 67 and Disposal (US$) Table 2-18 Option 1, Hanoi - Total average costs per person per year 67 Table 2-19 Option/Scenario 2 - Waste flow forecast Hanoi for 2018 - 2030 68 Table 2-20 Option 2, Hanoi - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 69 Table 2-21 Option/Scenario 2 – Basic Solid Waste Management System and Recycling: Total investment 69 estimated for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-22 Option/Scenario 2 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection 69 and Disposal (US$) Table 2-23 Option 2, Hanoi - Total average costs per person per year 70 Table 2-24 Option 3 - Waste flow forecast Hanoi for 2018 - 2030 71 Table 2-25 Option 3, Hanoi - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 and 2030 71 Table 2-26 Option/Scenario 3 - Low cost waste treatment: Total investment estimated for Hanoi 72 for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-27 Option/Scenario 3 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection 72 and Disposal (US$) Table 2-28 Option 3, Hanoi - Total average costs per person per year 72 Table 2-29 Option 4 - Waste flow forecast - Year 2018 and 2030 for Hanoi 73 Table 2-30 Option 4, Hanoi - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 74 Table 2-31 Option/Scenario 4 - Advanced waste treatment: Total investment estimated for Hanoi 74 for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-32 Option/Scenario 4 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hanoi for Solid Waste 74 Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-33 Option 4, Hanoi - Total average costs per person per year 76 Table 2-34 Population in Phu Tho 76 Table 2-35 Forecast on population and waste generation for Phu Tho 76 8 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Table 2-36 Option/Scenario 1 - Waste flow forecast Phu Tho 2018 - 2030 80 Table 2-37 Option 1, Phu Tho - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 81 Table 2-38 Option/Scenario 1 - Basic Solid Waste Management System: Total investment estimated 81 for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-39 Option/Scenario 2 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Phu Tho for Solid Waste 81 Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-40 Option 1, Phu Tho - Total average costs per person per year 82 Table 2-41 Option/Scenario 2 - Waste flow forecast Phu Tho for Year 2018 - 2030 82 Table 2-42 Option 2, Phu Tho - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 83 Table 2-43 Option/Scenario 2 - Waste Reduction Reduction, Recycling: Total investment estimated for 83 Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-44 Option/Scenario 2 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Phu Tho Solid Waste 84 Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-45 Option 2, Phu Tho - Total average costs per person per year 84 Table 2-46 Option 3 - Waste flow forecast Phu Tho 2018 - 2030 85 Table 2-47 Option 3, Phu Tho - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 86 Table 2-48 Option/Scenario 3 - Low cost waste treatment: Total investment estimated for Phu Tho for 86 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-49 Option/Scenario 3 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection 86 and Disposal (US$) Table 2-50 Option 3, Phu Tho - Total average costs per person per year 87 Table 2-51 Option 4 - Waste flow Forecast Phu Tho 2018 - 2030 87 Table 2-52 Option/Scenario 4, Phu Tho - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 88 Table 2-53 Option/Scenario 4 - Advanced waste treatment: Total investment estimated for Phu Tho 89 for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-54 Option/Scenario 4 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection 89 and Disposal (US$) Table 2-55 Option/Scenario 4, Phu Tho - Total average costs per person per year 89 Table 2-56 Forecast of population and waste generation for Hai Phong 91 Table 2-57 Fees for domestic waste collection and transportation in Hai Phong City 93 Table 2-58 Option/Scenario 1 - Waste flow forecast Hai Phong 2018 - 2030 95 Table 2-59 Option/Scenario 1, Hai Phong - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 96 Table 2-60 Option/Scenario 1 - Basic Solid Waste Management System: Total investment estimated 96 for Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-61 Option/Scenario 2 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hai Phong for Solid Waste 96 Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-62 Option 1, Hai Phong - Total average costs per person per year 97 Table 2-63 Option/Scenario 2 - Waste flow forecast 97 Table 2-64 Option/Scenario 2, Hai Phong - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 98 Table 2-65 Option/Scenario 2 - Waste Reduction Reduction, Recycling: Total investment estimated for 98 Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-66 Option/Scenario 2 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hai Phong for Solid Waste 99 Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-67 Option/Scenario 2, Hai Phong - Total average costs per person per year 99 Table 2-68 Option 3 - Waste flow forecast Hai Phong 2018 - 2030 100 CONTENTS 9 Table 2-69 Option/Scenario 3, Hai Phong - Necessary equipment and facilities - Year 2018 - 2030 101 Table 2-70 Option/Scenario 3 - Low cost waste treatment: Total investment estimated for Hai Phong 101 for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-71 Option/Scenario 3 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hai Phong for Solid Waste 101 Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-72 Option/Scenario 3, Hai Phong - Total average costs per person per year 102 Table 2-73 Option/Scenario 4 - Waste flow forecast Hai Phuong, 2018 - 2030 102 Table 2-74 Option/Scenario 4, Hai Phong - Necessary equipment and facilities, Year 2018 - 2030 103 Table 2-75 Option/Scenario 4 - Advanced waste treatment: Total investment estimated for Hai Phong 103 for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-76 Option/Scenario 4 - Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hai Phong for Solid 104 Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Table 2-77 Option/Scenario 4, Hai Phong - Total average costs per person per year 104 Table 2-78 Forecast DSW generation and collection for all of Vietnam 107 Table 3-1 The annual HW quantity divided into different sectors in Bac Kan Province 121 Table 3-2 The annual quantities of hazardous and non-hazardous waste from the mining sector in 121 Bac Kan Province Table 3-3 Annual hazardous and non-hazardous waste quantities in Thai Nguyen Province divided 122 into different waste types Table 3-4 Annual quantities of hazardous and non-hazardous waste reported by enterprises in 123 industrial sectors: mining (9), steel producing (5) and electronic (1) in Thai Nguyen Table 3-5 Suitable options for treatment and disposal of waste from mining sector including typical costs 125 Table 3-6 Statistical data for enterprises categorised as "Mining of metal ores" 126 Table 3-7 Suitable options for treatment and disposal of waste from steel processing industry 127 Table 3-8 Statistical data for enterprises categorised as "Manufacture of basic metals" 128 Table 3-9 Statistical data for enterprises categorised as "Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical 128 products" Table 3-10 Types of wastewater technologies applied and their presence in different regions of Vietnam 129 Table 3-11 The number of wastewater treatment plants in different provinces of Vietnam and the 130 estimated wastewater sludge generation (m³/year) with dry matter of 15% Table 3-12 Suitable options for treatment and disposal of wastewater sludge 131 Table 3-13 The annual industry HW quantity divided into different sectors in Binh Thuan 133 Table 3-14 The annual quantities of HW from industrial sector in Binh Thuan. Figures in brackets are the 134 Vietnamese hazardous waste codes Table 3-15 Suitable options for recycling, treatment and disposal for different HW types identified in the 136 Binh Thuan Province Table 3-16 Suitable options for treatment and disposal for fly ashes from thermal power plants in Binh 137 Thuan Province Table 3-17 Type of HW treatment facilities in the three analysed provinces and the permit capacity of the 138 different facilities Table 3-18 Typical gate fess (collection, transport and disposal) for selected HW types in Vietnam 140 compared with treatment costs in Europe 10 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2–1 Typical Waste Flow Collection 38 Figure 2–2 Location of some large landfills in Vietnam 39 Figure 2–3 Outdoor Transfer Station with compaction of waste 48 Figure 2–4 Transfer Truck and Container 48 Figure 2–5 Low quality compost made of mixed waste – with high content of various contaminants 49 Figure 2–6 Source separated waste for compost production in Hai Phong 50 Figure 2–7 High quality compost made of source separated Domestic Solid Waste in Hai Phong 50 Figure 2–8 Municipal solid waste incineration plant in Norway 53 Figure 2–9 Further WB analysis on potential and requirements for increased AFR use 55 Figure 2–10 Elements included in Option 1 56 Figure 2–11 Elements included in Option 2 56 Figure 2–12 Elements included in Option 3 57 Figure 2–13 Elements included in Option 4 58 Figure 2–14 Push carts are widely used for primary waste collection and for street sweeping waste 61 Figure 2–15 Transfer point with push carts to be emptied by secondary collection trucks 62 Figure 2–16 Typical small compaction truck used for secondary collection and transportation 63 Figure 2–17 Separation and packing of recyclables in the street in Hanoi 64 Figure 2–18 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System – waste flow for Hanoi (ton/year) 65 Figure 2–19 Option/Scenario 2 – Basic Solid Waste Management System and recycling– waste flow for Hanoi 68 (ton/year) Figure 2–20 Option/Scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment – waste flow for Hanoi (ton/year) 71 Figure 2–21 Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced treatment technologies – waste flow for Hanoi (ton/year) 73 Figure 2–22 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System – waste flow for Phu Tho (ton/year) 80 Figure 2–23 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source – Phu Tho (ton/year) 83 Figure 2–24 Option/Scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment – Phu Tho (ton/year) 85 Figure 2–25 Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced treatment technologies – Phu Tho (ton/year) 88 Figure 2–26 Example of overloaded landfill in Hai Phong 93 Figure 2–27 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System – Hai Phong (ton/year) 95 Figure 2–28 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source – Hai Phong (ton/year) 98 Figure 2–29 Option/Scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment – Hai Phong (ton/year) 100 Figure 2–30 Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced treatment technologies Hai Phong (ton/year) 103 Figure 2–31 Population Forecast, Vietnam, 2015 – 2030 106 Figure 2–32 Domestic Solid Waste Generation Forecast, Vietnam, 2015 – 2030 106 Figure 2–33 Landfill gas generation and collection from landfills in Hanoi 118 Figure 2–34 Potential energy generation and CO₂ reduction from landfills in Hanoi 119 Figure 3–1 Industrial HW types reported by the industrial facilities in Binh Thuan province in 2016 134 ABBREVIATIONS 11 ABBREVIATIONS AFR Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials approx. approximately BAT Best Available Techniques BREF Best Available Techniques Reference Document CAPEX Capital Expenditure C&D Construction & Demolition Waste CNY Chinese Yuan CPC City People's Committee DOC Department of Construction DOF Department of Finance DSW domestic solid waste or garbage DSWM Domestic Solid Waste Management DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPR include Extended Producer Responsibility EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas ha hectare HCMC Ho Chi Minh City HH household HW hazardous waste ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management IW Industrial Waste JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JSC Joint Stock Company KJ kilojoules kg kilogram kg/cap/day kilogram per capital per day KfW Kreditanstalt Für Wiederaufbau (German Development Bank) kg/pers./day kilogram per person per day KWTF Kitchen Waste Treatment Facility (KWTF) pers. /da KGGTF Korean Green Growth Trust Fund 12 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS GSO General Statistics Office LF landfill MBT Mechanical Biological Treatment mln million MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MJ Megajoules MOC Ministry of Construction MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health MOIT Ministry of Information and Technology MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MOST Ministry of Science and Technology MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment MRF Material Recovery Facility MSW Municipal Solid Wastes NDC Nationally Determined Contributions No Number ODA Official Development Assistance O&M Operation and Maintenance OPEX Operational Expenditure PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl RDF Refuse Derived Fuel PPC Provincial People’s Committee PR public relation SOE State Owned Enterprise SPV Special Purpose Vehicle SW solid waste SWM solid waste management ToR Terms of Reference t ton t/y ton per year t/d ton per day UMCO Urban Management Company (similar to URENCO) URENCO City's Urban Environment Company US$ United States Dollar VAT Value Added Tax VND Vietnamese DONG WB World Bank WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment WtE Waste to Energy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by a team led by Ms. (WMD), Vietnam Environment Agency (VEA), Katelijn van den Berg, Senior Environmental the Ministry of Environment and Natural Specialist and Ms. Duong Cam Thuy, Senior Resources (MONRE); the Administration of Environmental Specialist of the World Bank. Technical Infrastructure (ATI), the Ministry of The team consisted of Ms. Joan Maj Nielsen Construction (MOC); and at the city/provincial (COWI Consultants), Mr. Carsten Skov (COWI level, the Department of Construction (DOC), Consultants), Mr. Gerard Simonis (Solid Waste the Department of Environment and Natural Management Specialist, Consultant); Ms. Resources (DONRE), and Urban Environment Nguyen Thi Kim Thai (Solid Waste Management Companies (URENCOs) from the cities/ Consultant), Mr. Leu Tho Bach (Solid Waste provinces of Hanoi, Hai Phong, Phu Tho, Thai Management Consultant), and Ms. Bui Quynh Nguyen, Bac Kan, and Binh Thuan. Special Nga (Liaison Officer). thanks go to Mr. Nguyen Thuong Hien, Director of WMD; Mr. Nguyen Thanh Yen, Vice Director The team would like to acknowledge the of WMD; Ms. Mai Thi Lien Huong, Director support and guidance received from Mr. General of ATI; Ms. Dang Anh Thu, Deputy Ousmane Dione (Country Director, World Director General of ATI; Mr. Dong Phuoc An, Bank Vietnam Country Office), Mr. Achim Fock Vice Director of Hanoi DOC; Mr. Le Anh Tuan, (Operations Manager, World Bank Vietnam Chairman of Hanoi URENCO; Mr. Pham Ngoc Country Office) and Mr. Christophe Crepin Quang, Deputy General Director of Hai Phong (Practice Manager, Environment and Natural URENCO; and Mr. Bui Van Thuoc, Chairman, Resources, East Asia and Pacific Region) as well General Director of Phu Tho URENCO, for as Ms. Anjali Acharya (Senior Environmental their effective leadership of their own team of Specialist) who led the first phase of the professionals, for providing valuable data and solid waste stocktaking report, Mr. Frank van information for the preparation of the report Woerden (Lead Environmental Engineer), Mr. and for reviewing the draft report. Ernesto Sanchez-Triana (Lead Environmental Specialist), Ms. Madhu Raghunath (Program The team would also like to acknowledge Leader), Ms. Diji Chandrasekharan Behr (Senior the financial support for this study that Natural Resources Economist) and Ms. Nguyen was provided by the Korean Green Growth Hoang Ai Phuong (Environmental Specialist). Trust Fund and the Nationally Determined Contributions Partnership Trust Fund. The report made substantial use of the stocktaking report on Integrated Solid Waste for The team is grateful to Ms. Dinh Thuy Quyen, Vietnam. The team is grateful for the comments Program Assistant, World Bank Vietnam received from colleagues and representatives Country Office, for providing logistic and of the Government of Vietnam. The team would administrative support during the preparation like to thank all officials from central ministries of the report. including the Waste Management Department 14 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Urbanization, together with strong economic Municipalities, regional and central govern­ and population growth are causing rapidly ments, however, are currently struggling increasing domestic waste volumes, with with the collection, transport, treatment waste generation in Vietnam doubling in and disposal of the growing waste streams. less than 15 years. The total amount of waste Vietnam has grown so rapidly and waste generated is estimated at over 27 million tons. generation has increased so much, that the With a forecasted growth rate in domestic collection, transport, disposal and treatment solid waste generation of 8.4% per year for systems and the financing for these systems, urban areas and a total growth rate of about has been unable to keep up with the increased 5% annually, the amount of waste is expected volumes of waste being produced: to grow to 54 million tons nationally in 2030. For the three focus solid waste areas under › Current waste operations are labour inten­ this study: (i) the total amount of waste is sive and inefficient; fees do not even cover estimated in Hanoi to grow by 4.75% annually the operational costs. Waste collection and to 5.6 million tons per year in 2030; (ii) the total transport is characterized by fine-grained amount of waste is expected to grow annually and labour-intensive collection. Due to the in Phu Tho by 5.10% to almost 1 million tons in lack of transfer stations, small waste collection 2030; and (iii) in Hai Phong, which has a larger trucks must travel substantial distances to rural population, the total amount of waste is the landfill sites. Both the labour-intensive estimated to growth by 3.2% annually, reaching collection and lack of transfer stations leads 1.15 million tons in 2030. to relatively high collection and transport costs. Analysis carried out as a part of this Vietnam has committed itself to move towards study suggest inefficiencies and high collecting, transporting and treating 100% numbers of employees. The current real of non-household waste by 2025 and 85% of costs per ton of waste are estimated to be waste discharged by households by 2025 in US$24 for collection, US$11 for transport and urban areas through its recently approved US$4 for landfilling, with a total of US$39 for revised National Strategy on Solid Waste Hanoi; while the average fee per household Management. Priority is envisaged to be is VND 26,500/household/month or VND given to large-scale treatment facilities using 218,630/ton1 (US$ 9.7/ton) comprised of VND modern technologies with a substantial focus 172,600/ton (US$ 7.6/ton) for collection and on recycling and upgrading landfills to prevent VND 46,030/ton (US$ 2/ton) for transport. environmental and health impacts. The difference between the costs of waste 1 Based on calculated 1.46 tons of waste generated per household per year EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15 management and the fees received are At the same time, craft villages provide covered by the respective Provincial/City considerable employment. Peoples Committees. › There is low public awareness and insuf­ › Waste recycling is dominated by the ficient access to a formal waste collection informal sector where processing of and recycling system, which leads to recyclables is carried out in craft villages substantial illegal littering of wastes by without proper monitoring of operational households in the canals, lakes and paddy practices, leading to significant pollution fields and on the beaches and in oceans. and health hazards to workers and Some volunteer groups, such as “Keep Hanoi environment. Vietnam is home to 2,800 Clean2” are devoted to citizen engagement craft villages that include not just those initiatives to clean cities and raise the public that make handicrafts for tourists, but many profile of the solid waste issues, but this is villages where industrial activities take place not sufficient to avoid the accumulation of as well as those that specialize in recycling waste and plastics in the environment. all sorts of discarded plastic, including from waste streams. The informal sector typically › Even for the waste that is collected by gathers the most valuable recyclables muni­ cipalities, most it is still disposed directly from households and at street of in insufficiently designed and poorly level before the waste enters the formal controlled landfills causing significant envi­ collection channel. The informal sector ron­mental issues. There are 660 landfills in separates, bales and sells the products to Vietnam receiving some 20,200 tons of waste the processing industry, recycling about daily. Out of these 660 waste disposal sites 10% of the domestic solid waste. Processing across the country, only 30% can be classified of recyclables is mostly carried out in these as engineered landfills with daily coverage of craft villages without proper regulation, waste. The cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh monitoring and enforcement of operating City (HCMC) have mega landfills covering practices. These activities lead to substantial areas of 85 ha and 130 ha respectively. Only 9% pollution of air, water and land and cause of the landfills have weighing scales and only serious health hazards for the workers. 36% have a bottom lining. Most of landfills Photo: Waterway at Minh Khai village in “Development and Society, a look at Vietnam’s plastic craft villages” 2 https://www.facebook.czom/groups/keephanoiclean/ 16 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS have no compactor, landfill gas collection, The uncovered waste and the large number leachate treatment or environmental moni­ of small, poorly located landfills/dumpsites toring system and are poorly managed, together with the waste littered by households mostly due to lack of funding. This is causing and incorrectly recycled in craft villages are the multiple environmental and health problems causes of plastics being blown by the wind and risks particularly in areas with high waste over the rice fields, into canals and rivers and generation levels and population density, ending up on Vietnam’s beaches and in the including: (i) groundwater contamination ocean. Land-based sources of poorly managed having a direct impact on the water wells of plastics are estimated to be responsible for the communities who are living around the 80% of the ocean plastics3. The presence of landfills; (ii) contamination of surface waters plastics in coastal areas, beaches and other through the discharge of toxic liquid wastes key natural tourism destinations, such as without adequate leachate treatment or Halong Bay, causes substantial economic as a result of poor operational practices; damage to Vietnam’s tourism industry4. These (iii) polluting air emissions from landfill shortcomings in waste management are gas releases or from open waste burning; negatively affecting economic development (iv) health risks, especially for the many and sustainable growth in Vietnam. The Asia- scavengers; (v) animals (flies, cockroaches, Pacific Economic Cooperation estimates the rats) spreading illnesses; and (v) spreading costs of marine plastics and debris to the of waste, particularly plastics, to surrounding tourism, fishing, and shipping industries to be environment and further into the river and US$1.3 billion for the Asia-Pacific region5. ocean system. The top 20 polluting rivers, mostly located in Asia, account for 67% of the global total, with 74% of the plastic discharge occurring between May and October. (Lebreton, L. C. M. et al. River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nat. Commun. 8, 15611 doi: 10.1038/ ncomms15611 (2017)). Disclaimer: The map shown is for illustration purpose. The boundaries, color, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 3 Stemming the tide: Land-based strategies for a plastic-free ocean, Ocean Conservancy with McKinsey Center for Business and Environment. 4 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-02/tourism-coal-shipping-vietnam-ha-long-bay-rubbish/6821568 5 McIlgorm, A., Campbell H. F. and Rule M. J. (2008). Understanding the economic benefits and costs of controlling marine debris in the APEC region (MRC 02/2007). A report to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Marine Resource Conservation Working Group by the National Marine Science Centre (University of New England and Southern Cross University), Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia, December. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 17 Several cities and provinces have introduced quality. A new composting plant which uses more advanced waste technologies with organic waste input from markets and urban mixed success and are eager to introduce tree trimmings is being piloted in Hai Phong. composting and incinerator technologies to The plant is producing a higher quality compost reduce landfilling needs. Nationally, about 22% which is currently undergoing testing. Hai of the collected waste currently goes to various Phong is constructing one new landfill and is treatment facilities, instead of landfilling6. For interested in modernizing the existing landfills the three areas under this study: In Hanoi, as the current ones in operation are full and two compost plants were operated until a without adequate environmental protection. few years ago, but the operation was stopped as the compost was unsalable due to poor International experience suggests that in quality. Hanoi is interested in developing an order to progress towards the approved waste incineration facility for solid waste. In Phu Tho, management targets, a realistic masterplan/ a waste treatment plant was established in roadmap for future waste management 1998, including a composting plant and small should be developed which should considers incinerator. The small incinerator broke down financial sustainability of the infrastructure, in 2005 and the composting facility is expected affordability, institutional and legal reforms to close soon as there is little market interest and capacity building and public awareness/ in the compost due to the high presence of outreach. With such a broad spectrum of contaminants, such as plastics, metals, glass reform, infrastructure and capacity building etc. In addition, several small incinerators needs, priorities and action areas must be were established to treat domestic waste in defined and cost effectiveness considerations some districts. However, due to poor flue gas and social acceptance criteria should play a cleaning equipment, they have not yet met role in the decision-making process. the environmental protection requirements. Phu Tho province plans to establish a larger To inform the process of implementation incinerator for domestic solid waste with of the National Strategy for Solid Waste electricity generation, for which the technical Management, four key options/scenarios appraisal is ongoing. At this stage, it is not clear for improvements in domestic solid waste if the waste that will feed the incinerator can management in Hanoi, Phu Tho and Hai meet the calorific requirements for incineration Phong were analysed and then extrapolated to (typically more than 9,000 KJ/kg). Probably a the national level. The options/scenarios were large part of the organic fraction would need deliberately selected to represent distinctly to be removed from the waste stream to meet different solid waste sector development this requirement. Furthermore, since the air trajectories to allow for easy comparison of emission control equipment for the incinerator the investment needs and annual operational has not yet been selected, the equipment’s costs, expected results in waste reduction, capacity to meet Vietnamese regulations is accompanying requirements for waste fees. The currently unclear. In Hai Phong, there is an scenarios also take into account international existing composting plant which has been affordability benchmarks and the remaining producing compost based on mixed domestic financing gaps for cost recovery for public or solid waste. Similar to Hanoi, the compost private financing of the infrastructure. The produced by the plant is unsalable due to poor options/scenarios are presented below: 6 Informal recycling 10%, composting 4%, incineration 14%. 18 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS 1. Option/Scenario 1 – Basic modernized solid of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), mechanical waste management system biological treatment (all residues to landfill), modernization of collection and transport and Environmentally compliant and optimized: environmentally compliant landfills. near 100% collection coverage in urban areas; optimize transfer and transport and utilize and 4. Option/Scenario 4 – Most advanced waste construct sanitary and fully compliant landfills. treatment technologies This scenario includes full collection coverage Such as Waste-to-Energy, incineration facili­ with modernized collection and transport ties. Residuals and waste not suitable for vehicles, transfer stations and environmentally incineration to landfill, modernization of compliant landfills. These components are also collection and transport and environmentally included in the other options/scenario’s as they compliant landfills. are universally required, although costs vary depending on the amount of waste requiring The four options/scenarios are analyzed in landfilling. detail against the following criteria: (i) the amount of waste forecasted to be generated 2. Option/Scenario 2 – Waste reduction, reuse until 2030; (ii) the resulting waste needing and recycling at source (household level) landfilling depending on the amount of more Optimization of waste reduction, reuse and advanced recycling or treatment per option/ recycling at the source (the households), in scenario; (iii) the cost per ton; (iv) the required addition to the waste recycling that is currently increase in user fees per year according to the already undertaken by the informal sector. All international benchmark of affordability which remaining streams as under option/scenario 1. amounts to 1%-1.5% average household income; (v) the share of the costs that are covered by 3. Option/Scenario 3 – Lower cost advanced the increased user fees if they are increased waste treatment to 1%-1.5% of average household income; and (vi) the remaining financing gap in US$ million Low grade composting or conversion of per year. The results are presented in the table organic waste to animal protein, production below for the three cities under study. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 19 Option 1: Basic Solid Waste Management System Hanoi Hai Phong Phu Tho Amount of waste in 2030 (ton/year) 4,703,520 950,762 772,368 Accumulated waste to landfill to 2030 (ton) 43,578,676 10,217,052 6,833,601 Average required user fee (US$/person/year) 13 14 13 Average required fee per ton in US$ 32 35 37 Average required user fee (VND/person/year) 301,829 317,552 289,899 Average required fee per ton in VND 731,800 786,637 731,800 Average cost recovery based on increased fees according to 48%-72% 46%-69% 50-75% affordability benchmarks of 1%-1.5% of household income Annual financing gap in US$ mln per year 36.5-68 43-75 31-63 Option 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at Hanoi Hai Phong Phu Tho household level Amount of waste in 2030 (tons/year) 2,719,597 653,459 523,713 Accumulated waste to landfill to 2030 (ton) 31,951,064 8,330,467 5,407,746 Average required user fee (US$/person/year) 12 13 12 Average required fee per ton in US$ 31 33 34 Average required user fee (VND/person/year) 265,974 303,117 273,380 Average required fee per ton in VND 694,700 750,879 781,975 Average cost recovery based on increased fees according to 55%-82% 48%-72% 53%-80% affordability benchmarks of 1%-1.5% of household income Annual financing gap in US$ mln per year 21-52 37-69 24-56 Option 3: Lower costs advanced treatment Hanoi Hai Phong Phu Tho Amount of waste in 2030 (tons/year) 1,556,081 314,544 255,740 Accumulated waste to landfill to 2030 (ton) 17,379,614 4,129,430 2,712,607 Average required user fee (US$/person/year) 27 31 27 Average required fee per ton in US$ 66 76 77 Average required user fee (VND/person/year) 614,301 700,705 608,340 Average required fee per ton in VND 1,488,610 1,735,781 1,740,093 Average cost recovery based on increased fees according to 24-35% 21%-31% 24-36% affordability benchmarks of 1%-1.5% of household income Annual financing gap in US$ mln per year 172-204 208-241 170-201 Option 4: Advanced waste treatment Hanoi Hai Phong Phu Tho Amount of waste in 2030 (tons/year) 319,913 318,837 200,800 Accumulated waste to landfill to 2030 (ton) 11,056,129 5,466,610 2,631,071 Average required user fee (US$/person/year) 39 35 34 Average required fee per ton in US$ 94 87 98 Average required user fee (VND/person/year) 883,475 793,824 778,941 Average required fee per ton in VND 2,140,886 1,966,455 2,228,078 Average cost recovery based on increased fees according to 16%-25% 18%-23% 19%-28% affordability benchmarks of 1%-1.5% of household income Annual financing gap in US$ mln per year 289-321 250-282 244-275 Source: WB staff and consultants, using DONRE and GSO7, MOC data 7 GSO: General Statistics Offices. 20 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS A substantial increase in waste infrastructure of inert waste (probably coming from street including modernization of collection, tran­ sweepings) of 15-38%, the energy content is low sport, disposal and treatment facilities is i.e. 900-1,200 kcal/kg or 3.6-4.8 MJ/kg. Waste required to meet the large anticipated increase incineration needs at least 7 MJ/kg. which in the quantity of waste produced, regardless implies that waste pre-treatment such as the of which improved solid waste management mechanical separation, that is the basis for system is implemented. The analysis for the the third option/scenario, is required before different scenario’s is summarized as follows: incarnation or co-incineration can take place. Therefore, separation and pre-treatment of The first option/scenario is the first required waste is needed to allow production of Refuse step in the modernization process but implies Derived Fuel (RDF) that could be then be used a continued need for large landfill capacities to as a fuel either in dedicated Waste-to-Energy be established in the future. The second option/ plants or for co-incineration at existing cement scenario is the most cost-effective but would plants. While gradually improving household take a longer time to implement as recycling source separation, mechanical biological activities are currently rudimentary and treatment systems can be included to separate dominated by the informal sector, prior to the the fractions produced as mixed waste from waste entering the formal collection channel. households. Increasing recycling and reuse activities by households requires full containerization of Separate incineration facilities as foreseen the waste collection (and separation) system under the fourth option/scenario, are an with large public education and awareness option used by several countries to reduce campaigns and would require incorporating the amount of solid waste requiring disposal the informal sector slowly into the official waste to landfill, and to recover energy in the form management and recycling sector. of heat and/or electricity. Countries where separate incineration facilities are widely used The second option/scenario is ideally imple­ are typical countries where available land for mented in conjunction with investments in landfilling is limited and landfill gate fees are more advanced waste treatment systems high. Even though a certain cost reduction that can receive the mixed household waste can be obtained by selling electricity and in and pre-treat and treat this further while the some cases also the excess heat generated infrastructure and education for increased by incineration plants, incineration remains household recycling is expanded in parallel. a much more expensive option than other Particularly, source separation of organic waste treatment technologies. The higher cost is fractions should be introduced in steps, initially due to the separation and pre-treatment through pilot projects focusing on major of waste with a high organic fraction, in organic waste sources and then at the ward/ order to produce Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) community level and eventually at household that is suitable for incineration. Once RDF level, where feasible. is produced it is expected to be more cost- efficient to co-incinerate the RDF in cement Due to the high content of organics in the plants that already exist throughout Vietnam waste (50-80%), the relatively low content of and would likely be willing to co-incinerate the dry recyclables (10-25%)8 and a high content RDF for a lower fee that would be applicable 8 The low content of recyclables in the formal waste stream is also since the informal sector/private entities have collected the most valuable materials before the waste enters the waste container. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 21 at a dedicated separated incineration/Waste- the incineration facilities have a capacity of to-Energy Plant9. 1,000 kg/hour, equivalent to 7,500 tons/year. In Europe a HW incineration kiln is typically in Therefore, the total investment costs for all of the size range of 40,000 – 60,000 tons/year and Vietnam for introducing modern solid waste serve a larger number of enterprises in several systems, including mechanical-biological regions. There is scope for improvement of treatment facilities as per the third option/ industry compliance with the regulations scenario are estimated to reach US$13 billion by through increased monitoring, inspection and 2030. This estimate excludes operational costs enforcement. which are estimated to be growing to US$2.2 billion annually by 2030. These modernized solid Regarding the wastes, and in particular the waste systems include new waste collection non-hazardous waste types, generated by equipment, transportation trucks and transfer the mining, the steel production and the stations placed at mechanical biological energy generation industries in Vietnam, it is treatment facilities. At these treatment recommended to investigate the options for facilities, waste is mechanically separated and new waste treatment processes, e.g. fly ashes biological treatment of organic waste fraction from the power plants and steel producing takes place with production of Refused Derived enterprises, paste from lead and zinc extraction. Fuel (plastics, paper, carton etc.), that can be The main report contains an overview of Best incinerated10 and the residuals disposed to Available Techniques for these waste streams. sanitary landfills with liners, gas collection and leachate collection and treatment and in line In provinces where the industrial enterprises with international standards. are generating smaller quantities of hazardous waste (e.g. Binh Thuan and Bac Kan Provinces), Hazardous waste. The current situation analysis should be carried out to determine regarding the hazardous waste management whether the current joint stock companies in Vietnam is well regulated, and all of the could establish intermediate storage facilities industrial enterprises that were visited are for the hazardous waste. The intermediate fulfilling the requirements regarding hazardous storage facilities could operate as a collection waste management, including storage of station for the hazardous waste generated by hazardous waste, entering into agreements the small generators in the province prior to with service providers, and reporting to the the transport of the waste to the hazardous respective Departments of Natural Resources waste treatment facilities operating in the and Environment regarding the enterprises' neighbouring provinces. The following key annual hazardous waste generation. The challenges for hazardous waste are identified: overall picture of the Hazardous Waste › Lack of disposal options for several industrial treatment facilities in Vietnam, is that these hazardous and non-hazardous waste treatment facilities are relatively small in types, e.g. residues from mining activities design/permit capacity, e.g. the majority of and steel production, and dry ashes from 9 This potential for cement kilns to use RDF as co-incineration is currently studies in more detail to analyze the investment required at industry level, the key waste streams that have the potential to be priority waste streams for alternative fuels, market potential as well as key bottlenecks and the possible Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and potential for cooperation with the private sector. The key priority waste streams for co-incineration are: (i) RDF from municipal waste, (ii) dried sewage sludge; (iii) tire derived waste; (iv) persistent organic pesticides; and (v) PCBs. This analysis is being undertaken by the World Bank under the NDC partnership facility and the draft report will be available for presentation and discussion in September 2018 and its analysis, results and recommendations will be incorporated in the overall study and policy note. 10 Potential fees of cement plant for co-incineration not included in cost estimate; however, if the RDF meets the specifications of the plants then experience from other countries suggest that cement plants are typically willing to accept the waste without charge. 22 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS energy production. The industrial facilities in its National Strategy. The recommendations are forced to either store the waste at their are categorized according to these dimensions: own premises or dispose of the waste in an (i) solid waste management infrastructure/ inappropriate manner. facilities; (ii) sustainable financing and waste › Lack of environmentally acceptable treat­ fees; (iii) legislative and regulatory framework, ment /disposal options. The incineration policies to reduce waste and institutional facilities are not in compliance with inter­ arrangements, including private sector partici­ national regulations pation; (iv) education, public awareness and › Lack of a proper record (database) of current participation and capacity building. hazardous waste treatment facilities. › Lack of planning for the regional treatment Solid Waste Management capacity needs, which has caused uncoor­ Infrastructure/facilities dinated establishment of numerous small Regional sanitary landfills are a basic require­ incineration plants (1,000-2,000 kg/hour) ment in any waste management system › Lack of continuous flue gas emission mea­ even when these include more advanced sure­ ments at incineration plants treatment facilities. Despite the objective › Insufficient flue gas treatment at incineration of fast introduction of advanced recycling plants. Black smoke has been observed at schemes and treatment facilities such as some hazardous waste treatment facilities. waste-to-energy plants, and the potential to › Proper classification of residues from metal reduce certain (plastic) waste streams, basic exploration improvements to the collection and transport system and disposal infrastructure are needed The Way Forward for implementing to modernize and optimize collection and the National Strategy on Solid transport and minimize the environmental Waste impacts of disposal. Vietnam is on a trajectory where the solid waste sector needs modernization in line with Landfills will be required for a least a certain the urbanization and economic growth of fraction of the waste, even advanced waste the country. With the lack of environmentally treatment systems such as incineration faci­ compliant landfills, the large informal sector lities are successfully integrated; and urgent involved in collecting recyclables, the littering rehabilitation of the current landfills are of waste in many places and the lack of proper required to minimize the environmental and disposal and limited advanced treatment, health impacts. The current landfills without the solid waste system is basically operating landfill gas collection, adequate leachate as a small rural society unsuited to the needs treatment or bottom liner and absence of of an urbanized country that is growing sufficient compaction and daily covering of economically. waste, needs urgent improvement to reduce the environmental impacts of landfills. Vietnam will therefore need to envision a phased-approach of gradual improvements to More attention is also required for the its solid waste management to move towards a moder­ nization of collection and transport of modern, integrated and sustainable solid waste waste, moving towards containerization of management system at affordable costs and collection -particularly in the high-rise areas- this will require changes across all levels and and optimization of collection and transport, dimensions in addition to new technology and including transfer stations. Optimizing collec­ infrastructure to reach the targets as foreseen tion, transport and landfill disposal is also EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 23 important in order to focus on the affordability The presence of the cement industry in Vietnam of the system which aims for cost-recovery means that dedicated waste incine­ rators may levels not requiring fee levels of more than 1.5 not be necessary if a competitive cost-effective percent of household income and reducing market for cement co-incineration can be the amount of state subsidies required. developed. The major advantage of cement kilns is that they already exist in Vietnam, are While several local governments are consi­ quite tolerant to waste composition, can offer dering the introduction of waste-to-energy environmentally safe and economical solutions facilities, consideration should also be given and several plants have expressed interest in co- to separate the waste by removing the incineration. However, there is a need to ensure organic fraction and pre-treating the waste that cement plants are equipped with proper so that Refuse Derived Fuel is produced that flue gas cleaning and waste feeding systems could be co-incinerated in the wide spread before co-incineration of Refuse Derive Fuel cement industry in Vietnam. The high organic (RDF) is done. Some cement plants in Vietnam fraction in the waste is estimated to range already have sufficient capacity to use RDF. between 50%-70% with a corresponding high moisture content that will require the waste Sustainable financing and waste fees to be separated and pre-treated to remove Sustainable financing of the infrastructure the organic fraction and moisture and to and particularly modern and more advanced reduce proportion of inert materials such as waste treatment systems is needed. These dirt and rubble and other non-combustible advanced systems are more expensive and materials, in order to meet the requirements will require an increase in waste fees to for incineration11. Recyclables and hence the construct and maintain the waste system to materials that have high calorific value suitable an acceptable service standard. In addition to for incineration are to a large extent already the substantial investments that are planned removed by the informal sector, before the and needed for advanced and expensive waste waste is formally collected. treatment facilities and to modernize collection, transport and landfilling, the operational costs Therefore, a focus on separate collection of the required to manage and maintain them will large organic streams appears to be a lower subsequently also increase substantially. Inter­ cost strategy to achieve waste reduction and na­tional experience demonstrates that up to reduce the need for landfilling. Separating the two thirds of the life-time costs in solid waste waste mechanically through properly protected management are generated by operational manual separation with subsequent pre- expenses and municipalities can spend more treatment to produce Refuse Derived Fuel for co- than half of their budget funds on solid waste (incineration), would enable use of the organic management services, if costs are poorly fraction to produce high quality compost or managed and the waste fees that are collected biogas. This change would need to be combined are too low. When considering more advanced with formalizing the current informal waste and expensive waste treatment infrastructure, collection to reduce the plastic leakage into the such as incineration facilities (Waste-to-Energy environment, improve the workers’ health and Plants), the Government need to decide on safety and ensure that part of the non-recyclable the cost-recovery targets it aims for; by when plastic fraction enters the formal waste system they should be achieved and the amount of to produce Refuse Derived Fuel. 11 Calorific requirements preferably more than 9,000 KJ/kg; low moisture content of less than 35%. 24 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS subsidies that will be needed until such cost- Without gate fees and taxes for landfilling, it recovery is achieved. will be difficult for other -more expensive- waste treatment systems to become compe­ Across collection and disposal operations, titive, as landfilling will remain the cheapest waste collection typically accounts for 60-70% option. Introduction of gate fees and landfill of total costs. However, disposal/treatment taxes is a requirement for waste generators costs are expected to increase substantially to be willing to pay a higher cost/fee for waste with more advanced sorting and materials treatment as otherwise there are no incentives recovery choices and Waste-to-Energy to continue disposal at the landfills for free. incineration. Disposal costs vary widely and when waste disposal is informal then there In order to cover the investment costs for is no accounting for it in the formal costs. A modern solid waste systems, including benchmark of Vietnam as a Lower Middle- mechanical-biological treatment facilities Income country compared to typical waste as per the third option/scenario and the management fees for collection and transport/ accompanying operational costs, the average transfer, disposal and more advanced treat­ cost per person per year is expected to be in ment options is provided in the table below. the order of US$20 or VND 470,000. These costs are much higher than currently covered by Vietnam’s costs of landfilling of US$4 per ton waste fees (which are 26,500 VND per household are very low and represent an underspend per month or 79,500 VND per person per year) when compared to landfill costs required and the waste fees need to be substantially in properly engineered and controlled increased. The affordable annual fee per landfills without impacts to the surrounding person, based on internationally determined environment. The costs for landfilling are benchmarks of 1% - 1.5% of household income considerably below what properly engineered would be VND 145,350 – 218,025, which would landfills with landfill gas recovery, leachate still cover only 31%-47% of the costs and would treatment and daily waste covering would therefore require substantial further financing/ cost to ensure environmentally compliant subsidy from cities and provinces. For many operations and be more representative of cities, the long-term environmental benefits, the costs of open dumping. Even with these including the availability of raw materials, and low current landfill costs, there is no gate fee the preservation of land value, outweigh the charged to cover the costs from waste charges. higher costs for solid waste management Low-income Lower middle- Upper middle- High-income countries income countries income countries countries (US$/ton) (US$/ton) (US$/ton) (US$/ton) Collection & Transfer 20-50 30-75 50-100 90-200 Controlled Landfill to 10-20 15-40 25-65 40-100 Sanitary landfill Open dumping 2-8 3-10 - - Recycling 0-25 5-30 5-50 30-80 Composting 5-30 10-40 20-75 35-90 Source: World Bank, What-a-waste 2.0, 201812. 12 Kaza, Silpa, Lisa Yao, and Perinaz Bhada-Tata. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development Series. Washington, DC; World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 25 and therefore the increase of fees to support Non-compliance with established norms modernized solid waste management is a good and standards needs to be enforced by a way forward. transparent fine system which requires pen­ inde­ dent monitoring and enforcement In addition, the ability and willingness to pay bodies with sufficient capacity and funding. for improved services must be considered The moni­ toring, inspection and enforcement when developing this waste management functions of the Departments of Natural strategy to keep costs at an acceptable and Resources and Environment in the regions, affordable level. In principle, user fees should needs to be strengthened, included their initially cover the operating costs of the waste capacities. management system. Transfers and subsidies may be required during a transition period Private sector participation is only successful, when investing in more modern and advanced when: (i) Detailed legislation on solid waste systems in order to manage a gradual increase management is prepared and introduced, in fees. Low income groups which cannot including proper definitions of the duties and afford full fees will need support in the form of responsibilities of all the stakeholders involved. targeted subsidies. Such a strategy also needs This includes detailed rules and decrees on to develop a time-frame for fee increases in how waste must be handled at source, during parallel with solid waste management service collection, transportation, treatment and/or final improvements, including a financing strategy disposal; (ii) The relevant legislation must be for the capital expenditure, through loans, enforced, meaning that competent authorities grants and partnerships with the private sector. must control waste management at the various stages from the point of generation until final Legislative and regulatory framework, disposal and fine those who do not respect the policies and institutional arrangements laws; (iii) There must be a proper contractual including private sector participation basis for involving the private sector at the The institutional and regulatory framework various stages of solid waste management. For for waste collection, treatment and disposal example, collection and transportation services and planning of waste infrastructure is must be tendered according to minimum unsuitable for the much more expensive 5-year contracts, which will enable private waste treatment and private sector partici­ operators to write off investments in collection pation. The current collection system is rather and transportation equipment. For large private complex with numerous state-owned and investments in treatment facilities, longer joint-stock companies in charge of collection, concession agreements of e.g. 15-20 years causing difficulty in organization and duration should be established. Fixed prices and integration of transport activities and transport contractual conditions must be ensured during routing13. Improvement of the legal and the entire contract/concession period; and regulatory framework is needed to promote (iv) The responsible authority – e.g. the Province/ accountability. Solid Waste Management City must possess the necessary institutional targets, norms and minimum operation and (organizational capacity and skills to control environmental standards need to be clearly the establishment and proper management of defined in the legal framework against which any agreement on private sector participation. stakeholders can be held accountable. This includes availability of staff with relevant education and experience. 13 e.g. Hanoi: 18 units including 8 state-owned companies and 9 joint stock companies and one cooperative; HCMC has 23 state-owned companies, 5 cooperatives and 30 private companies for waste collection. 26 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Education, public awareness and parti­ Plastic and marine litter reduction cipation and capacity building Plastic reduction, recycling and alternative Substantial increase in citizen and youth policies should be considered as an issue of education on waste reduction, halting priority, as they can reduce the generated waste littering and possibly future source- waste and “leakage” of such waste into the separation and waste recycling is required as environment, rivers and ocean. The European a basis to support more cost-effective waste Commission has launched its plastic policy on management infrastructure systems and May 23, 2018 to target the ten single-use plastics reduce the littering in the environment and most often found at European beaches and subsequently rivers and oceans. Countries and seas as well as lost and abandoned fishing gear, cities are increasingly focusing on solid waste together these constitute 70% of all marine management and environmental education to litter items. The aim of the plastic strategy is reduce waste generation and improve sorting that all plastic packaging will be reusable or and collection systems. There is also an effort to recyclable by 2030 and to prevent and reduce improve recycling systems to divert waste from plastic marine litter from single-use plastic dumps and final disposal sites and to increase items and fishing gear. The strategy is foreseen employment for informal waste collection to comprise of four categories to discourage workers. Educational programs are the corner­ single-use plastics: (i) banning certain types of stone of awareness raising for solid waste. plastic, such as cotton swabs, plastic plates and Many countries reach citizens using media and cutlery, and the plastic sticks on which balloons increasingly social media. Effective programs are attached; (ii) discouraging other types distribute content in varying languages and of plastic, such as plastic drinking cups and through both advanced and basic technology, meal packaging, by levying additional charges; such as radio and mobile phone applications. (iii) warnings on plastic categories, such as Other countries focus on schools to educate sanitary napkins, throw away wet wipes, young citizens that will eventually become balloons, and (iv) Extended Producer environmentally conscious adults14. Responsibility Systems, for plastic bags, cigarette filters and the previously mentioned Also, a substantial increase in government plastic cups and meal packaging15. capacity is required to plan, budget, operate and maintain as well as monitor, inspect Several other countries are currently and enforce compliance of solid waste introducing bans on certain types of single- management infrastructure. The sustainability use plastics or introducing deposit-return of an efficient and effective solid waste systems to avoid the plastic litter entering the management system is highly dependent on environment, rivers, oceans and food-chain. human resources capacities and the ability Kenya has introduced a ban on plastic bags, of the regional governments to monitor and California is proposing to outlaw plastic straws, enforce the system. This is also a critical success unless specifically requested by customers. factor for private sector participation. India is developing single use plastic regulation. 14 Kaza, Silpa, Lisa Yao, and Perinaz Bhada-Tata. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development Series. Washington, DC; World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO (draft). 15 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/single-use_plastics_proposal.pdf EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 27 In the recent G7 in Canada, five out of the seven system and very low-cost recovery levels into leaders agreeing to an ocean plastic charter16 advanced modern and expensive solid waste focusing on combating ocean pollution and management systems, without adequate making all plastics recyclable by 2030, reducing planning for needed regulations, monitoring, single use plastics and building recycling enforcement and financial sustainability. infrastructure with innovation around more sustainable technologies. The necessary institutional and operational capacity building needs to precede basic Investigations into policies for plastic reduc­ infrastructure upgrading, including improve­ tion and recycling and reduction of leakage ments in revenue collection. Implementation of plastics into the rivers and ocean are needs to be guided by detailed and preferably also urgently needed in Vietnam. This will regional waste management master plans also require an increase in active research, to develop and modernize the solid waste stimulation and enforcement of plastic sector based on all the dimensions mentioned alternatives, investigation of the amount and above. Private sector participation is viable types of plastics on Vietnam’s beaches and when supported by appropriate legislation, where they originate from, in order to prepare regulations, monitoring, enforcement, in­ effective policies of reduction and recycling as creased waste fees and improved government well as identify formal and informal landfills and capacity. The legal framework will need to dumpsites of waste too close to waterbodies, establish a transparent financing mechanism where substantial leakages of waste into the with cost-recovery targets from user fees and river occurs during the rain and floods. institute a system to enforce payments. Next steps Budget is required for detailed feasibility analysis of solid waste management techno­ In view of: (i) the current inefficient and logies, skills development, capacity building expensive way in which collection and transport and monitoring/enforcement and to prepare is organized; (ii) the inappropriate waste the roadmap/masterplan at the regional disposal with considerable environmental level. Considering the current low capacities, impacts and mostly informal recycling with substantial training and capacity building also substantial health and environmental programs will be needed in the areas of: impacts and (iii) the much higher costs for (i) policy formulation and planning; (ii) legislation; an improved system, significant planning, (iii) infrastructure feasibility analysis and design; and time is required for sustained efforts to (iv) budgeting and accounting; (v) technical achieve the goal of improving SWM services operation; (vi) monitoring and enforcement. to international standards. Improvements are best implemented in a phased-approach Indonesia is embarking on a national program that allows for incremental improvements for waste sector improvements, recognizing that will be more affordable, creating the that sector challenges such as limited opera- basis for further scaling-up in the future, and tional finance, limited operational capacity of putting conditions in place for cost-effective local governments, lack of regulatory oversight private sector interest to operate and invest and land issues pose bigger hurdles to improve in the sector. It will be more difficult and less waste service performances than shortages in successful to leapfrog from the existing simple funding for investment. It was thus decided to 16 https://g7.gc.ca/en/official-documents/charlevoix-blueprint-healthy-oceans-seas-resilient-coastal-communities/#a1 28 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS focus investment on supporting cities to im- The Indonesia Solid Waste Management program prove the management of these sector issues focuses on 46 cities that in the analytical work have and to prepare detailed and specific waste been categorized as most committed and most sector roadmaps to develop comprehensive ready to receive technical and investment support. waste improvement strategies. The program has four components (1) National policy and institutional capacity, US$ 5 million; (2) Technical support program for participating For hazardous waste the following key next cities, US$ 56 million; (3) Investment program action areas and next steps are envisaged: US$ 1.1 billion public funding, expected to attract at least US$ 1.5 billion in private sector funding; › Preparation of a national plan for manage­ and (4) Budget for Program management, ment of industrial (hazardous) waste, progress monitoring and evaluation, US$ 15 distinguishing between the different types million. In order to implement this program, the Government of Indonesia is preparing a Loan of industrial (hazardous) waste streams from the World Bank of US$ 100 million, of which › Detailed investigations of the waste from US$ 45 million will contribute to the investments the metal exploration enterprises to be under Component 3 and the remaining US$ 55 million will be allocated for Technical Assistance classified hazardous or non-hazardous, in under Components 1, 2 and 4, in order to direct particular lead-containing residues and implement public funding and to attract › Establishment of proper treatment and private sector funding. The Loan is expected to be approved by the World Bank in March 2019. disposal facilities for industrial waste origi­ nating from the mining industry, steel producing industry and the energy sector. The capacity of the facilities should be For plastics and promotion of the circular determined based on feasibility studies and economy, it is recommended to focus on: should cover several provinces. (i) a detailed analysis of the top 10-plastic items › Improvement of the legislative requirements that are entering the oceans and are present to incineration facilities, including continu­ on Vietnam’s beaches; (ii) analyse successful ous monitoring of flue gas emissions and policy actions to reduce single use plastics incineration temperature. and promote conversion to plastics that are › Development of database tools for logging easier to recycle and enhance the profitability the hazardous waste treatment facilities in and environmental standards of recycling; and Vietnam. (iii) prepare a plastics action plan. INTRODUCTION 29 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND lead towards identifying an integrated strategy on Solid Waste Management. For example, Waste management in Vietnam is characte­ Hanoi City People Committee (CPC) - led by rized by relatively limited performance in waste Department of Construction (DOC) is also in collection, treatment and disposal for almost the process of revising the Decision 609 by the all waste categories. Across the different waste Prime Minister on Master Plan for Integrated sectors, this poor performance is linked to Solid Waste Management in Hanoi 2020, with limited regulatory oversight, and inadequate vision towards 2030. funding for investments and operations. As a result, a large proportion of waste streams However, while Action Plans and Targets are not treated or disposed of in a controlled are prepared and Local Governments are manner. Shortcomings in waste management working with investors to put in place are negatively affecting economic development modern technologies to reduce waste, such and sustainable growth in Vietnam. Environ­ as composting plants and analysis into the men­ tal and public health impacts are feasibility of Waste-to-Energy plants, key policy severe, particularly in areas with high levels and planning issues hamper the modernization of waste generation and high population of the solid waste sector. density, resulting in polluted groundwater, contaminated and clogged waterways, soil 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE pollution, spread of diseases and exposure to OF THE REPORT heavy air pollution from waste burning. The objective of this report, which was co- The Government of Vietnam has expressed financed under the KGGTF Trust Fund, is interest in Technical Assistance to identify to: support the Government of Vietnam in appropriate and long-term solutions for these forecasting the future solid waste generation; Solid Waste Management (SWM) challenges, assess the current situation of solid waste focusing specifically on large urban areas. management; analyse distinct options and Such efforts have concomitant environmental scenarios including the required investments, and health benefits, but also the co-benefits operational costs and impacts on waste fees and relating to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission financial sustainability; and define action areas reductions. Overall, the need for substantial for implementation of the national strategy for improvements in waste management is well solid waste management. The report provides represented in the country’s Green Growth an assessment of the current Domestic Solid Strategy and Action Plan, as well as the recently Waste Management situation and establishes formulated Intended Nationally Determined a minimum scenario to improve basic environ­ Contributions (NDC) targets and commitments. mental conditions and service levels. The Furthermore, large urban areas are taking the report then analyses progressively more 30 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS advanced solid waste management scenarios collected from counterparts, meetings with to improve sector infrastructure, with the focus stakeholders and visits to waste treatment and on waste reduction and analysis of the financial disposal facilities, in the respective provinces. sustainability requirements. From the Government of Vietnam, the main The report analyses the different scenarios and counterparts relating to waste and hazardous options for solid waste sector improvements waste management are the Ministry of Natural and presents the capital investments and Resources and Environment (MONRE) and the operational costs that must be met to make Ministry of Construction (MOC) - which each these improvements in the sector, in the short have related mandates on waste and hazardous to medium term. The report then analyses the management regulation and legis­ lation; moni­ fee and financing needs and the affordability toring and enforcement; plan­ ning and capacity; impact. Based on that analysis, the report as well as providing technical inputs and identifies the potential institutional, legal, guidelines on waste mana­ gement through the financial or policy reforms that are needed to different stages from generation to final dispo­ improve operations and make them financially sal. At the local (city) level, the counterparts that sustainable, as well as exploring options and are directly responsible are the representative requirements for private sector involvement. offices of MONRE (i.e. Departments of Natural The report concludes with the definition of Resources and Environment -DONREs) and action areas required, in order for Vietnam to MOC (i.e. Department of Construction-DOCs). successfully implement its strategy on Solid The city’s Urban Environment Companies Waste Management. (URENCOs) were engaged, given their operations within the cities and the related Part II of the report focuses on hazardous landfills. Data on construction and operation waste management. In agreement with of modern treatment and disposal facilities MONRE, the report includes an inventory and are based on experience from solid waste analysis of mining waste in Bac Kan and Thai infrastructure planning in the region and Nguyen provinces, industrial waste from the elsewhere in the world. steel producing industry and waste from the electronic producing industry in Thai Nguyen, Planning for future waste management impro­ sludge from wastewater treatment plants in vements and related investments should be the entire Vietnam and industrial (hazardous) based on the availability of reliable information waste from large industries in Binh Thuan on waste quantities, composition, generation province. The report discusses treatment and rates, and waste density in both urban and rural policy options, based on the analysis of the areas. Currently, this information is insufficient different industrial hazardous waste streams. for many reasons including a lack of an inventory of waste generators, waste generators’ weak 1.3 METHODOLOGY AND understanding of reporting methodology, no APPROACH weighing of waste at most landfills, no control and analysis of information received at the For the assessments and analyses of domestic provincial level, etc,. The estimates for waste solid waste management, background infor­ quantities and forecasted quantities that mation and data were collected on the are used for the modelling to obtain rough current waste management situation from estimates for investments and operational several sources of waste and hazardous waste costs for sector improvement scenarios are management strategies as well as plans based on available data combined with WB’s INTRODUCTION 31 and consultants’ estimates and international and quantities in the three provinces are benchmarking. This is sufficient for the pur­ based on data provided by the DONREs in poses of analysing sector development the three respective provinces (Thai Nguyen, scenarios and providing recommendations Bac Kan and Binh Thuan). The data provided, for solid waste sector improvement. However, included the annual report on hazardous waste investment decisions need to be based on management (2016) prepared by DONRE more detailed feasibility analysis, including and the waste management report for the more data collection and data verification. This major industrial facilities in the three analysed report is therefore unsuitable as the basis for provinces (2016) prepared by the industrial decisions regarding specific investments and facilities and submitted to DONRE. Additionally, technologies. data regarding the major wastewater treat­ ment plants in the entire Vietnam, has been The Industrial (Hazardous) waste assessment collected from a former World Bank study: prognosis for the future industrial (hazardous) Vietnam Urban Wastewater Review, World waste treatment and disposal demand is Bank, December 2013. A number of industrial based on National statistics from 2010-2015 enterprises were visited and the enterprises for enterprises and the knowledge relating are listed in Annex 4. MONRE has provided to the extension of the power plants in Binh data regarding the licenced hazardous waste Thuan Province. The identified waste types treatment facilities in the entire Vietnam. PART I: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 2.1 DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE Management of Domestic Solid Waste (DSW) MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM: generated by households and similar waste CURRENT SITUATION from commercial/ institutional/ industrial entities is characterized by two distinct 2.1.1 BACKGROUND elements: (i) the large waste quantities According to the Vietnamese Standard (TCVN produced daily by the mega cities (especially 6705-2009- Non-hazardous solid wastes -Classi­ Hanoi and HCMC) and (ii) the fine-grained cation), solid wastes are classified as follows: fi­ and labor-intensive collection, separation and › Domestic solid waste (DSW)17: including the treatment system including the informal sector solid wastes generated from households, which dominates the market for recyclables. commercial, and institutional activities; Strong economic and population growth, and › Construction and Demolition Solid Wastes urbanization magnify the problems and waste (C&D waste): The wastes arising from con­ quantities are growing rapidly each year. Under struc­tion/demolition activities; a weak institutional framework, waste collection › Normal Industrial Solid Waste (NISW): The coverage is low, especially in rural areas. The wastes arising from processing and non- lack of adequate control and enforcement processing industries and utilities including and insufficient legislation are contributing craft villages. to environmental problems which aggravate 17 There is no definition for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the Vietnamese waste related legal documents. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 33 health risks for the population. Environmental hazardous industrial waste especially for hazards also occur as a result of informal sector landfill disposal. Its responsibilities include: operations in the so-called craft villages, where (i) formulating policy and legislation; substantial quantities of (hazardous) waste are (ii) developing, and instructing on implemen­ generated and processed. tation of the SW treatment investment program; (iii) developing, appraising, instructing In addition to illegal waste disposal, the disposal and monitoring implementation of SWM of the collected waste at official waste mana­ inter­provincial planning; (iv) instructing, and gement sites is not compliant with international monitoring the development and management good design standards and the waste sites of construction planning of SWM facilities; are mainly poorly operated. Domestic waste (v) appraising the SWM planning of state-run management in Vietnam lacks the “polluter cities; (vi) organizing investment promotion pays” principle with very low fees to be paid by activities, and instructing on the implementation households and other waste generators and at of investments in interprovincial SWM facilities. least 80% of the costs being financed by the However, MONRE is the major state authority Government. for environmental affairs with responsibility for the development of national policies, 2.1.2 INSTITUTIONAL strategies, legislation, Environmental Impact The administrative system in Vietnam is divided Assessment (EIA) approval and monitoring, in three tiers: 1st tier: provinces and state-run etc., especially for hazardous industrial waste. cities; 2nd tier: urban districts, rural districts, The exact division of tasks and responsibilities provincial cities, and towns; 3rd tier: communes, between the two ministries is not clear at either wards, and townships. At provincial level, the national or the local level. Vietnam has 5 state-run cities and 58 provinces, making a total of 63 units. The state-run cities Other key involved ministries are: (i) Ministry include: two urban centres of special category of Health (MOH) which is especially involved in (Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh) and the three cities of medical waste. Its responsibilities in terms of category I (Hai Phong, Da Nang and Can Tho). waste management are assessing the impacts At district level there are 70 cities, 54 towns and of solid waste on human health and inspecting 591 rural districts. At commune level there are and supervising hospital waste treatment 1,581 urban wards; 9,043 rural communes and activities; and (ii) Ministry of Planning and 590 urban townships. People’s Councils and Investment (MPI) and Ministry of Finance People’s Committees govern each level. All (MOF). Regarding waste management, these administrative levels play different roles MPI together with the Ministry of Finance in solid waste management. consider and provide funding and finance for other ministries, government agencies, and National level localities to implement waste management Responsibilities for waste management at the plans based on their annual and long-term national levels lie with MOC and MONRE. A waste management plans. Furthermore, MPI, major shortcoming at the national level, is the in coordination with MOF, issues economic lack of clear accountability for specific waste incentives to facilitate waste management management tasks, as several ministries are activities; i.e. tax incentives, fixed asset involved. The MOC has the highest authority depre­ ciation incentives and land use in municipal solid waste (DSW) management incentives; Ministry of Science and Technology and landfill siting but it also deals with non- (MOST), will coordinate with MOC and MONRE 34 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS to appraise the SW treatment technology out by state owned URENCOs (which may have that is studied and applied for the first time in different names in different cities/provinces Vietnam. according to their role and functions). The government strongly encourages private Local level sector participation in solid waste collection, The implementation of state policies at the transportation, treatment and disposal, but local level is the responsibility of the Provincial always in cooperation with public organizations and City People’s Committees (PPC/CPCs). i.e. no privatization. Responsibilities and risks Their responsibilities in waste management are shared between the private company are to: (i) implement the state management and the government. This policy has been regulations on environmental protection; implemented in major cities in Vietnam. (ii) approve waste treatment projects in their Ultimately, achievements in SWM are the result localities; (iii) mobilize investment capital from of efficient and effective operations at local various sources for the construction of landfills; level. Unfortunately, many deficiencies at the (iv) direct the provincial/municipal DOC and/or local level are hampering its implementation DONRE in carrying out the design, construction, including: monitoring and EIA aspects of waste treatment projects; (v) direct the provincial/municipal › Many DONREs have insufficient staff to URENCOs in organizing waste collection, carry out their regulatory monitoring and transport, and treatment activities; and enforcement functions. (vi) approve waste collection and treatment fees › Outside the cities and larger towns, solid based on recommendations of the provincial/ waste management is often decentralized municipal Department of Finance (DOF). to town/district levels, but without clear guidelines and technical support from Furthermore, the Department of Construction the provincial level and with insufficient (DOC) being an agency of MOC at the provincial allocation of resources. level, is active in DSWM. Its responsibilities in DSWM and locating landfill are: (i) supporting › Currently the responsibility for rural DSW the PPC in making decisions on waste Management (i.e. roles, functions and treatment facility projects, and (ii) reporting accoun­table ministries) is not mentioned in and proposing appropriate landfill sites to the any government decree. PPC for approval in coordination with DONRE. › In craft villages, there is a lack of clarity on the functions and responsibilities of the The Department of Natural Resources and three ministries that have a role in sanitation, Environment (DONRE) being the local agency namely Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of MONRE plays an important role in waste development (MARD), MONRE and Ministry management with respect to monitoring of Information and Technology (MOIT). This environmental quality, managing and imple­ means that no ministry takes the lead. men­ ting waste management policies and regulations issued by MONRE and the PPC, › The private sector has not found it attractive appraising EIAs for waste treatment projects, to invest in the provision of DSW services due and coordinating with the DOC in landfill site to uncertainties concerning the regulatory selection, for final PPC approval. framework, the inconsistent enforcement of regulations, low fee levels, lack of reliable The actual waste collection, separation, data, etc. Furthermore, ministries are not treatment, and disposal operations are carried able to effectively implement the national PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 35 “privatization” policies, as these are not clear, batteries, etc.) or waste collected by private very broad and entail complicated proce- entities from households are included. dures. Adoption of the internationally used definitions, such as the European Union (EU) definition is › MOCs and DOCs in many provinces have recommended. prepared urban solid waste master plans but very few have been implemented, which An overview of the current legislation is given may reflect local priorities for other sectors in Annex 1. The overarching law in Vietnam is rather than waste management and/or lack the Law on Environmental Protection which of financing. emphasizes the need for waste reduction, › National policies and strategies are available re-use and recycling in order to achieve for urban solid waste management but the reduction of landfilled quantities. No specific responsible ministries have either not issued recommendations are provided for achieving guidelines or where guidelines, have been the objectives. In addition, many decrees, issued, they are inconsistent. circulars and decisions have been adopted on specific subjects and technical regulations/ 2.1.3 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION standards related to aspects of solid waste A major obstacle in the legislation is the management. The National Strategy on definition of “Domestic Solid Waste”, as there Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a lack of definition of the fractions. It is not dated in 2009 and the recent revised National clear if street sweeping, parks/green areas, Strategy issued on ISWM dated 2018 to 2025 market waste or separated fractions (waste with a vision to 2050, indicates targets for waste electric and electronic equipment, packaging, separation and recycling as follows: TABLE 2-1 Targets for waste separation and recycling Targets (%) 2015 2020 2025 Municipal solid waste collection/recycling 85/60 90/85 100/90 Industrial waste collection/recycling 50/30 80/50 90/60 Septic tank sludge from urban area grade 2 30/10 50/30 100/50 Plastic shopping bags 40 * 65 * 85 * (* decrease compared to 2010) Separation at source of dry recyclables 50 80 100 Non-hazardous industrial solid waste collection/ 80/70 90/75 100/100 recycling Industrial solid wastes collection 60 70 100 Non-hazardous medical solid wastes collection/ 85/70 100/100 100/100 hazardous medical solid waste collection Source: Decision No 2149/2009/QD-TTg dated 17/12/2009 of the Prime Minister 36 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 2-2 Updated targets for waste separation and recycling Targets (%) 2025 Hazardous waste Hazardous waste from production, services, business, craft villages and health 100 facilities collection/treatment Hazardous waste from individuals and household’s collection/treatment 85 Electronic waste collection 100 Municipal waste Municipal waste urban special and 1st grades/other grades recycling, suitable for 100/85 household collection Municipal solid waste collection and treatment 90 Usage of environmental friendly of plastic shopping bag 100 Closed urban landfills rehabilitate/treatment/land reuse 90-95 Domestic solid waste treatment by landfill Less than 20 Rural waste Rural waste from concentrated residential areas collection/treatment 80 Closed landfill at rural areas rehabilitate/treatment/land reuse 95 Spontaneous buried site treatment 100 Ordinary industrial waste Ordinary industrial waste from production, services, business, craft villages: Collection/ 100 treatment Ash, slag or plaster generated from power plants and chemical and fertilizer factories: 80 recycled and reused Other waste Construction waste from urban areas collection/recycling 100/60 Septic tank sludge from urban area 100 Waste from husbandry activities collection/treatment 80 Agricultural by-products collection/ recycling 80 Agricultural chemical and pesticide containers 100 Medical waste from health facilities and hospitals collection/treatment 100 Source: Decision No 491 /2018/ QD-TTg dated 07/05/2018 of the Prime Minister The decrees are mostly issued at ministerial treatment centres in three economic regions levels and deal with regional landfills, waste (north, south, and central) and energy recovery to energy plants, composting technologies, from landfills by capturing landfill gas. recycling principles, SWM strengthening in rural areas, technical codes, etc. However, It can be concluded that the targets for 2015 no by-laws are being developed (such as for have not been achieved and other targets, Waste to Energy) for implementation of the including those in the revised strategy, are rather decrees. The recent decision on the revised ambitious and unrealistic in view of the current National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste situation. Action areas and infrastructure Management (Decision 491 dated 2018) has requirements to achieve the targets need to segregated the waste more concretely, set be defined, taking into consideration financing specific targets and adopted a new view to arrangements for investments and cost consider waste as a resource. The Decree’s recovery mechanisms for operations (based on Prime Ministerial priority include Waste to fees and budget subsidies, transfers and cross- Energy (WtE) plants (incinerators), waste subsidies from higher payments from certain PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 37 waste generators). An overall revision and Transfer points create environmental problems cleaning up of the legislation is recommended, in the cities as trucks and carts arrive at the to enable a clear policy on future development transfer points almost at the same time18. This i.e. centrally controlled responsibilities are system causes a number of problems such as: delegated to the local authorities (centralised (i) traffic jams when all large trucks traffic the versus de-centralised). same spots simultaneously; (ii) In addition to the sanitation staff who gather at these points 2.1.4 SOLID WASTE OPERATIONS to receive the waste and transport it further, Waste collection local people who make a living from the waste are also present. While waiting, people play Based on estimated reporting, waste collection cards and consume alcohol, causing problems coverage is reported at around 85% of the for the staff and people around; (iii) each truck population in urban areas and 40% in rural is attended by 5 to 10 waste pickers delaying areas, although actual figures could be lower. the transfer of waste, scattering the waste Prevailing methods of waste collection and around, and making the whole place and its transportation in urban areas are (i) wheeled surroundings dirty with a bad odour; (iv) the bin system, (ii) truck collection; and (iii) the noise and exhaust gasses from the trucks and container system. For the first method, the bad odour, have a negative impact on the workers push wheeled collection bins through people living nearby. residential areas to collect solid waste. Waste is brought to waste gathering sites (transfer The prevailing system in urban areas is the points) for loading into trucks and is then wheeled bin system due to the presence of transported to the landfill or treatment plant. many narrow streets with daily collection This system is labour intensive and it is causing of waste (shopping) bags. It is estimated environmental problems at the transfer points. that 83% of collected waste is disposed of at Regarding the second method, small capacity landfills. The waste collection in rural areas trucks pass through the streets where possible occurs with a frequency of 2-3 times per week. and collect the (shopping) plastic waste bags Waste collection in cities is dominated by discarded by inhabitants along the streets. public organizations (URENCOs), which are Collection in rural areas is by means of trucks also responsible for landfill operations and the and waste is put directly into the truck by management of treatment facilities. inhabitants. The small trucks go to transfer stations (if available) while large capacity trucks The main problems with the current collection travel directly to landfill or treatment facilities. system are: (i) the system is rather complex often For the third method, waste is firstly disposed involving numerous companies in addition to into plastic containers of different sizes at the URENCOs, causing difficulty in organisation selected locations in residential areas, before and integration of transport activities and being collected and transported by truck to the transport routing (e.g. Hanoi: 18 units including landfill or treatment plant. However, the use of 8 state-owned companies and 9 joint stock containers is very limited. No special license is companies and one cooperative; HCMC has 23 required for DSW collection, as is the case for state-owned companies, 5 cooperatives and 30 hazardous waste. private companies for waste collection); (ii) lack 18 Peak hour is from 16:00 – 17:00/ 4-5 pm. 38 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS of infrastructure such as transfer stations while separated quantity is roughly estimated at landfills are located at more than 40km distance 10-15% of the collected quantity. (no transfer stations in Hanoi and 2 large stations in HCMC) resulting in high transpor­ Solid waste disposal and treatment tation costs; (iii) lack of guidelines and Landfills. There are 660 landfills in Vietnam regulations to facilitate the transport system; receiving about 20,200 tons of waste daily. (iv) poor management; (v) low fees and lack of Out of these 660 waste disposal sites across capital for investments; (vi) dominating position the country, only 30% can be classified as of URENCO’s which benefit from substantial engineered landfills (sanitary landfilling financing by state funds; (vii) labour intensive requires daily coverage of waste, which is resulting in high costs. uncommon in Vietnam. The mega cities of Hanoi and HCMC have mega landfills covering The issues of low public awareness and areas of 85 ha and 130 ha respectively. Only poor access to the collection system, or 9% of the landfills have weighing scales and mismanagement of DSW at commune level only 36% have a bottom lining. Most landfills are leading to illegal discharge of waste to the have no compactor, gas collection, leachate canals, lakes and the paddy fields. Separation treatment or environmental monitoring and recycling are dominated by the financially system and are poorly managed, mostly due driven informal sector involving 100-700 to a lack of funding. The landfills are owned persons per city. Households are separating and operated by the URENCO. Third party and selling to the informal sector and further waste collection companies must pay a gate to wholesalers and/or recyclers. The total fee to URENCO. Generation (household, business entities, shopping, street) (100%) Separte collection (Waste Picker, Collection (URENCO, collecting Illegal discharge (9%) Junk Shop, Junk Buyer) (6%) company) (85%) Recycling Composting (4%) Incinerator (14%) (Recycle villages) (10%) Land ll (63%) Sanitary land ll Unsanitary land ll (20%) (43%) FIGURE 2-1 Typical Waste Flow Collection19 Source: WB staff and consultants, using DONRE data 19 In addition, there is 4% unaccounted in the formal collection PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 39 Disclaimer: The map shown is for illustration purpose. The boundaries, color, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. FIGURE 2-2 Location of some large landfills in Vietnam TABLE 2-3 Landfills in Vietnam Landfills (LF) Total Sanitary Non- DSW >20 1-20 <1 LF LF sanitary LF received (t/y) ha ha ha Western North 39 12 27 224,325 1 30 8 Eastern North 85 34 51 559,525 7 44 34 Economic zone Northern 118 33 85 1,810,029 4 27 87 Economic zone of Red Delta River 72 23 49 472,693 3 49 20 Economic zone of Central 91 50 41 694,310 7 69 15 Economic zone of Eastern South, 113 21 92 1,008,488 5 81 27 High land Economic zone of Southern 33 13 20 1,793,503 8 16 9 Mekong River 109 18 91 821,828 3 75 31 Total 660 204 456 7,384,701 38 391 231 The main concerns with respect to current the many scavengers; (v) no lining under the disposal practices are: (i) groundwater landfills; (vi) the landfills are attracting animals contamination having a direct impact on the (flies, cockroaches, rats) that cause illnesses; water wells of the communities who are living (vii) operational procedures are poor and around the landfills; (ii) contamination of covering of waste is not always carried out. All surface waters through the discharge of toxic kinds of papers and nylon bags are blown by liquid wastes without adequate wastewater the wind over the rice fields. treatment or as a result of poor operational practices; (iii) polluting air emissions from Treatment. Besides separation at source of landfill gas releases or from burning/ recyclable fractions, an array of treatment incineration; (iv) health risks especially for technologies is currently in use based on 40 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS imported and local technologies. No clear daily basis due to absence of containers. policy is prevailing. All treatment technologies are relatively small-scale in capacity. Vietnam has 69 small-scale waste incineration plants (less than 500kg/h), mostly located in About 63% of collected waste goes to landfills rural areas, which substantially contribute to and 22% (approx.14,000 t/d) goes to various air pollution. treatment facilities (recycling 10%, composting 4%, incineration 14%). There are about 105 Composting technology mainly consists of waste treatment units comprised of small foreign technologies. Processing capacity is capacity incinerators (42%), composting plants approx. 2,500 t/d waste. There are problems (24%), combined composting and incineration with quality and demand for the compost, plants (24%) and other technologies (10%). Total as farmers prefer animal manure and self- installed capacity is 17,600 t/d waste processing. composting of agriculture waste. Recycling of mostly packaging waste is WtE technology consists of biogas being dominated by the informal sector. The amount produced from animal manure but not from collected and separated by the informal sector organic household waste. Landfills are not is approx. 6% of the total generated waste. The equipped with gas collection systems and are collection is mainly carried out by the informal thus not utilizing the gas to produce energy. sector before the waste enters the collection A new plant for selected industrial waste with channel. In addition, the formal collection sector energy recovery was recently installed at Nam separates approx. 4%. Wholesalers are buying Son landfill with a capacity of 75 t/d. from the informal individual waste collectors, 2.1.5 FINANCIAL formal sector and directly from industries; they separate, bale and sell to processors. In addition Revenues to the quantities generated on the local market, The revenues for public waste collection substantial quantities are imported such as companies consist of income from fees, plastic (1.2 million t/y) and paper (1.3 million subsidies from the CPC and from various t/y). Recycling activities are mostly carried services such as collection and treatment of out in craft villages without the monitoring specific waste fractions. The fees for waste of operating practices. These activities lead to collection, disposal and treatment to be paid substantial pollution of air, water and land and by households and the commercial entities serious health hazards for the workers. At the are prepared by the People’s Committees same time the craft villages provide substantial at the level of Districts, cities and towns. Fee employment. Waste electric and electronic proposals are submitted by the waste collection equipment (WEEE) waste is estimated at companies to the People’s Committees of the approx. 1-1.3 kg/cap/year or about 90,700 t/y. centrally controlled Municipalities (Hanoi, Ho Electric appliances are also mostly dismantled Chi Minh City, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Can Tho) in craft villages where they create hazardous and to the Provincial People’s Committees waste problems. (58) for final approval. Consequently, the fees are different in the various municipalities and Plastic bags are a specific problem as the in the cities and towns at the District level. All average usage is 35 bags/household/week. The fees are based on operational costs only and plastic bags are freely delivered by shops to exclude any amortization on investments. the users. However, these bags are also used The People’s Committees at Municipal and to deliver the waste to the collection trucks on PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 41 Provincial level pay for the amortization costs day and 4 persons/household. The maximum and for any shortfall in the operational costs. annual income from fees in 4 districts (1.3 million people) served by URENCO should therefore The city of Hanoi is used as an example to be 26,500x12=VND318,000/household/year x further illustrate cost evaluation and financing 1,300,000/4 households =VND 103,350 million/ practices. It is assumed that in other cities, year. However, the actual income of URENCO similar conditions may prevail. Fees excluding from fees in the 4 districts is reported at VND Value Added Tax (VAT) in Hanoi City are given 65,817 million/year or 64%. in the table 2-4 below. The fees are a small part of the total income of The average salary in Vietnam is about VND URENCO Hanoi. Besides the fees for DSW services 4,845,000/month. International norms indicate and subsidies by CPC’s, income is generated an affordable fee of 1-1.5% of the average from other activities such as collec­ tion of spendable income of the households. In cases industrial waste, medical waste, construction and where only one person generates income in the demolition waste, recycling, etc. A breakdown household, the affordable fee would be approx. of the income of URENCO Hanoi is given in the VND 48,450-72,675 per month/household. It tables below. It can be concluded that Domestic can be concluded that the average fee/month Solid Waste services constitute 59.4% of total for households is less than 0.5%. income divided into fees (6.6%), CPC contribution (45.2%) and contracts (7.6%). The average fee/household in Hanoi is VND 26,500/household/month or 26,500x 12/1.46 tons The main shortcomings in the field of revenues = VND 218,630/ton (US$ 9.67/ton) comprised of can be summarized as follows: VND 172,600/ton (US$ 7.6/ton) for collection › Fees paid by households are very low i.e. and VND 46,030/ton (US$ 2/ton) for transport, less than 0.5% of spendable income while assuming a waste generation rate of 1kg/cap/ international practice is 1-1.5%. TABLE 2-4 Fees in Hanoi City Client Payment Unit 1 Households with a business 1.1 Household (HH) with restaurant, hotel, food shop, drinking stuff, construction material, vegetable, fresh stuff, HHs in craft a SW amount ≤ 1m3/month - Location in ward VND/HHs/month 130,000 - Location in village, commune VND/HHs/month 90,000 b SW amount ≥ 1m3/month VND/m3 208,000 VND/ton 500,000 1.2 Institution VND/HHs/month 50,000 VND/HHs/day 3,000 2 School, kindergarten, institutions administration offices 2.1 SW ≤ 1m3/month VND/HHs/month 130,000 2.2 SW ≥ 1m3/month VND/m3 208,000 VND/ton 500,000 3 Other VND/m3 208,000 VND/ton 500,000 4 Households - Normal HH: 5500-8000VND/pers. /month= 22,000-32,000d/HH/month VND/HHs/month 22,000-32,000 - Poor HH: reduction 50% VND/HHs/month 11,000- 16,000 42 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS › Waste management services are heavily transport costs. subsidized by the State. Although this might be a political decision, it will hamper Collection efficiency is doubtful and results in privatization of the sector. high costs. These costs include a high number › Fee collection coverage is rather low (64%). of employees, which may be a political decision › The accounting system with cost allocation to reduce un-employment is not transparent. Landfill. No gate fee is applied for the landfill in Costs Hanoi as the City People’s Committee is paying Total. The total annual costs were reported these costs. It is reported by URENCO that the at VND 1,254,163,874,849 (US$ 55,594,000) landfill receives 4,000t/d of which approx. 1,200 t/d divided into costs for waste management VND are transported by URENCO from the 4 districts 1,065,890,660,448 (US$ 47,163,000), costs for PR/ in Hanoi with a population of 1.3 million persons. advertising VND 284,970,858 (US$ 12,610) and Approx. 2,800 t/d are transported in part by costs for management VND 187, 988,243,543 URENCO with the remainder being transported (US$ 8,318,000). The annual revenues are by 27 companies operating in greater Hanoi. practically very similar to the annual costs These companies are not paying a gate fee. because the CPC is subsidizing the shortfall. The City Peoples Committee (CPC) paid a total amount of approx. VND 140 trillion (approx. US$ Collection and Transport. Average collection 6.2 million) in 2015 to cover these costs. The gate and transport costs are VND 545,000 (approx. fee is based on an operational cost estimate of US$ 24)/ton including transport costs of VND US$ 3/ton plus US$ 4/m³ leachate treatment or a 246,000 (US$ 11)/ton. An estimate of collection total of approx. US$ 6.5/ton (3,500m³/day leachate and transport costs is given in the table below. generation). On an annual basis this would result The estimated OPEX (US$ 22.66/t) costs are in a total operational cost of 365x4,000x6.5=US$ lower than the costs reported by URENCO 9,490,000. The landfilling costs are estimated (US$ 35/t). This could indicate in-efficiency in with operational costs totalling US$ 3.48/ton the current collection and transport system, including leachate treatment. The actual costs especially given the high number of employees. are reported by URENCO at US$3.9/ton (VND The lack of transfer stations will lead to high 87,596/ton). TABLE 2-5 Income breakdown URENCO Hanoi (x 1,000)20 Total: VND 1,307,462,369 (US$ 58,108) DSW Industrial Waste Medical waste C&D Waste Leachate Recycling Others/misc. 777,439,913 230,211,061 31,201,871 2,938,917 76,188,645 28,199,000 161,282,914 (US$34,552) (US $10,186) (US $1,381) (US $130) (US $3,371) (US $1,248) (US $7,136) TABLE 2-6 Breakdown Domestic Solid Waste (DSW) income (x1,000) DSW total Fees CPC Contracts 777,439,913 86,665,000 591,577,646 99,197,192 (US$ 3,852) (US$ 26,292) (US$ 4,408) 20 Based on exchange of US$1=VND22,600, 2015 income breakdown PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 43 TABLE 2-7 Estimated collection and transport costs (US$/ton) Activity OPEX CAPEX Total Estimated costs Collection & transport: - Trucks 19 3.14 22.14 - Push carts 3.66 0.06 3.71 Sub total 22.66 3.2 25.85 Landfill 3.48 9.95 13.43 Total 26.14 14.15 49.28 Cost/household/month: - US$ (excl. VAT) 3.18 1.72 4.9 - VND 72,000 38.900 110,900 URENCO costs - Collection 24 - Transport 11 - Landfill 4 Total 39 Actual fee household/month - VND (excl. VAT) 21,000-32,000 21,000-32,000 - US$ 0.9-1.4 0.9-1.4 Fee in US$/ton (excl. VAT)¹ 7-11 7-11 1 WB staff and consultants estimate, based on 1.07kg/cap/day and 4 persons/hh 2.2 TECHNOLOGIES AND OPTIONS cost-recovery; (iii) legislative and regulatory FOR SOLID WASTE SECTOR framework; (iv) institutional arrangements; IMPROVEMENT (v) public awareness and participation; (vi) capacity building of waste institutions and The overall assessment of the current situation government parties. of Domestic Solid Waste Management as described in the previous chapter shows a weak International experience demonstrates that structure of solid waste collection, transport these different aspects of SWM and building and disposal/treatment operated by poorly blocks as mentioned above need to be applied equipped public institutions with chronic lack of when modernizing and professionalising funding and insufficient reliable information on integrated solid waste management and that waste quantities, composition, generation rates, such steps are required prior to implementing and waste density in both urban and rural areas. infrastructure investments. The more detailed requirements include: (i) development of a Moving from the current system towards a National/Regional Solid Waste Management modern integrated and sustainable solid waste Strategy including the key policy decisions management system at affordable costs to the required; (ii) development of the regulatory government and the population will require and institutional framework; (iii) detailed solid reforms and changes both at national, regional waste management planning and feasibility and local level and across the different aspects studies at regional and local level, including of SWM, including: (i) operational practices establishment of (regional) waste management and technical solutions, (ii) financing and corporations and cost-recovery arrangements 44 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS such as agreements on fee increase; and organic waste to animal protein, production (iv) detailed design of collection and of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), mechanical transportation systems, including transfer biological treatment (all residues to landfill) stations, and waste management disposal › Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced treatment (upgrading) or treatment, including Environ­ technologies men­ tal Impact Assessment and public Such as Waste-to-Energy and co-incine­ hearings, government approvals, and financial ration of waste and alternative fuels in arrangements. cement plants. For each of the scenarios/options the investment A clear and realistic vision on future waste needs and operational costs are defined. management should be developed considering The expected results in waste reduction, cost financial sustainability, affordability and recovery requirements for public financing and socio-economic conditions. Improvement of waste fees, taking into account the affordability the current situation will require reforms at criteria for waste fees, are presented. legal and institutional levels and will require additional improvements in investment and It is important to note that substantial impro­ operational financing; system operations; and vements in waste collection and disposal public education and participation; in both rural practices can be made with limited investment and urban areas. With such a broad spectrum of and operational costs increases. Good reform needs, priorities must be defined. examples are data collection and improvement of operational planning, disposal of waste This chapter will analyse four key options/ in one location instead of multiple sites or scenarios for improvements in the three illegal dumping, regular cleaning and simple agreed study areas Hanoi, Phu Tho and Hai good-housekeeping practices such was waste Phong and then extrapolate the findings to the covering and compaction at the waste dump national level and assess the key constraints that can be done using existing equipment and and recommendations on actions to be taken limited staff. The section below will start with locally, regionally and nationwide. The options/ forecast of waste generation and composition scenarios are the following: for such waste planning. › Option/Scenario 1 – Basic solid waste management system 2.2.1 WASTE GENERATION, COMPO­ Environmentally compliant and optimized: SITION AND FORECAST near 100% collection coverage in urban Planning for future waste management areas; optimize transfer and transport and improvements and related investments sanitary and fully compliant landfills. should be based on the availability of reliable › Option/Scenario 2 – Waste reduction, reuse information on waste quantities, composition, and recycling at source generation rates, and waste density in The waste reduction, reuse and recycling both urban and rural areas. Currently, this would be at the source, namely the house­ information is lacking for many reasons such as hold/community level in addition to the a lack of inventory of waste generators, waste waste recycling that is currently already generators’ weak understanding of reporting undertaken by the informal sector. methodology, no weighing of waste at most › Option/Scenario 3 – Lower cost waste landfills, no control and analysis of information treatment received at the provincial level, etc. Low grade composting or conversion of PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 45 The Vietnamese population is expected to socio-economic situation in an area and increase by 18 % during the period 2015-2030. the waste generation per capita. The Gross Annual DSW growth rates are estimated to be Domestic Product (GDP) is the most important 16% for urban areas due to urbanisation. Rural indicator for the forecast of waste generation. areas will see an annual reduction of 3.3%. This Based on information from the first phase of the results in an overall average of 6.6 %/y. In 2015 study and the detailed information collected the waste generation is estimated at 1.19 kg/ from the three study areas, the estimates for cap/day for urban areas and 0.67 kg/cap/ day for waste generation and collection rates in the rural areas with an average of 0.8 kg/cap/day. selected years for the planning period until Urban generation rates are forecast to increase 2030 are presented in the table below. This data in 2025 to 1.6 kg/cap/day. There are no signs that has been used for the detailed estimates on the growth rate will decrease soon. options and costs for improvements of different solid waste options in the study areas and are It can be concluded that the overall collection the basis for analysing different solid waste rate is generally rather high, considering the forecasts and sector development options, infrastructure of the urban areas and the based on two years of data. For the purposes of prevailing awareness of the population. The analysis different sector development options, national waste collection coverage is reported this is sufficient; however, for the purpose of to average 85% and 40% in urban and rural investment decisions, more detailed feasibility areas respectively. Waste generation rates are study analysis and data gathering is needed. strongly related to economic activities and In general, there is insufficient reliable solid income of the population and this can vary waste data and statistics available which is a throughout Vietnam. bottleneck for proper solid waste management and investment decisions. Global experience indicates the link between TABLE 2-8 Waste generation and collection rates Area DSW generation (kg/pers./day)21 DSW collection rate (%) Year 2018 Year 2030 Year 201822 Year 203023 URBAN Hanoi 1.31 1.72 92% 100% Phu Tho 1.31 1.72 97% 100% Hai Phong 1.31 1.72 97% 100% RURAL Hanoi 0.86 1.13 51% 51% Phu Tho 0.86 1.13 50% 50% Hai Phong 0.86 1.13 81% 81% *: The reason for the high collection rate in rural areas of Hai Phong is the previously reported high collection rate. In all cases existing collection rates in rural areas are assumed to be maintained unchanged. As indicated, the figures are rough estimates for the purposes of comparing different solid waste sector development options, for the purposes of investment decisions, more specific feasibility analysis and detailed data collection will be required. 21 Generation rates are based on figures for year 2015, extrapolated to year 2018 and 2030 respectively 22 According to information collected for Phu Tho and Hai Phong, the current collection rate is already very high in urban areas. In rural areas, the current collection rate is assumed to be around 50-51% apart from Hai Phong, where it is reported to be around 81%. 23 Collection rates in urban areas are assumed to reach 100% by year 2030. In rural areas, the current collection rates are assumed to be unchanged during the entire period until 2030. 46 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The composition of DSW varies quite a lot from There is little interest in separating the organic one location to another and it also has seasonal waste, as there is no demand for compost variation. In the smallest or more rural cities, and thus no financial incentive. Composting the content of organic waste is higher than of mixed DSW at central composting plants in the large cities. Information on generation has been practised at many places in Vietnam and composition is also generally lacking for within the last 20 years. However, in general many reasons mentioned above. The current the compost quality has been poor with a estimates for waste composition for the three large content of contaminants, such as pieces projects areas under study listed in the table of plastic, metal, glass etc. This has made it below are indicative of the waste composition, difficult to gain acceptance of the compost however there is no doubt that waste has a among farmers and thus made it difficult to sell high organic content. the compost. As a consequence, in a number of cases, the central composting plants have Waste composition shows a high content of been closed and the waste has simply been organics (50-80%), a relatively low content of transported for disposal at landfills. Within dry recyclables (10-25%) and a high content the three actual study areas, this includes the of inert waste (probably coming from street Cau Dien composting plant in Hanoi and the sweepings) of 15-38%. The energy content Trang Cat composting plant in Hai Phong. is low i.e. 900-1,200 kcal/kg or 3.6-4.8 MJ/kg Furthermore, it is reported that the Viet Tri (waste incineration or Refuse Derived Fuel composting plant in Phu Tho will be closed production from waste needs at least 7 MJ/ during 2018. Currently, composting of source kg). The low content of recyclables is a result of separated (market) waste is carried out as a the informal sector/private entities collecting pilot project at the Trang Cat composting plant the most valuable materials before the waste in Hai Phong. A critical point is that currently, enters the waste container. No data is available, compost from waste is not allowed to be used but informal collection of recyclables from in agriculture. households before waste enters the formal waste collection system is estimated at 10%. A special feature of waste management in Vietnam is the waste produced in the so- TABLE 2-9 Estimated Composition of Domestic Solid Waste (in % by weight) Waste component Various locations in Vietnam Hanoi Hai Phong Phu Tho Organics 50.2 – 68.9 51.9 46.0 – 49.8 70 – 75 Plastic and nylon 3.4 – 10.6 3.0 12.2 – 14.2 6 – 18 Paper and carton 3.3 – 6.6 2.7 3.8 – 4.2 No data Metal 1.4 – 4.9 0.9 0.1 - 0.2 No data Glass 0.5 – 2.0 0.5 0.8 – 0.9 No data Inert 14.9 – 28.2 38.0 24 23.9 – 24.7 25 – 30 Rubber and leather 0.0 – 5.0 1.3 0.6 No data Tissues 1.5 – 2.5 No data No data No data Hazardous waste 0.0 – 1.0 No data No data 1–2 Other fractions No data Textile: 1.6 8.6 – 10.5 No data Source: WB and consultants’ estimates, based on data collected in study areas and data received 24 Including all particles less than 10 mm. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 47 called craft villages (approx. 5,100) by individual Transfer stations. The purpose of using waste households who are active in recycling. In 2015, transfer stations is to increase efficiency and it is reported that these individual households thereby reduce the cost for transportation of produced 7 million tons waste (approx. 27% of collected waste to a landfill or treatment facility the national DSW generation) but it is unknown by transportation in vehicles with large capacity if this waste is categorized as DSW. and reduced transportation cost (cost/ton/km) compared to smaller vehicles used for waste 2.2.2 KEY DIFFERENT WASTE collection in the districts – and at the same MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL/ time to reduce the impact from transportation TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES on the environment. The waste flow in a system Waste collection. The prevailing existing waste with waste transfer stations is as follows: collection system in urban areas is a two- › Collected waste is transported to the stage system, with primary collection from transfer station by means of the collection households and streets by means of wheeled vehicle (currently, relatively small capacity bins (so-called push carts). The push-carts compaction trucks); are used for both domestic solid waste and › Unloading of the waste into large (e.g. for street-sweeping waste. The push-carts are 30 m3) containers at the transfer station; and either emptied directly into waste collection › Transportation of the large containers for trucks at collection points – i.e. secondary emptying at the landfill or treatment facility collection – or where there are insufficient e.g. by a large capacity transportation numbers of push-carts, they are emptied on vehicle with trailer that can carry two large the ground at temporary transfer points, where containers at a time. the waste lies until it is collected by a truck. Stationary (4-wheeled) containers with volumes Transfer stations can be established and of approximately 1 m³ are used in front of large operated only for transfer of waste to the (e.g. high rise) residential buildings, offices, landfill or treatment facility, but they may also shops etc. These containers are also emptied be integrated in treatment facilities such as by the collection trucks. Usually, collection e.g. Mechanical Biological Treatment-plants in trucks are small or medium sized compaction case such facilities are included in the system. trucks (e.g. 5 – 15 m³). Most often, collection All collection vehicles have an operational trucks are used to transport the waste from the radius within which they are cost effective and collection point to the landfill/treatment facility the transfer station can be used to assist in without further transfer to larger trucks for the maintaining the overall efficiency of the waste transportation to the landfill. collection system. In addition, waste collected in one vehicle might also be transferred The increase in high-rise buildings coupled with to another more effective vehicle with the the modernization of solid waste management objective of reducing overall operational costs. in the large cities, will result in the container Transfer operations offer potential savings, but system with containers in the size of 1 m3 will also involve additional waste handling. become more applicable. 48 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS FIGURE 2-3 Outdoor Transfer Station with compaction of waste FIGURE 2-4 Transfer Truck and Container PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 49 When considering the high annual precipitation of landfill gas collection is to be achieved by in Vietnam, only transfer stations with a roof placing a temporary cover at a specific disposal should be established. cell and later placing the final cover. In the initial phase of landfill operation, flaring is the only Landfilling. Landfilling is by far the prevailing possible option for handling and treatment of waste treatment or disposal solution in Vietnam. the landfill gas that may be collected before the About 60 - 70% of the waste that is collected disposal cell has been closed and provided with is dumped at generally poorly designed and a proper cover. operated landfills. Landfills occupy valuable land and in their current state, they represent a real Composting. For at least the last 20 years, hazard to people and the environment. However, composting has been the prevailing treatment landfills will remain a key waste disposal method technology in Vietnam. Different types of for at least the next decade, due to the fact composting/sorting facilities have been that landfilling is the cheapest disposal option established with support from international and because planning and implementation of donors. The main purpose of the composting more suitable treatment technologies is going has been, and still is, to recover the large organic to take time, specifically for the cost recovery part of the DSW and turn it into compost that and financial sustainability of more advanced can be used in agriculture as a fertiliser and for and expensive technologies. Even after soil structure improvement. However, the early implementation of other waste technologies generation compost facilities operated within that reduce waste quantities, there will remain the last 20 years are based on composting of a substantial need for continued operation mixed waste, which has resulted in a poor-quality of existing landfills and for construction and compost product, with a high content of fine operation of new landfills. As landfills cannot be particle glass, plastic and other contaminants, fully avoided, the planning, design, construction making it difficult to find a stable market for sale and operation of future landfills must be carried of compost. Many farmers do not want to buy out properly and environmental conditions or even to receive the compost for free, due to and operations at existing landfills must be their fear of contaminating their fields, which to improved through covering of waste, treatment a large extent is correct. of leachate and collection and of use of landfill gas and improved compacting of the waste to increase the landfill capacity. The larger the size of the landfill, the more cost-effective they are. The anaerobic decomposition of waste in landfills produces methane, a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Burning of waste in dumps also produces carbon dioxide as a by-product and causes substantial air pollution and health impacts from the air pollution. Landfill gas emission from landfill activities cannot be avoided. Shortly after waste has been disposed the anaerobic digestion processes begins and will result in methane FIGURE 2-5 Low quality compost made of mixed waste – with high content of various emission through the waste at the tipping front contaminants or through other pathways. Efficient collection 50 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Currently there are attempts to prepare a waste may also be used for compost production high-quality compost product based on source in the future if source separation can be intro- separated waste from markets and other single duced, which will be a challenge to implement waste producers. This seems to be a promising based on international experience. Starting with way forward, although there is only limited ex- the collection of large organic fractions from perience with this to date. Organic household markets, restaurants and hotels is easier. FIGURE 2-6 Source separated waste for compost production in Hai Phong FIGURE 2-7 High quality compost made of source separated Domestic Solid Waste in Hai Phong PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 51 Direct production of animal protein/insect is used for production of RDF that is either farming. Innovative technologies are coming used as fuel in waste-to-energy plants or co- to the market that use food waste for insect incinerated together with traditional fuels in farming technologies for animal protein and also cement plants. Recyclable fractions may be human consumption (grasshoppers, crickets, further processed by the recycling industry. mealworms). Example is www.protix.eu which › Residual waste that must be landfilled was named a Technology Pioneer in 2015 by the World Economic Forum and uses controllable, The mechanical plant usually installed in stable and scalable insect farming technologies. advance of the composting may include: (i) bag A success requirement for rearing and proces- splitters; (ii) shredders; (iii) grinders; (iv) magnetic sing of insects is clean streams of non-conta- separators; (v) eddy-current separators; (vi) air minated food waste, which also requires good classifiers; (vii) screens; (viii) optical separators; (ix) legislation for food no longer intended for ballistic separators; and (x) conveyors. Some of human consumption25 to ensure safe produc- these steps can be replaced by manual sorting, tion of insects and derived products. provided that proper working conditions in terms of health and safety issues can be ensured. Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT). Anything from a composting plant with a The organic fractions can be treated by different simple sieve to a more sophisticated and heavily technologies. In the Vietnamese context, mechanised anaerobic treatment system for treatment of the organic waste by aerobic solid waste is called a MBT facility. MBT systems composting in windrows and/or aerated static can contain any number of configurations. piles is recommended. This type of treatment Common MBT features include: has been practised at various plants in Vietnam for more than 20 years. Since the compost › Reception of mixed domestic waste or product has in general been of poor quality, similar waste at a reception facility measures must be taken to improve the quality › Initial size reduction and sorting into a fine – e.g. by starting collection of large organic and a coarse fraction (sometimes more than fractions from markets, restaurants, hotels, two fractions) introducing source separation of organic waste › The fine fraction that generally contains and improving the composting and screening more organic matter undergoes an aerobic technology applied. or anaerobic (or combination thereof) treatment. This is often combined with (Plastics) Reduction, reuse and recycling further separation (magnets, reverse slope separation, etc.). The main output from these Internationally, critical steps are being taken processes is compost that can be used in to move towards a circular economy and agriculture, provided that the quality meets substantially reduce the amount of waste the standards. If the quality is too poor for and increase the number of products agriculture, the compost can be used as part re-used or recycled. Measures include Extended of daily and final cover materials on landfills. Producer Responsibility (EPR) where producers › The coarse fraction that generally contains are responsible to collect or take back used more plastic, wood, paper etc. (sieves, goods for sorting and treating their recycling. magnets, reverse slope separation, etc.). These EPRs are typically implemented for: Following further separation, this fraction (i) batteries, (ii) waste electrical and electronical 25 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018XC0416(01)&from=EN 52 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS equipment; (iii) packaging and packaging to work, high gate fees for landfilling of these materials; (iv) end-of-life vehicles; (v) tyres; type of wastes or bans on landfilling of certain (vi) paper; (vii) oils; (viii) medical waste, old/unused wastes are needed to generate the financial medicines; (ix) agricultural film; (x) certain incentives for recycling and reuse options and types of household hazardous waste, including the payment of reverse logistic schemes that (mercury containing) lightbulbs; and (xi) ink are required for successful collection of plastic cartridges. Initial evaluations of EPR systems in fraction and products to be collected through EU countries indicate that EPR systems have the EPR systems. Sufficiently high gate fees improved waste management and recycling, or bans for landfill disposal of waste are not there is no clear evidence (to date) of a strong currently in place in Vietnam. In addition, as positive impact of EPR on better design of the informal sector is already substantially products to reduce waste. Also, large differences involved in plastic and paper/carton recycling, exist in performance on EPR between countries. under inappropriate environmental and health conditions, this will require involvement and Plastics and plastic waste is a particular large special collaboration with the informal sector. problem, where the large range of different (type) of plastics, colours and contamination Incineration is an option used by several hamper reuse and recycling. There are new and countries to reduce the amount of solid waste innovative plastic technologies coming to the requiring disposal to landfill, and to recover market that large packaging manufactures are energy in the form of heat and/or electricity. starting to employ such as new technologies Countries where incineration is widely used to convert PET plastic back into virgin grade include Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, material for food packaging26, but generally due Denmark and Japan; which are countries to the low costs of virgin plastics, the demand where available land for landfilling is limited. for recycling plastics is insufficient. Lack of The general MSW/DSW characteristics of most mandatory monitoring, adequate reporting and of these countries include a relatively high enforcement have been enormous obstacles. calorific value (typically more than 9,000 KJ/kg), The EU has approved a plastic waste strategy arising from a high paper, plastics and other in January 2018 with the aim for the European combustibles content, a relatively low moisture Industry to develop leadership in new technolo- content (less than 35%) and a low proportion of gy and materials and transform the way plastics inert materials (such as rubble and dirt) and other are designed, produced, used and recycled and non-combustible materials. In the Vietnamese develop sustainable materials. The strategy will context, DSW must be pre-treated (separated) aim to achieve the following: (i) make recycling before it makes sense to use it as a fuel in waste- profitable for business; (ii) curb plastic waste; to-energy plants or in cement kilns. A large part (iii) stop littering at sea; (iv) drive investment and of the organic waste must be removed, which innovation; and (v) spur change elsewhere. A will reduce the moisture content and increase first foreseen step is a ban on single use plastics the caloric value. Therefore, in principle, when in 201827. An action plan has been developed to introducing incineration technologies, these implement this Strategy28. are recommended to be combined with MBT/ composting technologies to deal with the However, in order for such a reduction to organic fraction. occur and for recycling and reuse strategies 26 http://www.ioniqa.com/unilever-to-pioneer-breakthrough-food-packaging-technology-together-with-ioniqa-and-indorama-ventures/ 27 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-5_en.htm 28 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2df5d1d2-fac7-11e7-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_2&format=PDF PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 53 FIGURE 2-8 Municipal solid waste incineration plant in Norway There are two main types of technology Even though a certain cost reduction can be available for incineration of DSW: obtained by selling electricity and in some cases also the excess heat generated by incineration › Mass burn incineration, which is a relatively plants, incineration remains much more simple and robust option. Waste is expensive than other treatment technologies typically fed onto a slowly moving grate and should in general not be considered a within the combustion chamber, with the stand-alone-solution, especially not for low exhausting flue gases passing through a and middle-income countries, if the electricity turbine (for power generation), air pollution feed-in fee is too low. In order to avoid air pollution abatement units (to remove dust and trace by the incinerators, substantial and costly air contaminants), and finally through the stack pollution abatement units are required. to the atmosphere. › Fluidized bed incineration, which consists In the Vietnamese context, incineration can be of injection of pre-processed DSW into a considered a part of the future waste treatment cylindrical refractory lined shell, filled with solution, in combination with other less an inert bed of either silica sand, limestone, expensive technologies, such as composting alumina or ceramic materials which have of the organic fraction. This combination been 'fluidized' by a stream of high pressure could result in substantial reductions in the air. This technology is more sophisticated remaining waste amounts that eventually need and requires pre-processing of the waste to to be landfilled but does require significant achieve a uniform particle-size distribution funding to obtain technologies that do not before it can be fed into the fluidised bed pollute the air. Waste reduction is an important furnace. Also, substantial air pollution consideration for a country, where only very abatement units are required to ensure that limited areas are left for new landfills. As with there are no negative air emissions to the reduction, reuse and recycling options, gate environment. 54 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS fees for landfill disposal need to be sufficiently › Operational cost at the cement plant high for other more expensive treatment › Marketing & sales cost systems to become viable. Most of the experienced cement plants have Cement kiln co-incineration can be much a model which is a mix of the 3 approaches. cheaper than dedicated new incineration In some countries the cement plants have plants as the cement plants already exist built partnerships with waste management throughout Vietnam (see below). companies to get more control over the waste value chain and better control of the Co-incineration in cement plants. There are specifications of the RDF for the cement kiln. cement factories in various provinces in Vietnam and they may very well form an important Typical chemical property specifications for part of the future waste management system. RDF for cement kilns are as follows: (i) calorific Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) produced at MBTs value (lower) (NCV) > 18.000 kJ/kg; (ii) humidity: could be an appropriate solution for utilisation < 15%; (iii) ash content < 12 %; (iv) sulphur as a substitute fuel in cement kilns. The < 0,5 %; (v) chlorine < 1,00 %, depending on technical issues associated with utilising RDF cement process conditions this could lowered in cement kilns are fewer compared to other to 0,5 %; (vi) size < 30 mm, depending on co-incineration options such as use in power feeding system and design of the calciner- plants. Another advantage of use of RDF in inlet this could be smaller or bigger. Typically, cement kilns is the absence of an ash residue the cement plants would increase the fee for as these form part of the cement product. RDF with a net calorific value of < 18.000 KJ/kg The cement plants have typically a number of and/or a humidity or chlorine content >  0,3 %. strategies: The cement plant would also analyse the RDF to ensure that critical elements stay below 1. Analyse the Net Calorific Value of the RDF threshold values, as per the table below. and pay a percentage of the price of coal based on the Net Calorific Value (Gj/ton) of In countries with high GDP, the cost of coal cost landfilling waste is so high that waste to energy/ incineration plants become commercially 2. Analyse the waste market and charge a viable. In those countries both cement kilns price which is driven by the alternatives and waste to energy plants are applied for in the market, i.e. gate fees of landfills advanced treatment of waste. However, in or Waste-To-Energy-plants in the same countries where GDP doesn't allow drastically geographical area increased waste management fees, cement kilns offer a viable alternative. 3. Cost plus fee; the cement plant would calculate all their cost related to feeding RDF, this would be: TABLE 2-10 Elements to be analysed for RDF at › Permit and environmental (emission cement co-processing monitoring, sampling and analyses of Elements Values oncoming waste/RDF) cost Hg (ppm) 10 › Investment in storing/feeding facilities at Hg + Tl + Cd (ppm) 100 the cement plant As + Ni + Co + Se + Cr + Pb 5000 › Quality control when RDF is arriving at + Sb + Sn + V + Zn + Cu + Mn + Ba + Be (ppm) the plant PCB Traces or < 50 ppm PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 55 Separate financing from the NDC Partnership Project has been obtained to further develop the co- incineration options in Vietnam through identifying specific technical solutions and priority investments in at cement plants. The goal of these investments is to increase the use of Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) and reduce greenhouse gas emissions through replacement of primary fuels. Average substitution rates for Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) is on average 39% in Europe with the highest percentage in the Netherlands is 83%. The additional study will focus on the specific waste streams that exist in Vietnam which may make a significant positive contribution to an increase in Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) supply to cement plants. Key waste streams that are suitable for AFR are: (i) municipal waste, specifically plastic fraction (Refuse Derived Fuel); (ii) sewage sludge; (iii) agricultural waste; (iv) scrap tires, (v) POP containing pesticides; and (vi) PCBs. The study will analyse the caloric value of the waste streams, potential volumes available, emission reductions that can be achieved for usage of different streams of AFR and make price comparisons with the current costs for primary fuels (costs/ton and costs/Gcal). The study will also describe the key bottlenecks and success factors needed for full market development of AFR and the potential for private sector involvement. The study will be presented in late 2018. FIGURE 2-9 Further WB analysis on potential and requirements for increased AFR use Typically, there is a large range in terms of urban areas. Rapid urbanization and economic payment, from the low end where the supplier growth will result in further substantial growth of the RDF receives US$ 30/ton from the of waste generation. Growth figures between cement plants to RDF suppliers having to pay 1%-5% are forecasted for the major urban areas. US$ 30/ton to the cement plants, depending Vietnam will need to substantially increase on market conditions, the quality of the RDF it strategy for and financing of gradual and and the price of the alternative primary fuel. more discrete improvements of its solid waste collection, transport and disposal/treatment The presence of the cement industry in in order to improve solid waste management Vietnam means that waste incinerators service to internationally acceptable minimum may not be necessary if a competitive cost- standards without environmental impacts and effective market for co-incineration can be move towards more advanced and capital- developed. The major advantage of cement intensive waste treatment systems, in a kilns is that they already exist in Vietnam, financially sustainable manner. are quite tolerant to waste composition and offer environmentally safe and economical The Government has to make informed policy solutions. However, it must be ensured that decisions on the improvement strategy for cement plants are equipped with proper the sector which will involve not only the flue gas cleaning systems before RDF is co- technologies to be integrated into the solid waste incinerated. Some cement plants in Vietnam management system, but also the regulatory, already have sufficient capacity to use RDF institutional and financial implications that that could be produced at the proposed MBTs. need to be addressed to achieve environmental and financial sustainability. Policy decisions will 2.2.3 FOUR DISTINCT SOLID WASTE also need to consider the affordability of waste MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT fees and the public’s willingness to pay, which OPTIONS/SCENARIOS in turn depends on the public’s satisfaction Waste generation is expected to more than with service levels. double in the next 15 years, even more in the 56 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS This report analyses four distinct solid waste Apart from sorting of recyclables during the management improvement options/scenarios collection and transportation process, the with the aim of analysing: the investment and system does not include any further treatment operational costs needs for each of the options; and/or reduction measures. Thus, this option the expected results in waste reduction; and does not assume any changes to the current the requirements for cost recovery for each informal recycling system and the current 10% option, in terms of increases in waste fees and recycling rate is assumed to be maintained remaining financing gaps. As indicated, the unchanged. four scenarios are: Within the planning period to 2030, in this Option 1: Basic optimized solid waste study, all people living in urban areas will have manage­ment system access to the waste collection system (100%). A number of transfer stations shall be established The system includes improvement of collection in order to improve the efficiency of the and transportation, incl. use of transfer stations transportation system. All collected waste will prior to transportation to proper sanitary and be taken for disposal at proper landfills. fully environmentally compliant landfills. Recyclable materials to industry Transfer Primary Collection Secondary Collection Land ll Point FIGURE 2-10 Elements included in Option 1 Option 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling additional sorting of recyclables at households, at source growing from 1% in 2018 to 13% in 2030. Apart from sorting of recyclables at households In this option, the current recycling rate (during and during the collection and transportation collection by the informal sector) is foreseen to process, the system does not include any increase gradually from the current 10% to 24% further treatment and/or reduction measures. in 2020. In addition, option 2 includes some Recyclable materials Recyclable materials from source separation to industry from primary to industry and secondary collection Transfer Primary Collection Secondary Collection Land ll Point FIGURE 2-11 Elements included in Option 2 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 57 Within the assumed planning period to 2030, in front of high rise buildings) are emptied by all people living in urban areas will have access compaction trucks that transport the waste to the waste collection system. A number to a number of MBT-plants located at various of transfer stations shall be established places within the service area, thus limiting the in order to improve the efficiency of the transport distance for the collection trucks. At transportation system. All collected waste will the MBT-plants waste is sorted mechanically be taken for disposal at proper sanitary and and manually into the following fractions: fully environmentally compliant landfills. › High quality recyclable materials for the recycling industry (dry fraction, large Option 3 – Low Cost Waste Treatment particle size) In addition to option 1 as described above, option › Organic fraction for a compost plant 3 includes MBT plants for sorting, composting located within the MBT-plant (wet, small/ and RDF production. Furthermore, MBT medium particle size) plants include transfer stations for transfer of › Mainly small particle fraction residual residual waste for cost-effective transportation waste for landfill disposal (e.g. gravel, soil, of residual waste to landfills and of RDF to dust, glass etc.) the cement industry. Within the assumed › RDF made from the remaining planning period to 2030, all people living in combustible fraction. RDF is assumed urban areas will have access to the waste delivered to the cement industry at zero collection system. Pushcarts (and containers costs or to incineration facilities. Recyclable materials to industry RDF to Primary Transfer Secondary MBT and/or Cement Cement Collection Point Collection Transfer Station Industry Industry Compost for agriculture Waste to land ll Land ll FIGURE 2-12 Elements included in Option 3 Option 4 – Advanced treatment technologies transportation of residual waste to landfills. Within the assumed planning period to 2030, Option 4 includes MBT plants for sorting, all people living in urban areas will have access composting and production of RDF as fuel to the waste collection system. Pushcarts (and for Waste-to-Energy/incineration plants. containers in front of high rise buildings) are Further, MBT plants include transfer stations emptied by compaction trucks that transport for transfer of residual waste for cost-effective 58 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS the waste a number of MBT-plants located As a basis for the analyses of options for at various places within the service area, improvements in each of the three study areas, thus limiting the transport distance for the the information provided in Table 2-11 below collection trucks. At the MBT-plants, waste is has been used to develop technical solutions, sorted mechanically and manually into the capacities and unit costs based on international following fractions: benchmarks that are generally used for such equipment, in the Asia region and localized for › High quality recyclable materials for the costs in Vietnam. The landfill costs are based on recycling industry (dry fraction, large detailed designs (for comparable size sanitary particle size) landfills) in Armenia (2012 and 2015), Georgia › Organic fraction for a compost plant (2014) and Kyrgyzstan (2013-2014). The relevant located within the MBT-plant (wet, small/ cost level for Vietnam has been considered in medium particle size) the breakdown presented in Table 2-12. › Mainly small particle fraction residual waste for landfill disposal (e.g. gravel, soil, Costs for incineration plants are based partly dust, glass etc.) on general experience from recent plants › RDF made from the remaining at different places in Europe (e.g. Denmark, combustible fraction. RDF is assumed Sweden, Ireland). Prices are adapted following to be incinerated at on-site Waste-to- consideration of actual costs for an incineration Energy plants. plant assignment for an investor in Sri Lanka (2017-2018). The costs of landfilling do not No other types of "advanced treatment include the specific location costs, such as technologies" are considered, as they will be at costs of land, resettlement and expropriation, least as expensive as incineration in Waste-to- which would need to be determined as part of Energy plants. specific master planning/road map/feasibility Costs of different Solid Waste Management study analysis. and Treatment/Disposal technologies Recyclable materials to industry MBT and/or RDF to Waste- Primary Transfer Secondary Transfer Waste- to-Energy Collection Point Collection Station to-Energy Plant Plant Compost for agriculture Waste to land ll Waste to land ll Land ll FIGURE 2-13 Elements included in Option 4 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 59 TABLE 2-11 Equipment, facilities and applicable costs included in the options analyses Item Description Local prices / costs Push carts/ Wheeled bins and containers used for primary Price: 500 US$/unit. O&M costs: 1,500 US$/ containers collection from households and for street year incl. worker's salary. sweeping waste. Volume: 0.75 m³ - 1 m³, Density: 300 kg/m³, 5 loads per day. Lifetime: 5 years Transfer point Paved areas at the curb sides for parking of Price: 5,000 US$/unit. O&M costs: 100 US$/ full and empty pushcarts. In average 1 point is year estimated per 1,000 persons. Lifetime: 20 years Collection 15 m³; 7.5 ton; 4 trips per day; 90% availability; 27 Price: 100,000 US$/unit. O&M incl. salaries: truck t/d; Lifetime: 5 years. 64,000 US$/year Transfer 200,000 t/y. Lifetime: 20 years Price: 7,000,000 US$/unit (incl. trucks and station equipment). O&M incl. salaries: 1.4 mln US$/year MBT-facility 200,000 t/y, Lifetime: 20 years Price: 45,000,000 US$/unit. O&M: 6.0 mln US$/y Incinerator 1000 t/d (two lines of 500 t/d). Lifetime: 20 years Price: 150,000,000 US$/unit. O&M: 8 mln US$/y (assuming income from electricity sale at $0.10/kWh) Landfill 2 mln tons capacity Price: 10,000,000 US$/unit. Total O&M: 2 mln US$/y In order to further illustrate the assumed the unit capacity (200,000 t/y) to determine construction costs for landfills and incinerators number of units and thus total investments in the Vietnamese context, the estimated required for the city. This approach has been breakdown of construction costs for these used to estimate investments for all system facilities are presented in Table 2-12 below. elements: collection and transport equipment, transfer stations, sanitary landfill capacity Total investment costs per city have been and treatment facilities. In this manner a first estimated on a basic unit price approach. This rough indication of investment levels can means that for e.g. MBT, to calculate investment be determined. This approach also allows costs, the total volume of waste to be treated for comparison of investment levels as well in a specific city with MBT technology in as operation costs between development scenarios 3 and 4 has simply been divided by TABLE 2-12 Example on breakdown of estimated costs for establishment of incinerators and landfills Item Description Construction costs Incinerator Civil Works 30,000,000 US$ (2 lines of 500 t/d each) Administrative buildings 1,000,000 US$ Other costs incl. fees, consultancy, management 3,000,000 US$ M&E (Mechanical and Electrical equipment) 95,000,000 US$ APC (Semi-dry Air Pollution Control equipment) 20,000,000 US$ Grid connection 1,000,000 US$ Total: 150,000,000 US$ Landfill (2 mln tons capacity) Civil Works 8,300,000 US$ Administrative buildings 400,000 US$ Fixed equipment (incl. weighbridge) 100,000 US$ Moveable equipment 1,200,000 US$ Total: 10,000,000 US$ 60 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS scenarios. Further refinements have not been requirements. Detailed master planning made and would need to be part of city level and feasibility study analysis will be required master planning or roadmap preparation for for cities/provinces analysing their waste implementation purposes. sector improvement plans to determine the feasibility and suitability of specific solid waste The unit costs approach implies some infrastructure and technologies. simplifications. For instance, for MBT, each unit of 200,000 ton/year includes (i) a materials 2.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT recovery facility (MRF) to separate waste OPTIONS/SCENARIOS FOR streams and screen out recyclables; (ii) a SELECTED CITIES composting plant; and (iii) equipment to bring 2.3.1 HANOI RDF to the necessary specification for use as fuel in cement kilns or incinerations. In reality, This section includes an analysis of the existing MBT plants will vary in size across the city and solid waste management situation in Hanoi these three functionalities may be split across and it presents the four different waste strategy various plants to gain economies of scale. options/scenarios with analysis of waste flows, Integration of transfer stations in the MBTs costs and affordability which can be used by have been assumed, as this is beneficial. Some authorities for (financial) planning of solid main simplification in estimation of operational waste management improvements. costs (operations and maintenance) is that revenues from electricity feed-in fees Current waste management Hanoi (estimated at US$ 0.1/kWh) are considered as Hanoi covers an area of about 335,000 hectares a reduction in overall annual operating costs and with a population of about 7.5 million. for WtE plants. Also, the operation costs of The city is listed among 17 capital cities with MBTs and MRFs per investment unit are all- the biggest area worldwide. There are 30 in overall costs that are based on very limited administrative units at district and town revenues from sales of recyclables, compost or level, and 584 communes, wards and towns. RDF. These assumptions, to some extent, result Hanoi is one of the fastest growing cities in conservative estimates of costs per ton. in Vietnam. By 2015, the city's urbanization However, in many systems, the revenues from rate was 47.55%, 1.42 times higher than the the sale of these products hardly outweighs national average urbanization rate (33.40%) the additional logistic costs (additional and with an annual growth rate of 1.89%. The handling, transport and delivery costs), and number of inhabitants in urban districts was sales of recyclables only have a limited impact 3,699,500 persons (49.2% of total population). on reducing overall system costs. The number of inhabitants in rural districts was 3,823,100 persons (50.8% of total population). For the incineration facilities, or Waste to Energy For the period 2018 until 2030, for the purposes Plants, a moving grate technology has been of strategy and (financial) planning of solid assumed rather than fluidized bed technology waste management improvement options, for the investment costs. While fluidized bed urban population is forecasted to grow and the technology is a cheaper technology, it also rural population will continue to decrease, as causes operational problems and there is a shown in Table 2-13 below. need to add coal to maintain the temperature PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 61 TABLE 2-13 Forecast on population and waste generation for Hanoi Item Year 2016 Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Urban population (No.) 3,699,500 4,286,272 7,618,293 Increasing (4-7%/year) Rural population (No.) 3,823,100 3,523,369 2,158,803 Decreasing (4% /year) Total population (No.) 7,522,600 7,809,641 9,777,095 Annual growth: 1.89% Urban DSW generation (t/y) 1,687,897 2,046,284 4,773,577 Increasing Rural DSW Generation (t/y) 1,144,254 1,103,439 887,366 Decreasing Total DSW generation (t/y) 2,832,151 3,149,723 5,660,943 Annual growth: 4.75% Urban DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 1.25 1.31 1.72 Rural DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 0.82 0.86 1.13 Total DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 1.03 1.10 1.59 Key characteristics and problems related to the and (iii) container system. Pushcarts are used current waste collection, transportation and in narrow streets where waste trucks have treatment system are: difficulty to pass. In those areas waste collection workers push wheeled collection bins through Primary collection. As indicated, prevailing residential areas to collect solid waste that is put methods of waste collection in Hanoi (as well out by small (shopping) plastic bags discarded as in other urban areas) are: (i) wheeled bin/ by residents along the street, as depicted in the pushcart system, (ii) direct truck collection; figure below. FIGURE 2-14 Push carts are widely used for primary waste collection and for street sweeping waste 62 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Waste collection by means of push-carts is being collected and transported by truck to carried out at least once per day and street- the landfill or treatment plant. Stationary sweepers clean the major roads several times (4-wheeled) containers with volumes of per day. Thus, in general, inhabitants are used approximately 1 m³ are used in front of large to a high waste collection service, where their (e.g. high rise) residential buildings, offices, waste is collected frequently – even if they just shops etc. Use of containers is very limited, but throw it in the streets or place it in (small plastic particularly used in the areas with high rise shopping) bags at the kerbside. This system is buildings as a necessary modernization. There however very labour intensive, and it is causing is a strong need for replacement of existing as environmental problems at the transfer points well as new collection equipment. (see below). Transfer points in streets. Full pushcarts are For the direct truck collection, small capacity placed at various vacant areas on sidewalks/ trucks pass through the streets and collect pavements. The push-carts are either emptied the small (shopping) plastic waste bags directly into waste collection/transport trucks at discarded by inhabitants along the streets. collection points – i.e. secondary collection– or The small trucks go to transfer stations, while where the number of push-carts is insufficient, large capacity trucks travel directly to landfill or they are emptied on the ground at temporary treatment facilities. transfer points, where the waste will lie until it is collected by a truck and is then further For the container system, waste is firstly transported to the landfill or treatment plant. disposed of into containers of different sizes at These kerbside transfer points are pictured in selected locations in residential areas, before the figure below. FIGURE 2-15 Transfer point with push carts to be emptied by secondary collection trucks PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 63 There are substantial environmental problems trucks are outdated and must be replaced by at the transfer points in the residential new/additional compaction trucks. neighbourhoods and therefore, there is a need for well-planned and properly designed and Recycling. It is estimated that about 10 % of the constructed transfer points at kerbsides, where DSW is currently recycled. Recycling activities push-carts and containers can be placed that are clearly dominated by the private, informal are then emptied into the secondary collection/ sector. Collection of recyclable materials, mainly transport trucks and then can be more easily packaging waste, is typically carried out by the cleaned from excess solid waste. informal sector before the waste enters the for- mal collection channel. Some materials are se- Secondary collection. Usually, collection parated at source and other fractions are sepa- trucks are small or medium sized compaction rated by collection workers during collection and trucks (e.g. 5 – 15 m³), as larger trucks are more transportation. Wholesalers buy from the infor- expensive and not suitable for driving on mal waste collectors and in some cases from the narrow roads. Most often, collection trucks are formal sector (URENCO's). These informal waste used to transport the waste from the collection collectors separate, bale and sell the products areas to the landfill/treatment facility without to the processing industry. Processing of recy- further use of a larger transfer station where clables are to a large extent carried out in craft waste is compacted and transferred into larger villages without proper monitoring of operating trucks to optimize the transport costs to the practices. These activities lead to substantial pol- landfill or other waste treatment facilities. No lution of air, water and land and serious health special license is required for DSW collection as hazards for the workers. At the same time, craft is the case for hazardous waste. Many collection villages provide considerable employment. FIGURE 2-16 Typical small compaction truck used for secondary collection and transportation 64 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS FIGURE 2-17 Separation and packing of recyclables in the street in Hanoi Disposal/treatment. Nearly all waste that is Financial. The average fee for households collected is transported to Nam Son landfill in Hanoi is VND 26,500/household/month, for disposal. The landfill, which has a total area corresponding to VND 6,625/cap. /month. of approximately 84 ha., is highly overloaded The people’s committee is responsible to and there is an urgent need for new disposal collect the fee from the households. The fee capacity. Until 2-3 years ago, compost plants collection efficiency is reported to be 64%, were operated at Cau Dien and Kieu Ky. which is rather low. However, the operation was stopped as the compost could not be sold due to poor quality. Assessment of four options/scenarios for swm improvements in Hanoi Institutional. A large number of companies/ The four different options/scenarios for entities are involved in waste collection, modernization of Solid Waste Management transportation and treatment in Hanoi. The are detailed below for Hanoi. Each option/ service providers consist of 31 entities working scenario includes: a forecast of the amount of completely independent from each other, waste that can be expected in the period 2018- including the following: (i) urban districts: 2030; the solid waste infrastructure that would URENCO Hanoi (collecting waste from 4 be needed to deal with the waste flows in the downtown districts) and 10 local entities – Joint different options/scenarios; the corresponding Stock Companies (collecting waste from the impacts on investment and operational costs; remaining urban districts); (ii) rural districts: and the accompanying implications for waste 20 local entities – Joint Stock Companies fee increases and the remaining financing gaps. (collecting waste from all rural districts) PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 65 Option/Scenario 1 - Basic Solid Waste sector. Since the amount of waste generated Management System would increase substantially under this option, the current 250,000 tons per year of recycled As indicated previously, for the purposes of waste would increase to about 522,000 tons per supporting (financial) planning of solid waste year in 2030. In this scenario, a large amount management modernization, the collection of waste would need to be landfilled, doubling rate for urban areas is planned to increase from the current 2.2 million tons year to 4.7 from the current 92% to 100% while the rural million tons per year in 2030. The waste flow collection rate will remain unchanged to collected, recycled and landfilled in option/ allow solid waste management in urban areas scenario 1 is presented in Table 2-14 below for to remain a priority. Under this option, the the planning period from 2018 to 2030. waste collected in Hanoi would increase from the current 2.5 million tons per year to 5.2 The development of the waste flow within the million tons per year in 2030. In this scenario, planning period is further illustrated in Figure which focuses on provision of a modern and 2-18 below. The figure shows that the collection fully environmentally complaint basic solid rate under option 1 would gradually increase waste system, the recycling percentage is not to close to 100%. In this option/scenario waste expected to increase from the 10% which is amounts for landfill disposal continue to grow currently collected by the informal and private rapidly during the planning period. TABLE 2-14 Option/Scenario 1 – Waste flow forecast Hanoi for 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 1: Basic Solid Waste Management System Collection rate – Urban (%) 92 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 51 51 Collection Total (t/y) 2,453,051 5,226,134 Recycling (%) 10 10 Recycling (t/y) 245,305 522,613 Residual waste for landfill (%) 90 90 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 2,207,745 4,703,520 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 43,578,676 Option 1 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hanoi (ton/year) 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 Total generation 3,000,000 Total collection 2,000,000 Land ll 1,000,000 Recycling 0 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 16 17 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-18 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System – waste flow for Hanoi (ton/year) 66 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS A substantial number of new pushcarts/ land in general and due to the environmental containers and transfer points will be needed impacts of the current landfill operations, there in the streets of Hanoi. A total of 8,700 new is significant public opposition to landfilling. transfer points and 12,500 new pushcarts The costs of the equipment and facilities are and containers will be needed by the year based on the costs and price information listed 2030. There will also be a substantial need for in Table 2-11. modern transfer stations outside the Hanoi city centre where waste can be compacted and The investments in equipment and facilities transferred to larger transport trucks in order to that are needed for modernization of the substantially reduce the transport costs. Some collection, transport and disposal required 22 landfills with a capacity of 2 million tons will be in each of the four-year periods to 2030 are needed as this option/scenario focuses on the presented in Table 2-16. costs of upgrading the collection equipment The costs demonstrate the investments and disposal infrastructure (landfills) and the associated with the upgrading of the collection accompanying operational costs necessary equipment (pushcarts, containers), and the to improve the Solid Waste Management costs of disposal infrastructure (sanitary and System to service levels and standards that do environmentally compliant landfills) including not cause environmental and health impacts. transfer stations to optimize transport to The necessary equipment and facilities for the landfill. This option/scenario does not handling waste in Hanoi for the period until include more advanced solid waste treatment 2030 are listed in Table 2-15. infrastructure. These costs exclude the costs If land areas are available for landfill with of land acquisition, resettlement, and taxes capacities of greater than 2 million tons, the as these would need to be determined as number of landfills needed and the costs of part of a specific feasibility study analysis. The landfilling would be reduced, as economies of estimated operational and maintenance costs scale would apply. However, it is difficult to find are presented in Table 2-17. TABLE 2-15 Option 1, Hanoi – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Planning basis Option 1: Basic Solid Waste Management System Transfer points in streets (No.) 5,758 8,719 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts /containers (No.) 5,974 12,727 0.75 m³; 1 m³, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 249 530 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 13 27 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y New landfills needed (2 mln tons capacity each) 2 22 TABLE 2-16 Option/Scenario 1– Basic Solid Waste Management System: Total investments estimated for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 1 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 40,968,000 15,760,000 32,620,000 89,348,000 Disposal 162,000,000 98,000,000 149,000,000 409,000,000 Total 202,968,000 113,760,000 181,620,000 498,348,000 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 67 TABLE 2-17 Option/Scenario 1 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 1 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 113,120,000 146,682,000 240,878,000 500,680,000 Disposal 109,200,000 177,600,000 346,600,000 633,400,000 Total 222,320,000 324,282,000 587,478,000 1,134,080,000 The investments in collection are high in the first in waste generation, are rolled out in this option/ four years due to the supply of new pushcarts/ scenario. In the event that full cost recovery is containers and trucks. Gradually, in subsequent introduced and that all costs are to be covered years, both transfer stations and the substantial by normal residents, the average costs per number of new and environmentally sanitary person will be as shown in Table 2-18 below. landfills that are required for the large increase TABLE 2-18 Option 1, Hanoi – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 1: Basic Solid Waste US$/person/year US$/ton VND/person/year VND/ton Management System Total investments and reinvestments 3.78 9.17 85.861 208,300 Total operation and maintenance costs 9.51 23.0 215,968 523,500 Total annual costs 13.30 32.22 301,829 731,800 The average current fee per household in Hanoi level, this would still leave an annual financing is VND 26,500/household/month or 26,500x 12 gap of VND 83,804-156,479 per person per year, months/1,46 tons of waste per household per US$36.5- US$68 million per year. year = VND 218,630/ton (US$ 9.67/ton), based on an average waste generation rate of 1kg/cap/ Option/Scenario 2 – Basic Solid Waste day and 4 persons/household. Management System with waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ month. International norms indicate that waste As in the first option/scenario, collection rate fees remain affordable for waste management for urban areas is planned to increase from the services when they are below 1%-1.5% of the current 92% to 100% while the rural collection average spendable income of the household. In rate remains constant. All provisions for a cases where only one person generates income modern and fully environmentally complaint in the household, the affordable fee would basic solid waste system are also part of this be approx. VND 48,450-72,675 per month/ scenario. While in the first option/scenario, household and with an average of 4 persons the recycling percentage is not expected to per household in Vietnam, the affordable increase from the 10% currently collected by annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – the informal and private sector, in this scenario 218,025. This only covers 48-72% of the average the recycling during collection is forecasted costs as presented above. to grow from 12% to 24%. In addition, due to separation at the household level, (separation If the fees were to be increased to what is at source), additional waste recycling of 13% is considered to be an internationally affordable forecasted in 2030. 68 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS This leads to an increase in recycling materials the planning period is further illustrated in from the current 322,732 tons per year to about the Figure 2-19. Because of sorting/recycling 1,827,139 tons per year in 2030. In this scenario, at source, the collection rate does not reach much less waste needs landfilling, from 2.1 100% of the waste generation. Furthermore, million tons per year in the beginning to 2.7 although recycling has been increased, the million ton per year in 2030. The waste flow amounts for landfill disposal continue to grow collected, recycled and landfilled in option/ during the planning period. scenario 2 is presented in Table 2-19 below for the planning period from 2018 to 2030. The necessary equipment and facilities for the handling of the waste in Hanoi for the period to The development of the waste flow within 2030 are listed in Table 2-20. TABLE 2-19 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste flow forecast Hanoi for 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source Collection rate – Urban (%) 92 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 51 51 Collection Total (t/y) 2,426,959 4,546,736 Sorting/recycling at source (%) 1 13 Sorting/recycling during collection (%) 12 24 Recycling in total (t/y) 322,732 1,827,139 Residual waste for landfill (%) 87 60 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 2,104,227 2,719,597 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 31,951,064 Option 2 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hanoi (ton/year) 6,000,000 5,000,000 Total generation 4,000,000 Total collection 3,000,000 Land ll 2,000,000 1,000,000 Recycling 0 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 16 17 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-19 Option/Scenario 2 – Basic Solid Waste Management System and recycling– waste flow for Hanoi (ton/year) PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 69 TABLE 2-20 Option 2, Hanoi – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source Transfer points in streets (No.) 5,753 8,719 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 5,910 11,073 0.75 m³; 1 m³; 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 246 461 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 13 23 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 2 16 The costs of the equipment and facilities are to achieve and only limited success has been based on the costs and price information listed achieved in many countries, despite decades in Table 2-11. The investments in equipment and of effort and outreach. Separation of waste, facilities that are required for modernization of especially paper and plastic from commercial the collection, transport and disposal needed and institutional establishments and organic in each of the four-year periods until 2030 is waste from kitchens, restaurants, markets presented in the Table 2-21 below. and hotels can be more attractive, since the quantities available for recycling are larger. The The costs for collection are comparable to estimated operational and maintenance costs those under the first option/scenario, while are presented in Table 2-22 below but do not the costs for disposal29 are substantially lower. include the Vietnam specific costs for outreach, This is particularly since the number of landfills public awareness and education required to required is reduced in this scenario. However, make recycling at source a potential success. separation of waste by households is difficult TABLE 2-21 Option/Scenario 2 – Basic Solid Waste Management System and Recycling: Total investments estimated for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 2 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 39,600,000 13,493,000 27,195,000 80,289,000 Disposal 155,000,000 71,000,000 95,000,000 321,000,000 Total 194,600,000 84,493,000 122,195,000 401,289,000 TABLE 2-22 Option/Scenario 2 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 1 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 110,242,000 137,218,000 214,553,000 462,013,000 Disposal 105,000,000 159,200,000 283,000,000 547,200,000 Total 215,242,000 296,418,000 497,553,000 1,009,213,000 29 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. 70 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 2-23 Option 2, Hanoi – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 2: Basic Solid Waste US$/pers./year US$/ton VND/pers./year VND/ton Management System and recycling Total investments and reinvestments 3.16 8.26 71,806 187,700 Total operation and maintenance costs 8.55 22.34 194,168 507,000 Total annual costs 11.72 30.60 265,974 694,700 As in the first scenario, investments in collection Biological Treatment facilities are employed to are high in the first four years due to the supply mechanically separate the household waste, of new pushcarts/containers and trucks. In in order to separate the organic fraction for subsequent years transfer stations are gradually composing and a Refuse Derived Fuel fraction rolled out and still there is a need for a substantial that is suitable for co-processing at cement increase in new and environmentally sanitary plants (or waste-to-energy plants). landfill capacity. Where full cost recovery is introduced and all costs are to be covered by This leads to an increase in recycling normal residents, the average costs per person materials from 245,147 tons per year to about are shown in Table 2-23. 1,068,744 tons per year in 2030; 1,045,227 tons of compost is produced per year in The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ 2030, together with 1,556,081 tons per year of month. International norms indicate an Refuse Derived Fuel that can be used in the affordable fee for waste management services cement industry. In this scenario, much less of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of waste needs landfilling, from 1.0 million tons the household. In cases where only one person per year in the beginning to 1.6 million ton per generates income in the household, the year in 2030. The waste flow that is collected, affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- recycled and landfilled in option/scenario 3 72,675 per month/household. With an average is presented in Table 2-24 next page for the of 4 persons per household, the affordable planning period from 2018 to 2030. annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – 218,025. This only covers 55-82% of the average The development of the waste flow within costs as presented above. the planning period is further illustrated in Figure 2-20 below. Amounts for landfilling If the fees were increased to what is considered are limited due to the significant positive to be an internationally affordable level, this impact f rom composting and the use of RDF would still leave an annual financing gap of in cement plants. VND 47,949-120,624 per person per year or US$21- US$52 mln per year. Similar to previous scenarios, a substantial number of new pushcarts/containers and Option 3 – Low cost waste treatment transfer points would be needed in the streets of Hanoi and mechanical biological treatment As per the first option/scenario, the collection facilities would be required. In this option/ rate for urban areas is planned to be increased scenario, only 9 landfills with a capacity of 2 from the current 92% to 100% while the rural million tons would be needed. The necessary collection rate remains constant. All provisions equipment and facilities for handling of the for a modern and fully environmentally waste in Hanoi for the period to 2030 are listed complaint basic solid waste system are also part in Table 2-25 next page. of this scenario. In this scenario, Mechanical PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 71 TABLE 2-24 Option 3 – Waste flow forecast Hanoi for 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 3: Low cost waste treatment Collection rate – Urban (%) 92 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 51 51 Collection Total (t/y) 2,451,474 5,226,134 Recycling (%) 10 20 Recycling (t/y) 245,147 1,068,744 Compost (%) 2 20 Compost (t/y) 49,029 1,045,227 Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (%) 44 30 Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (t/y) 1,078,649 1,556,081 Residual waste for landfill (%) 44 30 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 1,078,649 1,556,081 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 17,379,614 Option 3 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hanoi (ton/year) 6,000,000 5,000,000 Total generation Total collection 4,000,000 Land ll 3,000,000 Recycling 2,000,000 Composting 1,000,000 Other treatment 0 29 30 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-20 Option/scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment – waste flow for Hanoi (ton/year) TABLE 2-25 Option 3, Hanoi – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 and 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 3: Low cost waste treatment Transfer points in streets (No.) 5,753 8,719 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts (No.) 5,970 12,727 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 249 530 15 m³, 7.5 t, 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 0 0 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y MBT facilities 13 27 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (No.) 0 0 Existing cement factories New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 2 9 72 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The costs of the equipment and facilities are In subsequent years, the mechanical biological based on the costs and price information listed in treatment stations are gradually rolled out, Table 2-11. The transfer stations in this scenario are which are the main costs driver, as the new integrated in the MBT facilities. The investments and environmentally sanitary landfill capacity in equipment and facilities that are needed for required in this option/scenario is lower modernization of the collection, transport and (only 9 landfills). Where, full cost recovery is disposal required in each of the four-year periods introduced and all costs are to be covered by to 2030 are presented in Table 2-26 below. normal residents, the average cost per person are shown in Table 2-28 below. The costs for collection are comparable to those under the first option/scenario, while the costs The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ for disposal/treatment30 are substantially higher month. International norms indicate an due to the mechanical biological treatment affordable fee for waste management services systems. The advantage is that there is a of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of substantially reduced need for landfilling and the household. In cases where only one person landfills. The estimated operational and mainte­ generates an income in the household, the nance costs are presented in Table 2-27 below. affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- 72,675 per month/household. With an average As in the first two scenarios, investments of 4 persons per household, the affordable in collection would be high in the first four annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – years, due to the number of new pushcarts/ 218,025. This only covers 24-35% of the average containers and trucks that would be required. costs, as presented above. TABLE 2-26 Option/scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment: Total investments estimated for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Phương án/Kịch bản 3 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Tổng số Thu gom 40.968.000 15.760.000 32.620.000 89.348.000 Xử lý 750.000.000 210.000.000 345.000.000 1.305.000.000 Tổng số 790.968.000 225.760.000 377.620.000 1.394.348.000 TABLE 2-27 Option/scenario 3 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 3 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 113,103,000 146,682,000 240,878,000 500,663,000 Disposal/ treatment 366,000,000 480,000,000 790,000,000 1,636,000,000 Total 479,103,000 626,682,000 1,030,878,000 2,136,663,000 TABLE 2-28 Option 3, Hanoi – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 3: Low Costs US$/person/Year US$/Ton VND/person/Year VND/ton Treatment Total investments and reinvestments 8.86 21.48 201,193 487,543 Total operation and maintenance costs 18.20 44.10 413,108 1,001,067 Total annual costs 27.06 65.58 614,301 1,488,610 30 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 73 If the fees were to be increased to a level that at the start (2.1 million tons per year), but this is considered to be internationally affordable, reduces to only 320,000 tons per year in 2030. this would still leave an annual financing gap The waste flow collected, recycled and landfilled of VND 396,276 - 468,951 per person per year, in option/scenario 3 is presented in Table 2-29 US$172- US$204 mln per year. below for the planning period from 2018 to 2030. Option 4 – Advanced treatment technologies The development of the waste flow within the planning period is further illustrated in the As in the first option/scenario, the collection rate Figure 2-21 below. Amounts for landfilling are for urban areas would be planned to increase limited due to the significant positive impact from the current 92% to 100% while the rural from composting and the incineration in collection rate would remain constant. All Waste-to-Energy plants. provisions for modern and fully environmentally complaint basic solid waste systems are also TABLE 2-29 Option 4 – Waste flow forecast – Year 2018 and 2030 for Hanoi part of this scenario. In this scenario, Mechanical Biological Treatment facilities are employed to Item Year 2018 Year 2030 mechanically separate the household waste, Option 4: Advanced treatment technologies in order to separate the organic fraction for Collection rate – Urban (%) 92 100 composing and a Refuse Derived Fuel fraction Collection rate – Rural (%) 51 51 that is then incinerated in dedicated Waste-to- Collection Total (t/y) 2,453,051 5,660,943 Energy plants. Recycling (%) 10 20 Recycling (t/y) 245,147 1,068,744 As in the third option/scenario, this leads to an Compost (%) 2 20 increase in recycling materials from 245,147 Compost (t/y) 49,029 1,045,227 tons per year to about 1,068,744 tons per year Waste-to-Energy (%) 1 63 in 2030; 1,045,227 tons of compost would be Waste-to-Energy (t/y) 36,500 3,285,000 produced per year in 2030 and 3,285,000 tons Residual waste for landfill (%) 87 6 per year of materials would be incinerated in Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 2,126,272 319,913 Waste-to-Energy Plants. In this scenario, there is Residual waste for landfill - 11,056,129 still substantial amount of waste to be landfilled Accumulated (t) Option 4 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hanoi (ton/year) 6,000,000 5,000,000 Total generation 4,000,000 Total collection 3,000,000 Land ll 2,000,000 Recycling 1,000,000 Composting 0 Other treatment 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-21 Option 4 – Advanced treatment technologies – waste flow for Hanoi (ton/year) 74 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The necessary systems and facilities for presented in Table 2-31 below. handling of the waste in future are listed in Table 2-30. The costs for collection are comparable to those under the first option/scenario, while the costs The costs of the equipment and facilities are for disposal/treatment31 are substantially higher based on the costs and price information due to the waste to energy plants. While there listed in Table 2-11. In this scenario, the transfer is the advantage is that there is substantial stations are integrated into the MBT facilities. less need for landfilling and landfills, there is The investments in equipment and facilities less advantages compared to scenario 3 where that are needed for modernization of the the RDF is provided to the cement plants. The collection, transport and disposal required estimated operational and maintenance costs in each of the four-year periods to 2030 are are presented in the Table 2-32. TABLE 2-30 Option 4, Hanoi – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 4: Advanced treatment technologies Transfer points in streets (No.) 5,753 8,719 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 5,970 12,727 0.75 m³, 1 m3; 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 249 530 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 0 0 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y MBT facilities 13 27 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y Waste-to-energy plants (No.) 0 9 Capacity each: 1,000 t/day New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 2 6 TABLE 2-31 Option/scenario 4 – Advanced waste treatment: Total investments estimated for Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 3 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 40,968,000 15,760,000 32,620,000 89,348,000 Disposal 770,000,000 1,390,000,000 465,000,000 2,625,000,000 Total 810,968,000 1,405,760,000 497,620,000 2,714,348,000 TABLE 2-32 Option/scenario 4 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Hanoi for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 4 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 113,103,000 146,682,000 240,878,000 500,663,000 Disposal/treatment 376,000,000 734,000,000 1,134,000,000 2,244,000,000 Total 489,103,000 880,682,000 1,374,878,000 2,744,663,000 31 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 75 As in the first two scenarios, investments information on waste quantities, composition, in collection would be high in the first four generation rates, and waste density in both years due to the supply of new pushcarts/ urban and rural areas. Investment decisions containers and trucks. In subsequent years, need to be based on more detailed feasibility the mechanical biological treatment stations analysis, including additional data collection and waste to energy plants would be gradually and data verification. A key recommendation rolled out, which are the main costs driver as for provinces and cities that are planning the new and environmentally sanitary landfill infrastructure investments with or without capacity required is considerably less in this the private sector is: to budget the funds option/scenario (only 6 landfills). If full cost required for a detailed feasibility analysis recovery is introduced and all costs are to be of solid waste management technologies, covered by normal residents, the average costs skills development, capacity building and per person will be as shown in Table 2-33 below. monitoring/enforcement and to prepare the roadmap/masterplan at the regional level, as The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ the basis for selecting specific investments month. International norms indicate an affor­ and technologies. dable fee for waste management services of Required institutional and operational capa­ 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of the city building needs to precede even basic household. In cases where only one person infrastructure upgrading, including improve­ generates income in the household, the ments in revenue collection. Considering the affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- current low capacities, substantial training and 72,675 per month/household. With an average capacity building programs will be needed in of 4 persons per household, the affordable the areas of: (i) policy formulation and planning; annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – (ii) legislation; (iii) infrastructure feasibility ana­ 218,025. This only covers 16-25% of the average lysis and design; (iv) budgeting and accounting; costs as presented above. (v) technical operation; (vi) monitoring and If the fees were increased to what is considered enforcement. Sustainable private sector to be internationally affordable, this would still participation is viable when supported by leave an annual financing gap of VND 665,450 appropriate legislation, regulations, monitoring, – 738,125 per person per year, US$289- US$321 enforcement, increased waste fees and million per year. government capacity. The legal framework will also need to establish a transparent financing Planning for future waste management mechanism with cost-recovery targets from improvements and related investments user fees and institute a system to enforce should be based on the availability of reliable payments. TABLE 2-33 Option 4, Hanoi – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 4: Advanced US$/person/Year US$/Ton VND/person/Year VND/ton Treatment Technologies Total investments and reinvestments 15.85 38.41 359,823 871,943 Total operation and maintenance costs 23.07 55.90 523,652 1,268,944 Total annual costs 38.92 94.31 883,475 2,140,886 76 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS 2.3.2 PHU THO Thanh Ba, Ha Hoa, Doan Hung, Lam Thao, Cam Khe, Thanh Thuy, Yen Lap, Thanh Son, This section includes the analysis of the Tan Son and Tam Nong). Phu Tho has 1,381,710 existing solid waste management situation in inhabitants in the province, divided across the Phu Tho. Four different waste strategy options/ individual districts, city and town as shown in scenarios are presented with analysis of waste Table 2-34 below. flows, costs and affordability which can be used by authorities for (financial) planning of solid Population growth in Phu Tho has been waste management improvements. assumed to be similar to Hanoi and on that basis Table 2-35 below shows the distribution Current waste management in Phu Tho between urban and rural population. The Phu Tho province is a mountainous and growth and the waste generation rates per northern midland province with a total area of capita in rural and urban areas have been 3,520 km2 divided into 13 districts, towns and calculated for the period 2018-2030. cities, including 2 urban areas (Viet Tri City and Phu Tho Town) and 11 districts (Phu Ninh, Institutional TABLE 2-34 Population in Phu Tho The entities involved in solid waste management in the province are: No. Area Population 1 Viet Tri City 198,002 › Viet Tri Urban Environmental Services JSC, 2 Phu Tho Town 71,065 responsible for domestic waste collection 3 Doan Hung District 108,519 and transportation for urban wards; and 4 Ha Hoa District 108,203 waste transportation for rural communes in 5 Thanh Ba District 112,604 Viet Tri City. The company is also in charge of 6 Phu Ninh District 98,782 tree maintenance, urban lighting, sewerage, 7 Yen Lap District 86,778 cemetery services and collecting the 8 Cam Khe District 133,464 environmental fee. The company has a total 9 Tam Nong District 78,644 staff of 447 out of which 260 are working 10 Lam Thao District 103,449 with solid waste management. 11 Thanh Son District 123,170 › Phu Tho Waste Treatment Joint Stock 12 Thanh Thuy District 78,326 Company (JSC), responsible for domestic 13 Tan Son District 80,704 waste treatment for Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Total: 1,381,710 TABLE 2-35 Forecast on population and waste generation for Phu Tho Item Year 2016 Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Urban population (No.) 258,543 399,321 1,161,581 Increasing (5-21%/year) Rural population (No.) 1,123,167 1,035,111 634,222 Decreasing (4%/year) Total population (No.) 1,381,710 1,434,432 1,795,803 Annual growth: 1.89% Urban DSW generation (t/y) 117,960 190,638 727,840 Increasing Rural DSW Generation (t/y) 336,164 324,173 260,694 Decreasing Total DSW generation (t/y) 454,124 514,811 988,534 Annual growth: 5.12% Urban DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 1.25 1.31 1.72 Rural DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 0.82 0.86 1.13 Total DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 0.90 0.98 1.51 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 77 Town, Lam Thao and Phu Ninh District. residential areas of Lam Thao district. Within The waste is treated at an outdated the entire province, domestic waste is to some composting plant. The sorted waste that extent collected and transported by means of cannot be composted is disposed at a compaction trucks, other general trucks, and temporary dumpsite within the area of pushcarts. However, some districts still have the composting plant. Phu Tho Waste to use small trucks, farm vehicles or other Treatment JSC is also in charge of industrial rudimentary vehicles due to lack of equipment. waste treatment through its facilities at The equipment used in the province in 2016 Tram Than Waste Treatment Complex site. includes: (i) 24 waste compaction trucks (2.5-7 The company signs contracts directly with tons); (ii) 14 vans (from 1.5 to 7 tons); (iii) 22 farm the enterprises that generate industrial vehicles; and (iv) 1,090 pushcarts, motorized waste. The company has 80 staff. vehicles, tricycles and other rudimentary vehicles. This equipment is divided between Waste collection 2 urban environmental companies, 8 public works management boards, 29 cooperatives According to the information obtained from and 92 sanitation teams for waste collection DONRE, the collection rates were as follows in and transport. 2016: (i) In urban areas: Waste collection and treatment has been carried out in 299 out of Waste Sorting and Treatment 313 residential areas, covering 95.5%; and (ii) In rural areas: Waste collection is carried out at The Viet Tri Waste Treatment Plant was 630 of 1,579 residential areas, covering 40%. established in 1998 by KfW funds. It included a composting plant using Chinese and Urban areas: People discharge domestic Vietnamese equipment, applying forced waste at the collection points along the roads aeration technology; and a small incinerator. and central areas. Collection workers collect The incinerator broke down in 2005 and since the waste on a daily basis by pushcart and then no incineration has taken place in the transfer the waste to (mainly small capacity) province. The initial capacity of the facility compaction trucks. Urban waste collection was 20-30 tons/day. In 2004, the capacity was and transport is assigned to URENCO in Viet upgraded to 60 tons/day. Since 2013, the waste Tri, Phu Tho town and to 8 district public works is being received at a rate of 200-250 tons/day. management boards. Once received, the waste is ground and Rural areas: In Viet Tri, Phu Tho town, Lam sorted by sieving. 50% of the small-size waste Thao, Phu Ninh, URENCO, and Public Works is composted. About 40% of waste is retained Management Board collect waste using (mainly as a compost product and the remaining small) compaction trucks and transfer the 10% is disposed of in the landfill. The total waste to the Treatment Plant. In other districts, compost capacity is about 20 tons compost/ the Public Works Management Boards collect day. The compost is made from mixed DSW waste or communes treat waste on the spot by and contains quite a lot of contaminants, such burning or carry out uncontrolled dumping. as plastic, metals, glass etc,. For this reason, it is hard to sell the compost, which is only In addition to the system above, Lam Thao accepted by farmers for specific use in fields Superphosphat & Chemical Joint Stock for growing of cassava, tea and sugar canes. Company carries out waste collection, For these reasons, DONRE reports that the transportation and treatment for seven existing compost plant, operated by Phu Tho 78 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Waste Treatment JSC, will soon be closed. Most invoice 500 tons/day for a received volume of of the waste received at the Viet Tri Waste up to 500 tons/day. For any excess volume, the Treatment plant is disposed at an unlined and company will invoice 16 US$/tons on top of the uncontrolled dumpsite located within the area guaranteed amount. The PPC is also supporting of the composting facility. the investor to establish an agreement with the Ministry of Trade on feeding the electricity Since 2017, the province has planned to output into the national grid. establish an industrial waste treatment facility for hazardous waste treatment and domestic Financial waste treatment. The facility will consist of a 500 tons/day incinerator with electricity generation In urban wards, Viet Tri URENCO staff collect and medical waste treatment facilities, located fees at households. In rural areas, the company in Tram Than Commune, Phu Ninh District, authorizes the heads of villages to collect the Phu Tho Province. The total investment fee. The company pay the fee collectors 10% capital required for the two phases of planned of collected amount. The domestic waste investment is US$ 90 million (equivalent to treatment fee for Phu Tho Waste Treatment VND 2,051 billion) and the construction of the Joint Stock company is 272.5 VND/kg32. facility is planned to be completed by end of The fees collected in 2016 totalled 7 billion VND 2018. and the estimate for 2017 is 10 billion VND. It Following commissioning of the 500 tons/day is estimated that the fees collected cover 1/3 incinerator, the district landfill will be converted of the total operation costs. The remaining into a transfer station and the existing Viet Tri 2/3 is subsidized by the Provincial Peoples Waste Treatment Plant in Van Son will be closed. Committee. All waste collected at the districts will then be In 2016, the budget allocated for environmental transported to the Tram Than incinerator. The protection of the province was 109,304 million distance between the districts and the Tram VND, accounting for 1.13% of the total provincial Than treatment site varies from 42 km (Viet Tri budget. City) to over 80 km (Tan Son district). Main problems and challenges related to the The project investor is Au Viet Company, a current waste management system: Joint-Venture between a Vietnamese company and a Chinese partner. The equipment to be Some of the main problems in Phu Tho related provided is of Chinese origin. During project to the current waste management system are preparation, the PPC delegated a team to the following: conduct a study tour to China. The detailed › Collection. There is insufficient focus technology appraisal has not been conducted on separating and minimizing waste yet. Under the agreement between the investor streams, such as the organic fraction and and PPC, the treated unit price is 16 US$/tons construction waste. In addition, the vehicle and the province guarantee a supply of 500 fleet need to be replaced and improved tons/day. That means the investor is entitled to 32 Decision No. 05/2017 / QD-UBND dated 10/02/2017 specifies fee for domestic waste collection and transportation in Phu Tho province. Decision No. 11/2017 / QD-UBND dated 20/4/2017 regulates the fee of environmental public services in Viet Tri city and Phu Tho town, Phu Tho province. Treatment fee of domestic waste for Phu Tho Waste Treatment Joint Stock Company is regulated by Decision No. 12/2017 / QD-UBND dated 20/4/2017. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 79 coordination between districts is required in and put into operation in 1998, with a order to utilize the transportation capacity design capacity of 60 tons/day. The facility (optimal transportation route, combining is currently operating overloaded (nearly waste to be transported in districts, etc.). 400% over design capacity). Equipment and › Transport. A transfer station and large facilities have been degraded; disposing transfer vehicles must be established for the cells are full; and there is no surface water transfer of waste over long distance to the collection and splitting system, as required. new incinerator. An inefficient leachate treatment system › Disposal. Unsanitary landfills (dumpsites) has polluted the environment at the plant are operated in mountainous districts. and the surrounding area. The plant is likely The landfills in Yen Lap, Doan Hung and to be closed in 2018. Cam Khe have no technical infrastructure, › Institutional. The late issuing of the necessary disposal celling, lining, leachate collection solid waste management policies, leads to and treatment. inconsistency in waste management. › Treatment. Nine small incinerators (with › Financing. A targeted support mechanism capacities lees than 100 tons/day) have funded by state budget for implementing been established to treat domestic waste rehabilitation projects for severe environ­ in some districts. However, due to poor flue mental polluting facilities is in place. The gas cleaning equipment the environmental support from central budget has helped protection requirements specified in QCVN local authorities to deal with pollution 61-MT: 2016/BTNMT National Technical sources from the public utilities sector Regulation on Domestic Waste Incinerators and to improve the local environment to a are not yet met. Thus, the incinerators are certain extent. However, the support is not expected to generate air pollutant emissions, sufficient to implement proper pollution while renovations and upgrades to install treatment, specifically for landfills. The fees proper flue gas cleaning equipment are are insufficient to cover the costs of the difficult and costly. current waste management system and to › Foreseen treatment. Since no detailed support more expensive, advanced waste technical appraisal has yet been carried treatment out, it is unclear whether the new proposed incineration facility will have sufficient flue Assessment of four options/scenarios for gas cleaning equipment to avoid polluting swm improvements in Phu Tho the air, enabling it to meet Vietnamese The four different options/scenarios for the standards. In addition, it is unclear if the modernization of Solid Waste Management waste that will feed the incinerator can for Phu Tho, are detailed below. The scenarios meet the calorific requirements for waste present the amount of waste that can be suitable for incineration. A large part of the expected in the period 2018-2030, the amount organic fraction would need to be removed of solid waste infrastructure that would be to enable the waste to meet the calorific needed to deal with the waste flows in the values required (typically more than 9,000 different options/scenarios, the corresponding KJ/kg). impacts on investment and operational costs › Treatment/disposal. There is substantial as well as the accompanying implications pollution at the Viet Tri Urban Waste for waste fee increases and the remaining Treatment Plant. The factory was built financing gaps. 80 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Option/Scenario 1 - Basic Solid Waste Tho, as there are in fact substantial plans for the Management System establishment of a new waste incinerator in the province. The waste flow for Option 1 within the The basic solid waste management system planning period from 2018 to 2030 is presented includes improvement of collection and in Table 2-36 below. transportation, incl. use of transfer stations prior to transportation to proper landfills. Apart from Development of the waste flow within the sorting of recyclables during the collection and planning period is further illustrated in Figure transportation process, the system does not 2-22 below. In this option/scenario, amounts include any further treatment and/or reduction for landfill disposal continue to grow rapidly measures. This option is analysed in order to be during the planning period, due to limited used for comparison with three other options. recycling and no other kind of treatment. Option 1 is unlikely to be implemented in Phu TABLE 2-36 Option 1/Scenario 1 – Waste flow forecast Phu Tho 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 1: Basic Solid Waste Management System Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 50 50 Collection Total (t/y) 346,188 858,187 Recycling (%) 10 10 Recycling (t/y) 34,619 85,819 Residual waste for landfill (%) 90 90 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 311,569 772,368 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 6,833,601 Option 1 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Phu Tho (ton/year) 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 Total generation 600,000 400,000 Total collection 200,000 Land ll 0 Recycling 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 20 21 22 19 16 17 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-22 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System – waste flow for Phu Tho (ton/ year) PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 81 The necessary systems and facilities for equipment (pushcarts, containers), and the handling of the waste in the future are listed in costs of disposal infrastructure (sanitary and Table 2-37. environmentally compliant landfills) including transfer stations to optimize transport to The investments in equipment and facilities the landfill. This option/scenario does not that are needed for modernization of the include more advanced solid waste treatment collection, transport and disposal required in infrastructure. These costs exclude the costs each of the four-year periods until 2030 are of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes presented in Table 2-38. as these would need to be determined as a part of a specific feasibility study analysis. The The costs demonstrate the investments estimated operational and maintenance costs associated with the upgrading of the collection are presented in Table 2-39 below. TABLE 2-37 Option 1, Phu Tho – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 1: Basic Solid Waste Management System Transfer points in streets (No.) 903 1,479 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 843 2,090 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 35 87 15 m³, 7.5 t, 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 2 5 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 1 4 TABLE 2-38 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System: Total investments estimated for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 1 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 7,023,000 3,005,000 6,149,000 16,176,000 Disposal 31,000,000 17,000,000 27,000,000 75,000,000 Total 38,023,000 20,005,000 33,149,000 91,176,000 TABLE 2-39 Option/Scenario 1 – Annual operation and maintenance costs for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 1 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 16,580,000 22,897,000 39,113,000 78,591,000 Disposal 22,000,000 32,200,000 64,800,000 119,000,000 Total 38,580,000 55,097,000 103,913,000 197,591,000 82 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 2-40 Option 1, Phu Tho – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 1: Basic Solid Waste US$/person/Year US$/Ton VND/person/Year VND/ton Management System Total investments and reinvestments 3.76 10.77 85.456 208,300 Total operation and maintenance costs 9.01 25.76 204,443 523,500 Total annual costs 12,77 36.53 289,899 731,800 The operational costs of collection and disposal If the fees were to be increased to what is also gradually increase as new pushcarts, considered to be internationally affordable, containers, trucks and transfer stations this would still leave an annual financing gap are rolled out together with the new and of VND 71,874 – 144,549 per person per year or environmentally sanitary landfills required for US$31- US$63 million per year. the increase in waste generation in this option/ scenario. Where full cost recovery is introduced Option 2 – Waste reduction, reuse and recycling and all costs are to be covered by normal In this scenario the recycling at source is residents, the average cost per person will be forecasted to grow to 13% and in addition waste as shown in Table 2-40. recycling is forecasted to grow from the current The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ 12% to 24% in 2030. month. International norms indicate an This leads to an increase in recycling materials affordable fee for waste management services from the current 46,691 tons per year to about of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of 335,000 tons per year in 2030. In this scenario, the household. In cases where only one person much less waste needs landfilling, from 299,497 generates income in the household, the tons per year in the beginning to 523,713 ton per affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- year in 2030. The waste flow collected, recycled 72,675 per month/household. With an average and landfilled in option/scenario 2 is presented of 4 persons per household, the affordable in Table 2-41 below for the planning period annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – from 2018 to 2030. 218,025. This only covers 50-75% of the average costs as presented above. TABLE 2-41 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste flow forecast Phu Tho for Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 50 50 Collection Total (t/y) 346,188 858,187 Sorting/recycling at source (%) 1 13 Sorting/recycling during collection (%) 12 24 Recycling in total (t/y) 46,691 334,474 Residual waste for landfill (%) 87 61 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 299,497 523,713 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 5,407,746 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 83 The development of the waste flow within future handling of the waste are listed in Table the planning period is further illustrated in 2-42 below. Figure 2-23 below. Although recycling has been increased, the amounts for landf ill The investments in equipment and facilities disposal continue to grow during the that are needed for modernization of the planning period. collection, transport and disposal required in each of the four-year periods to 2030, are The necessary systems and facilities for the presented in Table 2-43 below. Option 2 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Phu Tho (ton/year) 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 Total generation 400,000 Total collection 200,000 Land ll 0 Recycling 27 28 29 30 22 23 24 25 26 20 21 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-23 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source – Phu Tho (ton/year) TABLE 2-42 Option 2, Phu Tho – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source Transfer points in streets (No.) 903 1,479 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts (No.) 843 2090 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 35 87 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 2 5 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 1 3 TABLE 2-43 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste Reduction Reduce, Recycling: Total investments estimated for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 2 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 7,023,000 3,005,000 6,149,000 16,176,000 Disposal 31,000,000 17,000,000 17,000,000 65,000,000 Total 38,023,000 20,005,000 23,149,000 81,176,000 84 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The costs for collection are comparable to required for the continued increase in waste those under the first option/scenario, while generation in this option/scenario. Where full the costs for disposal33 are substantially lower. cost recovery is introduced and all costs are to The reduced costs for disposal are largely due be covered by normal residents, the average to the reduced landfill capacity required in this costs per person will be as shown in Table 2-45 scenario. Separation of waste by households below. is difficult to achieve and only limited success has been achieved in many countries, despite The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,485,000 decades of effort and outreach. Separation per month. International norms indicate an of waste, especially paper and plastic from affordable fee for waste management services commercial and institutional establishments of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of and organic waste from kitchens, restaurants, the household. In cases where only one person markets and hotels can be more attractive, in generates income in the household, the view of the larger quantities for recycling. The affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- estimated operational and maintenance costs 72,675 per month/household. With an average are presented in Table 2-44 below, but do not of 4 persons per household, the affordable include the Vietnam specific costs for outreach, annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – public awareness and education required to 218,025. This only covers 53-80% of the average make recycling at source a potential success. costs as presented above. The operational costs for collection and If the fees were to be increased to what is disposal, gradually increase as new pushcarts, considered to be internationally affordable, containers, trucks and transfer stations this would still leave an annual financing gap are rolled out together with the new and of VND 55,355 – 128,030 per person per year or environmentally sanitary landfills that are US$24- US$56 million per year. TABLE 2-44 Option/Scenario 2 – Annual operation and maintenance costs for Phu Tho Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 2 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 16,580,000 22,897,000 39,113,000 78,591,000 Disposal 22,000,000 32,200,000 56,800,000 111,000,000 Total 38,580,000 55,097,000 95,913,000 189,591,000 TABLE 2-45 Option 2, Phu Tho – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 2: Basic Solid Waste US$/person/Year US$/Ton VND/person/Year VND/ton Management System and recycling Total investments and reinvestments 3.35 9.59 76,074 217,601 Total operation and maintenance costs 8.69 24.86 197,306 564,374 Total annual costs 12.04 34.45 273,380 781,975 33 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 85 Option 3 – Low cost waste treatment that can be used in the cement industry. In this scenario, much less waste needs landfilling, In this scenario, Mechanical Biological from 152,323 tons per year in the beginning to Treatment facilities are employed to 255,740 ton per year in 2030. The waste flow mechanically separate the household waste, collected, recycled and landfilled in option/ in order to separate the organic fraction for scenario 3 is presented in the Table 2-46 below composing and a Refuse Derived Fuel fraction for the planning period from 2018 to 2030. that is suitable for co-processing at cement plants (or waste-to-energy plants). The development of the waste flow within the planning period is further illustrated in In this scenario, there is an increase in recycling Figure 2-24 below. Amounts for landfilling are materials from 34,619 tons per year to about limited due to the significant positive impact 171,637 tons per year in 2030; 171,637 tons of of composting and the use of RDF in cement compost would be produced in 2030 as well plants. as 255,740 tons per year of Refuse Derived Fuel TABLE 2-46 Option 3 – Waste flow forecast Phu Tho 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 3: Low cost waste treatment Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 50 50 Collection Total (t/y) 346,188 858,187 Recycling (%) 10 20 Recycling (t/y) 34,619 171,637 Compost (%) 2 20 Compost (t/y) 6,924 171,637 Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (%) 44 30 Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (t/y) 152,323 255,740 Residual waste for landfill (%) 44 30 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 152,323 255,740 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 2,712,607 Option 3 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Phu Tho (ton/year) 1,200,000 1,000,000 Total generation 800,000 Total collection Land ll 600,000 Recycling 400,000 Composting 200,000 Other treatment 0 30 25 26 27 28 29 22 23 24 20 21 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-24 Option/Scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment – Phu Tho (ton/year) 86 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The necessary systems and facilities for the those under the first option/scenario, while the future handling of the waste are listed in Table costs for disposal/treatment34 are substantially 2-47 below. higher due to the mechanical biological treatment systems. The advantage is that The costs of the equipment and facilities are there is substantially less need for landfilling based on the costs and price information and landfills. The estimated operational and listed in Table 2-11. In this scenario, the transfer maintenance costs are presented in Table 2-49 stations are integrated with the MBT facilities. below. The investments in equipment and facilities that are needed for modernization of the The mechanical biological treatment stations collection, transport and disposal needed that would be rolled out under this scenario are in each of the four-year periods to 2030 are also the main costs driver for operational costs, presented in Table 2-48 below. as there would be a requirement for one new, environmentally sanitary landfill only. Where The costs for collection are comparable to full cost recovery is introduced and all costs are TABLE 2-47 Option 3, Phu Tho – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 3: Low cost waste treatment Transfer points in streets (No.) 903 1,479 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 843 2090 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 35 87 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 0 0 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y MBT facilities 2 5 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (No.) 0 0 Existing cement factories New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 1 2 TABLE 2-48 Option/Scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment: Total investments estimated for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 3 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 7,023,000 3,005,000 6,149,000 16,176,000 Disposal 145,000,000 45,000,000 55,000,000 245,000,000 Total 152,023,000 48,005,000 61,149,000 261,176,000 TABLE 2-49 Option/Scenario 3 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 3 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 16,580,000 22,897,000 39,113,000 78,591,000 Disposal/treatment 68,000,000 86,000,000 154,000,000 308,000,000 Total 84,580,000 108,897,000 193,113,000 386,591,000 34 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 87 to be covered by normal residents, the average Option 4 – Advanced treatment technologies costs per person would be as shown in Table 2-50 below. In this scenario, similar to option 3, Mechanical Biological Treatment facilities are employed to The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ mechanically separate the household waste, month. International norms indicate an in order to separate the organic fraction for affordable fee for waste management services composing and a Refuse Derived Fuel fraction of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of that is then incinerated in dedicated Waste-to- the household. In cases where only one person Energy plants. generates income in the household, the affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- As in the third option/scenario, this leads to an 72,675 per month/household. With an average increase in recycling materials from the 34,619 of 4 persons per household, the affordable tons per year to about 171,637 tons per year in annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – 2030; an amount of 171,637 tons of compost is 218,025. This only covers 24-36% of the average produced in 2030 and 365,000 tons per year of costs as presented above. waste is incinerated. In this scenario, much less waste needs landfilling, from 304,646 tons per If the fees were to be increased to what is year in the beginning to 200,800 ton per year considered to be internationally affordable, this in 2030. The waste flow collected, recycled and would still leave an annual financing gap of landfilled in option/scenario 3 is presented in VND 390,315 – 462,990 per person per year or Table 2-15 below for the planning period from US$170- US$201 mln per year. 2018 to 2030. TABLE 2-50 Option 3, Phu Tho – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 3: Low Costs US$/person/Year US$/Ton VND/person/Year VND/ton Treatment Total investments and reinvestments 8.99 25.71 204,068 583,715 Total operation and maintenance costs 17.81 50.94 404,272 1,156,378 Total annual costs 26.80 76.66 608,340 1,740,093 TABLE 2-51 Option 4 – Waste flow Forecast Phu Tho 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 4: Advanced treatment technologies Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 50 50 Collection Total (t/y) 346,188 858,187 Recycling (%) 10 20 Recycling (t/y) 34,619 171,637 Compost (%) 2 20 Compost (t/y) 6,924 171,637 Waste-to-Energy (%) 0 43 Waste-to-Energy (t/y) 0 365,000 Residual waste for landfill (%) 88 23 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 304,646 200,800 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 2,631,071 88 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The development of the waste flow within the The costs of the equipment and facilities are planning period is further illustrated in Figure based on the costs and price information 2-25 below. Amounts for landfilling are limited listed in Table 2-11. In this scenario, the transfer due to the significant positive impact from stations are integrated with the MBT facilities. composting and the incineration of RDF in The investments in equipment and facilities Waste-to-Energy plants. that are needed for modernization of the collection, transport and disposal required The necessary systems and facilities for in each of the four-year periods to 2030 are handling of the waste in future are listed in presented in Table 2-53. Table 2-52. Option 4 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Phu Tho (ton/year) 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 Total generation 600,000 Total collection Land ll 400,000 Recycling 200,000 Composting 0 Other treatment 28 29 30 26 27 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-25 Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced treatment technologies – Phu Tho (ton/year) TABLE 2-52 Option/Scenario 4, Phu Tho – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 4: Advanced treatment technologies Transfer points in streets (No.) 903 1,479 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 843 2,090 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 35 87 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 0 0 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y MBT facilities 2 5 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y Waste-to-energy plants (No.) 0 1 Capacity each: 1,000 t/day New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 1 2 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 89 TABLE 2-53 Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced waste treatment: Total investments estimated for Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 4 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 7,023,000 3,005,000 6,149,000 16,176,000 Disposal 145,000,000 195,000,000 55,000,000 395,000,000 Total 152,023,000 198,005,000 61,149,000 411,176,000 The costs for collection are comparable to normal residents, the average costs per person those under the first option/scenario, while the would be as shown in Table 2-55 below. costs for disposal/treatment35 are substantially higher due to the waste to energy plants. When The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ compared to option 3, an advantage of this month. International norms indicate an scenario is that there is substantially less need affordable fee for waste management services for landfilling and landfills, the disadvantage is of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of that RDF is not provided to the cement plants the household. In cases where only one person in this scenario. The estimated operational generates income in the household, the and maintenance costs are presented in Table affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- 2-54 below. 72,675 per month/household. With an average of 4 persons per household, the affordable The mechanical biological treatment stations annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – and waste to energy plants are the main costs 218,025. This only covers 19-28% of the average driver for operational costs under this option, as costs as presented above. there is only one new, environmentally sanitary landfill needed. Where full cost recovery is If the fees were to be increased to what is introduced and all costs are to be covered by considered to be internationally affordable, TABLE 2-54 Option/Scenario 4 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Phu Tho for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 4 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 16,580,000 22,897,000 3 9,1 1 3 ,000 78,591,000 Disposal/treatment 68,000,000 118,000,000 190,000,000 376,000,000 Total 84,580,000 140,897,000 229,113,000 454,591,000 TABLE 2-55 Option/Scenario 4, Phu Tho – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 4: Advanced US$/person/year US$/ton VND/person/year VND/ton Treatment Technologies Total investments and reinvestments 13.52 38.68 306,973 878,065 Total operation and maintenance costs 20.79 59.47 471,968 1,350,014 Total annual costs 34.31 98.15 778,941 2,228,078 35 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. 90 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS this would still leave an annual financing gap 2.3.3 HAI PHONG of VND 560,916 – 633,591 per person per year or This section includes an analysis of the existing US$244- US$275 million per year. solid waste management situation in Hai Planning for future waste management Phong as well as presenting the four different improvements and related investments waste strategy options/scenarios. The options should be based on the availability of reliable include analysis of the waste flows, costs and information on waste quantities, composition, affordability which can be used by authorities generation rates, and waste density in both for (financial) planning of solid waste urban and rural areas. Investment decisions management improvements. need to be based on more detailed feasibility Current waste management in Hai Phong analysis, including more data collection and data verification. A key recommendation Hai Phong is a coastal city located 102 kilometres for provinces and cities that are planning to the Northeast of Hanoi. The province borders infrastructure investments with or without with Quang Ninh province to the North, Hai the private sector is: to budget the funds Duong province to the West, Thai Binh province required for a detailed feasibility analysis to the South, and Bac Bo Bay in the East Sea. of solid waste management technologies, The city has a significant position in the socio- skills development, capacity building and economic development, national defence and monitoring/enforcement and to prepare the security of the North and the whole country. roadmap/masterplan at the regional level Hai Phong is a sea transport hub in the that can form the basis for selecting specific North which benefits from: a deep seaport; a investments and technologies. development motivation of the Northern key The necessary institutional and operational economic region, a general economic, science capacity building needs to precede even and technology centre of the Northern delta basic infrastructure upgrading, including area; and one of the two development centres improvements in revenue collection. of the Northern key economic region. Hai Considering the current low capacities, Phong possesses various large-scale industrial substantial training and capacity building zones, as well as trade, service, tourism, programs will be needed in the areas of: education, medical and aquaculture centres of (i) policy formulation and planning; (ii) legislation; the Northern delta area. (iii) infrastructure feasibility analysis and design; Hai Phong is the third largest city of Vietnam (iv) budgeting and accounting; (v) technical after Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi and is one of operation; and (vi) monitoring and enforce­ment. the five cities under the direct control of the Sustainable private sector participation is viable Central Government. The city is the first-ranked when supported by appropriate legislation, central city at the national level. Hai Phong’s regulations, monitoring, enforcement, increa­ urban system consists of 7 central urban sed waste fees and government capacity. The districts and 11 district towns and townships. legal framework will also need to establish a The total area of the province is 156,176 ha. transparent financing mechanism with cost- recovery targets from user fees and institute a Hai Phong is one of the most rapidly urbanizing system to enforce payments. cities in Vietnam. By 2015, the city's urbanization PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 91 rate was 46.73%, 1.40 times higher than the waste along the roads and central areas. national urbanization rate average (33.40%) The waste is collected daily by collection and ranking third among the provinces in the workers using pushcarts. They transfer waste Northern key economic region. The Hai Phong to collection points where it is emptied into urbanization rate is nearly equal to that of compaction trucks for further transportation Hanoi (47.55%). There are 1,980,800 inhabitants to the landfills (and minor amounts to the in Hai Phong city, with an annual growth rate compost plant). Urban waste collection and of 0.89%. There are 925,900 inhabitants in the transport is assigned to 3 companies including urban districts and 1,054,900 inhabitants in the Hai Phong URENCO Ltd, Hai Phong Public rural districts. For the period from 2018 to 2030 Works & Construction Co. Ltd., and Hai Phong urban population is expected to continue to Public and Tourism Service JSC. In rural areas, grow and the rural population will continue to waste collection is to some extent organised by decrease as shown in Table 2-56 below. district authorities, who mainly dump the waste at uncontrolled dumpsites. DSW is collected Waste collection, transport and disposal/ and transported by means of compaction treatment trucks, open trucks, and pushcarts. However, some districts still use small trucks, farm According to DOC, the average domestic vehicles or other rudimentary vehicles due waste generation rates in the urban and rural to lack of proper equipment. The equipment areas are 1.25 kg/cap/day and 0.82 kg/cap/day, currently used by Hai Phong URENCO includes: respectively. Collection rates were reported to be 97% in urban areas and 81% in rural areas; the Equipment for collection and transportation: collection rates reported for rural areas seem to (i) 65 compaction trucks (4 m3: 6 trucks, of be too high because most of the rural waste is which 01 is not operating; 6 m³: 10 trucks, of still scattered around and no plans exist yet for which 09 are not operating; 8 m³: 28 trucks, of collection and treatment/disposal of this waste, which 04 are not operating; 10 m³: 9 trucks, of with the exception of some communes (An which 02 are not operating; 11 m³: 2 trucks, of Duong district - Hai Phong City). which 02 are not operating; 12 m³: 5 trucks; 14.5 m³: 5 trucks); (ii) 1,056 pushcarts including 1,036 In the urban areas people put their household pushcarts of 500L and 20 pushcarts of 660L; TABLE 2-56 Forecast of population and waste generation for Hai Phong Item Year 2016 Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Urban population (No.) 925,900 943,202 1,054,018 Increasing (0.89%/year) Rural population (No.) 1,054,900 1,073,122 1,189,260 Increasing (0.89%/year) Total population (No.) 1,980,800 2,016,324 2,243,278 Annual growth: 0.89% Urban DSW generation (t/y) 422,442 450,288 660,441 Increasing Rural DSW Generation (t/y) 315,732 336,077 488,840 Decreasing Total DSW generation (t/y) 738,173 786,366 1,149,281 Annual growth: 3.21% Urban DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 1.25 1.31 1.72 Rural DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 0.82 0.86 1.13 Total DSW gen. (kg/cap. /day) 1.02 1.07 1.40 92 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS (iii) 06 waste containers: 60L & 240L; (iv) others: (compost) products are of high quality (the 04 water spraying trucks of 7m3, 03 refrigerated compost samples were analysed at the trucks, 02 sweeping trucks, 02 septic tank National Fertilizer Testing Centre, Ministry trucks, 01 self-propelled crane, and 03 loader of Natural Resources and Environment). The trucks. Recyclable materials, such as plastic, compost has been used in experimental nylon, papers are sorted and handled by the gardens at the Trang Cat Waste treatment informal sector. complex and at the strip of green parks in the city centre.; (ii) Trang Cat landfill (11.3 ha Equipment for waste treatment at the landfill – 1,700,000 m3) 587 tons/day. Although the includes 02 excavators; 07 bull dozers; and landfill is still being used, it has reached its 04-wheel loaders. capacity and is full; and (iii) medical waste incinerator with design capacity of 200 kg/h. URENCO Hai Phong has an existing composting The plant runs with capacity of 1000-1200 plant with a capacity of 50 ton/day based on kg/day due to an insufficient amount of Korean technology, which has been producing medical waste. The incinerator operates for compost based on mixed DSW. However, as 7-8 hours/day. the input was unsorted waste, the compost › Dinh Vu Landfill (29.6 ha), with a total produced was of poor quality and could not capacity of 547.98 tons/day consisting of be sold. the following key facilities: (i) semi aerobic Nearly all waste collected goes directly for pilot landfill (5,000 m3 – Japanese Fukuoka landfill disposal. The existing landfills are technology); and (ii) sanitary landfill (9.6 being operated – Dinh Vu, Bang Lal and Trang ha – 1,500,000 m2), which is also full. The Cat Landfills. The disposal capacity is almost remaining landfill area is 5.95 ha, will be exhausted at Dinh Vu and Trang Cat landfills. used to receive the waste from Thuong Ly The major waste treatment and disposal landfill. At the current stage, about 13.95 ha facilities for urban areas are Trang Cat Waste of this land area has not yet been cleared. Treatment Complex; Dinh Vu landfill and Gia › Bang La Landfill (2.0 ha), receives the Minh Waste Treatment Complex: domestic solid waste from Do Son and Kinh Duong and has a total capacity of 136.5 tons/ › Trang Cat Waste Treatment Complex, day. consists of the following key facilities: › Gia Minh Waste Treatment Complex (35 ha) (i) Composting plant with capacity of 50 uses Fukuoka technology with the objective tons/day using Japanese technology; input to reduce the load for Trang Cat and Dinh is organic waste from markets, waste Vu Solid waste treatment Complexes and from urban tree trimmings, hotels and to collect and dispose of all the solid waste restaurants, used to produce a higher quality from the North of the city. compost. The main processes are: sorting – aerobic composting – final composting. The For the rural areas, there are five landfills/ plant is still being operated as a pilot plant, dumpsites: One at Tien Lang; two at Thuy with the composting process being tested Nguyen; two at Cat Hai) and 114 temporary and further sources of separated organic dumpsites at communes. wastes being investigated. Organic fertilizer PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 93 FIGURE 2-26 Example of overloaded landfill in Hai Phong Financial Phong URENCO is assigned to collect the Table 2-57 below details the current user fees sanitation fee in the urban districts and a part for waste and how they are collected. The Hai of the rural districts. TABLE 2-57 Fees for domestic waste collection and transportation in Hai Phong City36 No. Customer category Unit Fees (incl. VAT) I Households with no production or business 1 Households (road, street, alley, apartment building) VND/households/month 40,000 2 Individual households, Motel 20,000 II Households with small business 1 Catering VND/households/month 135,000 2 repairing, building materials, foods, electric, apparel business VND/households/month 135,000 3 Grocery, car wash and others VND/households/month 90,000 III Administrative units, Armed Forces, schools, kindergartens, offices, Branch representatives; shops, hotels, restaurants, other services; production & business units (factories, companies, railway stations, bus stations, markets ...), hospitals and private clinics 1 With monthly waste volume by domestic, business & services VND/unit/month 324,000 (excluding construction, hazardous and medical wastes) ≤ 1 m3/month 2 With monthly waste volume by domestic, business & services VND/m3 324,000 (excluding construction, hazardous and medical wastes) ≤ 1 m3/month 36 Decision No. 3275/2016 /QD-UBND dated 22/12/2016 on the fee for collection, transportation and treatment of domestic waste at the city urban area 94 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS In addition, there is funding from the City › Financing. The financial support from the People Committee (CPC) for environmental central budget is insufficient to implement protection, which in 2015 accounted for 4.35% proper pollution treatment, especially for of the budget for regular expenditures. landfills. The fees are insufficient to cover the costs of the current waste management Main problems related to the current waste system and more expensive advanced waste management system: treatment. In addition, only part of the fees is collected. The main solid waste management problems that affect Hanoi and Phu Tho are also issues Assessment of four options/scenarios for in Hai Phong: swm improvements in Hai Phong › Collection. There is insufficient focus on The four different options/scenarios for separating and minimizing waste streams, modernization of Solid Waste Management such as the organic fraction and construction in Hai Phong are detailed below. The options waste. While the city has started to collect include the amount of waste that can be separate organic waste streams from expected in the period 2018-2030, the amount markets, hotels, and restaurant, the amount of solid waste infrastructure that would be of organic waste collected is insufficient needed to deal with the waste flows in the for the operational capacity of the plant. different options/scenarios as well as the Therefore, separation at source for organic corresponding impacts on investment and waste needs to be expanded to cover the operational costs and the accompanying entire the city. implications for waste fee increases and the › Disposal. Unsanitary landfills (dumpsites) remaining financing gaps. are still being operated. The landfills at the Option 1 - Basic Solid Waste Management Trang Cat Waste Treatment Complex and System: Dinh Vu Landfill lack sufficient technical infrastructure, disposal celling, lining, A basic solid waste management system is leachate collection and treatment and are presented and analysed below. The system full to capacity. includes improvement of collection and › Treatment/disposal. The composting plant transportation, incl. the use of transfer stations can substantially reduce landfill volumes prior to transportation to proper landfills. if rigorous separate collection can be Apart from sorting of recyclables during the expanded together with quality control and collection and transportation process, the testing. system does not include any further treatment › Institutional. Late issuing of the necessary and/or reduction measures. The Waste flow for solid waste management policies leads to Option 1 within a planning period from 2018 to inconsistencies in waste management. 2030 is presented in Table 2-58. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 95 TABLE 2-58 Option/Scenario 1 – Waste flow forecast Hai Phong 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 1: Basic Solid Waste Management System Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 60-81 81 Collection Total (t/y) 710,932 1,056,402 Recycling (%) 10 10 Recycling (t/y) 71,093 105,640 Residual waste for landfill (%) 90 90 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 639,839 950,762 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 10,217,052 The development of the waste flow within the Due to limited recycling and the absence of planning period is further illustrated in Figure other treatment options, the amounts of waste 2-27 below. The collection rate is gradually disposed of by landfilling, continues to grow increased to 100% over the planning period. rapidly during the planning period. Option 1 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hai Phong (ton/year) 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 Total generation 400,000 Total collection 200,000 Land ll 0 Recycling 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 21 22 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-27 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System – Hai Phong (ton/year) 96 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The necessary systems and facilities for future equipment (pushcarts, containers), and the handling of the waste are listed in Table 2-59. costs of disposal infrastructure (sanitary and environmentally compliant landfills) including The costs of the equipment and facilities are transfer stations to optimize transport to based on the costs and price information listed the landfill. This option/scenario does not in Table 2-11. The investments in equipment and include more advanced solid waste treatment facilities that are needed for modernization of infrastructure. These costs exclude the costs the collection, transport and disposal required of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes in each of the four-year periods to 2030 are as these would need to be determined as presented Table 2-60. part of a specific feasibility study analysis. The estimated operational and maintenance costs The costs demonstrate the investments are presented Table 2-61. associated with the upgrading of the collection TABLE 2-59 Option/Scenario 1, Hai Phong – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 1: Basic Solid Waste Management System Transfer points in streets (No.) 1,788 2,017 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 1,731 2,573 0.75 m³, 1m3, 5 loads/day Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 72 107 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 4 6 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 1 6 TABLE 2-60 Option/Scenario 1 – Basic Solid Waste Management System: Total investments estimated for Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 1 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 10,318,000 1,751,000 3,707,000 15,776,000 Disposal 48,000,000 17,000,000 37,000,000 102,000,000 Total 58,318,000 18,751,000 40,707,000 117,776,000 TABLE 2-61 Option/Scenario 1 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 1 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 31,067,000 35,379,000 51,217,000 117,664,000 Disposal 32,400,000 50,000,000 85,800,000 168,200,000 Total 63,467,000 85,379,000 137,017,000 285,864,000 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 97 TABLE 2-62 Option 1, Hai Phong – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 1: Basic Solid Waste US$/person/year US$/ton VND/person/year VND/ton Management System Total investments and reinvestments 4.02 9.97 91,344 226,276 Total operation and maintenance costs 9.97 24.69 226,208 560,361 Total annual costs 13.99 34.65 317,552 786,637 The operational costs of collection and If the fees were to be increased to what is disposal gradually increase as new pushcarts, considered to be internationally affordable, containers, trucks and transfer stations this would still leave an annual financing gap are rolled out and due to the new and of VND 99,527 – 172,202 per person per year or environmentally sanitary landfills required US$43- US$75 million per year. for the increase in waste generation in this option/scenario. Where full cost recovery is Option 2 – Waste reduction, reuse and recycling introduced and all costs are to be covered by at source normal residents, the average costs per person In this scenario, recycling at source is forecasted would be as shown in Table 2-62. to grow to 13% and in addition waste recycling The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ is forecasted to grow from 12% currently to 24% month. International norms indicate an in 2030. affordable fee for waste management services This forecasted growth would lead to an of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of increase in recycling materials from the the household. In cases where only one person current 93,176 tons per year to about 402,943 generates income in the household, the tons per year in 2030. In this scenario, much affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- less waste needs landfilling, from 617,757 tons 72,675 per month/household. With an average per year in the beginning to 653,459 tons per of 4 persons per household, the affordable year in 2030. The waste flow collected, recycled annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – and landfilled in option/scenario 2 is presented 218,025. This only covers 46-69% of the average Table 2-63 below for the planning period from costs as presented above. 2018 to 2030. TABLE 2-63 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste flow forecast Hai Phong for year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 60-81 81 Collection Total (t/y) 710,932 1,056,402 Sorting/recycling at source (%) 1 13 Sorting/recycling during collection (%) 12 24 Recycling in total (t/y) 93,176 402,943 Residual waste for landfill (%) 87 63 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 617,757 653,459 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 8,330,467 98 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The development of the waste flow within the The necessary systems and facilities for future planning period is further illustrated in Figure handling of the waste are listed in Table 2-64 2-28 below. The collection rate is gradually below. increased to 100%. Due to limited recycling and the lack of alternative treatments, amounts for The investments in equipment and facilities landfill disposal continue to grow during the that are needed for modernization of the planning period. collection, transport and disposal required in each of the four-year periods to 2030 are presented in Table 2-65. Option 2 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hai Phong (ton/year) 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 Total generation 400,000 Total collection 200,000 Land ll 0 Recycling 28 29 30 22 23 24 25 26 27 21 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-28 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source – Hai Phong (ton/year) TABLE 2-64 Option/Scenario 2, Hai Phong – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option/scenario 2: Waste reduction, reuse and recycling at source Transfer points in streets (No.) 1,788 2,017 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 1,731 2,573 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 72 107 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 4 6 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y New landfills (2 mln. tons capacity each) 1 5 TABLE 2-65 Option/Scenario 2 – Waste Reduction Reduce, Recycling: Total investments estimated for Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 2 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 10,318,000 1,751,000 3,707,000 15,776,000 Disposal 48,000,000 17,000,000 27,000,000 92,000,000 Total 58,318,000 18,751,000 30,707,000 107,776,000 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 99 The costs for collection are comparable to together with the new and environmentally those under the first option/scenario, while sanitary landfills that are required for the the costs for disposal37 are lower, since continued increase in waste generation in less landfill capacity is required. However, this option/scenario. Where full cost recovery separation of waste by households is difficult is introduced and all costs are to be covered to achieve and only limited success has been by normal residents, the average costs per achieved in many countries despite decades person will be as shown in Table 2-67. of effort and outreach. Separation of waste, especially paper and plastic from commercial The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000 and institutional establishments and organic per month. International norms indicate an waste from kitchens, restaurants, markets affordable fee for waste management services and hotels is more attractive in view of the of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of larger quantities available for recycling. The the household. In cases where only one person current separate collection of market waste generates income in the household, the by the city can be expanded. The estimated affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- operational and maintenance costs are 72,675 per month/household. With an average presented Table 2-66 below. These costs do of 4 persons per household, the affordable not include the Vietnam specific costs for annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – outreach, public awareness and education 218,025. This only covers 48-72% of the average which are required to make recycling at costs as presented above. source a potential success. If the fees were to be increased to what is The operational costs for collection and considered to be internationally affordable, disposal gradually increase over the planning this would still leave an annual financing gap period as new pushcarts, containers, of VND 85,092 – 157,767 per person per year or trucks and transfer stations are rolled out US$37- US$69 million per year. TABLE 2-66 Option/Scenario 2 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 2 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 31,067,000 35,379,000 51,217,000 117,664,000 Disposal 32,400,000 48,000,000 77,800,000 158,200,000 Total 63,467,000 83,379,000 129,017,000 275,864,000 TABLE 2-67 Option/Scenario 2, Hai Phong – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 2: Basic Solid Waste US$/person/year US$/ton VND/person/year VND/ton Management System and recycling Total investments and reinvestments 3.70 9.16 83,907 207,854 Total operation and maintenance costs 9.65 23.92 219,210 543,025 Total annual costs 13.35 33.08 303,117 750,879 37 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. 100 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Option 3 – Low cost waste treatment Refuse Derived Fuel that can be used in the cement industry. In this scenario, much less In this scenario, Mechanical Biological waste needs landfilling, from 312,810 tons per Treatment facilities are employed to year in the beginning to 314,544 tons per year mechanically separate the household waste, in 2030. The waste flow collected, recycled and in order to separate the organic fraction for landfilled in option/scenario 3 is presented in composing and a Refuse Derived Fuel fraction Table 2-68 below for the planning period from that is suitable for co-processing at cement 2018 to 2030. plants (or waste-to-energy plants). The development of the waste flow within Option 3 leads to an increase in recycling the planning period is further illustrated in materials from the 71,093 tons per year to Figure 2-29 below. Amounts for landfilling about 216,034 tons per year in 2030; an amount are limited due to the significant positive of 211,280 tons of compost would be produced impact f rom composting and the use of RDF in 2030 as well as 314,544 tons per year of in cement plants. TABLE 2-68 Option 3 – Waste flow forecast Hai Phong 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option 3: Low cost waste treatment Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 60-81 81 Collection Total (t/y) 710,932 1,056,402 Recycling (%) 10 20 Recycling (t/y) 71,093 216,034 Compost (%) 2 20 Compost (t/y) 14,219 211,280 Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (%) 44 30 Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (t/y) 312,810 314,544 Residual waste for landfill (%) 44 30 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 312,810 314,544 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 4,129,430 Option 3 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hai Phong (ton/year) 1,400,000 1,200,000 Total generation 1,000,000 Total collection 800,000 600,000 Land ll 400,000 Recycling 200,000 Composting 0 Other treatment 30 25 26 27 28 29 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-29 Option/Scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment – Hai Phong (ton/year) PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 101 The necessary systems and facilities for the while the costs for disposal/treatment38 future handling of the waste are listed in Table are substantially higher due to the use of 2-69 below. mechanical biological treatment systems. The advantage is that there is substantially The costs of the equipment and facilities are less need for landfilling and landfills. The based on the costs and price information listed estimated operational and maintenance in Table 2-11. In this scenario, the transfer stations costs are presented in Table 2-71. are integrated with the MBT facilities. The investments in equipment and facilities that The mechanical biological treatment stations are needed for modernization of the collection, are rolled out which are also the main cost transport and disposal system required in each driver for operational costs as there is reduced of the four-year periods to 2030 are presented need for new, environmentally sanitary landfills. in Table 2-70. Where, full cost recovery is introduced and all costs are to be covered by normal residents, the The costs for collection are comparable average costs per person would be as shown to those under the first option/scenario, Table 2-72. TABLE 2-69 Option/Scenario 3, Hai Phong – Necessary equipment and facilities – Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 3: Low cost waste treatment Transfer points in streets (No.) 1,788 2,017 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 1,731 2,573 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 72 107 15 m³, 7.5 t; 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 0 0 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y MBT facilities 4 7 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y Other treatment, RDF for cement industry (No.) 0 0 Existing cement factories New landfills (2 mln. tons capacity each) 1 3 TABLE 2-70 Option/Scenario 3 – Low cost waste treatment: Total investments estimated for Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 3 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 10,318,000 1,751,000 3,707,000 15,776,000 Disposal 235,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 345,000,000 Total 245,318,000 11,751,000 103,707,000 360,776,000 TABLE 2-71 Option/Scenario 3 – Annual operation and maintenance costs Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 3 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 31,067,000 35,379,000 51,217,000 117,664,000 Disposal/treatment 116,000,000 134,000,000 216,000,000 466,000,000 Total 147,067,000 169,379,000 267,217,000 583,664,000 38 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and taxes as these would need to be determined as part of a specific feasibility study analysis. 102 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 2-72 Option/Scenario 3, Hai Phong – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 3: Low Costs US$/person/Year US$/Ton VND/person/Year VND/ton Treatment Total investments and reinvestments 10.28 25.47 233,415 578,215 Total operation and maintenance costs 20.59 50.99 467,289 1,157,566 Total annual costs 30.87 76.47 700,705 1,735,781 The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ Option 4 – Advanced treatment technologies month. International norms indicate an affordable fee for waste management services Also in this scenario, Mechanical Biological Treat- of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income of ment facilities are employed to mechanically se- the household. In cases where only one person parate the household waste, in order to separate generates income in the household, the the organic fraction for composing and a Refuse affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- Derived Fuel fraction that is then incinerated in 72,675 per month/household. With an average dedicated Waste-to-Energy plants. of 4 persons per household, the affordable As in the third option/scenario, this leads to an annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 increase in recycling materials from the 71,093 – 218,025. This only covers 21-31% of the average tons per year to about 211,280 tons per year in costs as presented above. 2030; 211,280 tons of compost would be pro- If the fees were to be increased to a level duced in 2030 and 365,000 tons per year of considered to be internationally affordable, waste would be incinerated. In this scenario, this would still leave an annual financing gap much less waste needs landfilling, from 625,620 of VND 482,680 – 555,355 per person per year, tons per year in the beginning to 318,837 ton per US$208- US$241 million per year. year in 2030. The waste flow collected, recycled and landfilled in option/scenario 3 is presented in Table 2-73 below for the planning period from 2018 to 2030. TABLE 2-73 Option/Scenario 4 – Waste flow forecast Hai Phuong, Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Option/scenario 4: Advanced treatment technologies Collection rate – Urban (%) 97 100 Collection rate – Rural (%) 60-81 81 Collection Total (t/y) 710,932 1,056,402 Recycling (%) 10 20 Recycling (t/y) 71,093 211,280 Compost (%) 2 20 Compost (t/y) 14,219 211,280 Waste-to-Energy (%) 0 35 Waste-to-Energy (t/y) 0 365,000 Residual waste for landfill (%) 88 30 Residual waste for landfill (t/y) 625,620 318,837 Residual waste for landfill - Accumulated (t) 5,466,610 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 103 The development of the waste flow within the The costs of the equipment and facilities are planning period is further illustrated in the based on the costs and price information Figure 2-30 below. Amounts for landfilling are listed in Table 2-11. In this scenario, the transfer limited due to the significant positive impact stations are integrated with the MBT facilities. from composting and the incineration of RDF The investments in equipment and facilities in Waste-to-Energy plants. that are needed for modernization of the collection, transport and disposal of waste The necessary systems and facilities for required in each of the four-year periods until handling of the waste in future are listed in 2030 are presented in Table 2-75. Table 2-74. Option 4 - DSW ow Year 2016-2030 - Hai Phong (ton/year) 1,400,000 1,200,000 Total generation 1,000,000 Total collection 800,000 Land ll 600,000 400,000 Recycling 200,000 Composting 0 Other treatment 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 21 22 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-30 Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced treatment technologies Hai Phong (ton/year) TABLE 2-74 Option/Scenario 4, Hai Phong – Necessary equipment and facilities, Year 2018 – 2030 Item Year 2018 Year 2030 Comments Option 4: Advanced treatment technologies Transfer points in streets (No.) 1,788 2,017 1 per 1000 persons Pushcarts/containers (No.) 1,731 2,573 0.75 m³, 1 m3, 5 loads/day. Compaction trucks for collection (No.) 72 107 15 m³, 7.5 t, 4 trips/d Transfer stations (No.) 0 0 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y MBT facilities 4 6 Capacity each: 200,000 t/y Waste-to-energy plants (No.) 0 1 Capacity each: 1,000 t/day New landfills (2 mln tons capacity each) 1 3 TABLE 2-75 Option/Scenario 4 – Advanced waste treatment: Total investments estimated for Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 4 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 10,318,000 1,751,000 3,707,000 15,776,000 Disposal 200,000,000 195,000,000 55,000,000 450,000,000 Total 210,318,000 196,751,000 58,707,000 465,776,000 104 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The costs for collection are comparable to affordable fee would be approx. VND 48,450- those under the previous scenarios, while the 72,675 per month/household. With an average costs for disposal/treatment39 are substantially of 4 persons per household, the affordable higher due to the waste to energy plant. When annual fee per person would be VND 145,350 – compared to option 3, an advantage of this 218,025. This only covers 18-23% of the average scenario is that there is substantially less need costs as presented above. for landfilling and landfills, the disadvantage is that there is no RDF for the cement plants. The In case the fees would be increased to what estimated operational and maintenance costs is considered affordable internationally, this are presented in Table 2-76. would still leave an annual financing gap of VND 575,799 – 648,474 per person per year, The mechanical biological treatment stations US$250- US$282 million per year. and waste to energy plant are the main costs driver for operational costs. In case, full cost Planning for future waste management recovery is introduced and that all costs are to improvements and related investments be covered by normal residents, the average should be based on the availability of reliable costs per person will be as shown in Table information on waste quantities, composition, 2-77. generation rates, and waste density in both urban and rural areas. Investment decisions The average salary in Vietnam is VND 4,845,000/ need to be based on more detailed feasibility month. International norms indicate an analysis, including more data collection and affordable fee for waste management services data verification. A key recommendation of 1-1.5% of the average spendable income for provinces and cities that are planning of the household. In cases where only one infrastructure investments with or without person generate income in the household, the the private sector is: to budget the funds TABLE 2-76 Option/Scenario 4 – Annual operation and maintenance costs for Hai Phong for Solid Waste Collection and Disposal (US$) Option/Scenario 4 2018-2021 2022-2025 2026-2030 Total Collection 31,067,000 35,379,000 51,217,000 117,664,000 Disposal/treatment 106,000,000 168,000,000 232,000,000 506,000,000 Total 137,067,000 203,379,000 283,217,000 623,664,000 TABLE 2-77 Option/Scenario 4, Hai Phong – Total average costs per person per year Option/Scenario 4: Advanced US$/person/Year US$/Ton VND/person/Year VND/ton Treatment Technologies Total investments and reinvestments 13.08 32.39 296,854 735,365 Total operation and maintenance costs 21.89 54.23 496,970 1,231,090 Total annual costs 34.97 86.63 793,824 1,966,455 39 These costs exclude the costs of land acquisition, resettlement, taxes as these would need to be determined as part of specific feasibility study analysis. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 105 required for a detailed feasibility analysis (ii) financing and cost recovery; (iii) legislative of solid waste management technologies, and regulatory framework; (iv) institutional skills development, capacity building and arrangements nationally, regionally and locally; monitoring/enforcement and to prepare the (v) public awareness and participation; and roadmap/masterplan on reginal level that can (vi) institutional capacity building. This chapter be the basis for selecting specific investments will identify the requirements in each of these and technologies. key priority action areas in order to achieve the solid waste sector system improvements that Required institutional and operational are foreseen in the National Strategy on Solid capacity building needs to precede even Waste Management. basic infrastructure upgrading, including improvements in revenue collection. 2.4.1 DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE Considering the current low capacities, FORECAST FOR VIETNAM substantial training and capacity building Management of Domestic Solid Waste programs will be needed in areas of: (i) policy generated by households and similar waste formulation and planning; (ii) legislation; from commercial/ institutional/ industrial (iii) infrastructure feasibility analysis and design; entities is characterized by two distinct (iv) budgeting and accounting; (v) technical elements, namely: (i) the large waste quantities operation; and (vi) monitoring and enforcement. produced daily by the mega cities (especially Sustainable private sector participation is viable Hanoi and HCMC) and (ii) the fine-grained when supported by appropriate legislation, and labour-intensive collection, separation regulations, monitoring, enforcement, increa­ and treatment system including the informal sed waste fees and government capacity. The sector dominating the market for recyclables. legal framework will also need to establish a Strong economic and population growth, and transparent financing mechanism with cost- urbanization magnify the problems and waste recovery targets from user fees and institute a quantities are growing rapidly each year. This system to enforce payments. development is illustrated in Figures 31 and 32 below, which show the expected development 2.4 STRATEGIC ACTION AREAS in the total population and the solid waste FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE generation in Vietnam to the year 2030. As it NATIONAL STRATEGY OF SOLID can be seen from the figures, the current trend WASTE MANAGEMENT of urbanisation is expected to continue rapidly. Gradually implementing a modern, integrated By 2023 there are forecast to be more people and sustainable solid waste management living in urban areas than in rural areas. At the system at an affordable cost will require same time, waste generation will continue to changes across different areas and levels, grow rapidly, especially in urban areas, due to including: (i) solid waste management increased urbanisation and due to a growing infrastructure and operational practices; waste generation per capita. 106 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Population forecast, Year 2015 - 2030 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Total Population Urban population 0 Rural population 27 28 29 30 21 22 23 24 25 26 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-31 Population Forecast, Vietnam, 2015 – 2030 DSW Generation Forecast, Year 2015 - 2030 60,000 55,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 Total 5,000 Urban 0 Rural 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 FIGURE 2-32 Domestic Solid Waste Generation Forecast, Vietnam, 2015 – 2030 PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 107 The forecast for Domestic Solid Waste or by investing in hardware, such as trucks and generation to 2030 for the urban and rural containers, trolley, waste collection bikes and population in Vietnam as well as the average training of staff. annual growth rate is presented in Table 2-78 below. Operational costs for waste collection and transport are high especially due to the 2.4.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT prevalence of small streets requiring lots of INFRASTRUCTURE collection workers equipped with pushcarts and relatively small waste collection trucks to Collection and transport transport the waste over large distances to Domestic waste collection coverage should landfills without the use of transfer stations. increase according to the revised National Strategy (Decision 491/2018) to cover the In addition, a decision must be taken on the total population and decrease the risks of wide introduction of containers. Currently illegal dumping, starting with urban areas the households are delivering their waste in and then expanding to include sub-urban small plastic shopping bags on a daily basis. and rural areas. Service coverage can be Average usage is 35 bags/week/household. improved by enhancing the operational The introduction of containers will increase the efficiency of provincial/city URENCO’s and cost/ton. While the current collection system private companies or rural Cooperatives and/ is labour intensive and expensive, it does TABLE 2-78 Forecast DSW generation and collection for all of Vietnam Year Average annual growth rate 2015 2018 2030 Population Total 91,972,000 95,043,000 108,390,000 1.1% Urban 32,834,000 38,819,000 75,843,000 5.7% Rural 59,138,000 56,225,000 32,547,000 -5% Domestic Solid Waste Generation (t/y) Total 27,181,000 31,188,000 54,056,000 4.7% Urban 14,230,000 18,116,000 47,582,000 8.4% Rural 12,951,000 13,072,000 6,474,000 -8% DSW generation (kg/cap/d) Total 0.81 0.90 1.37 Urban 1.19 1.28 1.72 Rural 0.60 0.64 0.54 DSW collection rates (%)40 Total 66% 94% Urban 90% 100% Rural 40% 50* 40 This is based on the forecast that by 2030 all waste will be collected in urban areas, whereas only 50% is expected in rural areas. As rural population is rapidly decreasing, this will only have a limited impact on the total quantities collected. 108 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS offer a high service to inhabitants as waste is increase efficiency and thereby reduce the removed from streets at least once per day cost for transportation of collected waste to a even though people just place a small plastic landfill or treatment facility by transportation shopping bag randomly on the streets. As this in vehicles with large capacities and reduced system has been practised for many years, transportation costs (cost/ton/km) compared it cannot be changed overnight. This labour to smaller vehicles used for waste collection intensive collection system will continue for in the districts – and at the same time to some years, until it can be fully replaced by reduce the impact from transportation on the a more modern system including door-to- environment. door collection and the use of individual bins/ containers for each household. Other collection All collection vehicles have an operational systems will require more active involvement radius within which they are cost effective of inhabitants and containers to be provided to and the transfer station can be used to assist each household and will need to be followed in maintaining the overall efficiency of the up by massive information and awareness waste collection system. Based on experience, raising campaigns – both before and after as a rough rule of thumb, the use of transfer implementation. Stationary (4-wheeled) stations should be considered if transport containers with volumes of approximately time is more than ½ hour or if the distance is 1 m³ are to be used more widely in the future, more than 30 km. A detailed analysis is needed starting with collection of waste from high-rise in each individual case, as the relevance of residential buildings, offices, shops and other waste transfer depends on specific conditions, large individual waste generators. such as road quality, waste quantities and composition etc. Specific transfer points should also be established by construction of asphalted Transfer stations can be established and or concrete paved areas integrated in the operated for transfer of waste to the landfill sidewalks, next to the streets. The areas should or treatment facility, but they can also be be large enough for temporary parking of integrated in treatment facilities such as MBT- the necessary number of pushcarts during plants for example, in case such facilities are the time between primary and secondary included in the system. collection. The transfer points shall be cleaned/ Recycling maintained by collection workers. About 10% of the DSW is currently recycled. In the future, the secondary collection and Recycling activities are rudimentary and transportation should also be carried out by dominated by the informal sector before the means of compaction trucks that can empty waste enters the formal collection channel. the pushcarts. In general, larger trucks should Wholesalers are buying from the informal be used where possible, such as for example waste collectors and in some cases from the 15 m³ trucks. The use of larger trucks is more formal sector (URENCO's). The informal sector appropriate given the often-long transport separates, bales and sells the products to the distances and/or transport times. To improve processing industry. Processing of recyclables the efficiency of the secondary collection sys­ is to a large extent carried out in craft villages tem, transfer stations should be implemented. without proper regulation, monitoring and enforcement of proper operating practices. Transfer stations These activities lead to substantial pollution of The purpose of waste transfer stations is to air, water and land and serious health hazards PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 109 for the workers. At the same time, craft villages from 400 tons per day to 800 tons per day. provide considerable employment. The expected total investment is around CNY The informal sector is expected to play a role 310 million (US$49 mln), with 30% funding from in recycling in the future. Therefore, increasing capital (equity) raised from the shareholders; recycling and reuse activities should ideally around CNY 147 million (US$23 mln) paid from be progressively taken over and controlled a World Bank Loan and the balance raised by the official waste management sector. from commercial financing. Proper working conditions for workers must be ensured and materials must be adequately The SPV will get paid via gate fees and revenues handled to ensure a high degree of recycling from the sale of biogas, the sale of recyclables/ and a minimum of impact to the environment. compost and wastewater treatment fees to recover investments, operating costs and other Treatment costs such as waste disposal charges. Assets can be transferred to the City at the end of 20- The high organic content calls for relatively year concession period. simple, affordable treatment solutions, such as compost or biogas production, as this would take out a large percentage of the waste that would otherwise occupy space at the already overloaded landfills. Production of quality compost that can be utilized in agriculture requires source separation of organic waste at major sources (e.g. markets, food shops, and eventually also at individual households). Source separation of organic waste fractions should be introduced progressively, first through pilot projects focusing on major organic waste sources and then at ward/community level and eventually, nationwide. (Ningbo, China) Household Waste Biogas and Recycling Project Mechanical Biological Treatment In August 2016, Ningbo established Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) company, named Waste composition shows a high content of Ningbo Capital Kitchen Waste Treatment Co. organics (50-80%), a relatively low content of Ltd., jointly with a Chinese investor and the dry recyclables (10-25%) and a high content Ningbo Municipal Investment Co. with a 60/40 of inert waste (probably coming from street percent share between the two parties (60% for sweepings) of 15-38%. The energy content is the investor). low i.e. 900-1,200 kcal/kg or 3.6-4.8 MJ/kg (waste incineration or Refuse Derived Fuel production The City entered into legal agreements for the from waste needs at least 7 MJ/kg). The low SPV to invest, design, construct and operate content of recyclables is due to the informal the Kitchen Waste Treatment Facility (KWTF) sector/private entities collecting the most for 20 years (including 2 years of construction) valuable materials before the waste enters the with provision to expand the capacity of KWTF waste container. 110 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Therefore, separation of waste is needed to therefore MBT technologies would be required allow production of Refuse Derived Fuel that to produce suitable RDF. In order to avoid air could be used as a fuel either in waste to pollution by incinerators, substantial and costly energy plants or co-incineration at cement air pollution abatement units are required. plants. While gradually improving household Even though a certain cost reduction can be source separation, mechanical biological obtained by selling electricity and in some cases treatment systems can be included to separate also the excess heat generated by incineration the fractions coming as mixed waste from plants, incineration remains much more households. Mechanical Biological Treatment expensive than other treatment technologies systems have the following common features: and should in general not be considered a (i) Reception of mixed domestic waste or stand-alone-solution, especially not for low similar waste at a reception facility; (ii) Initial size and middle-income countries, if the electricity reduction and sorting into a fine and a coarse feed-in fee is too low. fraction (sometimes more than two fractions); (iii) The fine fraction that generally contains In the Vietnamese context incineration can be more organic matter undergoes an aerobic or considered a part of the future waste treatment anaerobic (or combination thereof) treatment. solution, in combination with other less The main output from these processes is expensive technologies, such as composting compost that can be used in agriculture, of the organic fraction. This combination could provided that the quality meets the standards. result in substantial reductions in the remaining If the quality is too poor for agriculture, the waste amounts that eventually need to be compost can be used as part of daily and landfilled. However, this process does require final cover materials on landfills; and (iv) After significant funding to obtain technologies further separation (sieves, magnets, reverse that do not pollute the air. Waste reduction is slope separation, etc.), the coarse fraction an important aspect for a country, where only that generally contains more plastic, wood, very limited areas are left for new landfills. paper etc. is converted to RDF for use as fuel But as with reduction, reuse and recycling in waste-to-energy plants or co-incinerated options, gate fees for landfill disposal need to together with traditional fuels in cement plants. be sufficiently high for other more expensive Recyclable fractions may be further processed treatment systems to become viable. by the recycling industry. Any residual waste must be landfilled. Production of Refuse Derived Fuel for Co- incineration at cement plants Incineration, Waste-to-Energy plants Cement kiln co-incineration can be much Incineration is an option used by several cheaper than dedicated new incineration countries to reduce the amount of solid waste plants as the cement plants are already requiring disposal to landfill, and to recover existing throughout Vietnam and they would energy in the form of heat and/or electricity. likely be willing to co-incinerate the RDF for a Countries where incineration is widely used lower fee than would be applicable through are typically countries where available land for dedicated incineration plants. Plastics are a landfilling is limited and landfill gate fees high. key component of the RDF and will therefore For waste to be suitable for incineration, a large contribute to the problem of plastics “leaking” part of the organic fraction would need to be into the rivers and oceans. removed for the waste meet the calorific values required (typically more than 9,000 KJ/kg) and Typically, there is a large range in terms of PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 111 payment, from the low end where the supplier Landfills occupy valuable land and represent of the RDF receives US$ 30/ton to RDF suppliers a real hazard to people and the environment, having to pay US$ 30/ton, depending on creating large gas emission risks, air pollution market conditions and quality of the RDF and and unintended Persistent Organic Pollutants the ability of the cement plant to receive and release due to landfill fires and large amounts use the RDF. of leachate water to be treated, mainly in open ponds which are also filled with rainwater Co-incineration can also play a sizable role in during the heavy rainy season. Vietnam’s NDC commitment, as replacement of primary fuel by RDF represents a reduction Despite this, landfills are certain to remain the in CO2 emissions. prevailing waste disposal method in Vietnam for at least the next decade as landfilling is the This potential for cement kilns to use RDF as cheapest disposal option. Without substantially co-incineration warrants further investigation greater financial resources in the waste sector, to analyse the investment required at industry implementation of more advanced treatment level, the key waste streams that have the technologies will take time. Even with more potential to be priority waste streams for AFR, advanced treatment technologies, there will still the market potential as well as key bottlenecks be a substantial need for continued operation and the possible Greenhouse Gas Emission of existing landfills and for construction and Reduction and potential for cooperation operation of new landfills. Landfills must be with the private sector. The key priority waste planned, designed, constructed and operated streams are: (i) RDF from municipal waste, in a proper way with sufficient monitoring (ii) dried sewage sludge; (iii) tire derived and enforcement, to ensure that they do not waste; (iv) persistent organic pesticides; and contaminate the environment. (v) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). Identifying suitable sites for new landfills will be This is being supported by the World Bank challenging given the high population density under the NDC partnership facility and the in and around the large cities and urbanised draft report will be available for presentation areas. Therefore, in addition to identifying and discussion in late 2018. new landfill sites, the potential for extension of existing landfills and/or construction of new Landfilling landfills next to existing disposal sites, should Landfilling is by far the prevailing waste be investigated. treatment or disposal solution in Vietnam. About 60-70% of the waste that is collected, is 2.4.3 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL disposed of at official landfill sites not compliant Identifying appropriate solutions to the large with international and national design and rapidly increasing nationwide solid waste standards. According to the national standards, management problem requires dedicated a sanitary landfill should be comprised of waste management planning. Adequate different cells with appropriate lining, cover and human resources should be provided for this gas collection system, and include buffer zones purpose with adequate capacity building. and auxiliary works such as water treatment stations, waste gas treatment stations, power Substantial improvements in waste service and water supply stations, weighing stations, levels, introduction of environmentally executive offices and grades. In addition, the sustainable disposal operations and new landfill sites are in general poorly operated. advanced treatment and waste reduction 112 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS technologies are typically only viable with households and other waste generators. substantial enforcement and reform of the institutional and regulatory framework. The There is a need to introduce accounting systems lack of adequate control and enforcement to record the amounts of waste generated and insufficient legislation are contributing to and landfilled as well as the composition of the environmental problems and aggravating the waste. Collecting this data will enable the health risks for the population. preparation of waste statistics that can inform planning for modernization and advanced Detailed Solid Waste Management targets, treatment technologies. norms and minimum standards need to be clearly defined in the legal framework While details and specific targets for a gradual against which the different parties can be held solid waste improvement strategy can be accountable. This will require substantially introduced through a phased approach, more detailed plans than are currently prepared sustainable improvements to the solid waste by central authorities and also issuance of system, require policy and institutional guidelines and decrees. In addition, sufficient decisions to address the key legal, regulatory, funds must be allocated for new infrastructure institutional, financial and capacity building and waste fees must be increased to cover actions needed to plan and adequately improve costs (see below). the solid waste management system. Streamlining of responsibility for solid waste An example of a suitable approach is the management is required at the national level as Project in Indonesia on “Improvement of Solid well as clear assignment of competences and Waste Management to Support Regional and responsibilities between the PPCs, CPCs, DOCs, Metropolitan Cities, which is to be financed by DONREs and the URENCOs. There is also a need a US$100 million Loan from the World Bank to professionalize the solid waste enterprises and is expected to be approved by the World and generally increase waste management Bank in October 2018. The Program’s objective planning capacity at national, regional and is to improve solid waste management local levels. A common recommendation is to services for urban populations in selected separate the administrative/planning functions cities across Indonesia. Key components for from operations in order to create greater the improvement of SWM are: (i) institutional accountability and avoid service providers and policy development; (ii) integrated monitoring their own performance, as is planning support and capacity building for currently the case. local government and communities; (iii) solid waste infrastructure in selected cities; and Compliance with the established norms and (iv) implementation support and assistance. standards needs to be enforced by transparent Details on the structure of the loan, its expected sanctions and independent supervision and results and facilitation for technical capacity enforcement. The legal framework should building and private sector engagement are also establish clear cost-recovery targets and presented in the box next page. form the basis for enforcing payments from PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 113 Indonesia – National Solid Waste Management Sector Development Project In the last 15-20 years, Indonesia has embarked on multiple efforts from the central government to improve performance of (domestic) waste management services in the country. Actions mainly took the form of national sector strategies and plans and investment support to cities for downstream waste facilities, mainly landfills and recycling centers. Results have been poor, the country has only a handful of adequately managed waste disposal facilities, formal recycling is around a few percent and at least 30% of the total urban waste is yet not collected. Since 2017 the Government of Indonesia has, with support from the World Bank, been concluding preparations for a development program for the waste sector based on approaches that have proven to be successful for other sectors, such as water supply and slum upgrading. The program has a heavy investment component but is particularly designed to manage critical sector issues that thus far obstructed sector development. Preparation and implementation follow some key steps: 1. Preparations started with the analytical work and the development of a comprehensive Sector Roadmap. All 104 cities in the country were analyzed to assess waste management performance (collection rates, recycling percentages, quality of disposal), but also investment needs, operational budgets, and investment budgets. This resulted in an unprecedented database with detailed information by city; various models to develop waste management systems to achieve universal waste collection and waste reduction rates of 30%. The analytical work also allowed for the identification of five key sector development challenges: (1) lack of operational financing in cities; (2) lack of operational capacity to run waste management systems; (3) challenges in primary waste collection which in Indonesia is mainly organized by communities (and not the city administration); (4) poor regulatory oversight, performance monitoring and enforcement are lacking at every level; and (5) land issues to develop waste facilities. 2. Analysis of available investment funding, which has been estimated at US$ 1.2 billion from national and local budgets including donor funding, for the period 2018-2022; estimates exclude private sector funding. 3. Creation of a multi-stakeholder sector development platform with key government agencies and donors. 4. Design of an implementation program based on available public funding, addressing the five key sector challenging and maximizing private sector funding. To achieve these goals, the program focusses on 46 cities which have been categorized through the analytical work, as the most committed and ready to receive technical and investment support. The program has 4 components; (1) National policy and institutional capacity, US$ 5 million; (2) Technical support program for participating cities, US$ 56 million; (3) Investment program US$ 1.1 billion public funding, expected to attract at least US$ 1.5 billion in private sector funding; and (4) Budget for Program management, progress monitoring and evaluation, US$ 15 million. The implement this program, the Government of Indonesia is preparing a Loan from the World Bank of US$ 100 million of which US$ 45 million will contribute to the investments under Component 3 and the remaining US$ 55 million will be allocated for Technical Assistance under the Components 1, 2 and 4. 5. Implementation of the program is expected to start in the second half of 2019. 114 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS The informal sector is a major actor in waste leachate collection and treatment, in line with management, and the social aspects are international standards. important as this concerns the livelihood of a group of vulnerable citizens. Waste pickers Option 3 results in average costs per person, may be integrated in the sanitary landfill per year in the order of US$ 20 or VND 470,000. operation concept41 or through improvements As these costs are much higher than currently in recycling for instance through manual covered by waste fees (which are 26,500 VND sorting at a Material Recovery Facility. per household per month or 79,500 VND per person per year), substantial fee increases will 2.4.4 COSTS AND WASTE FEES be required. The affordable annual fee per person based on internationally determined To establish a rough estimate of the total cost benchmarks of 1% - 1.5% of household income implications for all of Vietnam for a significant would be VND 145,350 – 218,025, which would improvement of domestic waste management still cover only 31%-47% of the costs and would on the basis of option/scenario 3, the findings therefore require substantial further financing/ from Hanoi, Phu Tho and Hai Phong that subsidy from cities and provinces. represent about 12% of Vietnamese population, have been extrapolated to cover all of Vietnam. The revenues for public waste collection The total number of facilities and equipment is companies consist of income from fees, based on the rough estimate of equipment and subsidies from the CPC and from various facilities that would be required nationwide services such as collection and treatment of based on option three that includes Mechanical specific waste fractions. The fees for waste Biological Treatment facilities. collection, disposal and treatment to be paid by households and the commercial entities Total investment costs for all of Vietnam for are prepared by the People’s Committees introducing modern solid waste systems, at the level of Districts, cities and towns. Fee including mechanical-biological treatment proposals are submitted by the waste collection facilities are estimated to total US$ 13 billion companies to the People’s Committees of the by 2030. This estimate excludes operational centrally controlled Municipalities (Hanoi, Ho costs which are estimated to be growing to Chi Minh City, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Can Tho) US$ 2.2 billion annually. These modernized and to the Provincial People’s Committees (58) solid waste systems will include new waste for final approval. This process results in fees collection equipment, transportation trucks that are different in the various municipalities and transfer stations placed at mechanical and in the cities and towns at the District level. biological treatment facilities where waste All fees are based on operational costs only is mechanically separated and biological and exclude any amortization on investments. treatment of organic waste fraction takes The People’s Committees at Municipal and place. Refused Derived Fuel (plastics, paper, Provincial level pay for the amortization costs carton etc) is produced at these facilities which and for any shortfall in the operational costs. can be incinerated42 and the residuals disposed of in sanitary landfills with liners, gas collection, 41 If allowed at the sanitary landfill, the waste picking should be contained to a very specific area and a specific time-period between unloading of the waste and compaction. In such schemes, the workers should be provided with protective clothing and access to proper toilets and washing facilities and be offered regular medical checks. 42 Potential fees for cement plants for co-incineration are not included in cost estimate; however, if the RDF meets the specifications of the plants then it could be without charge. PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 115 Consequently, domestic waste management advanced systems, in order to manage a in Vietnam lacks the “polluter pays” principle gradual increase in fees. Low income groups with low fees to be paid by households and which cannot afford full fees would need other waste generators and at least 80% of the support in form of targeted subsidies. costs is being financed by the Government. Large or long-term investments in solid waste Given the financing constraints, it is necessary management facilities and systems are also to implement improvements in a phased hampered by the lack of proper financial approach. It is unsuitable and unsustainable mechanisms, such as long-term financial to leapfrog from the existing simple system planning, savings for future investments and into advanced modern and expensive solid re-investments and return of investments, etc. waste management systems, based on high technology collection, treatment and disposal The current user fees for waste management facilities. A phased approach allows for services are insufficient and can only partially incremental improvements that are affordable, cover the annual operation costs at URENCO's that create the basis for further scaling-up in and other operators. If user fees were to be the future, and which attract private sector increased and the collection of fees were interest to operate and invest in the system. efficient, it seems possible that at least the costs The necessary institutional changes need of basic waste management systems could to precede even basic upgrading, including be covered through user fees. In many cases, improvements in revenue collection. Detailed a fee system with different fees for different and preferably regional waste management user groups already exists, allowing private plans need to guide implementation. Private businesses, public institutions etc. to cross- sector participation can be considered where subsidise a large part of the costs and in this analysed to be viable and supported by way lower the burden on the most vulnerable, appropriate legislation, regulations, monitoring, low income portion of the population. This low enforcement and government capacity. level of revenue also reduces private sector interest in the solid waste sector. 2.4.5 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION As part of planning for modernization of solid In the current solid waste management system, waste infrastructure and specifically for the there is a lack of economic and financial inclusion of more advanced (and therefore incentives for private sector investment. expensive) treatment technologies, it is Basic principles of Solid Waste Management imperative to set realistic cost recovery targets. Financing are not in place. There is an At least part of the operating, investment, and unclear regulatory framework, inconsistent remediation costs would need to be recovered enforcement of regulations, lack of reliable from user fees and this requires adequate fee waste data, low fees and lack of unified fee levels. The ability and willingness to pay for setting (which should preferably take place improved services has to be considered when at the national level), low revenue collection developing a waste management strategy rates and unclear long-term budget allocation. in order to keep costs at an acceptable and The presence of more advanced treatment affordable level. In principle, user fees should technology is insufficient, recycling rates are initially cover the operating costs of the waste low, and the recycling sector is dominated by management system, and transfers and informal waste pickers. Overall, the sector is subsidies can be required during a transition broadly underfunded and would currently not period when investing in more modern and meet the costs of private operators. Given the 116 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS fragmentation and small-scaler operations, example, collection and transportation economies of scale are low. In addition, skills and services must be tendered according to capacities of contracting public sector entities minimum 5-year contracts, which will enable at the local and regional level are insufficient private operators to write off investments in which hampers both procurement of services collection and transportation equipment. from the private sector as well as monitoring For large private investments in treatment and enforcement of performance. facilities, longer concession agreements of e.g. 15-20 years duration should be Some experience of establishing joint stock established. Fixed prices and contractual companies by city- or provincial authorities conditions must be ensured during the is available, although they are all controlled entire contract/concession period. by the public entities, who own the majority of the shares. Therefore, for waste collection, 4. The responsible authority – e.g. the province there is only limited private sector involvement or city must possess the necessary institu­ in the provision and improvement of waste tional (organizational capacity and skills management services and establishing of to control the establishment and proper competition of the monopoly currently held by management of any agreement on private URENCO and other state-owned enterprises. sector participation). This includes availability of staff with relevant education and Several preconditions must be fulfilled before experience. private sector participation may be introduced successfully: 2.4.6 CONTRIBUTION OF THE SOLID WASTE SECTOR TO NDC COMMITMENTS 1. Detailed legislation on solid waste Waste management is one of the four key management must be prepared and sectors to contribute to the mitigation of GHG introduced, including proper definition of the emissions as determined by the Intended duties and responsibilities of all stakeholders, Nationally Determined Contribution by i.e. the responsible authorities (ministries, Vietnam. The key foreseen measures to be provinces, cities) and waste producers taken in the waste management sector are: (inhabitants/households, institutions, private (i) develop waste management planning companies etc.). Legislation should include and enhance waste management capacity; detailed rules and decrees on how waste promote reducing, reusing and recycling must be handled at source, during collection, of waste; (ii) research and apply advanced transportation, treatment and/or final waste treatment technologies, strengthen disposal. management and treatment of industrial and 2. The relevant legislation must be enforced, household wastewater; and (iii) utilize landfill meaning that competent authorities must gas and solid waste combustion for power control waste management at the various generation. stages from the point of generation until The following alternative waste handling and final disposal and fine those who do not treatment methodologies, waste prevention respect the laws. and recycling are potent strategies for reducing 3. There must be a proper contractual basis greenhouse gas emissions: for involving the private sector at the various › (Co)-incineration of waste will reduce stages of solid waste management. For methane emissions from landfills due to less PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 117 waste being disposed and replacement of landfills produces methane, a greenhouse gas other fossil energy sources due generation which is 21 times more potent than carbon of electricity (and heat - if it can be used); dioxide. Burning of waste in dumps produces › Composting of organic degradable waste carbon dioxide as a by-product (and can create in e.g. windrows. Decomposition of organic other kinds of undesirable environmental degradable waste under aerobic conditions gases but typically not GHG gases). However, instead of anaerobic conditions in a landfill; the latter is often of small scale and difficult to assess and estimate. The third area of the NDC commitment in the solid waste sector on the potential for solid Landfill gas emission from landfill activities waste combustion and landfill gas utilization is cannot be avoided. Shortly after waste has detailed below. been disposed of the anaerobic digestion process begins and will result in methane Cement co-incineration of the Refuse emissions through the waste at the tipping Derived Fuels front or through other pathways. Efficient As indicated, cement kiln co-incineration can collection of landfill gas will not be practical be a much cheaper alternative to dedicated before a final top cover or a temporarily cover is new incineration plants as the cement plants in place at a specific disposal cell. In the initial already exist throughout Vietnam and they phase of landfill operation, flaring is the only would likely be willing to co-incinerate the possible option for handling and treatment of RDF for a lower fee than would be applicable the landfill gas that may be collected before through dedicated incineration plants. the disposal cell has been closed and provided with a proper cover. Co-incineration can also play a sizable role in Vietnam’s NDC commitment, as replacement Landfill gas typically consists of 40-60% of primary fuel by RDF represents a reduction methane (CH4) and 30-50% carbon dioxide in CO2 emissions. Plastics are a key component (CO2) plus nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen of the RDF and will therefore contribute to (H2) and different trace elements. reducing the problem of plastics “leaking” into Huge amounts of DSW with high organic the rivers and oceans. content is landfilled in Vietnam and there This potential for cement kilns to use RDF as is a very high generation of landfill gas. A co-incineration warrants further investigation significant reduction in the release of landfill to analyse the investment required at industry gas to the atmosphere and an equivalent CO2eq level, the key waste streams that have the emission reduction on landfills in Vietnam can potential to be priority waste streams for AFR, be obtained by one or more of the following the market potential as well as key bottlenecks methods: and the possible Greenhouse Gas Emission › Collection and flaring of methane; Reduction and potential for cooperation with › Utilisation of collected landfill gas in a the private sector. This is being supported by gas engine and generator for electricity the World Bank under the NDC partnership generation (replacement of other fossil facility and the draft report will be available for energy sources); presentation and discussion in late 2018. › Collection of landfill gas for direct use in external facilities such nearby industries; Landfill gas collection and utilisation › Oxidation of methane in for example The anaerobic decomposition of waste in compost beds (large containers or specific 118 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS designed "windows" in landfill top cover on 80% utilisation of collected landfill gas where collected landfill gases pass through and an electricity production efficiency and where the methane fraction is oxidized of 40% -> total utilisation of 32% of the (to CO2 and water) by microorganisms). (A collected gas. humus layer on top of a landfill will also, to › CO₂ equivalent is 21 times CH4 some extent, oxidize the methane however › Gas collected but not utilised in a gas it is difficult to secure regular infiltration engine will be flared (i.e. all collected gas through the top cover and it is (almost) will be burned). impossible to measure). › Only waste landfilled within the period of 2018 – 2030 is included in the calculations. To provide a rough overview of the potential for reduction of landfill gas emissions and the The results of the calculations estimate utilisation of the energy content in the gas, the potential total landfill gas collection of 10,000 following calculation has been made for the Nm³/hour, equal to 90 mln Nm³/year; the whole of Hanoi, as an example, based on the details are presented in the Figures 2-33 and following assumptions: 2-34 below, including the key CO2 reduction and electricity production: › Organic waste component: 50% in 2018, decreasing to 25% in 2030 1. Potential greenhouse gas reduction: 1.5 › Landfill gas collection rate: 20% in 2019 million tonnes CO₂ eq/year increasing to 70% in 2030 › Energy content in landfill gas: 4.44 kWh/ 2. Potential electricity production: 150,000 Nm³ (50% CH4) MWh/year › Electricity production is calculated based LFG generation and collection Waste amount disposed at land ll in Hanoi 18,000 6,000,000 16,000 Waste amounts, t/year 5,000,000 14,000 LFG, Nm3/hour 12,000 4,000,000 10,000 3,000,000 8,000 6,000 2,000,000 4,000 1,000,000 2,000 0 0 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 Annual waste amounts disposed (t/year) Gas generation Average estimate Estimated LFG collection FIGURE 2-33 Landfill gas generation and collection from landfills in Hanoi PART A: DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 119 Energy generation and CO2eq reduction from land lls in Hanoi 500,000 1800000 1600000 Energy generation, MWh/year 400,000 1400000 CO2eq reduction, t CO2eq/year 1200000 300,000 1000000 800000 200,000 600000 100,000 400000 200000 0 0 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 GHG reduction Estimated energy content in collected LFG Potential electricity generation FIGURE 2-34 Potential energy generation and CO₂ reduction from landfills in Hanoi If the gas from landfills in Hanoi could in general there is no large potential for a net be utilised in gas engines for electricity profit from a landfill gas utilisation plant and production, it would require a total investment the main driver for establishing gas collection of at least US$ 20 million. The revenue from systems at landfills, combined with flares and/ the sale of electricity could recoup part of the or power generators should be the reductions operation and maintenance costs. However, of Greenhouse Gases. PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND 3.2 WASTE FROM MINING, STEEL OBJECTIVE PROCESSING AND ELECTRONIC The assessment of industrial (hazardous) waste INDUSTRY management covers the following waste types 3.2.1 MINING, STEEL PROCESSING AND and provinces: ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY WASTE TYPES AND QUANTITIES › Mining waste in Thai Nguyen and Bac Kan › Sludge from major Wastewater Treatment Bac Kan Plants The industrial hazardous waste (HW) generation › Waste from large industries in the province in Bac Kan Province is rather limited (51 tonne/ of Binh Thuan year) and the majority of the HW is generated by the healthcare sector. The healthcare It was agreed with DONRE in Thai Nguyen, facilities in Bac Kan Province generate in to assess the industrial waste from the steel average of 2.3 tonne/year/healthcare facility, producing industry as well as the waste whereas the other industries generate 80 kg from the electronic producing industry. The HW/year/enterprise. assessment includes an inventory, assessment as well as definition of treatment and policy options for the specific industrial (hazardous) waste streams under study. PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 121 TABLE 3-1 The annual HW quantity divided into different sectors in Bac Kan Province Category of enterprises Number of enterprises Total quantity of HW (tonne/year) Mine exploration & processing industry 27 2.1 Healthcare facilities 20 46 Others (automobile repairing, gasoline & oil 43 3.2 trading, paper & woodworks manufacture Total 90 51 Source: Annual waste management report prepared by DONRE (2016) Based on the waste management reports whether the paste from the floating process prepared by 20 selected mining industries in was to be classified as hazardous or non- Bac Kan Province, the industrial waste has been hazardous waste. This could be the reason why divided into the categories presented in Table the paste is classified as hazardous waste in 3-2 below. The division of the hazardous waste the enterprise's annual report and not in the is based on the Vietnamese HW classification43 DONRE annual waste report. and the division of the non-hazardous waste is based on the information provided in the waste The waste management reports prepared by management reports prepared by the mining the mining enterprises in Bac Kan Province enterprises in Bac Kan Province. reveal that the major HW type is "Waste from physical and chemical processing of non- The HW quantities reported in Table 3-2 do metallic ferrous minerals" and this HW type not correspond to the HW quantities from the constitutes almost 100% of the HW from the mining industry presented in the Table 3-1; mining industry. The other HW streams consists therefore, the price type and quantities of HW of 19 different HW types. In addition to the HW would need further investigation. During the types generated by the mining industry in Bac site visits to the lead-zinc exploration enterprises Kan, the mining industry also generates non- in Bac Kan province, it was observed that there hazardous waste: Sludge as well as soil and have been discussions between MONRE and gravel waste. one of the metal exploring enterprises on TABLE 3-2 The annual quantities of hazardous and non-hazardous waste from the mining sector in Bac Kan Province Hazardous / Non- Type of waste Annual quantity Hazardous waste (tonne/year) Hazardous Waste containing dangerous substances from physical and chemical 4,700 processing of non-metalliferous minerals (01 02 01)44 Different HW types (19 different HW codes) 3 Non-Hazardous Sludge 2,000 Soil & gravel waste 1,140 The figures in bracket are the Vietnamese hazardous waste codes. Source: Waste management reports prepared by five mining enterprises (2016) in Bac Kan Province. Reports provided by DONRE Bac Kan 43 Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT: Management of hazardous waste, Appendix 1: List of hazardous wastes. 44 Paste resulting from floating process - temporary storage 122 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Thai Nguyen been divided into the categories presented in Table 3-4 below. The division of the hazardous The industrial HW generation in Thai Nguyen waste is based on the Vietnamese HW Province is relatively high - almost 300,000 classification43 and the division of the non- tonne/year, see Table 3-3. Other industrial hazardous waste is based on the information waste types generated in the province include provided in the waste management reports waste from black metal mining (9 mln tonne/ prepared by the enterprises in Thai Nguyen. year) and waste from colour metal mining (5 mln tonne/year). The quantities presented in Table 3-4 are considerably lower than then presented in Based on the waste management reports other reports and likely only selected waste prepared by 20 selected industrial facilities45 in management reports have been provided. Thai Nguyen Province, the industrial waste has TABLE 3-3 Annual hazardous and non-hazardous waste quantities in Thai Nguyen Province divided into different waste types Category of enterprises Number of Total quantity of waste enterprises tonne/year Non-hazardous industrial waste 2,500 504,000 Hazardous industrial waste 270,000 Non-hazardous waste from steel industries >50 130,000 HW from steel industries 18,000 Waste from black metal mine (sludge, soil & sand) 50 9,000,000 Waste from colour metal mine (sludge, soil & sand) 7 5,000,000 Source: Data from DONRE Thai Nguyen (2016) 45 The 20 selected enterprises include: one enterprise from the electronic industry, nine from the mining inustry and 11 from the steel producing industry PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 123 TABLE 3-4 Annual quantities of hazardous and non-hazardous waste reported by enterprises in industrial sectors: mining (9), steel producing (5) and electronic (1) in Thai Nguyen Type of Hazardous waste/ Type of waste Annual quantity industry Non-hazardous of waste waste (tonne/year) Mining sector Hazardous Brake fluids (other than those mentioned in 20 heading 17) (15 01 07) Oil filters (15 01 02) 10 Synthetic engine, gear and lubricating oils 56 (17 02 03) Other HW types (15 different HW codes) 35 Non-hazardous Soil & sand waste 1,439,147 Lime kiln slag 200 Steel Hazardous Absorbents, filter materials (including oil filters 166 producing not otherwise specified), wiping cloths, protective sector clothing contaminated by dangerous substances (18 02 01) Sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment 2,410 containing dangerous substances (05 01 03) Solid wastes from gas treatment containing 3,600 dangerous substances in plants using steel ore as materials (05 01 01) Other HW types (14 different HW codes) 0.02 Non-hazardous Iron scrap 850 Kiln dismantling material 275 Kiln slag 50,495 Settlement sludge 35,000 Electronic Hazardous Hard packaging including empty pressure 24 sector containers (18 01 02) Other organic solvents, washing liquids and 46 mother liquors (03 01 03) Waste paint and varnish containing organic 26 solvents or other dangerous substances (08 01 01) Other HW types (9 different HW codes) 19 Source: Waste management reports prepared by enterprises report (2016); provided by DONRE Thai Nguyen. The figures in bracket are the Vietnamese hazardous waste codes. The data in Table 3.4 above reveals that the The electronic sector in Thai Nguyen Province major industrial waste quantities are generated generates rather limited quantities of HW in the mining sector and includes the soil and and these include mainly waste solvents and sand waste (almost 1.5 mln tonne/year). The HW paints (72 tonne/year). The HW reported for the generation from the mining industry is rather electronic sector in Thai Nguyen Province is limited and includes different oil containing generated by one single enterprise. waste from the use of machinery. It is obvious, that the 20 waste management The steel producing industry also generated reports that were disclosed do not provide more non-hazardous waste than HW. The a full picture of the overall industrial waste major non-hazardous waste types include: Kiln management situation in Thai Nguyen. The slag (50,495 tonne/year) and settlement sludge disclosed reports and the visits organised (35,000 tonne/year). The HW types include provide details of the major environmental sludges, filter cakes and solid waste from gas concerns of DONRE Thai Nguyen. treatment. 124 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS 3.2.2 SUITABLE OPTIONS FOR MIN­ for the industrial installations that represent IMISATION, RECYCLING, TREATMENT a significant pollution potential in Europe. AND DISPOSAL FOR MINING WASTE, There are about 50,000 of these installations STEEL PROCESSING AND ELECTRONIC in Europe including waste treatment facilities. INDUSTRY The BREF document covering waste treatment industries46 (hazardous waste and non- EU best available techniques reference hazardous waste) was adopted in August 2006. document (BREF) related to waste management Waste from mining industry The European Integrated Pollution Prevention Waste from extractive operations (i.e. waste and Control Bureau (EIPPCB) was set up in from extraction and processing of mineral 1997 to organise an exchange of information resources) is one of the largest waste streams. between EU Member States, industry and It involves materials that must be removed to non-governmental organisations promoting gain access to the mineral resource, such as environmental protection on Best Available topsoil, overburden and waste rock, as well as Techniques (BAT), associated monitoring and tailings remaining after minerals have been developments in them. largely extracted from the ore. With the entry into force of the Industrial Some of these wastes are inert and hence Emissions Directive (IED, 2010/75/EU), the not likely to represent a significant pollutant EIPPCB organises and coordinates the threat to the environment, and possible exchange of information that leads to the collapse if stored in large quantities. However, drawing up and review of BAT reference other fractions, in particular those generated documents according to the dispositions of by the non-ferrous metal mining industry, the Guidance document on the exchange may contain large quantities of dangerous of information (Commission Implementing substances, such as heavy metals. Through the Decision 2012/119/EU). extraction and subsequent mineral processing, metals and metal compounds tend to become The European IPPC Bureau is an output- chemically more available, which can result in oriented team which produces Best Available the generation of acid or alkaline drainage. Techniques Reference Documents, called BREFs. BREFs are the main reference Suitable options for treatment and disposal of documents used by competent authorities in waste from the mining sector are presented in Member States when issuing operating permits Table 3-5. 46 Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Treatment Industries, European Commission, August 2006. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa. eu/reference/BREF/wt_bref_0806.pdf PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 125 TABLE 3-5 Suitable options for treatment and disposal of waste from mining sector including typical costs Waste type Suitable options for Description Typical treatment and disposal treatment of mining waste costs (VND/kg) Paste from Pb and Zn Backfilling / cemented The remaining from the 1,100-2,250 extraction backfilling extraction of the lead and zinc from the ore material (Bac Kan Province) may be used as back filling material, either with or without prior mixing with cement. Overburden (soil and rock Landscape contouring It is usually piled on the surface 1,100-2,250 that is removed to gain and revegetation during at mine sites where it will not access to the ore deposits mine closure. impede further expansion of the at open pit mines.) mining operation – moving large volumes of material is expensive. Overburden generally has a low potential for environmental contamination Paste from Pb and Zn Backfilling / cemented The remaining from the 1,100-2,250 extraction backfilling extraction of the lead and zinc from the ore material (Bac Kan Province) may be used as back filling material, either with or without prior mixing with cement. Overburden (soil and rock Landscape contouring It is usually piled on the surface 1,100-2,250 that is removed to gain and revegetation during at mine sites where it will not access to the ore deposits mine closure. impede further expansion of the at open pit mines.) mining operation – moving large volumes of material is expensive. Overburden generally has a low potential for environmental contamination Waste rock (material Waste rock dumps are Waste rock is often stored in 1,100-2,250 that contains minerals in generally covered with heaps or dumps on the mine site, concentrations considered soil and revegetated but may be stored underwater too low to be extracted at following mine closure, with tailings if it contains a lot of a profit) sulphide minerals and has a high Re-mining when increase potential for acid rock drainage in mineral market prices formation. or improvements in extraction technology. Tailings (finely ground Backfilling in Tailings can also contain leftover 1,100-2,250 rock and mineral waste underground mines processing chemicals, and are products of mineral usually deposited in the form of Storage in open pits processing operations, e.g. a water-based slurry into tailings (sand, silt, and clay-sized Pumped into tailing ponds (sedimentation lagoons material) ponds on site enclosed by dams built to capture and store the tailings). Water treatment sludge Landfilling The majority of sludge has little 840-2,800 (produced at active water economic value and is handled as treatment plants used waste. at some mine sites, and consists of the solids that had been removed from the water as well as any chemicals that had been added to improve the efficiency of the process) Source: EU BREF note on mining activities47 and waste treatment48 and Miningfacts.org 47 Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Management of Tailing and Waste-Rock in Mining Activities, European Commission, January 2009. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/mmr_adopted_0109.pdf 48 Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Treatment Industries, European Commission, August 2006. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa. eu/reference/BREF/wt_bref_0806.pdf 126 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 3-6 Statistical data for enterprises categorised as "Mining of metal ores" 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 No of acting enterprises 202 346 328 306 273 No of employees 16,112 21,458 20,972 17,952 15,010 Average capital of enterprises, billion 12,731 26,577 35,532 40,380 49,078 VND Value of fixed asset and long-term 9,502 16,883 23,961 24,496 33,022 investment, billion VND Net turnover, billion VND 5,169 11,075 12,097 10,978 9,218 Source: Vietnam General Statistics Office, Business Result of Vietnamese Enterprises in the period 2010-2015 Table 3-5 reveals that the majority of the sludges. One single mining enterprise in Bac suitable waste treatment technologies for Kan province has established a small "landfill" mining waste are rather low-tech technologies, with liner for long term storage of the pastes. as they include backfilling and landscape contouring. Table 3-6 below presents statistical The study’s assessment is that there is an data regarding the development of enterprises immediately need for disposal options for categorised as "Mining of metal ores" in the residues generated by the mining activities, national Vietnamese statistics. The data shows at they constitute enormous quantities. As that the number of employees in the mining there is a limited quantity of HW in Bac Kan industry has decreased 6% during 2010-2015 Province, it would not be economic feasible for and the turnover has increased by 78% during to establish a HW treatment facility serving the the same period. industrial facilities in Bac Kan only. The site visits to the mining industries in the two Waste from steel processing industry provinces (Bac Kan and Thai Nguyen) revealed This sub-section presents suitable options for that the mining enterprises were responsible treatment and disposal of the major waste themselves for treatment and disposal of the types (hazardous and non-hazardous) from the residues (waste) from the mining activities, i.e. steel producing industry. paste from Pb and Zn extraction, tailings and PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 127 TABLE 3-7 Suitable options for treatment and disposal of waste from steel processing industry Waste type Suitable options for Description Typical treatment treatment and disposal costs (VND/tonne) of mining waste Fly ashes Backfilling in The fly ashes are disposed in 1,100-2,250 underground mines underground mines to stabilise the decommissioned areas of mines Kiln slag Backfilling Road The kiln slag may be used for 1,100-2,250 construction road construction or back filling dependent on the concentration of heavy metals and salts in the slag Iron scrap Material recovery/usage The iron scrap from the steel Price is dependent by cement plant production may have sufficiently on negotiation with high content of ferrous for material cement plant recovery/usage in the cement industry as the cement industry is in the need of ferrous for the cement production. Sludges and Landfilling Backfilling in The majority of sludge has little 3,500 filter cakes from underground mines economic value and is handled as gas treatment waste. 1,100-2,200 containing dangerous substances Solid wastes from Landfilling The fly ashes are disposed in 3,500 gas treatment underground mines to stabilise the containing Backfilling in decommissioned areas of mines 1,100-2,200 dangerous underground mines substances in plants using steel ore as materials Source: Based on EU BREF note46 Table 3.7 reveals that the suitable recovery, immediately need for treatment and disposal treatment and disposal options includes options for the above-mentioned waste types material recovery, backfilling and landfilling. from the steel producing industry. At present, material recovery of iron scrap Waste from electronic industry takes place, as iron scrap is sold to the cement industries. Table 3.8 presents statistical data The electronic producing industries in Thai regarding the development of enterprises Nguyen Province generates a wide variety of categorised as "Manufacture of basic metals" hazardous waste types. The suitable options in the national Vietnamese statistics. The data for treatment and disposal of hazardous waste shows that the number of employees in the from the electronic industry is described in metal producing industry has increased by 26% the section on “suitable option for treatment from 2010 2015 and the turnover has increased of disposal of industrial waste, Binh Thuan”. At by 45% during the same period. present four HW treatment facilities exist in Thai Nguyen, which serve both the industrial The site visits at the steel producing facility in facilities in Thai Nguyen and Bac Kan Provinces. Thai Nguyen revealed that no treatment facility One facility in particular serves one of the currently exists for solid HW and non-hazardous enterprises in the electronic industry. The HW waste from the steel producing industry apart incineration capacity is rather limited: 2,500 kg/ from the recovery of the iron slag. The potential hour equal to 19,000 tonne/year. treatment and disposal options identified were landfilling, underground waste disposal/ During the sit visit to Thai Nguyen, two of backfilling and road construction. There is an the hazardous waste incinerators operating 128 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 3-8 Statistical data for enterprises categorised as "Manufacture of basic metals" 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 No of acting enterprises 858 1,034 1,067 1,056 1,079 No of employees 71,779 72,711 77,214 81,725 83,675 Average capital of enterprises, billion 133,493 175,917 237,768 338,765 451,129 VND Value of fixed asset and long-term 61,143 91,340 139,183 247,534 353,053 investment, billion VND Net turnover, billion VND 185,260 209,829 215,432 248,068 269,841 Source: Vietnam General Statistics Office, Business Result of Vietnamese Enterprises in the period 2010-2015. in Thai Nguyen Province were visited. The residues are not disposed of at a hazardous HW incinerators are equipped with flue gas waste landfill. treatment and the flue gas is measured on a quarterly basis. The flue gas treatment systems Table 3-9 presents statistical data regarding at the two facilities included: the development of enterprises categorised as "Manufacture of computer, electronics 1. Cooling and bag filters. and optical products". The data shows that 2. Cooling, cyclone and charcoal absorption the number of employees in the electronic industry has tripled during 2010-2015 and the The study assesses that the flue gas treatment turnover in 2015 has escalated to ten times the systems at the hazardous waste treatment level of 2010. facilities that were visited in Thai Nguyen, as well as those visited in Hanoi, do not meet The HW generated by the electronic sector international standards for removal of dust, might be treated and disposed of by the CO, HCl, sulphur oxides, NOX, dioxin etc. As the present HW treatment facilities operating flue gas emission are not in compliance with in Thai Nguyen Province, as the present HW international standards, the flue gas emissions quantities are rather limited and of a nature may cause environmental pollution. In which can be adequately and properly handled addition, it appears that the flue gas treatment by the present treatment facilities. TABLE 3-9 Statistical data for enterprises categorised as "Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products" 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 No of acting enterprises 613 739 839 1021 1,145 No of employees 167,562 289,757 327,659 410,994 497,037 Average capital of enterprises, billion 78,818 179,389 247,649 369,040 511,199 VND Value of fixed asset and long-term 41,054 87,799 113,500 178,194 258,633 investment, billion VND Net turnover, billion VND 125,184 475,606 777,415 915,267 1,268,354 Source: Vietnam General Statistics Office, Business Result of Vietnamese Enterprises in the period 2010-2015. PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 129 3.3 WASTEWATER SLUDGE IN The quantity of the wastewater sludge VIETNAM generated has been estimated based on the design capacity of the wastewater treatment 3.3.1 WASTEWATER SLUDGE plant and experience of wastewater sludge QUANTITIES AND DISTRIBUTION generation from similar conditions. The The wastewater treatment facilities serving estimated wastewater sludge quantity has households in Vietnam have been registered been compared with wastewater sludge including the treatment technology applied. generation from a JICA study50 and the Substantial data has been obtained from a quantities are found to be almost equal. former WB study49. The total number of wastewater treatment Types of wastewater treatment technologies facilities in the different provinces of Vietnam applied and number of wastewater treatment and the estimated wastewater sludge facilities where different technologies are generation is presented in the Table 3-11 below. applied in different parts of Vietnam are The total number of household wastewater presented Table 3-10. treatment facilities in Vietnam is 50 and the quantity is divided regionally with 18 in Table 3-10 illustrates that the most frequently Northern Vietnam, 15 in Central Vietnam and 17 applied technology is the sequencing batch in Southern Vietnam. The wastewater sludge reactor which is used in almost 30% of the generation in Ho Chi Minh accounts for almost wastewater treatment facilities. The second 43% of the total national wastewater sludge most frequent technology applied is the generation. The percentages of wastewater conventional activated sludge treatment sludge generation in the three regions of technology and the oxidation ditch, which Vietnam are presented below: are both applied at 20% of the wastewater treatment facilities. › North: 36 % TABLE 3-10 Types of wastewater technologies applied and their presence in different regions of Vietnam Type of treatment technology Part of Vietnam North Central South Total Activated sludge A2O 3 2 5 Aeration ponds 1 2 Aerobic ponds 1 1 Biological ponds 2 1 2 Conventional activated sludge 5 2 3 10 Covered anaerobic ponds 4 4 Imhoff + trickling filters 1 1 Oxidation ditch 2 3 5 10 Sequencing batch reactor 8 2 4 14 Trickling filter 1 1 Total 18 15 17 50 Source: Vietnam Urban Wastewater Review, World Bank, December 2013 49 Vietnam Urban Wastewater Review, World Bank, December 2013 50 Preparatory study on construction project for Yen Xa wastewater treatment plant PPP infrastructure project study, Final report, prepared for Japan International Cooperation Agency, March 2013. 130 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS › Central: 13 % except for the larger cities such as Hanoi › South: 51 % (North), Da Nang (Central) and Ho Chi Minh (South). These cities have 8, 6 and 6 wastewater Table 3-11 illustrates that most of the provinces treatment facilities, respectively. have only one wastewater treatment facility TABLE 3-11 The number of wastewater treatment plants in different provinces of Vietnam and the estimated wastewater sludge generation (m³/year) with dry matter of 15% Part of Vietnam/Province No. of household wastewater Wastewater sludge generation treatment facilities (m³/year) Central 15 43,601 Binh Dinh 2 3,517 Danang 6 25,639 Hoi An 1 1,119 Hue 1 2,734 Nghe An 2 5,196 Ninh Thuan 1 1,599 Quang Binh 1 1,399 Thanh Hoa 1 2,398 Northern 18 123,548 Bac Giang 1 1,599 Bac Ninh 2 5,995 Ha Nam 1 799 Hai Duong 1 2,158 Hai Phong 1 5,755 Hanoi 8 103,084 Quang Ninh 2 1,759 Thai Nguyen 1 1,599 Vinh Phuc 1 799 Southern 17 178,396 An Giang 1 320 Ba Ria - Vung Tau 2 5,116 Binh Duong 2 5,539 Buon Ma Thuot 1 1,299 Can Tho 1 4,796 Da Lat, Lam Dong 1 1,183 Ho Chi Minh 6 148,040 Nha Trang 1 6,395 Soc Trang 1 2,809 Tra Vinh 1 2,899 Total 50 345,544 PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 131 3.3.2 SUITABLE OPTIONS FOR DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER SLUDGE The suitable options for treatment and disposal of wastewater sludge are presented in Table 3-12 below. TABLE 3-12 Suitable options for treatment and disposal of wastewater sludge Suitable options for treatment Description Typical treatment costs and disposal of wastewater (VND/tonne) sludge Co-incineration in cement kilns Traditional kiln fuels are gas, oil and coal. Price is dependent on Materials like dried wastewater sludge is negotiation with cement an alternative fuel for the cement industry. industry and will depend Dried wastewater sludge has proven to have on annual quantity a satisfactory calorific value for the cement industry as specified for alternative fuels51. The utilisation of wastewater sludge has as an alternative fuel and its effect has been analysed covering all process, health, safety and environmental standard52. Co-incineration in power plants Large volumes of dried sewage sludge with - calorific values between 3 and <10 MJ/kg are used in power plants. Composting Sewage sludge can be transformed into 700-2,800 composting by windrow composting maintained at 40°C for at least 5 days and for 4 hours during this period at a minimum of 55°C within the body of the pile followed by a period of maturation adequate to ensure that the compost reaction is substantially complete53. Biogas production Anaerobic digestion is used in industry 1,000-2,800 to handle very high COD wastes and as a treatment process for wastewater sludge after an aerobic treatment of the wastewaters. The production of biogas from controlled anaerobic digestion is one of the principal advantages of the process. Anaerobic digestion involves the bacterial decomposition of organic material in the (relative) absence of oxygen. One of the main limits on the anaerobic digestion process is its inability to degrade lignin (a major component of wood). This is in contrast with the process of aerobic biodegradation. Soil improvement Wastewater sludge may be used as soil - improvement to improve the quality of the soil, e.g. sandy soils with addition of coal and wastewater sludge. Source: References are provided for each specific treatment options. Typical treatment costs are based on general experience and BREF document on waste treatment46 51 Wzorek, M. Characterisation of the properties of alternative fuels containing sewage sludge. Fuel processing technology, 2012:104, 80-89. 52 Zabaniotou, A., & Theofilou, C.. Green energy at cement kiln in Cyprus—Use of sewage sludge as a conventional fuel substitute. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008;12(2), 531-541. 53 Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture - FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47, FAO, 1992 132 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS 3.3.3 REGIONAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 3.3.4 POTENTIAL FOR CO-INCINERA­ AND TREATMENT SCHEMES FOR TION IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM WASTEWATER SLUDGE IN NORTHERN The largest quantities of wastewater sludge VIETNAM in Southern Vietnam are generated in Ho Chi The largest quantity of wastewater sludge Minh Province. The majority of the wastewater in Northern Vietnam is generated in Hanoi sludge is generated at the three wastewater Province. The majority of the wastewater treatment plants: Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe, sludge is generated at the two wastewater Tham Luong - Ben Cat and Binh Hung. The treatment plants Yen So and Yen Xa and three wastewater treatment plants generate these two wastewater treatment plants approximately 139,250 tonne/year of wastewater generate approximately 75,000 tonnes/year of sludge54. The sludge generation is based on the wastewater sludge54. The sludge generation is design capacity and it might be smaller, if the based on the design capacity and it might be wastewater plant is running at a capacity lower smaller, if the wastewater plant is running at a than the design capacity. capacity lower than the design capacity. Co-incineration of the wastewater sludge from Co-incineration of the wastewater sludge from these three wastewater treatment facilities is these two wastewater treatment facilities is a a possibility at the cement plants operating in possibility, as a newly established cement plant Ho Chi Minh Province. The wastewater sludge is located in Ninh Binh, 100 km south of Hanoi. quantity is sufficient to make this an attractive The wastewater sludge quantity is sufficient option for the cement plants. to make this option attractive for the cement plant. There could be other cement plants 3.4 INDUSTRIAL (HAZARDOUS) interested in the dried sewage sludge and a WASTE FOR LARGE INDUSTRIES – separate report about cement co-incineration BINH THUAN possibilities has been prepared and will be 3.4.1 LARGE INDUSTRIES (HAZARDOUS) presented in September 2018. WASTE TYPES AND QUANTITIES The remaining wastewater facilities in the Industrial hazardous waste Northern part of Vietnam generate relatively The annual HW generation in Binh Thuan small quantities of wastewater sludge on province is almost 1,000 ton, see Table 3-13. annual basis ranging from 700 – 6,000 tonne/ The majority of the HW is generated by the oil year for each plant. If collection, treatment and and gas industry (550 tonne/year) whereas the disposal schemes have to be established for the energy sector generates the second largest smaller wastewater treatment facilities, it could quantity (210 tonne/year). The HW generation be used as a supplement at the composting from the healthcare sector accounts for 16% of facilities for domestic solid waste. the annual HW generation in the Binh Thuan province (158 tonne/year). 54 Dry matter content of 15% PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 133 TABLE 3-13 The annual industry HW quantity divided into different sectors in Binh Thuan Category of enterprises Number of enterprises Total quantity of industrial HW Industries 30 18.6 Petroleum, oil and gas 12 551 Tourism 60 2.5 Food production 11 6.0 Aqua cultural and fishery 13 0.9 processing Mineral and natural resources 17 3.3 Agricultural / farmers 11 0.55 Healthcare facilities 12 158 Energy 10 210 Services and others 12 29.4 Total 188 979 Source: Annual waste management report prepared by DONRE Binh Thuan (2016). Based on waste management reports substances". The waste is generated by the submitted by 13 enterprises to Binh Thuan oil and gas industry and co-incinerated DONRE, the industrial waste generation has at one of the Holcim cement plants. The been divided into the categories presented in second and third largest quantities are "Other Figure 3-1 and Table 3-14. The division of the engine, gear and lubricant oils" (54 tonne/ hazardous waste is based on the Vietnamese year) and "Absorbents, filter materials, wiping HW classification and the division of the non- cloths, protective clothing contaminated by hazardous waste is based on the information dangerous substances" (38.4 tonne/year). provided in the waste management reports prepared by the enterprises in Binh Thuan. The The industrial enterprises visited in Binh waste management reports account for 700 Thuan Province (see Annex 4) reported that tonne/year (2016) of the industrial HW, equal to the enterprises have entered into service 90% of the industrial HW reported in Table 3-13 agreements related to the collection and above, despite the data being sources from treatment of the HW generated. There are no only 13 of 188 enterprises' reports. dedicated Hazardous Waste treatment facilities in Binh Thuan Province, therefore the HW is Table 3-14 illustrates, that the majority of the collected and transported to neighbouring waste (509 tonne/year) is "Drilling muds and provinces for treatment. other drilling wastes containing dangerous 134 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS 6.1 Absorbents, lter materials 4.8 38.4 (including oil lters not otherwise 13.4 speci ed), wiping cloths, protective 30.6 clothing contaminated by 54.0 509 dangerous substances 4.3 Acid alkyl sludges 3.8 Drilling muds and other drilling wastes containing dangerous substances Fuel oil and diesel Hard packaging including empty pressure containers Other engine, gear and lubricating oils Other wax and fat Waste adhesives and sealants containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances Wastes from paint or varnish removal containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances Source: Waste report prepared by industrial facilities and submitted to DONRE Binh Thuan, 2016 FIGURE 3-1 Industrial HW types reported by the industrial facilities in Binh Thuan province in 2016 TABLE 3-14 The annual quantities of HW from industrial sector in Binh Thuan. Industrial HW categories Annual waste generation in 2016 (tonne/year) Absorbents, filter materials (including oil filters not otherwise specified), wiping 38.4 cloths, protective clothing contaminated by dangerous substances (18 02 01) Acid alkyl sludges (01 04 03) 13.4 Drilling muds and other drilling wastes containing dangerous substances (01 03 509 02) Fuel oil and diesel (17 06 01) 3.8 Hard packaging including empty pressure containers (18 01 02) 4.3 Other engine, gear and lubricating oils (17 02 04) 54.0 Other wax and fat (17 07 04) 30.6 Soft packaging (18 01 01) 13.8 Waste adhesives and sealants containing organic solvents or other dangerous 4.8 substances (08 03 01) Wastes from paint or varnish removal containing organic solvents or other 6.1 dangerous substances (08 01 03) Wastes not otherwise specified (17 07 03) 3.9 Different hazardous wastes (16 different waste categories) 17.3 Total 699.4 Source: Waste management report prepared by enterprises (2016). Reports provided by DONRE Binh Thuan. Figures in brackets are the Vietnamese hazardous waste codes. PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 135 Waste from thermal power plants Center begin operation, the amount of ash and slag generated is about 3,800,000 tons/ The largest industrial waste producer in Binh year. At present, the ashes (dry) are disposed Thuan Province is the Vinh Than Power Station of at the slag storage area/landfill next to the plants (thermal power plants), which consist of thermal power plant. The landfill is operated the following units: by the thermal power plant. A small-scale › Unit 1 – Energy production capacity with pilot production enterprise Mãi Xanh (private two units with a capacity of 1,240 MW (trial company) has been established for the operation). production of bricks from the ashes, and the › Unit 2 - Energy production capacity with enterprise has a capacity of 4,500 tonne/day two units with the capacity of 1,244 MW – in with two (2) production lines. operation. › Unit 3 - Energy production capacity with 3.4.2 SUITABLE OPTIONS FOR MINIMI­ three units with a capacity of 1,980 MW. SATION, RECYCLING, TREATMENT AND › Unit 4 - Energy production capacity with DISPOSAL OF (HAZARDOUS) WASTE two units with the capacity of 1,200 MW FROM LARGE INDUSTRIES IN BINH - in operation and extended Unit 4 with THUAN one unit with capacity of 600 MW (under Industrial hazardous waste construction) As described earlier, the majority of the HW At present the power plant generates 1,200,000 generated by the large industries in the Binh tonnes of non-hazardous ashes annually Thuan Province is drilling mud and other from the energy production. The thermal HW suitable for incineration. The different power plant uses Vietnamese coal for the treatment options for the different HW production of energy and this is the reason categories identified in Binh Thuan Province for the high waste generation55. According to are presented in the Table 3-15. the design, once the plants in Vinh Tan Power 55 The waste generation from local coal is 37-40% of the input, whereas the waste generation from the use of Indonesian coal is 6-8% of the input. 136 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 3-15 Suitable options for recycling, treatment and disposal for different HW types identified in the Binh Thuan Province Industrial HW type Suitable options for minimisation, Typical treatment recycling, treatment and disposal costs (VND/tonne) Absorbents, filter materials (including oil Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 16,600 filters not otherwise specified), wiping facility cloths, protective clothing contaminated by dangerous substances Acid alkyl sludges Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 16,600 facility Drilling muds and other drilling wastes Thermal absorption and recovery of oil - containing dangerous substances Co-incineration in cement plant - Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 19,300 facility Fuel oil and diesel Co-incineration in cement plant - Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 2,700 facility Hard packaging including empty Pressure container: Reuse or recovery of 0 pressure containers metal Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 13,600 facility (metal drums) Other engine, gear and lubricating oils Recovery of base oil 8,400-9,300 Co-incineration in cement plant Dependent on Incineration at dedicated HW treatment quantity facility 1,100-16,000 Other wax and fat Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 16,000 facility Soft packaging Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 13,600 facility Waste adhesives and sealants containing Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 13,600 organic solvents or other dangerous facility substances Wastes from paint or varnish removal Incineration at dedicated HW treatment 13,600 containing organic solvents or other facility dangerous substances Source: Experience and EU BREF note on waste treatment46 At present the annual HW generation in Binh challenges, as waste collection needs to be Thuan is rather limited and the annual quantity planned well in advance. All HW generators are produced does not justify the establishment obliged to enter into a written agreement with a of a HW treatment facility in Binh Thuan service provider for the collection, transport and Province. The major HW quantity is drilling treatment/disposal of the HW generated prior mud, generated by the oil and gas industry, to operating the industrial facility. The option of and this HW type is treated by the cement establishing a provincial intermediate storage industry. Thermal absorption and recovery facility serving several industrial facilities could of the oil from the drilling mud has proven be explored, if the current regulatory system to be economic feasible in several other oil- allows such possibility. producing countries, e.g. Nigeria and Angola. Waste from thermal power plants During the site visits, several of the industrial The majority of the non-hazardous waste in facilities explained that the service provider for Binh Thuan Province is comprised of fly ashes collection and treatment of their hazardous from the thermal power plant. The different waste was located in the neighbouring treatment options for fly ashes are presented provinces, which sometimes created in Table 3-16. PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 137 TABLE 3-16 Suitable options for treatment and disposal for fly ashes from thermal power plants in Binh Thuan Province Industrial non-hazardous waste type Suitable options for minimisation, Typical treatment recycling, treatment and disposal costs (VND/tonne) Fly ashes from thermal power plant Solidification and stabilisation by cement 700 Backfilling in underground mines 1,100-2,250 (stabilisation of decommissioned areas of mines) Disposal in underground mines 2,800 Solidification and stabilisation by other 700 components (bitumen or clay minerals) Landfilling (EU) 3,500 Solidification, stabilisation and production - of bricks (current used method) Landfilling of dry ashes (current used - method) Source: Experience and EU BREF note on waste treatment46 At present two (2) of four (4) thermal power 3.5.1 CURRENT AND FUTURE TREAT­ plants are in operation in Binh Thuan Province. MENT OPTIONS IN VIETNAM When the two new plants are in operation, MONRE has provided data regarding the non-hazardous waste generation is expected current HW treatment facilities in Vietnam. The to increase considerably. The future waste data on all hazardous waste treatment facilities quantities will very much depend on the origin in Vietnam was kept in an Excel file, which made of the coal to be used in the future thermal it difficult to identify the treatment capacity in power plants. each province, the type of treatment facility As the waste quantities are enormous, it is available and the capacity of the treatment assessed that an in-depth analysis should be facilities, which have obtained permission. carried out to determine the economically The HW treatment facilities which have feasible recovery and treatment options for the obtained operating permits in the three fly ashes from the energy production. analysed provinces are listed in Table 3-17, which shows that no licensed HW treatment facilities 3.5 INDUSTRIAL (HAZARDOUS) exist in the Bac Kan and Binh Thuan Provinces. WASTE MANAGEMENT, TREATMENT, The industrial enterprises in Bac Kan and Binh FINANCING AND CHALLENGES Thuan have entered service agreements with This section presents the findings regarding service providers (HW collection and treatment) the current and future waste treatment and in the neighbouring provinces. disposal demands for the investigated waste streams (mining waste, wastewater sludge and The overall picture of the HW treatment facilities industrial waste). It also provides an overview in Vietnam, is that the HW treatment facilities of suitable management and operational are relatively small in design/permit capacity. structures for industrial (hazardous) waste, The majority of the incineration facilities have private involvement, financing of treatment, a capacity of 1,000 kg/hour, equivalent to 7,500 the required legislation, monitoring and tonne/year. In Europe a HW incineration kiln enforcement and key challenges and would be in the size range of 40,000 – 60,000 recommendations. tonne/year and serve a larger number of 138 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS enterprises, across several regions. Vietnam, it is recommended to investigate the possibilities for new waste treatment options, Regarding the hazardous wastes, and in e.g. fly ashes from the power plants and steel particular the non-hazardous waste types, producing enterprises, paste from lead and generated by the mining, the steel producing zinc extraction. and the energy producing industries in TABLE 3-17 Type of HW treatment facilities in the three analysed provinces and the permit capacity of the different facilities Province Name of Type of facilities Permit Permit Total annual company capacity capacity permit kg/hour (tonne/ quantity day) (tonne/year) Thai Welfare Trade Refinery and Oil Recovery 1,000 Nguyen and Services Cooperative Oil distillation system 2,300 HW incinerator 500 Solidification system 1,000 Drum cleaner system - - Fluorescent lamp processing system 10 Preliminary equipment Battery 500 Electronic waste processing equipment 300 Metal detergent adhesive detergent 500 Viet Bac Rotary kiln 15,000 30,000 Colouring Metal Joint Stock Company Viet Xuan New HW incinerator 1,000 44,800 Environment Joint Stock Waste oil recycling system 5 Company Waste water and wastewater treatment 100 system System of recovery and processing of 10 electrical and electronic equipment Aluminium, zinc recycling system 10 Reclaimed metal from mud waste 4 Fluorescent lamp processing system 0.5 Battery breaking system 8 Drum cleaner system 5 System of cleaning packaged, 10 hazardous metal particles Anh Dang HW incinerator, capacity 1,000 38,000 Environmental Services Waste oil recycling system 625 Company System of recovery and processing of 625 Limited electrical and electronic equipment Fluorescent lamp processing system 25 Demolition system, waste battery 500 treatment System of cleaning of packaging, metal 2,500 oil and chemicals Source: Data obtained from MONRE PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 139 3.5.2 MANAGEMENT AND 3.5.3 PRIVATE INVOLVEMENT OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE Currently, HW management in Vietnam is According to Vietnamese legislation, all very well regulated, and all of the industrial industrial facilities are required to enter into an enterprises that were visited are fulfilling the agreement with a service provider regarding requirements regarding HW management, the collection, transport and treatment/ including storage of HW, entering into disposal of the HW generated by the industrial agreements with service providers, and facilities. The HW must be collected at least reporting to DONRE regarding the enterprises' every six months. The industrial enterprises annual HW generation. The industrial that were visited in Binh Thuan explained that enterprises that were visited have entered into the HW service providers would typically call service agreements with private and public the enterprise to organise the HW collection, enterprises providing collection and treatment so the HW service provider could organise of hazardous waste. The industrial enterprises HW collection and transport from several HW have entered into individual agreements where producers. the unit costs for collection and treatment of the different HW types are listed. The industrial As described earlier, there are insufficient enterprises pay the service provider directly for HW quantities in Binh Thuan and Bac Kan the HW collection and treatment services. Provinces to justify the establishment of HW treatment facilities as the HW generation is Based on the five visited hazardous waste less than 5,000 tonne/year. treatment facilities and the list provided by MONRE, it was observed that the enterprises Thus, in provinces where the industrial involved in collecting and treatment/disposal enterprises are generating smaller quantities of HW are a mix of public enterprises, as well as of HW (e.g. Binh Thuan and Bac Kan Provinces), private enterprises and joint stock enterprises. analysis should be carried out to determine whether the current joint stock companies 3.5.4 INDUSTRIAL (HAZARDOUS) should establish intermediate storage facilities WASTE FINANCING IN VIETNAM AND for the HW. The intermediate storage facilities EUROPE could operate as a collection station for the Information has been collected regarding HW generated by the small HW generators in the typical gate fees charged for collection the province prior to the transport of the HW and treatment of HW in Vietnam. The gate to the HW treatment facilities operating in the fees (collection, transport and disposal) neighbouring provinces. are presented in Table 3-18 together with information on typical gate fees (treatment and disposal) at typical hazardous waste treatment facilities in Europe. 140 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE 3-18 Typical gate fee (collection, transport and disposal) for selected HW types in Vietnam compared with treatment costs in Europe Vietnamese HW type Gate fee in Typical gate fee in HW code Vietnam (VND/kg) Europe (VND/kg) 08 02 01 Waste ink containing dangerous substances 4,000 17,250 08 02 04 Waste printing toner containing dangerous 1,000 Not available substances 08 03 01 Waste adhesives and sealants containing 3,000 13,200 organic solvents or other dangerous substances 13 01 01 Infectious wastes (including sharps) 10,000 – 12,000 5,600 15 01 02 Oil filters 3,000 20,600 16 01 06 Fluorescent tubes and other mercury- 4,000 Not available56 containing waste 16 01 09 Paint, inks, adhesives and resins containing 4,000 17,200 dangerous substances 16 01 12 Batteries and accumulators 3,700 Not available56 16 01 13 Discarded equipment, electronic components 6,000 Not available56 or electronic equipment containing electronic components 17 02 03 Synthetic engine, gear and lubricating oils 4,000 3,200-12,90057 17 02 04 Other engine, gear and lubricating oils 1,800 3,200-12,90057 17 03 04 Synthetic insulating and heat transmission oils 2,000 3,200-12,90057 17 03 05 Other insulating and heat transmission oils 1,800 3,200-12,90057 17 06 01 Fuel oil and diesel 2,000 3,400-13,100 18 01 01 Soft packaging 2,000 13,600 18 01 02 Hard packaging including empty pressure 10,000 13,60058 containers 18 01 03 Hard packaging made of plastic 10,000 13,600 18 02 01 Absorbents, filter materials (including oil 4000-6,400 16,600 filters not otherwise specified), wiping cloths, protective clothing contaminated by dangerous substances 19 05 02 Laboratory chemicals, consisting of or 6,400 17,200-34,000 containing dangerous substances 19 06 01 Lead batteries 3,000 Not available56 Source: Data obtained from industrial facilities and general information obtained The collection and treatment fees presented The gate fees for lead acid batteries and in Table 3-18 above are considerably lower than electronic waste in Europe is close to zero as the typical international gate fees. In Europe, an EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) the gate fee for lubricant oil could range from scheme has been established for these waste 3,200-12,900 VND/kg depending on the water types. The collection and treatment expenses content and the content of halogens (chloride are paid by the vehicle owner/electronic and sulphur). Similarly, the gate fee for oil filters consumer when purchasing a new lead is in the range of 20,600 VND/kg in Europe. acid battery/electronic item. The gate fee for 56 EU has introduced producer responsibility schemes for electronic waste and batteries 57 Gate is dependent on water content and content of halogens 58 Listed price is for incineration of contaminated metal packaging PART B: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 141 infectious waste in Europe is relatively cheap › Disposal of mining residues in open areas compared to other HW types – it is in the range › Storage of steel production residues due to of 5,600 VND/kg as infectious waste is co- lack of disposal options incinerated at municipal waste incinerators. › Discussion between MONRE and the metal exploration enterprises on whether paste The table reveals that there is a significant from floating process (extraction of lead and difference in the level of treatment costs zinc) is to be classified as hazardous waste or between Vietnam and Europe. A part of the non-hazardous waste difference can be explained by the differing price levels in Vietnam and Europe, which 3.5.6 KEY CHALLENGES FOR in turn, can be explained by the different INDUSTRIAL (HAZARDOUS) WASTE treatment facility requirements, such as Based on the analysis of the waste streams in compliance with Best Available Techniques the three selected provinces (Bac Kan, Thai and higher environmental performance etc,. Nguyen and Binh Thuan) and the hazardous waste treatment facilities in Hanoi, the following 3.5.5 LEGISLATION, MONITORING AND key challenges are identified: ENFORCEMENT › Lack of disposal options for several industrial The Vietnamese legislative documents hazardous and non-hazardous waste types, regarding hazardous waste management e.g. residues from mining activities and are very developed and includes the Law on steel production, and dry ashes from energy Environmental Protection, several decrees, production. The industrial facilities are decisions and circulars on specific subjects, forced to either store these waste types at plus technical specifications on incineration. own premises or dispose of the waste in an The hazardous waste treatment facilities' inappropriate manner. and the industrial facilities' compliance with › Lack of environmentally acceptable their environmental permits is monitored. For treatment /disposal options. The incineration example, the flue gas emission at the hazardous facilities are not in compliance with waste incineration facilities are analysed on a international standards. quarterly basis. › Lack of a proper recording (database) of existing hazardous waste treatment Based on the observations made during the facilities. site visits conducted at the industrial facilities › Lack of regional planning for treatment and treatment facilities, it is assessed that the capacities, which has led to the decrees, decisions and circulars are not fully uncoordinated establishment of numerous enforced. The following conditions have been small incineration plants (1,000-2,000 kg/ observed during the site visits: hour) › Polluted/contaminated areas at one › Lack of continuous flue gas emission hazardous waste treatment facility which measurements at incineration plants has been operating for several years › Insufficient flue gas treatment at incineration › Inappropriate disposal of incineration plants. Black smoke has been observed at residues, i.e. in the green areas outside the some hazardous waste treatment facilities. incineration building › Improper classification of residues from › Emission of black smoke from hazardous metal exploration waste incineration facilities 142 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS In order to address the above-mentioned disposal facilities for industrial waste challenges, the study has identified the originating from the mining industry, steel following key action areas: producing industry and the energy sector. The capacity of the facilities should be › Preparation of a national plan for determined based on feasibility studies and management of industrial (hazardous) should cover several provinces. waste, distinguishing the different types of › Improvement of the legislative requirements industrial (hazardous) waste streams for incineration facilities, including › Detailed investigations to determine continuous monitoring of flue gas emissions whether the waste from the metal and incineration temperature. exploration enterprises is to be classified › Development of a database tool for logging hazardous or non-hazardous, in particular the existing and future hazardous waste lead-containing residues treatment facilities in Vietnam. › Establishment of proper treatment and ANNEX 143 ANNEX 1: OVERVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION The Law on Environment Protection (LEP) Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP of the Government 2014: This Law provides for environmental dated 24 April 2015 on the management of protection; for policies, measures and resources waste and scrap. The Decree was issued with for environmental protection; and for the rights the new approach on channeling the waste and obligations of organizations, households management according to the actors (actor and individuals for environmental protection. or subject-oriented approach), including individuals/households and enterprises, which The law promotes waste reduction, reuse and are different in terms of codes of practice as recycling; and encourages organizations and well as behaviors. individuals to use recycled and environmentally friendly products. This law emphasizes Decree No. 19/2015/ND-CP of the Government that organizations and individuals have dated 14/02/2015 on guiding provisions of responsibilities for waste reduction, reuse and the LEP, which include regulations on ship recycling in order to minimize the amount of recycling. waste disposed as indicated in: Decree No. 18/2015/ND-CP of the Government - Article 82: Requirement for environmental dated 14 February 2015 on environmental protection at household level to reduce, to protection planning, strategic environmental separate the waste at generation sources, assessment, environmental impact assessment and environmental protection plans. The - Article 86 requires sorting all types of waste Decree took effect from 1 April 2015. which can be recovered - 3R implementation to be focused. Decree No. 15/2015/ND-CP of the Government dated 14/02/2015: Regulations on the Law on Environment Protection indicates that field, conditions and procedures for the the advanced technologies for recycle and implementation of Public-Private Partnership reuse of waste to create raw materials and Form. generate energy shall be encouraged to apply and the minimization of solid waste volume Decree No. 15/2015/NĐ-CP of the Government: to be landfilled shall be an important part of Regulations on the field, conditions and waste management policy for Vietnam. procedures for the implementation of PPP projects Decree No. 81/2017/ND-CP of the Government dated 17 July 2017 on the functions, responsibility, Decree No. 114/2014/ND-CP of the Government rights, and organizational structure of Ministry dated 26 November 2014 regulates the subjects of Construction and conditions for importing and recycling used ships. 144 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS Decree No. 179/2013/ND- CP of the Government program for investments in solid waste dated 14/11/2013 on Treatment of legal violations treatment from 2011-2020. in environmental protection, forms, levels, competence, and procedures/remedies. Decision No. 184/2006/QD-TT of the Prime Minister dated August 10, 2006 on approval Decree No. 130/2013/ND-CP of the Government of the National Implementation Plan for dated 16 October 2013: Regulations on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic production and supply of products and public pollutants. services Circular No. 41/2015/TT-BTNMT of the MONRE Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP of the Government dated 09 Sep 2015 on environmental protection dated 09/04/2007 on Solid Waste Management relating to importing and use of scrap as indicates that solid waste disposal facilities shall production materials. be merged to serve for more than two provinces or shall be combined in a complex treatment Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT of the MONRE facility, which includes garbage incinerators dated 30 June 2015 on management of with energy recovery; organic waste fertilized hazardous wastes. plants, sanitary landfills for ordinary solid waste Other related documents: and landfills for hazardous solid waste etc. Decision No. 577/2013/QD-TTg of the Prime Decision No. 491/2018/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 11 April 2013 approving the Master Minister dated 07 May 2018 on approving program for environmental protection in craft the adjusted national strategy on integrated villages towards 2020 and vision towards 2030. management of solid waste up to 2025, with a vision toward 2050 Decision No. 170/2012/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 08 February 2012 approving the Decision No. 16/2015/QD-TTg of the Prime master plan on hazardous solid medical waste Minister dated 22 May 2015 on take back and treatment systems up to 2025. treatment of discarded products. Decision No. 2149/2009/QD-TTg of the Prime Decision No. 73/2014/QD-TT of the Prime Minister dated 17 December 2009 approving the Minister dated 19 December 2014 on categories national strategy for integrated management of scrap to be imported as production materials. of solid waste up to 2025, with a vision to 2050. Decision No. 322/QD-BXD of the Ministry National Strategy on Integrated Management of Construction dated April 6, 2012 on of Solid Waste (ISWM) to 2025, vision to 2050 announcement of investment and construction issued on 27 December 2009, emphasizing the unit and rates for MSW treatment cost. responsibility of the entire society, though the State plays a key role in mobilizing resources Decision No. 986/QD-BXD of the Ministry and increasing investment. ISWM also contains of Construction dated 17 November 2011 on the prevention/reduction of waste generation planning for implementation of an Investment and sorting of waste at source as a priority task Program of solid waste treatment during the of ISWM as well as promotion of reuse and period 2011-2020. recycling to minimize the amount of landfilled waste. Decision No. 798/2011/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 25/05/2011 on approving the National Strategy for Environmental - ANNEX 145 Protection until 2020 and Vision toward 2030 - QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT: National technical (issued by PM in 2012): The sanitation contents regulation on wastewater of solid waste include objectives for drainage/sewage for landfill sites 2020, which say that 100% of urban areas, industrial zones and processing zones are Standards: to be provided with centralized wastewater - TCVN 6696-2009: Solid wastes - Sanitary treatment system that meet environmental landfill - General requirements for standards; inconsistencies in sewerage targets. environmental protection Decision No. 184/2006/QD-TTg of the Prime - TCVN 6705:2009: The classification of the Minister dated 10 August 2006 approving non-hazardous solid waste. the master plan to implement Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. - TCVN 6707:2009: Warning signs, prevention of hazardous waste. National Technical Regulations and Standards - TCXDVN 320:2004: Hazardous waste burial - QCVN 01:2008/BXD: National Technical Code sites – Design standard. on Construction Planning issued by MOC - TCVN 7380:2004: The solid medical waste via the Decision 04/2008/QD-BXD dated Incinerator - Technical requirements. 03/4/2008: - TCVN 7381:2004: The solid medical waste “Solid waste treatment technologies, Incinerator - the evaluation and appraisal expected to be selected for application methods. in solid waste disposal facilities, must be effective, in line with economic conditions, - TCXDVN 261:200:1 Design standard for solid do not pollute groundwater, surface water waste landfill and the ambient air environment. Document No.01/TB-VPCP dated January Proportion of solid waste processed by 02, 2013 of conclusions by the Deputy Prime landfill technology does not exceed 15% of Minister Hoang Trung Hai on current situation the total amount of solid waste collected. and solutions for solid waste treatment and implementation of solid waste treatment Proportion of solid waste processed by program period 2011-2020. other technologies (recycling, reuse and composting ...) shall be at least 85% “ Many other documents specify the conditions of implementation, incentives related to the - QCVN 07-9:2016/BXD: National Technical investment management of solid waste Regulation on Technical Infrastructure works on Solid Waste treatment and public Forthcoming legal framework toilets issued by MOC via Circular 01/2016/TT- BXD on first February 2016. Draft documents of Prime Minister - QCVN 61:2016/BTNMT: National Technical - The Directive of Prime minister on Regulation on Domestic solid waste strengthening solid waste management in incinerator issued by MONRE via Circular rural areas. No. 03/2016/TT-BXD on 10 March 2016. 146 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS - The Program on mitigation, classification of The scheme promotes environmental solid waste at source, reuse and recycling of industries in Vietnam to 2015, vision 2025 solid waste up to 2020. "Decision No. 1030 / QD-TTg dated 20/7/2009” Priority policy Waste to Energy in Vietnam Some MSWM policies related to climate change: Decision No. 2149 / QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated December 17, 2009 on approving the Decision No. 2139/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister National Strategy on integrated management dated 05/12/2011 approved the national strategy of solid waste management towards 2025. on climate change as mentioned in Decision 130/2007 / QD-TTg on the mechanisms and Decision No. 1440 / QD-TTg of the Prime financial policies for investment projects under Minister dated 06/10/2008 on approving the the clean development mechanism; planning of DSW treatment centres for 3 key economic regions (North, Central and South) Decision No.1775 /QD-TTg of the Prime Minister up to the year 2020. dated 21/11/2012: To approve the scheme management emission of greenhouse; Decision No.1216/QD-TTg of the Prime managing the business operations of carbon Minister approving the national Strategy for credits to the world market Environmental Protection until 2020 and vision to 2030. Mechanisms and policies to prioritize the development industry in Vietnam Electricity Energy Recovery: Circular No.01/2001/ from solid waste: Exemption or reduction BKHCNMT-BXD on 12/02/2001 by the Ministry of land use fees or land lease; Import duty of Science, Technology and Environment, O&M supplies and equipment; O&M, reduce MOC regulations on environmental protection corporate income tax; support and the interest guidelines for site selection to build and operate rate applicable under the CDM. waste landfills. ANNEX 147 ANNEX 2: MAP OF LANDFILL LOCATIONS Disclaimer: The map shown is for illustration purpose. The boundaries, color, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 148 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS ANNEX 3: LIST OF LANDFILL LOCATIONS TT Province KF Sanitary DSW (t/y) Number of LF >20ha 1ha -20ha < 01 ha Western North 1 ĐIỆN BIÊN 9 2 30,638 0 4 5 2 LAI CHÂU 8 8 68,081 0 8 0 3 SƠN LA 13 0 93,440 1 11 1 4 HÒA BÌNH 9 2 32,166 0 7 2 Western North Provinces 1 LÀO CAI 10 10 54,129 0 6 4 2 YÊN BÁI 10 1 61,320 2 6 2 3 HÀ GIANG 7 2 41,574 0 5 2 4 CAO BẰNG 12 4 22,490 0 8 4 5 BẮC KẠN 8 2 20,600 0 3 5 6 TUYÊN QUANG 5 1 44,799 1 1 3 7 LẠNG SƠN 7 7 94,518 1 4 2 8 PHÚ THỌ 4 3 93,805 0 4 0 9 THÁI NGUYÊN 6 2 116,800 3 3 0 10 BẮC GIANG 16 2 9,490 0 4 12 Economical zone of Northern 1 QUẢNG NINH 13 5 306,923 2 11 0 2 HÀ NỘI 4 4 1,350,500 1 3 0 3 HẢI DƯƠNG 15 15 9,804 0 4 11 4 HẢI PHÒNG 6 4 15,422 1 1 4 5 HƯNG YÊN 3 2 26,048 0 3 0 6 VĨNH PHÚC 76 2 57,191 0 4 72 7 BẮC NINH 1 1 44,141 0 1 0 Economical zone of Red Delta River 1 HÀ NAM 5 1 25,550 0 2 3 2 NAM ĐỊNH 5 4 41,304 1 4 0 3 NINH BÌNH 2 1 38,128 0 2 0 4 THÁI BÌNH 1 1 18,250 0 1 0 5 THANH HÓA (*) 33 3 80,300 2 18 13 6 NGHỆ AN 15 8 133,590 12 3 7 HÀ TĨNH 11 5 135,571 0 10 1 ANNEX 149 TT Province KF Sanitary DSW (t/y) Number of LF >20ha 1ha -20ha < 01 ha Economical zone of Middle and central 1 QUẢNG BÌNH 9 7 55.453 1 8 0 2 QUẢNG TRỊ 33 15 37.470 0 23 10 3 HUẾ (*) 10 6 33.580 1 9 0 4 ĐÀ NẴNG 1 1 260.923 1 0 0 5 QUẢNG NAM 14 5 83.950 1 13 0 6 QUẢNG NGÃI 12 7 95.655 2 6 4 7 BÌNH ĐỊNH 12 9 127.279 1 10 1 Economical zone of Eastern South and High land 1 PHÚ YÊN 9 1 76.285 0 7 2 2 KHÁNH HÒA 11 2 337.330 0 8 3 3 NINH THUẬN 19 2 38.820 0 14 5 4 BÌNH THUẬN 13 3 176.088 1 2 10 5 KON TUM 7 1 21.322 0 7 0 6 GIA LAI 17 5 116.963 0 16 1 7 ĐẮK LẮK 15 2 161.170 1 10 4 8 ĐẮK NÔNG 9 2 28.680 3 6 0 9 LÂM ĐỒNG 13 3 51830 0 11 2 Economical zone of Southern provinces 1 TP.HCM 2 2 821.250 2 0 0 2 BÌNH PHƯỚC 6 1 22.018 0 5 1 3 TÂY NINH 2 1 61.784 0 2 0 4 BÌNH DƯƠNG 1 1 437.270 1 0 0 5 ĐỒNG NAI 4 4 227.953 3 1 0 6 BR-VT 3 2 191.150 2 1 0 7 TIỀN GIANG 7 2 19.833 0 3 4 8 LONG AN 8 0 12.245 0 4 4 Mekong Delta 1 AN GIANG 14 1 131.808 0 8 6 2 CẦN THƠ 4 3 102.200 1 3 0 3 KIÊN GIANG 12 2 74.301 0 10 2 4 CÀ MAU 11 2 2.000 1 9 1 5 ĐỒNG THÁP 10 2 94.445 1 9 0 6 BẾN TRE 8 1 63.255 0 6 2 7 HẬU GIANG 3 3 58.948 0 3 0 8 TRÀ VINH 8 2 108405 0 7 1 9 SÓC TRĂNG 29 0 101.753 0 11 18 10 BẠC LIÊU 6 1 47.213 0 5 1 11 VĨNH LONG 4 1 37500 0 4 0 Total 660 204 7.384.701 38 391 231 150 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS ANNEX 4: NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES VISITED The present annex includes the number of industrial enterprises visited during the data collection missions. Province Name of enterprise Type of enterprise Thai Nguyen Tien Bo Iron Mine, Thai Nguyen Iron & Steel Mining company (Iron) JSC Luu Xa Steel Making Factory, Thai Nguyen Iron Steel production facility & Steel JSC Viet Bac Colouring Metal Joint Stock Company, Incineration facility (treatment of WEEE and Ash Treatment Plant, ashes from steel industry) Viet Xuan New Environment JSC Hazardous waste treatment facility Hanoi Urenco 10 Hazardous waste treatment facility Industrial waste incineration plant Industrial waste treatment (incineration) facility Bac Kan Na Tum Mine, Bac Kan Mineral Exploitation Mining company (lead and zinc) Company Hoang Nam Company Mining company (lead and zinc) Bac Kan Colouring Metal One member Co., Ltd Mining company (lead and zinc) Binh Thuan Vinh Tan Thermal Power Plant Thermal power plant Success Prosperity Shoe Material Company Sole producing enterprise Limited Right Rich International Shoe producing enterprise Viet Nam IST Ltd Glass fiber/composite units production enterprise Nakagawa MFG Vietnam Paper and cardboard production enterprise ANNEX 151 ANNEX 5: ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TREATMENT OPTIONS The present annex provides details in the environmental advantages and disadvantages for the proposed treatment options for the different identified industrial hazardous waste types. TABLE A-1 Environmental advantages and disadvantages for different treatment options Treatment Environmental advantages Environmental disadvantages options Stabilisation Reduced contact between water and waste Use of additional resources (cement) by cement Formation of less soluble metal hydroxides and Release of pollutants on long term is not carbonates know Easy to handle Release of pollutant (heavy metals) is relatively low on the short term Road Reduced contact between water and waste, if Leaks in permeable layer (asphalt) can cause construction road is impermeable environmental pollution No need for use of natural resources Backfilling in Stabilisation of decommissioned mine areas Short operation history (started in the 70'ies) underground No need for use of natural resources Leaks can cause environmental pollution mines Landfilling Engineered landfills with liners are preferred Contact between water and waste, i.e. compared to open dumps release of pollutants to leachate and water Possible use of methane gases sources Production of large quantities of methane, if organic waste is disposed of 30-50 years aftercare is needed to limit environmental impact from leachate Leaks can cause environmental pollution Composting Re-using of waste for soil improvement Possible spreading of pollutants (heavy material metals and plastic) to clean soils Reduction of waste volumes Need of clean fraction (pure organics waste) Simple process with no pollutants, e.g. plastic Improves physical and biological properties of Odour control is needed soil Nutrient composition is variable compared Enhance the chemical properties of soil to chemical fertilisers Biogas Renewable energy source Little technology advancement production Reduction of waste going to landfills Biogas may contain impurities Generates enriched organic manure Need of sufficient supply of waste (digestate) Not economic attractive in large scale compared to other biofuels Soil Increased crop yields Possible spreading of pollutants (heavy improvement Improvement of agricultural soil without use of metals) to clean soils fertilisers Wastewater sludge may contain non- Beneficial effect on soil structure degradable components such as plastic Odour control is needed Runoff reaching water courses 152 SOLID AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT: OPTIONS AND ACTION AREAS TABLE A-1 Environmental advantages and disadvantages for different treatment options (cont) Treatment Environmental advantages Environmental disadvantages options Incineration Waste volume reduction Emission of pollutants via flue gas emissions at dedicated Elimination of hazardous components in the Need for establishment of hazardous waste HW treatment waste to less hazardous components landfill for flue gas residues and bottom facility Very widely proven ashes Long operational history Broad range of wastes Co- Less need of natural resources No long operational history incineration No incineration residues Emission of pollutants via flue gas emissions (cement Broad range of wastes High investment costs for flue gas treatment plants)/ Limitation of halogen containing wastes material recovery Source: Consultant's own knowledge and BREF note on treatment46 HONG DUC PUBLISHING HOUSE Vietnam Laywers Association Hong Duc Publishing House • Address: 65 Trang Thi Street, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi • Email: nhaxuatbanhongduc@yahoo.com • Tel: (84 24) 3 9260024 – Fax: (84 24) 3 9260031 Publishing responsible: Bui Viet Bac, Director Content responsible: Khuat Duy Kim Hai Editor: Khuat Duy Kim Hai Graphic Design: Hong Duc Publishing House Print 50 copies in English, size 20.5cm x 28.5cm at Xuan An Investment and Development Joint Stock Company. 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