Report No. 11926-BY Belarus Environment Strategy Study Volume 11 December 17, 1993 Country Department IV Europe and Central Asia Region FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Document of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. 1 OWCIAL USE ONLY BELARUS ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY STUDY VOLUME a CONTENTS ANNEXES 1. Tables and Figures 2. Polution in the Svisloch River 3. General Healti Data 4. Environment Scenarios to 2010 5. Industrial Polluion and Environmental Audits 6. EC Enviromnental Directves 7. The FSU and US. Amospheric Dispersion Models 8. Air Polution Alert and Warning 9. Water Quality Modeling 10. Risk Assessment I1. Centralizd Hazardous Waste Management Facility: Terns of Reference CELARTS A. Organiion of Environmental Prtecdon in Bdarus D. Organiation Chart of the Sanitary-Epikmiological Service C. Orgnization Chart of Forestry Activities This document has a rstricted distribution and may be used by recipients o*l In the pefonnance of their offieWl duties. Is contents may nOt otherise be dicsed without World Bank auw _tion. ANNE- 1 Takde 1 The Number of Industria Poutlon Sources In Major Cities In Bebarus Uncontroled Controled % unontroled Minsk 1519 4492 33% Vitebsk 799 1325 38% Novopolotsk 1621 310 84% Polotsk 1073 645 62% Orsha 2035 1915 52% Soligorsk 1297 538 71% Borisov 1413 613 70% Bobruisk 324 92 78% Mogilev 331 356 48% Grodno 1363 390 78% Brest 225 97 70% cGomel 2969 1933 61% Svedogorsk 1388 1120 55% MOZyr 751 664 53% Rechitsa 1009 817 55% -2- ANNEX I Tabe 2 Water Quality Classicato System Used for Rivers in Belarus Based on The Water Pollution Index (WPI) Caassification WPI DIesription I .0 0.3 Very Clean II 0.3- 1.0 Clean m 1.0 - 2.5 Mofierately Polluted IV 2.5- 4.0 Polluted V 4.0 - 6.0 Dirty VI 6.0 - 10.0 Very Dirty v' > 10.0 Extremely Dirty *) WPI is calculated as one sixth of the sum of mean concentration per MPC for the following six parameters: dissolved oxygen, BOD-5, ammonia, nitrite, oil products, and phenols. -3- ANNEX I TdSo 3 Lead CoteUt Of SOin Beln Region Mean Value u mglfkg Rune In mg/ Minsk Oblast Minsk city - 5.0-491.0 Borisov city 23.3 4.2- 87.6 Soligorsk city 15.2 7.8- 41.7 Mologecbno city 14.6 8.1- 26.7 Vitebsk Oblast Vitebskcity 28.4 8.4- 59.1 Novopolotsk city 28.9 4.1- 374.0 Orsha city 24.9 7.9 - 70.0 Polotsk city 16.8 3.2 - 58.1 Mogilev Oblast Bobruyskcity 32.1 11.0- 90.0 Gom Oblast Gomel city 32.6 11.7- 119.7 Svedogorsk city 14.6 4.2 - 183.3 R*chitsa city 18.? 4.7 - 128.2 Yelsk 6.9 4.3- 8.8 Chechesk 16.2 4.6 - 65.4 Brest Oblast Brest city 36.1 8.9 - 178.2 Pinsk ct 22.0 4.8 - 49.6 Grodno Oblast Grodno city 26.1 8.0 - 188.0 Lida city 19.8 9.5 - 75.1 Smorgon city 17.6 9.6- 27.6 Nmber and Frequedes (per 1i00 newb_) Oblgtory Regtered Co _geut Mafonnlon In Three Aram Of BDemn (16 1992) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~97- 1982 1983 1984 1985 196S 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 IM Co _taminae Area A (1-SCi/bm2) 170 123 131 135 559 160 134 173 199 135 141 942 Freqecy 5.4 3.96 4.32 4.46 4.61 5.54 4.62 6.32 7.98 5.65 6.22 6X01 1_ | . largest contributor to total emissions 1=a -atueX of sulfur dioxide, so that -. environmental policy should focus on Mc I , w oM controlling the emissions of the power and heat sector and of large industrial plants. Flguwe 6 - 30 - Ame 4 Page 10 of 14 22. The use of petroleum products is responsible for a BELARUS: mnissobns of N20 substantial fraction of nitrogen oxide AI**IV ssarlos, 190-2010 (NOx) emissions, whereas coal is t2 much more important for particulates and sulfur dioxide. Given that prices for petroleum products in the former go Soviet Union were only one-fifth of West European prices on average (whereas coal prices were about one- . =. half of West European prices), the decline in NOx emissions in Belarus 20 .............. is quite dramatic. Under the main I scenario, NOx emissions drop to 45 t990 "99f 2000 2005 2010 percent of their 1990 level in 2005 - Ma $W .-1- A t.P -0- * W ftfR before rising slowly thereafter. Strict w ..t. KM1*- w w 'a A" emission standards applied to all exiting plants and equipment would Figure 7 reduce total NOx emissions to the 21 percent of the 1990 level. The application of stricter emission standards to new equipment alone also has a significant impact, leading to an average growth in NOx emissions that is much lower than the general rate of economic growth. 23. Economic reform should lead to a substantial reduction in BELARU Emhissions of Lead emissions of lead particles in BelarL3, Altemative Scenarbs, 1990-2010 to about 44 percent of the 1990 level 20 by 2005. The improvement is based on decreased emissions in the non- ferrous mets sector, combustion of so fuels in other large plants, and the use of leaded gasoline. The e projection for EC standards applied to 4 . new plants alone assumes that the average lead content of gasoline is 20 ............. . reduced to 0.15 grams per litre. This o _._.______________. would lower the 2010 index of total 195 2000 2005 1010 emissions to 32 (from 1990 = 100). - ..- 0. A*^ .R -- The projection for EC standards a- w 8 NEW so _ d ML applied to all plants assumes that one- half of the vehicle stock will rely on Figure 8 unleaded gasoline by 2010, which yie'is an emissions index of 12 at the end of the period. - 31 - Anex4 Page 11 of 14 24. Large industrial plants account for less than II percent of BELARUS Einlsio@ns of SOD total emissions of biological oxygen Alternative Scenarlos, 1990-2010 demand (BOD) in Belarus. The 120 remainder comes from households and small industrial plants, both of too which are more likely to discharge _.o their effluent into municipal sewers. Thus, a substantial drop in large e. industrial emissions up to 1995, even 40 ........................ if reinforced by stricter environmental standards for all plants, has a 20. relatively small impact on total o _ . . I__ _.__ _ _ _ _ emissions. Even if the government 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 encourages or requires small - . *nr A.*Wa,d * -*- MwW Vde ge industries to discharge their -4 E Sdt N- EC tn4sOO AU wastewater to central pre-treatment or - treatment plants, the relative Flgure 9 contribution of municipal discharges to water pollution will grow over time. In view of the limited resources available for treating these discharges, any significant improvement in water quality on a broad basis wil depend on investment in facilities and technologies that maximize the reduction in pollution loads given the constraints on investment. 25. The emission of biological BLAUS Erissions of OM oxygen demand (BOD) from S oompotlon by soe households will slightly increase over time if Belarus undertakes the 10%PO"t" economic reform plan as specified in the main scenario. In the first five years after 1990, the household r & sector's share of BOD emissions jumps from 72 to 82 percent. X f Through the course of economic reform, this sector's share remains at M pint Mmi befing approximately 80 percent. 25% O&G Conversely, small-scale production's m watM o*oh share falls from 16 tollI percent in the period 1990-95, and levels out at os a MO g 9010 a steady 12 percent for the remainder o w 1000 so 10 of the reform period. Similarly, large-scale production's share Figure 10 declines from 12 to 7 percent in the first five years of reform and steadies out at 8 percent for the following 15 years. The share of total emissions from public power and beat plants is zero. - 32 - Annex 4 Page 12 of 14 26. Each path of economic reform has a similar impact on the BELARUS: Dlecharges of 88 volume of suspended solids (SS) Altemative Scenarlos, 1990-2010 discharges into water between 1990 t20 and 2010. In the course of the first five-year period in each scenario, the level of SS discharges falls by 12 so. percent. However, after 1995, the volume of SS discharges begins to so. rise, reaching a volume as high as 40 ........................................................... 102 percent of the 1990 volume (under the conditions of the 20 . accelerated reform path) and as low o --- _ _ ___I_ _ as 79 percent of the 1990 volume 1990 1095 2000 2006 2010 (under the EC standards for all - .. s. ,,, -. A.. - 8w plants). In all other scenarios-the N o UMd_ NEW -*- at t ad U main, slow/delayed reform, and EC standards for new plants-by 2010, Figure 11 the volume of SS discharges approximates the 1990 volume. 27. The household sector I O of-S accounts for the majority of E ARmp by *ourge suspended solids (SS) discharges; o conversely, the power and heating loos sector contributes nothing to the volume of SS discharges. In the first five years of economic reform in the II I main scenario, the household sector's share of the total volume of SS discharges grows to slightly over 80 an percent from 67 percent in 1990. In - the decade between 2000 and 2010, 26% M k ,., ftO.b.. this sector's share slightly decreases - - . . | _r so that by the end of the twenty-year somsowsd period, households constitute 77 0% MO n m _ h0 l pe:cent of the total volume of SS u19 2010_0 discharges. Foilowing far behind _ households is the large-scale Figure 12 production sector, which contributed 20 percent in 1990 and levelled out thereafter, representing approximately 13 percent of total volume until 2010. The share of small-scale production to SS discharges is less than 10 percent in Belarus. Although this sector's share falls by over 3 percent in the first five years, its share levels out at about 8 percent, rising by smal increments from the 1995 low of 7.2 percent. - 33 - Annex 4 Page 13 of 14 28. The various scenarios follow the path of solid waste BELARUS: Generation of Solid Waste ger'eration falling dramatically until Alternative Scenarios. 1990-2010 1995 to 57 to 60 percent of 1990 120 - levels (and with the exception of the ECS AP scenario), of rising steadily 100. until 2010. In the main scenario, so ...... after initially declining to 57 percent of 1990 volume, solid waste 8 0 generation grows crnstantly unti 40 . 2010, reaching 77 pe:cent of 1990 levels by 2010. The slow/delayed 20. . . .. reform scenario results in both a o slower rate of decrease and increase 1990 1995 2fW O 2005 am10 for solid waste generation than the AG,IWafd other scenarios, achieving its EC stedl NEW EC Standwd ALL minimum volume of solid waste-60 percent of 1990 levels-in 1995, but Figure 13 rising to 82 percent of 1990 levels by 2010. In contrast, within the framework of an accelerated reform program, the volume of solid waste falls at first by 46 percent, then begins to rise by increasing margins to reach 91 percent of 1990 volumes by 2010. Although in ECS AP, the solid waste generation level declines at approximately the same rate as in the other scenarios in the first five-year period, thereafter in this scenario, solid waste volume continues to decline even further; in all other scenarios, solid waste volume begins to rise after 1995. This scenario results in the lowest level of solid waste generation; by 2010, the level of solid waste generation is only 57 percent of its 1995 level. 29. Although the bulk of solid I waste comes from large-scale % composition by soUrme production in Belarus, as the country undertakes an economic reform l program as described in the main scenario, this sector's share falls over the years until the end of the period. 76% Conversely, the household sector's portion of solid waste increases 0 substantially. After the first five years, during which the volume of solid waste generated by the a2 m kw and .eatlue household sector expands from one- M M p tenth to one-fifth of total volume, the CM b_63 wd household sector's portion of solid 00 9 0 21 waste generation hovers around 20 00 0 percent. The share of total solid I waste generation from small-scale Figure 14 production sources starts in 1990 at about 25 percent, drops to 20 percent by 1995, then begins to grow, reaching its original 1990 level by 2010. Public power and heat plants account for less than 1 percent of solid waste generation by 2010. -34 - Annex 4 Page 14 of 14 30. In the main reform scenario, emissions of carbon dioxide BELARU& Emsbm of 002 (CO2) will fall by 53 percent in *eI Alternative Scenarlos, 1990-2010 period between 1990 and 2000. 12o Economic recovery and growth will lead to an increase in emissions after 2000, unless measures are adopted to so reduce the energy-intensity of production and to reduce depeadence .o _. .... upon coal. The reduction in 40 . emissions will, of course, be less if economic reform proceeds more 20 . slowly, wbile faster economic reform o ,I,__ enhances the initial decline but leads 9 21000 0t to higher emissions after 2000 - aM* , ..g. .. eO because of the higher rates of no 8 .. , w -*- so st.u.... LaL economic growth that it permits. igure 1S 31. The percentage share of E the power and heating sector of total Copoito by fofc carbon dioxide (CO) emissions varies only slightly (by less than a 2-percent 100% range) between 1990 and 2010. Although the large-scale production's share of total CO2 emissions falls in 7 _6_ the first five-year period by 7 percent, by 2000 its share begins and o g continues to rise until 2010. In absolute and relative terms, the small- m pn ad wS scale production's share of CO2 -ft CM km _ =_ f_ emissions falls with increasing speed M i l l _ so that by 2010, this sector's share of SO t90Ao i Iwtr emissions falls by 36 percent. The__ _ household sector's share of total CO emissions will rises dramatically in .lative terms in the twenty-year Figure 16 period after 1990, increasing by 156 percent by 2010. - 35 - Annex 5 Page 1 INDUSTRLIAL POLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS 1. General Backround 1.1 Emission testing at enterprises is limited to only those processes which are perceived to be the largest contributors to air pollution. The last full environmental audits for manufacturing enterprises were performed in 1980. These audits assisted fte envirornental authorities in identifying principle pollutants and emission points. Present statistics on industrial air emissions tend to provide a too optimistic picture, utilizing only selected sources within a plant. 'ome types of emitted pollutants, such as those from multiple small sources, elude monitoring entirely. These emitted pollutants may have a significant effect on the overall air quality. Because manufacturing systems are too dynamic to allow such an extended period of time between full audits, complete audits should be undertakn on an annual basis. These audits should be performed by each individual enterprise with appropriate oversight by the local inspectorates of the State Committee of Ecology. In addition, as plans for privatization are put into place, it will be inportant for enterprises to present full environmental mdits and assessments to potential new owners or venture partners. In this way, the extent of liabilities that may need to be assumed by the new owner or the state can be presented openly. 1.2 Laboratory facilities and measuring equipment available at the 3,000 ma rin enterprises are very limited. All enterprises prepare annual reports on their emissions to the local nspectrates of the State Committee of Ecology, but only about 5 percent of them have their own laboratories and instments. There are 12 state-owned laboratories whose funcdon is to provide specific emission measuring services and perform limited industrial nviomental audits for enterprises that cannot perform these function for themselves or whose emission measuring capabilities are found deficient by inspectors of the State Committee of Ecology (Goskomekologia). In these cases, the enterprise is required to contract emission measurements to an organization inependent of the enterprise. In addition, there are about 30 more enterprises with limited capacity to perform some emission testing under contract. 1.3 Regional offices of Goskomekologia perform monitoring and enforcement functions only. Emission reduction plans are formulated at the center. Because of equipment age, old technology, neglect and lack of emission information, the Govermnent should encourage the growth of independet orgamzations which can provide environmental services directly to industry. The list of services most needed includes emission monitoring, emission reduction plans, equipment and process design for environmental control, and systems instllation startup and testing. Currently, there is only one independent organization which can assist industrial enterprises in the solution of their environmental problems. 1.4 Many existing m rin operations have no emission control systems installed (at least 50 percent) and what is installed is judged by Goskomekologia to be working inefficiently. The Goskomekologia's approach to reducing emissions is to upgrde end-of-pipe control equipment on emission sources and, where emission solrces are uncontrolled, to simply add appropriate control equipment. In place of this collect-and- .: ,n approach to pollution control, which can be extremely expensive, the application of source reduction/prevention methods should be considered to eliminate - 36 - Armex 5 Page 2 pollution before it occurs (rather than to control it afterward). These methods examine the potential for waste reduction by the more efficient management of process raw materials and energy and are often simultaneously successful in increasing productivity and product quality and reducing manufacturing costs. Since many current industrial enterprises require the upgrading of equipment and technology in order to remain viable, it is an appropriate time to simultaneously include waste reduction concepts in existing and new operations. H. Sdlece Enterprises 1. Enterprise Profile Name of Enterprise: Mogilev Agricultural Machinery Location: Mogilev (five plants) Chief Product(s): Small tractors and harvesters; assorted consumer goods Production (1992): 70% of 1991 total No. of Employees: 27,000 (17,000 at main plant) General Background The first plant of this five plant complex was built in 1928: it has continually expanded during each 5-year plan. The enterprise has been appraised at 30 billion roubles by Belarussian authorities (1992). Chief production items are small tractors, harvesters, and small trailers. Until 1990, the company held a 90 percent monopoly on agricultural machinery throughout the former USSR. 8 percent of production stayei within Belarus, with the balance to other republics, particularly Russia and Ukraine. Two new harvester models are expected to be produced in the coming year. In addition to agricultural machinery, the company produces a wide assortment of consumer goods. Output: The 5 different operating plants produce the following items: Plant 1: Casting and production of metal parts Plant 2: Transmissions Plant 3: Tractor trolleys Plant 4: Equipment production including cutting tools Plant 5: Production of harvesters (main product) Furniture parts aoint-venture with German finn) Input: Engines and electrical systems are imported from Russia. Transmissions are imported from Bulgaria. Iron and steel are purchased from Russia and Ukraine. Drive gears and drive shafts are built by the company's shops. Air Pollution Annual VOC emissions total 1,820 tons (Table I) for the main plant of the complex. Total emissions for the remaining plants is unknown. Large emissions of VOC emanate from painting operations, where solvents such as xylol and toluene are produced. The paint shops are epuipped - 37 - Annex 5 Page 3 with hydro-filters: these filters capture aerosol particles, but are ineffective for controlling solvent. The plant management has expressed interest in using water-soluble enamels. The company has 3 cupolas producing gray iron (7 tons per hour each). 19,300 tons of iron were produced in 1992. There are also 2 electric arc fumaces (EAFs) (8.5-10 t/h) which produced 15,852 tons in 1992. Only one cupola and one EAF work at a time. Company nanagement thinks that cupola and EAF emissions are serious problem: the cupolas have CO burning equipment, but not particle capture devices. Similarly, the EAF shop has general building ventilation only but no furnace particulate capture devices. The manager felt that the CO cupola combustion system had an 80 percent operating efficiency compared with a design efficiency of 90 percent, but could provide no data. In 1991, the enterprise paid 43,251 roubles for air and water emissions, but did not pay fines. lb 1992 they paid 25-67,000 roubles per quarter. Because many enterprises operating cupolas and EAFs had identical problems, it might be appropriate to combine forces and pay for a major design effort to solve the comunon problem. Water Pollutior. The enterprise is a major water polluter and pays fines when found in violation of standards by the local branch of Goskomekologia. For April/May 1992, they paid 1.4 million rubles for waste water discharges from plating and painting operations. Company management claims it removes heavy metals (Cr, Ni) from galvanic wastes in a plant treatment system; this waste is then sold to Zhlobim steel. The waste water from plating is recycled except for some that overflows to the local river or to the municipal treatment system. Fuels and culting machines constitute the chief problem with regard to water wastes. These machines' oily discharge is 3 mg/m3 against a maxim allowable of 0.05 mg/m3. The campany is financing a project in Moscow to reduce or collect oil discharges; there are no such capabilities in Belarus or Ukraine. Environmental Personnel and Equipment: The enviromnental laboratory has one expert for water pollution and an assistant. There are two chemical engineers and two assistants responsible for air emissions and the plant atnosphere. There are 600 stack emission points. Foundry, paint and galvanic shops are checked twice annually; other sources are checked once per year. The lab recently purchased a gas chromatograph, but it is unclear whether or not it is still used. The local ecology group and the Ministry of Health make stack measurements, but the frequency could not be determined. An agricultural chemistry group checks the food on the enterprise premises for nitrates and residual pesticides; a radioactivity laboratory checks food and water. 2. Enterprise Profile Name of Enterprise: Mogilev Automobile Works Location: Mogilev Chief Product(s): Specialized Industrial Vehicles Production (1992): 1000 vehicles (down 60% from 1990) No. of Employees: Not available - 38 - Annex 5 Page 4 Companv Backeround The enterprise has 6 major work areas: an iron-melting facility (2 cupolas, 2,400 t/y); a steel shop (30,000 tly in 6 electric arc furnaces (EAF); a metal-processing facility (machining gears), a welding and assembly shop; a galvanic shop (zinc coating, chrome, anti-corrosion coatings); and, a painting shop. Air Pollution The cupolas work on purchased iron and coke and have no controls. They have not been upgraded since installation in 1935. Emissions from the cupolas were cuoted by the manager as 5 t/y of dust and 500 t/y of CO as measured by the Ministry of Health. Both figures seem low especially compared with data provided by the environmental inspector's office for 1990 (see Table n). Much of the plant's dust burden is due to the EAFs, although production has been sharply reduced since 1990. The cupolas were ordered to be closed in 1993 by the local inspectorate and the workers' union. The company plans to convert from cupolas to induction furnaces and to use EAFs to melt iron. The steel shop produces steel using selected purchased scrap. There is no lancing with oxygen or air. The EAFs have a baghouse with ducts coupled to each fiunace hood (a baghouse is the only particuate collector capable of higher efficiency as EAF dust is extremely fine.) About 440 t/y of dust are produced and about 80 t/y are estimated to be released to the environment at a collection efficiency of almost 82%. This is quite a low efficiency for a baghouse particulate collector. At the steel shop, the hoods over the equipment leading to the t 4house ducts were only loosely coupled and shaped to pick up air from the room, not the furnaces. Induced draft fans were not sufficiently powerful to pull all the dust rising from a fmrnace into the duct. Clouds of dust often enter the workplace. When the shop becomes filled with s,ioke from the EAPs, work is stopped until the air quality improves. Redesigning and improving the connection between baghouse ducts and EAFs appears feasible. This modification would eliminate much of the steel dust now emitted by the EAFs. Vehicle parts are made in half-molds and then bolted or welded together. Almost every part is handmade and, except for funace operation, there is no continuous processing. With the low production, no other method is feasible. Molds are made from simple earth, not sand molds as is usual. Spent molds are diposed at the municipal dump site. There are plans to recover the mold materials by burning them in a furnace: this would not be a good solution, as it would release mold oils and metals into the atmosphere. The paint shop currenly uses aerosols delivered by compressed air. Aerosols released are cleaned with a hydro-filter. This is a fairly standard medim-energy water spray tower that captures particulates on mesh filters. While possibly effective for large aerosol particles, a hydro-filter is practically useless for capturing solvent vapors. The chief engineer estimates the hydro-filter efficiency at no more than 15 percent. Water Pollutio Materls transferred to water are filtered. The water is recycled and the collected sediments are incinerated. There are plans to reconstruct the paint shop making it semi-automatic and with components dipped into surface coatings rather then sprayed. The estimated cost for this modification - 39 - Annex 5 Page 5 is 200 million roubles. Galvanic wastes, and other waste liquids, are diluted and discharged with no pretreatment. The enterprise has two heavy fuel oil burning boilers with 100 tons per hour of steam capacity. At present, only one boiler is currently operating. Three hot water boilers are also operated for residential and shop heating. According to the plant management, emissions are currently at acceptable levels. If production increases, the enterprise will pay higher pollution fees (the company paid 180,000 rubles in 1991 and 127,000 rubles in the first 10 month of 1992). Although the plant has installed catalytic .onrerters in many of their vehicles, an additional 40,000 roubles was p d for mobile source emissions. Environmental Personnel and Equipment The enterprise has no environment department; the energy departnent has responsibility for environmental affairs. The plant has no environmental laboratory and no instruments for monitoring. Some laboratory measurements are made in the Dlant; at the very least samples of EAF steel is tested for composition before pouring into ladles and then into molds. Apparently, dust emissions are measured by the energy department and reported to the local inspectorate mondtly. How accurate these measurements are is not known but measuring conditions suggest they cannot be very accurate. Gas and vapor emissions are measured by the Ministry of Health. Approximately eight years ago, the Mlinistry of the Auto Industry (in the former Soviet Union) ordered auto enterprises to establish their own laboratories, but the order was not implemented. 3. Enterprise Profile Name of Enterprise: Gomel Chemical Plant Location: Gomel Chief Product(s): Phosphate fertilizers (monoammonium phosphate) Production (1992): Not available No. of Employees: Not available General Background Phosphate rock from Russia is beneficiated at the mine site, thus avoiding emission problems during its preparation for phosphorous recovery at the Gomel plant. The prepared phosphate rock is acidulated with sulfiric acid, H2SO4, which is produced from sulfur. Sulfuric acid is made by the modem contact (catalytic) process and 500,000 t/y are produced. The company also produces some sodium sulfite, a mild oxidizer which can be used to remove oxygen from boiler feed water and for some sewage treatment applications. In 1992, rnw materials processing fell substatially due to supply difficulties. Air Pollution Phosphate fertilizer plants cause air and water emission problems stemming from sulfuric acid and ammonia production, and hydrogen fluoride and phosphoric acid generation from phosphate rock - 40 - Annex 5 Page 6 processing. Although the, Gomel Chemical Plant does not produce ammonia itself, it still emits ammonia during the monoanumonium phosphate production process. The plant management remarked that air emissions are within required norms, although ammonia and hydrogen fluoride emissions often exceed maximum allowances. It is also not unusual to have high SO2 emissions from both the sulfuric acid production (along with some SO3 mist) and from the phosphate rock processing operation. The enterprise acknowledges emissions of SO2 of 1,635 t/y in 1990, 1,220 t/y in 1991 and 1,150 t/y in 1992 (Table I confirms the 1991 data) but claim that this is well within the amount allowed in the permit of 1,646 t/y. Fluoride and ammonia emissions are controlled with wet phosphoric acid scrubbers of the spray type, followed by water scrubbers. The management also mendoned that the plant was equipped with high energy venturi scrubbers possessing an 87-92 % recovery efficiency. Water Polludon Waste water from the plant has a high fluoride (P-) content, about 100 mg/liter. The water is treated in the company waste water plant with Ca(OH)2 to 20 mg/I, diluted with water to 7 mg/I and then discharged to the nearby Sozh river. The plant hopes to reduce the fluoride level to 1.5 mg/I in 1993. Pollution Fees and Charges for Waste Disposal Monthly air and water fees stand at about 94,000 rubles quarterly. In the second and third quarters of 1992, the plant paid 2.3 million rubles for solid wastes. Annual solid waste charges are approximately 4.5-5 million rubles. In order to meet these costs, the firm borrows from the Gomel Regional Commercial Bank and then pays back out of profits. The firm's current net profit is nearly zero. Solid Waste Solid wastes are a major environmental problem at the enterprise. Waste phosphate rock, a mixture of monocalcium phosphate, CaH4(PO4)2, and gypsum, CaSO4.2H20, are normally produced at the rate of about 255,000 tly (currently about 180,000 t/y)) and added to a nearby dump site already containing about 12.8 million tons. The wet rock also contains fluosilicic acid, H2SiF6, HF, H3PO4 and H2SO4. Exposed to rain, snow, and weathering elements, the pile of wastes is leached of phosphoric and other acids and fluorides that may penetrate the soil and contaminate local groundwater. The enterprise is considering a project (with an Institute in Minsk) to build dikes and canals around the phosphate rock waste pile in order to recycle the waters collected. These waters, which contain valuable phosphoric acid and fluorides, would be reused by the plant. An ongoing project of boring test holes in the vicinity of the waste mound to examine leaching is being conducted by the Gomel State University. The enterprise has also proposed a plan to Gosekonomplan to recover SO1 from the gypsum in the waste rock pile by calcination (which would also produce CaO for cement production). Enviromnental Personnel and Equipment The company has environmental laboratories in all major shop areas. The laboratories work on six hour shifts. Each local laboratory has ten workers of which three make emission measurements - 41 - Annex S Page 7 during one daylight shift. The central laboratory apparently has sophisticated equipment including spetrophotometer(s) and gas chromatograph(s). The local laboratories are not well-equipped and essentially use photo-colorimnetric analysis procedures. In the 1970s they acquired a German test instrmnt (called a Testotherm) that measures SO2, NH3, NO, and CO. There are 160 total emission sources of which 136 are organized stacks. About 50 of these points, emitting NH3, F and SO2, are checked daily. The other sources mainly emit dust (such as apatite, solid sulfur, phosphorous flour, MAP, etc) and are checked monthly. The enterprise, along with the Ministry of Health (MOH), monitors ambient ground level pollutants at 1, 3 and 7 km from the plant boundary. The local ecological conmittee also performs stack emission monitonng and the MOH conducts sanitary zone and in-plant monitoring. Treatment of Phosphate Rock Waste to Produce Sulfuric Acid Gomel Chemical has proposed to Gosekonomplan a plan to treat its waste phosphate rock by calcination to recover SO2 and CaO. The benefits of this plan to the enterprise could be impressive. The current addition of 180,000-250,000 t/y of waste rock would cease, or at least be reduced, as would the extremely high waste charge for dumping this material. If successful, the plan would also assist in the reduction of accumulated plhosphate rock waste. The SO2 produced would be processed to sulfuric acid thus reducing the fimn's aependency on purchased sulfur. The CaO produced could be sold to cement manufacturers. The firm management estimates th-qt for every 2 tons of phosphate rock processed, 1 ton of SO2 and 0.95 tons of CaO could be produced. The plant management was aware of similar projects in South Africa and China, which have been discontinued because of environmental problems, particularly fluoride emissions during waste phosphate rock calcining. They are interested in a waste free phosphate rock calcining technology. They have set meetings with German firms and are hoping for a possible joint venture. The company hopes that the recovery plant could be built with borrowed state funds and repaid out of profits. The feasibility of the plan depends on several factors: (i) The energy required to calcine the phosphate rock. This amount can be estimated, but the numbers are not currently available. A project on the plan is currently being examined by an institute in Moscow. If the energy requirements are too large, the plan will not be feasible; (ii) Although the company's estimate of how much SO2 and CaO can be produced is based on the composition of the waste phosphate, it will be necessary to conduct a process design and small scale experiments before the yields (recovery) of these materials can be determined with any reliability; (iii) A waste free technology, or at least a low waste-producing plant, is possible but at considerable cost. Emissions of S02 and HF during calcining will be severe and require a high degree of control to make the process environmentally safe; and (iv) It is unclear if the economics of the proposed plan has been fully studied. The cost of the calcmiing plant including the high operating cost for fuel and environmental control could far outweigh the cost of purchased sulfur displaced, the sale value of the CaO for cement, and the waste charges now paid by the plant. - 42 - Annex S Page 8 4. Enterprise Profile Name of Enterprise: Mogilev Production Association "Khimvolokno" Location: Mogilev (2 plants) Chief Product(s): Polyster Fibers and Rayon Production (1992): 350,000 tons polyester fiber and thread No. of Employees: 20,000 (16,000 at polyster fiber plant) General Background The larger plant produces polyester fibers which are made by polymerizing the ester of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). DMT is made by oxidizing p-xylene with air and nitric acid to terephtbalic acid (T'PA) and then esterifying TPA to DMT with methanol. The plant produces about 350,000 t/y of dimethyl teuephthalate (DMT) and about an equal amount of polyester fibers and thread. The second plant produces viscose rayon fibers and rayon thread. Rayon production is not known. Production for the enterprise was described as stable, showing no decrease between 1990 and 1992. Khimvolokno in Mogilev is one of four fiber plants in Belarus. The others are in Novopolotsk (polyacrylonitriles [orlon]), Grodno (polyamides [nylonD, and Svetlogorsk (product unknown). This plt profile was developed after a meeting with plant management. Environmental Personnel and Equipment Each plant at Mogilev has an envionental laboratory. The polyester plant laboratory is staffed by 5 employees. The chief enviromnental officer is attached to the polyester plant. Some eviromnental monitoring is conducted by the enterprise, with considerable assistance from the Ministry of Health (MOH) sanitary staff. For example, monitoring of carbon disulfide, (CS2, a highly toxic and flammable material) released inside the rayon plant is monitored daily by MOH. Air Pollution Iformation from the environmental inspecsorate shows high emissions of CS2, H2 S and CCI4 from the rayon plant (see Table 1) and a large emission of SO2, in addition to H2 SO4 and NO, from the polyester plant, all 1990 data. Management mentioned that CS2 and H2 S were major problems with the local enviromnental inspectorate, but that the firm's emissions were below the allowed 1990 - 43 - Annex S Page 9 level and even lower amounts were being emitted in 1992. Complaints about odors have been registered from nearby residens. The following provides a comparison of emissions data: 1990 1992 Total emissions' (t/y) 6,228 4,000 CS2 3,000 2,500 H2S 573 500 CC4 192 100 It is expected that CC14, previously produced for the space prograrn, will be discontinued in 1993. Accordingly, the reduction in production of this substance between 1990 and 1992 signals a planned phasing-ut of this process. CS2 and 12S emissions result from the preparation of celluose fiber for fiber production in rayon manufacturing. During this process, CS2 is added to shredded cellulose steeped in caustic soda and held at controlled temperature for several hours. After treatment with CS2, the cellulose is dissolved in dilute sodium hydroxide where sulfur is released, probably as %2S. There are methods for the complete containment of the CS2 treatment, but this is not used by the plt at present. The plant management claims that this is the direction they plan to take to reduce ftre emissions. At present, CS2, removed at high concentration, is condensed and then reused. Residual CS2 after condensation depends on the condensation temperature, which was unspeced. This temperae appears to be high enough to allow significant amounts of vapor to escape into the environment. Carbon adsorption is planned to be used, to capture the residual CSz released after condensation. Adsorption, though quite effective, is a fairly expensive control method (capital costs for equpment and operating costs for carbon are high) and is not used at present. Ctabon adsorption can also be used to control H2S emissions, so long as they are not diffuse. Reduction of emissions from 1990 to 1992 have been accomplished by "tightening" equipment and making workers more aware of the problem. The principal emissions from the polyester plant are NO,, S02, and H2SO4. The source of the H2SO4 is not known, but the NO, could be from TPA production as well as from boilers fired with both mazut (30%) and natural gas (70%). The enterprise has nine boilers. These boilers are used to circulate a high temperamtre, low pressure, heat transfer medium composed of a mixture of diphenyl oxide and diphenyl (kmown as Dowtherm in the United States). None of the boilers raises steam which, along with electricity, is bought from the city. Water umiB Liquid wastes from the fiber enterprise are treated in three waste water facilities owned by the enterprise. Each facility treats about 90,000 m3/day. The sewage facilities range in age from 3 to 20 years old. The facilities include biological treatment where sludge is sent to ponds. Overflow goes directly to the Dnepr river. The ponds are said to be located over clay deposits and therefore no '. Total emissions are for the polyester plant only; emissions of CS2, H2S and CCI4 are from rayon manfctrn - 44 - Annex 5 Page 10 leachate is produced (confirmed in 1991 through a test bore hole program.) The city of Mogilev, about 300,000 people, has no treatment facilities but uses the sewage plants of the enterprises. The sewage plant also accepts sewage from the Mogilev Automobile Works Plant for a fee. Discharges from the auto plant are highly diluted. The volume and metal content so overburdens the fiber plant sewage facilities. Pines are imposed by and paid to the fiber manufacturing enterprise. The situation is so serious that the fiber enterprise is considering refusing to treat wasters of the auto plant. Treatnent plant effluents contain surfactants and heavy metals, Ni. Zn, Cu and Cr+6. The enterprise is developing plans to increase treatment capacity as an alternative to denying access to the auto plant. It was believed that possible expansion of plant activities would not be affected by emissions because they were all below permitted levels. Pollution fees are paid but no fines. Solid Waste: Nontoxic wastes are recycled and toxic wastes are burned in special furnaces. Monitoring of combustion gases from hazardous incineration includes SO2, NO,, and CO but not dioxins. 5. Enterorise Profile Name of Enterprise: Kirov Machine Works Location: Minsk Chief Product(s): Metal consumer goods Production (1992): Not available No. of Employees: 2500 QGeneral Background The plant is a low value producer of consumer goods, such as hangers, vent grills, cast iron cookware, aluminum cookware, metal kitchen furniture, small safes, small wood- and iron-cutting machinery Air Pollution There are 3 operating cupolas (2-5 tons) and a 1-3 ton furnace. The cupola discharges are vented to a CO burner and hydro-filter installed in 1980. No estimates are available for the efficiency of these devices to control CO and particulate emissions. Additional problem areas include a paint shop and a galvanic shop. In 1991, the plant produced about 5,971 tons of total emissions of which 5,631 were removed by control equipment and only 340 tons emitted; a collection rate of 94 percent. Given that control devices appear to be simple mechanical cyclones, it is doubtful that this equipment could achieve such high efficiencies for particle, gas, and vapor removal. Pollutions fees in the 3rd quarter of 1992 were 22,799 rubles and no fines were paid for excess eniissions. Despite the effective control program, city officials are concerned about any emissions from the plant because of its location in the middle of - 45 - Annex 5 Page 11 town. In 1990 the enterprise contracted for a full enviromnental audit to an independent company2. The year-long audit revealed 453 emission points in the plant. These emission points were laid out on a large plan of the enterprise buildings. The audit took one year and was delivered in 1991. Enironmental Personnel and Equipment The enterprise has an enviromnental manager and a staff of 7 workers. The only advanced equipment in the lab appeared to be two well kept gas chromatographs. A second larger laboratory is used for wet chemistry. This laboratory is most likely for new product and raw material analyses, but could double for some enviromnental measurements if necessary. The enterprise is assisted in environment measurements by the Ministry of Health and the Minsk local inspectorate of Goskomekologia. 6. Enterprise Profile Name of Enterprise: Mogilev Metallurgical Plant Location: Mogilev Chief Product(s): Cast iron pipe Production (1992): Not available No. of Employees: Not available General Background The plant was built in 1932 and originally produced sheet steel. In 1984 sheet steel production was stopped, and since 1988 production has been concentrated on cast iron pipe from 100-400 mm in diameter. In addition, some thin-wall welded pipe is produced as well as some special round forms. Pig iron, 200,000 t/y, and coke, 20,000 t\y, are purchased from Russia and Ukraine. Air Pollution The enterprise has 4 cupolas to melt iron for its cast iron pipe production; 2-10 t/h and 2-25 t/h fuinaces. The cupolas are presenly producing about 17,000 tons/y of iron for casting. These furnaces are the largest source of emissions consisting of more than 16,000 tly of CO and about 300 t/y of particulates in 1990. A CO burner was installed about 5 years ago which is estimated as only 50% efficient. The cupola emission control system consists of a hydro-filter to collect particulates in addition to the CO burner. The hydro-filter is the same design seen on almost all particulate capture equipment in the former Soviet Union and is quite dated3. Water is sprayed through nozzles in the gas exit duct above the CO boiler and, by impaction with the particulates, washes them down to a 2 The environmental audit was performed by "Union Social Center of Science and Technology Youth Activity". 3 All the hydro-filters seen during plant visits in Belarus are identical with similar devices that were seen on equipment in Egypt which were installed by Soviet technicians in the 1950's and 1960's. - 46 - Annex 5 Page 12 fiber filter where they are collected. Water from the collector is filtered and recirculated. The captured particulates are either burned or disposed in local dura1p sites. Water is sprayed over the outer surface of the cupola gas exit to cool it and is then recycled. These particulate control devices are extremely difficult to clean because of their location in the hot exhaust stream of a continuously operating piece of equipment. It is generally not possible to properly maintain or upgrade them. To increase particulate capture, the hydro-filters will have to be replaced with high energy venturi scrubbers. The use of water scrubbers in this equipment, rather than a baghouse for particulate collection, was probably dictated by the fact that some cooling of the CO combustion gas is necessary. The use of a high efficiency electro-filter is precluded because of the explosive potential of the CO exhaust in the presence of an electric field. Emissions are checked by the local environmental inspectorate anu the Ministry of Health although the company has its own CO gas analyzers. In 1991 the company paid 1 million rubles in pollution but no fines for excess emissions. These charges are about 1/3 - 2/3%. No fines are paid because the environmenWal inspectorate agreed to t' mporary norms permitting higher emissions than otherwise allowed. The enterprise has been told ) reduce emissions by 1995 or the cupolas will be closed. The company has alternative plans for ipola emissions abatement; close down two of the fumaces, change the iron melting process to another type of fumace or install better CO bumers. They are being assisted by design institutes in Minsk and St. Petersburg. After casting, cutting, and grinding, the ends of the cast pipes are dipped in bitumen. Emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) are noted as 429 tons in 1990 (see Table I) and the coating operation, along with some oils from other operations, would appear to be the source. It is understood that there are no emission controls on the coating operation. Local authorities place emphasis on cupola emissions, to the neglect of the HC emissions from bitumen coating. While cupola particulates and CO emissions are of paramount importance, the presence of uncontrolled HC emissions from pipe coating should also be addressed. The company has its own boiler(s), fired with heavy fuel oil which produce steam and hot water. Some of the hot water produced is sold to an adjacent enterprise and completely returned to the metallurgy plant. Electricity is purchased and used for motors and compressed air. 7. Enteiprise Profile Name of Enterprise: Bobruysk Tire Plant Location: Bobruysk Chief Product(s): Automobile and Truck Tires Production (1992): Not available No. of Employees: 17,000 - 47 - Annex 5 Page 13 General Background Bobruysk Tire consists of four different entities, three of which produce tires. The fourth serves as a repair plant to service the other plants' equipment. There is a separate plant for producing car tires, another for truck tires (75, 120 and 180 ton trucks) and a third for heavy duty truck tires. This last plant produces mammoth tires for very heavy duty service such as mining operadons and is the smallest of the three tire producing plants. The first tire plant was built in 1972 for truck tires with an assembly line designed and built by an Italian firm. The other plants were built between 1983 and 1985 by Japanese and German companies respectively, the latter responsible mainly for the hot preparation of tire materials. The testing equipment for finished products is Dutch. Air Pollution The nylon cord calendering operation in the truck tire preparation section of the plant seemed to present some problems. Sheets of nylon are dried in chambers using heated air at 300tC produced by firing outside air with light oil. Light oil is used apparently to prevent pardculates and sulfur from nazut contacting the cord. Gas is not available. The firing chambers have simple nozzles, possibly 80-100, protruding into each chamber and supplied with air and fuel. Firing control to obtain proper temperature, said to be 400sC, is by flame color; there are no automatic instruments for adjusting air- fuel ratio or to measure combustion gas composition. The heated air is cooled to drying temperature by losing heat naturally as it is conveyed to the cord passing through the chamber. There have been complaints by the Ministry of Health and the local environental inspectorate regarding CO enissions from this operation exceeding the maximum allowable 20 mg/m3. The presence of CO suggests incomplete combustion and attempts to adjust the burners to reduce CO emissions have failed; any change simply upsets the desired drying temperature. Plans are underway to convert the drying process from heated air to infra-red lamp heating. The expected cost, for all the cord drying operations at the plant, was estimated at 1.5 million rubles. Alternatives such as replacing the nozzles, automatic combustion control, catalytic combustion of the CO in the combustion gas or replacing light oil with gas had not been considered. Pollutant emission data reported by the plant (compares well with data provided by the enviromnental inspectorate) are as follovs: Pollutant Emission (tlV) particulates 221 SO2 142 NO, 16 CO 236 HC 801 VOC 234.8 The high VOC emissions are due to solvent use in tire preparation operations. - 48 - Amnex 5 Page 14 Pollution fees for the first 3 months in 1992 for air emissions were as follows: car tire plant 41,058 rubles truck tire plant 1,883 rubles heavy duty tire plant 35,000 rubles ,Water Pollution Waste water discharges from the plant are pretreated and then sent to the municipal treatment plant. There are serious problems with oily wastes. The plant has skim-ners which do not work well. Pollution fees and fines for waste water amounted to 141,000 rubles for 1991. Solid wastes are treated to recover recyclable rubber, and manufactured doormats. Approximately 83 percent of solid wastes are recovered. The balance is then deposited in the city solid waste site. nvironental Personnel and Equipment The enterprise has an environmental laboratory employing 17 people. The environmental department has three groups of three people each headed by an engineer. They have no satisfactory monitoring or analytical equipment4. A complete audit of the plants 1,800 emission points was performed in 1990 by the Dnipropetrovsk Research Institute for Rubber Tires. The audit cost totalled 50,000 rubles and took 1-1/2 years to complete. After its completion in mid-1991, the 13 volume audit report was sent to the oblast inspectorate in Minsk. There has been no follow-up since the report was filed. The plant has not used the audit for any purpose since it was finished. Audits are euired every 5 years and the next one is due in 1995. 4 The instrument for measuring CO in stack gases is a small portable device with a plunger that evacuated a cylinder of known volume. A rubber tube cennects the evacuated cylinder with two thin cylinders containing solid chemicals in series. Once cylinder contains 3 solids to remove stack gases that would interfere with the CO analysis. The second tube contains a solid that absorbs the CO and produces a color change dependent on the CO concentration. When the end of the rubber tube is placed in the stack and plunger is released, it airs in - ixed volume of stack gas whic passes through the two tubes. The volume concentration of the CO could then be determined from the color produced. It is claimed the CO concentration determined by the method is +/-20%. The device is rather simple and, in the absence of better instruments, crudely determines CO concentration. Mamnal colorimetic analyses were quie popular in the past and served as precursors to modem andlytical methods. Many of these modern methods are still colorimetric but are filly automated, rapid and highly accurate. This measurement, together with a measurement of the stack gas flow rate, can determine the quantity of CO emitted. The principal problem concerns accuracy and the intemittency of the measurement. TabLe 1: AnmaL Air Emissiom from Selected Kuwifacturing Enterprises in Selarus Coll data in tormes/year) City/Enterprise Total Part Soo NOx CO HC 112SO4 IHF CS2 v| C | ZS MIClI CCt4 I Total 1|0MGIEV = _ - - - - - - - - METALLURGY 17,194 303 134 61 16,201 429 - 17,128 POLYESTER FIBERS 6,228 213 3,178 180 61 -- 183 - . .. 3,815 RAYOU FIBERS 3,940 7 17 -- 93 . 4 3,000 . 573 192 3,886 AUTO PLANT 1,925 263 263 40 991 38 . . . - - 1,595 |GO.EL CHEMICALS 2,452_ 550 1,219 119 56 152 95 2 . . Z,191 AG MACHINERY 4,117 277 198 116 1,635 66 1 - = 2 = 2,295 SOBRUYSK ___= TIRES 3,863 221 141 16 2,358 81 -- = 246 . _ - 3,783 ZHLOBIM - _ .. .. . . UD STEEL 3 446 866 175 690 1,706 4 .. . 1 . 4 3,446 SOLIGORSK = _____.= MINING, POT SALTS 20,590 1,057 18,775 643 28 3 . 40 - 42 20,588 63,755 3,757 24,100 1,865 23,129 1,341 340 95 3,000 289 573 46 192 58,7W DATA SOJRCE: GOSKOMEK0LOGIA INSPECTORATE , - (1) The totals shown are those reported from the data source cited above and, except for soae small discrepancies, are the sums of atl mumbers to the right in each row for each enterprise shown. However, in 2 cases there are substantial errors. For the polyester plant in Mogitey the total should be 3,815 tons not 6,228 and for the Ag _achinery in Gomel the total should be 2,295 tons not 4,117. .ij wuli -50 - ANNEXO Page 1 EUROPEAN COMMOUNITY ENVIRONMNTAL DIRECTIVES (Directives marked with an * are summarized in this Annex) Air PoLiution Legislaton Involving Sources * Air polution fom industrial plants (1984) * Limitaton of emisin of certain pollutants into the air from lare combustion plants (1988) (Lae Combustion Plant Directive) Prevention of air pollution from new municipal waste incineration plants (1989) Reduction of air pollution from existing waste-incineration plants (1989) Legisladon Involving PoMUans Approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the sulphur content of certn liqud fuels (1975) - Air qualit limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended partcuates (1980) * Air quality stadrds for nitrogen dioxide (1985) m Limit value for lead in the air (1982) Approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning the lead content of petrol (1985) Prevention and reduction of environmental pollution by asbestos (i987) Water Pollution Water Quaiky * Quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to protect fish life (1978) Qualiy required of shellfish waters (1979) * Quaity of bathing water (1975) - 5 - ANE 6 Page 2 * Qualiq of surface water intended for the abstction of drinking water in the Member Stas (1975) * Methds of measumnient and fruencies of sampling and anaysis of surfice water intended for the abstudon of ddnldng water in the Member States (1979) * Quality of water intended for human consumption (1980) Discharges of Dangerous Substances Pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic envirnment of the Community (1979) Limit values and quality objectives for discbargLs of certain dangerous substances included in list I of the Annex to Drective (1986) Limit values and quality objectives for mercury discharges by the chlor-alali electrolysis industry (1982) Limit values and quality objectives for mercury discharges by sectors other than the chlor-alli electrolysis industry (1984) Limit values and quali objectives for cadmium dicharges (1983) Limit values and quality objectives for disharges of hexachlorocyclohane (1984) Protection of groundwater aginst pollution caused by cetain dangerous substances (1979) Waste Water 7reA7Mnt * Urban waste water treatment (1989) WasteMae In Geeral Waste (1975) Waste amended (1975) Toxic and dangerous waste (1978) Haardous waste (1991) -52 - ANNEX 6 Page 3 Supervision and control within the European Conmnunity of the transfrontier shipment of hazaiuIos waste (1984) Legislaton Involving Specific Wastes Disposal of polychloinated biphenyls and polychlornated terphenyls (1976) Disposal of waste oils (1975) Waste from the titanium dioxide industry (1978) Procedures for the surveillance and monitoring of environments concemed by waste from the fitanium dioxide industiy (1978) Dangrous Substances and Biotechnology Clasulcation, Packaging, and Labeling Approximation of the laws, reguations, and adminisrative programs relating to the csication, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (1967) list of chemical substances notified pursuant to the Directive on the approximation of the laws, regulaions, and admiative programs relating to the classification, packaging and labeling of dangerous substances (1984) Approximation of the laws, regulations, and admive provisions relating to the clafication, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparatons (solvents) (1973) Approximation of Member States' laws, regulations, and administmfive provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, pakaging and labelling of paints, vamishes, printig inks, adhesives and similar products (1977) Approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparations (pesticides) (1978) Approidmation of the laws, regulations, and administrative provisions relating to the classificion, pacaging and labellng of dangerous prparations (1988) Mareiedng and Use Approxdmation of the laws, reguations, and adminve provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the m ng and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (1976) - 53- ANNEX 6 Page 4 E&port and Iport Export from and import into the Community of certain dangerous chemicals (1988) Export of certain chemical products (1989) Biotechnology Contaminated use of genetically modified micro-organisms (1990) Deliberate release into the environment of genetically-modified organisms (1990) Proposed Leislion Civil lability for damage caused by waste Supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the European Community Landfill of waste Community award scheme for an Eco-label Voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in a Eco-audit scheme i~~I J S RRR i *l z~~~~I A WVI A VI A V| AV| A V| A V|I I !' *il di ai d] di ANNEX 6 Attachment I Page 2 Guide Vaikes for Sulphur Diowdde, Suspended ftrticulates, and Oxides of Nitrogen POl%Wa Gui deea peid de (pghn) TSP' year 40-60 lack smke mehod) 24 houts 100w150 SlIphur dioxde ' year 40-60' (black saoke method) 24 hours 100-ISO" NOx 4 yesr SO(SOth percenerle)' 13S (98th percentile)' ,I The reslts of the mesreewn of black smoke taken by the OECD method have bee converted into gravimetic units. af Assoiated values for suspended particulates, measured by the black smoke method. I/ Associated values for upenode particu, measrd by the grvimethic method. It TCM: tetraclloro e. The method of anadsy is based on the principle of the colomenric reaction with paosaniline (detailed in Annex V of Directive 80/779 of July IS, 1980). SY For the determination of black smoke and its converion into gsaimeic unit, the method standardized by the OBCD working part on methods of measuig air pollution and survey teciques is con_iee to be the reference method. o The volme mst be standardizd at 2930 K and 101,3 kPa. 2I The supended paticultes are collected on a membrane or slas-fiber file with an efficiency of more daun 99% for pardies with an erodynamicdiameterof 0.3 pm. The samplingduration is 4 hours. There must beat les lOO uniformly dibuted smplingsperyear. If For details, see Aonex TV of Diive 8soS 3 of March 7, 1985. 21 The atmospheic pardicles mm be collected on a fibe with a coletion efficiency of more thn 99% for paicles with an aerodynamic dimer of 0.3 pn. For details, see Annex of Ditective 82/884 of December 3, 1982. a w median of daily mean values aken dtoughot the year. k/ median of daily mean valhes ken trughout the winter. Si 98th percentil of all daly mean values tken toughout the year. Member Stat must take all appropriat stp to sasure tha this value is not exceeded for more than three consecutive day. 4/ 98th percentle calculated fiom the men vae per hour or per period of les than an hour take throughout the year. .g anua man concentration. f arimei mean of daly menm values taken throughout the year. &I 95th percentie of al daily mean vale taken tumghout the year. hI daily mean value. yl calulted *om the mean vahl per hour or per peiod of les than an hour recorded thwughout the yar. Definitions * Limi wu: the concentation of the pollutant which, m order to protect human health in particular, must not be exceoded in the territory of the Member Slates during the specified periods. * Gide vabw. the concentation of the pollutant which intended to serve as long-term precautions for hlth and the nvironm t and as refece points for the establishment of specific schemes within zones dewrmined by the Member States. Sours For sulphur dioxide and particuate, Euopea communities Directive 801779 (July 15, 1980) and amending Directive 89/427 (July 14, 1989). For lead, European Communities Directive 821884 (December 3, 1982). For nitrogen dioxide, European Communities Directive 85/203 Mrch 7, 1985). ANNEX 6 Attachment 2 Page 1 COMBATING AIR POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRIAL PLANTS This Directive provides for measures and procedures designed to prevent or reduce air pollution from industtial plats within the Community, particularly those of categories listed below. The Directive does not apply to inustral plants seving national defense. L Catqeoies of Plants A. Energy industy * Coke ovens * Oil refineries (excluding undertakings manufactuning only lubricants from crude oil) * Coal gasification and liquifactien plants * Thermal power stations (excluding nuclear) and other combustion inllations with a nominal heat output of more than 50 MW B. Production and processing of metals * Roasting and sintering plants with a capacity of more tan 1,000 tons of met) ore per year e Integated plants for the production of pig iron and crude steel 3 Ferrous metal foundries having melting in ations with a local capacity of over 5 toones * Plants for the producton and melting of non-ferrous metals having installations with a total capacity of over 1 tonne for heavy metals or 0.5 tonne for light metals C. Manufacture of non-metallic mineral product * Plants for the production of cement and rotary kiln lime producdon i Plants for the production and processing of asbestos and manufacture of asbestos-based products * Plants for the manufacture of glass fiber or mineral fiber * Plants for the production of glass (ordinary and special) with a capacity of more than 5,000 tonnes per year * Plants for the manufacture of coarse ceramics notably refactory bricks, stoneware pipes, facing and floor bricks and roof tiles D. Chemical industy * Chemical plants for the producdon of olefins, derivatives of olefins, monomers and polymers * Chemical plants for the manufacture of other organic intermediate products * Plants for the manufacture of basic inorganic chemicals E. Waste disposal * Plants for thae disposal of toxic and dangerous waste by incineration * Plants for Ihe treatment by incieration of other solid and liquid waste - 57 - ANNEXO 6 Attachment 2 Page 2 P. Other industries 0 Plants for the manufacture of paper pulp by chemical methods with a produwtion apacity of 25,000 tonmes or more per year 11. List of the Most Inportant Porutig Substances * Sulphur dioxide and other sulphur compounds * Oxides of nitrogen and other nitrogen compounds * Carbon monoxide * Organi compounds, in particular hydrocbons (except methane) * Heavy metals and their compounds * Dust; &w,bestos (suspended particulates and fibers), glass and minerl fibers * Chlorine and its compounds F Fluorine and its compounds I1L General Rules A. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that pror authorzation is required to operate new plants belonging to the above-listed categories. Member Sttes must also require prior authorization in the case of sUbstantial alteration of any plant in the above-listed categories, or which, as a result of the alteration, will fall into those categories. B. Authorization to operate a plant may be issued only when the competent authority is stisfied that, - all preventive measures against air pollution have been taken, including the applicaion of the best available technology, provided that the application of such measures does not entail excessive costs; - the use of the plant will not cause significant air poilution particularly of the substances listed above; - none of the enussion limit values applicable will be exceeded; - al of the air quaitlimit values applicable will be taken into account. C. Member States shall implement policies and strategies for the gradual adaptation of existing plants belonging to the above-list ceategores to the best available technology, taking into account in paricular: - the plant's physical cdaractics; - its rate of utilization and length of its remainig life; - the natwe and volume of polluting emissions from it; - the desirability of not entailing excessive costs for the plant concemed, havig regard in particular to the economic stuation of undakin belonging to the category in question. Soeae. EurMpea Communities Directive 84/360 (June 28, 1984). - 58- ANNEX 6 Attachment 3 Page 1 LARGE COMBUSTION PLANT DIRECTIVE (Novamber 1988) TM Direcve applies to combustion pbats with nted t l input of at least 50 MW, regadless of the type of fuW used. The Directive applies only to combustion plants designed for the production of ener with the exception of tse whikh make direct u of th producB of combustion in mnufactring procees. I. Exing Plants E2MION CELNGS AND REDUCTION TARGETS FOR SO2 FROM EXMlNG PLANTS (1) ( 7 I 1 2 1 3 7 5 6 8 9 M*Aber&at SO, a,Im ilg redacton oe 18 % reducdn owrvera4wd 198 by larg om&b pnw I phaw 2 phae3 x.au I pisae2 phat 3 phat 1 pkawe2 phaw3 dox 1980 1993 1998 2003 1993 1998 2003 z993 1998 2003 keo Bdliu S30 318 212 159 -40 -60 -70 *40 -40 -70 DeAnmk 323 213 141 106 -34 -56 -67 -40 -60 -70 0K5mW2 225 133S 890 668 -40 .60 -70 -40 -60 -70 ors 303 320 320 320 +6 +6 +6 -45 -45 -45 Spain 2,290 2290 1,730 1,440 0 -24 -37 -21 -40 -50 Pran 1,910 1,146 764 5 -40 -60 -70 -40 .60 -70 Ir_and 99 124 124 124 +25 +25 +25 -29 -29 -29 It* 2,450 1,800 1500 900 -27 -39 -63 -40 -SD -70 L _WAbcug 3 1.8 1.5 1.5 -40 -50 -60 -40 -S0 -50 Ntdwdaa 299 180 120 90 -40 -60 -70 -40 -t0 -70 poktwo IIS 232 270 206 +102 +13S +79 -25 -13 -34 UAW K bom 3,883 3,106 2,330 1,553 -20 -40 -60 -20 40 *60 m ~ . .. , -- 11 AddMona enia nsy ara fr opaky athied on or afta July 1, 1987. (I SEmuo cmig fiom couatson plaw aized befor July 1,1 987 but yot ye in operaon bfore thdt dte and which he not bem ak ito account in esabihi nmsom ceilinp fixed by dis Amx l ter comply wih the requirenents establied by tgi Direte fr am Oln or be aounted for in the OVea 4Mion from e3iin plans that mad not exceed die cei fixed in hs hnx - 59- _ANNEK 6 Attachment 3 Page 2 EMsON CEILINGS AND REDUCTION TARGETS FOR NO. FROM EXISIING PLANTS)) sS 4 6 - ._ /-1 I | 2 | 3 | 56 Mem er Ssse NO, emions NO. emissn ceiligs % reducdon over 1980 % redweon ower a4Jud by large lesr) emanions 1980 emissiom combustio planes i9 phase I phase 2 phase I phase 2 phase phase 2 bonnet 1993S 1998 1993' 1998 1993 1998 Blgium 110 88 66 -20 -40 -20 -40 Denmak 124 121 81 - 3 -3s -10 40 Gemny 870 696 522 -20 40 -20 -40 Greeme 36 70 70 +94 +94 0 0 Spain 366 368 277 +1 -24 -20 -40 FanceI 1 400 320 240 -20 -40 -20 -40 emlnd 28 50 S0 +79 +79 0 0 ltay 580 570 428 - 2 -26 -20 -40 Luxembourg 3 2.4 1.8 -20 -40 -20 -40 Netmhlads 122 98 73 -20 -420 -40 Portuga 23 59 64 +157 +178 - 8 0 United Kingdm 1,016 864 711 -15 -30 -15 -30 I/ Additonal enisions may arie fm capacity authorized on or afer July 1, 1987. 2i Emisnions coing from combustion plns authorized before July 1, 1987 but no yet in operation before that date nd which have not been taken into account in eablshing min ceilinga Sxed by thio Annex shfl either comiply with the requirements esshed by ths Diective for new plants or be accouned for in the overall emisions from existing plants tatd must not exceed the ceiling fixed in this Annex. 3I Member Ststes may fr ehia teasos delay for up to two yem the phase 1 date for reduction in NO. emissions by noti6inq; tke Commisin wihin one month of the notfication of this Direcive. IL New Plat EMISSION LIMIT VALUEM FOR SO2 FOR NEW PLANTS 1) SOLD) FUETS Theimal capacEy MW Emison la vahws (mg So0fN) 50-100 (1) 100J4 2 4(MWth))+2,400 z4002 800 100-500 IMWth)+2,40 > 500 3 400 ,In 1990, on the basia of a Commision report on the availabity of low-siphlp find and a relevant Commision proposl, the Councl wil dec on emission limit vaues for plans between 50 and 100 MWtb. Plnt operated ha than 2,200 houayer. P1 Pnls operted mo than 2,200 howyear. - 60 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 3 Page 3 EMISSION LMrT VALUES FOR SO2 FYOR NEW PLANTS LIQUID FUELS Termal capacity (MW) Emission limit values (mg SO2/Nne) S0c MW <300 1,700 300 -MW < 500 -6.5(MWth)+3,650 > 500 400 EMSSION IDMIT VALUES FOR SO2 FOR NEW PLANTS GASEOUS FUELS Type off_ Limit values (mg S02/Nne) Gaeous fiels in geneal 35 Liquefied gas 5 Low caloiific gas from gafication of refinery 800 rsid , cooke oven gas, blast-firnace gas GOn from gasfication of coal (I) I The Council wiil fix the enmision limit values applicable to such gas at a later stage on the basis of proposals fiom the Commision to be made il in ght of frther tecnical expience. EMISSION LIMT VALUES FOR NO. FOR NEW PLANT Type offel Limit values (mg NOx/Nme) Solid in general 650 Soid vwit less than 10% volatile compounds 1,300 Lipid 450 Gaswo 350 - 61 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 3 Page 4 EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR DUST FOR NEW PLANTS Type QfFud 7hermal capacity (MW) Emission limit values (mg dust/Nnm) Solid > 500 so < 500 100 Liquid all plants 50 Gaseou all plants 5 as a mle 10 for blast furnace 50 for gases produced by the steel industty which can be used elsewhere I. New Plants Exempt from Emission Limit Values (See V. (A), General Exceptions below) RATES OF DESULPHURIZATION _hemal oapacity (MW) Rates of destdphlrization 100 5 >75 set. - W uamsnod oxgen (DO) - specific e-e bmicd Meo (SO0,) -67- ANNEX 6 Attachment 4 Page 2 PnIIwtws ~~~~Ambi,n Standad Ref.troe nc* Wh of measwerwu (EC) US tXE cm"nftdm admuu,Ui* C.dd d1dt Maxi t i C. UNfDfSWS SUNTAMES nitrgen I 0. - absoriaption spectphotometry ammonis O.OS O.S - absorption qephoonwy -idh S.90 1 - O"tonWm Ttiar oxid,ziy 2 5 - boiling for 10 misits with MiGn0. in acid (K Mu 04) medium totalsorganicabon Is hydro3gen suphid. undettbbl - absorption pctrophotonaa organoleptialy ubsancesextactable in 0.1 0.1 liquidfiquid extraion u punfied jlofor cdloroform at neustral pH, weighn the rdue dioved or emulsified 0.01 - infra-red scrphotomety after extraction hydroabons (after by cabon tetrachoridde e:tracdioa by petrolm - gavnimey after exaction by perlm ethr ete) pheol 0.0005 - moleular absoption sctophoOmeu 4 "ad inde) aminoentipyrine rrAod -parntraniin. metho boron 1 - atomic absorption mectrophooey - molecular abspt ion ur&canis (ting with 0.2 molecul absorption spectrphotomery methyl blue) dissolved iron 0.3 * 0.05 0.2 - atomi absrtion spetrphotometry mfer filterag througb a filter enumbrn (0.45 pan) - molecuar absorption spctrphotomety after fterin thrwogh a filter membrane (0.45 pm) _angnse 0.S 0.02 0.05 - atomic abstior spectrophoomey - moleculr absoorpon hpecrouphotetry copper 1.3s 0.1 t4 - atomic absopion spectophotomety 3 Is - po_rahy - molecular absorpion spectrwhotometry zinc 5 * 0.1" - atomic absoorpton et photomety S's - molecular aborpton qpctrphoomety . po_ roSrphy pho _*wrus <.180 0.4 5 - molocular absorption spectrophotomefty -68- ANNEK 6 Attachment 4 Page 3 Poide At 4Abi I.7jd - Oren" meMabsof mewrm,to (1E us 1cavmtksAs adelndb& fluoAs 4 0.7-1.5 J mohM absopti spactrophotoometry after diatrnation If necessar - ion seective electodes suspended olid - ethod of fiDrato throg a 0.45 u filher Iuane, drying at lOt C ed wighing - canifing (for at least 15 tinutes with an averag celeration of 2,800 to 3,200), dying at 10S° C astd wiging residual dlorine () barum 2 0.1 - atoic absorption specthotometry sir . .10 O.t 11 - omic absrpton D. TOXC SUBrANCES Maeio 0.05 0.05 - aomic abspton spectrophotometry cadmim 0.005 O.S - tomic borp on ecophotmucy * pelarography cnide 0.2 OS - b tota chromim 0.1 OAS - ans aVo n y ¢~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -weA abspto oapownuy ~amry 0.002 0.001 - flamules atomic absoton '' eSrhotomy(cold vaporization) nkel 0.1 O.S - atonic napton lead 0.005" O.0S" - aoc absorption qectophomtry - POleorphy animony .0o0I.Q00 0.01 abspto spectrcpbotonsy slenim 0.05 0.01 - aomic absoption ctophotmaby toalw pestiide 0 00 - gaphse or hiquid-phasadaromoraphy safr etrcton by uitable so and puriation 2t her oranocbloi 0.001 - gesphaseorliquidphasnhromatography comp_n sor exuactin by siable sol and poly c aromtc 0.0001- O.00(2 - _ tnan of intnsy of fluorece UV hdroarboins 00 sar extauctiosingahen - msnsmm in UV aer thin laer ehroniatography -69- ANNEX 6 Attachment 4 Page 4 POilidWi Ambkem &faid d R*eferee medwd of mawawement (EQ cossea_- do- " _ * ..) I~~~~~~~~U P S W "<_f I~~ . . T l~~~~~~ I 1-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I o E d 4i f 5. MIC ROUIOL IC PAkAMET total cofi( s) MPNXy A 1.0 - 74 ANNEX 6 Attchnent 5 Page 2 P. g . ,- R*frwe meod of meawmv (EC) EC SAM naenic A, 0.01 A, 0.05 . atomic absopion seophotmay A, 0.05 - riolecular absorpOtonpetrophotosar A,O.05 A,0.10 cadmium A, Oll A, 0.OS - stomic absortion A, 0.005 A, 0A005 - polfngraphy A, 0.005 A, 0.005 tot chromium A, 0.05 - atoc bsowron rophotomety A, 0.05 - molecular abrption spe.tobotom.euy A, 0.05 lead A, 0.05 - atomic absorpon spohotouty A2 0.05 - polagaphy A, 0.05 eleium A, 0.01 - atomic absoon aetrcphorosty A, 0.01 A, 0.01 merauy A, 0.0005 A, 0.001 - f les atonic absop Vocrpboomsty A, 0.0005 A, 0.001 (cold vaporiaton) A, O.OOS A, 0.001 barium A, 0.1 - atmic absoption actrophcomsty A, 1.0 A, 1.0 cyanide A, 0.05 - molecur abomption _ayophosomy A, 0.05 A, 0.05 wsphtes A, ISO A, 25D - graviotricd aalsis A, I50 A, 250 '0 - EDTA compleity A, IS0 A, 250 '° - molecur absorption croomu chlorides A, 200 - d fdxs metod A.200 - mobcubrn on_ A, 200 uc4ft (reactg with A, 02 - moi ctr _ _y methyl bluc) A, 02 As 0.5 phosphates A, 0.4 OAlecula abso-pton Vctophotomeay A, 0.7 A, 0.7 phnols A, 0.001 - mocul absorption Whecuopbotonmlry4 A, 0.001 A, 0.005 aminoavdprina madwo A, 0.01 A, 0.1 - prania method disolved or emulifed A, 0.05 - infra-red scrphmetuyafte exron by hydrocafbos A, 0.2 carbon tatracoride A, 0.5 A, 1.0 gravimway aft extaction by polum ethe polycylic aromatic At 0.0002 - meaumnw of fluoracence in tW UV daer din hydro A, 0.0002 lyerc' A, 0.001 75 - ANNEX 6 Attchment 5 Fage 3 POla IfeArene me_,wd of meaemev (EC) EC 'l towal pele A, 0.001 - ps or liquid chromatogaphy afker extraction by A, 0.0025 suitable solvents and purification' A, 0.005 hecl oxygeea&nd A, 30 - potassium didhot melltod (CC" Disolved A, >70% sat. - Winkles mehod oxygenMO) % >50% sat. - electrochemical mtothod (S O,) A, >30%set. Bio ;mica A, < 3.0 - detemination of dissolved oxygen before and afte oxygendsmand A, 5 S.0 5-day incubalion at 200 C +10 C, in compbte (BOD) As C 7.0 darkness. Addition of a nirification inhibitor. Kijed"i A, 1.0 - minlization, distillaton by Kjedabl method and nitmn A4 2.0 ammonium determdnation by ns of molecular A, 3.0 absorption spectrophotoetry or titration aonia A, 0.05 - molecular absopdon spectrophomety 41.0 A I.5 As 2.0 As 4.0 sbance extactable A, 0.1 - extraction at neutal pH value by puifited whih dlototm At 0.2 chloroform, evaporation in vacuo at room A, 0.5 terate, weighing of reaidue toa codfm Al 50 - culture at 3?C on an approprate specific solid 3'C A, S,000 medium with or without filtrtion and colony (c0Ioo MD As O5,00 - count. 9 method of dilution with foenation in liquid substrates in st least 3 tubes in 3 diutions. Subculturing of the poitive tubes on a confirmation medium. Count according to most probable number. Incubaion temp: 37P C + lo C. fecal colbufn A, 20 - culture at 44° C on an appropfite speific solid baeda A4 2,000 medium with or without filtration and eolony (ceIlOO n) A4 20,000 - count.9 method of dilution with fermentation in liquid substates in at least 3 tubes in 3 dilutions. Subculturing of the positive tubes on a confinuation medium. Count according to most probable number. Incubation teinp: 440 C + 0.50 C. fea streptoccci A, 20 - culture at 37C on an appropriate specifc solid (celIs10C ml) A, 1,000 medium wih or widtout fimtation and colony As 10,000 - count.9 method of diltion in sodium azide broth in at least 3 tubes with 3 dilutions. Count according to moat probable number. salmo_ella A a pese in - conucetaion by filtraion (on membrane or S,000 ml ap ifile). 4A not prest in - inoculaion into prenichment medium. 1,010 ml enrichment ad tnsfer into solating gelse identificatio -76 - ANNEXS Attachment 6 Page 4 11 Mandatory values concemn paamees considered to have a significant effect upon public health. Member States must not set values less stringent than these. Guide values concern parames considered to have a petiphera effect on health and are set as loog-un goals. ai Surfiue water is considered to confom to the relevant r t if 95% of the samples for prameut conform to those specified the 'Mandatory colulmn, and 90% of the samples in all other cases, and if in the ac of th S or 10% of the samples which do not comply: a) the water does not deviate from tho parametric values in question by more than 50%, except for tempt, pH, disolved oxygin and micoiological paamers; b) there is no resultant danger to public health; and c) consecutive wate * samples taken at statistically suitable iatervals do not deviate from the relevant paametric values. 1he Directive may be waived a) in the case of floods or other natural disadst; b) where wsfce wate * undergoes natural enriment i certain substances caswing it to exceed the limits lId down in the Directive; and c) in the case of surface water in shallow lakes or virtually stsgnant urface water (into which there is no dicharge of waste water) for nitraes, dissolved iron, mganee, phosphates, COD, dixsolved oxygn satuaion rate, and BOO. In no cae can thes exceptioDs disregd the requrema of publie. heslth protection. Stndad methods of treatment for trnsforming sufaWe water of qualities Al, A2, and A3 into drinking water. CatWoqr Al Simple physical treatment and disinfection, e.g. rapid filtraion and disinfection. Caeo A2 Normal physical treaent, ch5mical tramet and, e.g. pre-blorinaion, coagulation, flocculation, decantation, filtrtion, disnfection (final chlorination). Category A3 Intenive physical and chenical treatment, extended trament and dinfection, e g. clorination to break-point, co lion, flocculation, decantation, filtmtion, absmption (activated carbon), disinfection (ozone, final chloiadon). Surface water of poorer quality than type A3 may not be used for driking water except in excepdonal circumstances. Masued i situ at the time of sampling without prior treatmnt of the sample. Photoetic method using the platum-olt scale. .. 7/ Comparative _ in reaon to a mixture of six control substancsc with the same ce tion. Al t Identification of the constuents of te mixture, quantitative analysis. f!/ Samples must be diluted or wher appropriate, conewtated in such a way as to contain between 10 and 100 colonies. If necessary, identification with gasification. r JQ/ Exceptional climatic or geographical conditions. - 77 - ANNEX 6 Attach3ment 5 Page 5 MINMUM ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMfES 3 Pop.da... A, A, A, served - - - - < 10,000 (*) () (*) (*) (*) 2 1 (*) S > 10,OOto I I (*) 2 1 () 3 1 1 < 30,000 .. . . > 30,000to 2 1 (M) 4 2 1 6 2 1 < 100,000 >100,000 3 2 _* 8 4 11 12 4 1 F Frequency to be determined by the competent national aithorities. J/ Where a survey by the competent authorities show that the water quality for certain parame_te is considembly superior than those specified by Directive 75/440, the Member State concerned may reduce the frequency of sampling and analysis for these parameters. If there is no poUution in these cases and no risk of the water quality deteriorating, the authorities may decide no regular analysis is neceay. 2I Mhe Roman numeral' refer to classification of parameters according to frequency. 2/ Ihe Member States are encouraged to carTy out at least one annual sampling of this category of water. CATEGORIES r~~~ IN il Parameter Parameter Parameter pH Dissolved oxygen Fluorides Coloration Manganese Boron Total suspended solids Copper Arsenic Temperaue Zinc Cadmium Conductivity Suphates Total chromium Odor Surfiaants Lead Nitrates Phenols Seleniwum Chlorides Nitrogen by Kjeldahl method Mercuty Phosphates Total coliforms Barium Chemical oxygen demand Fecal coliforms Cyanide Dissolved oxygen saturation rate Dissolved or emulsified Biochemical oxygen demand hydrocabons Ammonium Polycyclic aromatic hydrocabons Total pesticides Substances extactable with chloroform Fecal streptococci Salmonela Sowces: For water quality standards for the EC, Europem Communities Directive 75/440 (June 16, 1975). For refrec methods and frequencies of smpliwng for the EC, Euopean Communities Directive 79/869 (October 9, 1979). 78 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 6 Page I QUALITY OF BATNG WATER' This Directive concems the quality of bathing waters, excluding water intended for therapeutic purposes and water used in swimming pools. Parameter Gidde - Mandatory Medthds of analyss or impecaom | Ma MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS |totl coliforms (cells/100 al) So 10,000 - frmetation in multiple tubes. Fotuightly' Subulturing of the positive tubes on a coirnmution medium. Cou according to - most probable number (MPN). membrane filtraton and culture fecal coliforms (cells100 Mn) 100 2,000 on an approprate medium such otriglhtly ' as Teritol lactose agp, endo agar, 0.4% Teepol broth, subcultuwrg and ientification of the sspect colonies. foal steptococci (cel/O 100 _ - Litsly method. Count (4) ml) acmcrdingto MPN. - fitaion on membrane. Culture on an appropriate medium. samonela (cellsi) 0 - concentron by membrane (4) filtration. Inoculation on a standard medium. Enrichm - sbulburing on isotting agr - identification. ener viuse (PFU/o ) 0 - concentration by filtradon, (') flocculation or centrifuging and confirmation. PYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMERS pH 6R96 - electrometry with calibration at (4) pH7 and 9. color no abnormal - viswal inpection or photometry Forteighty cbang in color with standads on the Pt.Co scale. (4) mineal oils (mg/l) _ No film visible on - visual and olfactory inspection Fortnightly I the surface of the or extraction using an adequate water and no odor volume and weighing the dty residue. <0.3 (4 Surfice,active subances - no lasting foam - visual inspecdon Fortnigty5 eeti with methylene blue - absorption spectrophotometry (mgil) with methylene blue. <03.3 - 79 ANNEX 6 Attachment 6 Page 2 Parameter Guide Mandory Medw of analysi or inspecton M .inium sampng an phenols (phenol index) (m1l[) . no specific odor - verification of the absence of Fotnightly 5 - specific odor due to phenol absorption spectrophotomty 4-aminoantipyrine method <0.005 0.05 (') |trpancy (m) 2 1 - Secchi's disc. Fortnightly 3 dissolved oxygen (% sat. 0,) 50-120 - - Winkler's method (') - electromnetric method (oxygen _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ _______ ______m eter) tary estdues and aoating none - - vul inspection Fortnightly ' materias such as wood, plastic articles, botles, etc. ammonia (mgI) - - Absorption spectrophotometry (S) - Nessler's nethod - indophenol blue method trn KjeJdah (mg/) - - Kjeldahi method (5) OTHi pesticides (mgI) - - extraction with appropriate (4) solvents and chrmatogaphic ____________________________ _____________ __________________ de erm inaton heavy metals such as: - atomic absorption posibly (4) - arsenie preceded by extraction - eadmium - chrome Vl - lead - mercury _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cyanide (mg/I) -- absorption apectrphotometry (4') l ____________________ using a specific reagent nites and phosphates (mg/l) - absoptpion spectrophonery (4) Using a specific reagent / Member States shall not set values less stringent than those tisted in the 'mandatory' column and shall endeavor to achieve the levels listed in the -guide# column. ;' 'Bathing water' refs to all runnig or fresh water or parts thereof and sea water, in which 1) bathing is explicitly authorized by the copetent authouities of each Member State, or 2) bathing is not prohibited and is traditionally practiced by a large number of bathzrs. W/ hen a sampling taken in prvoVUs years produced reaults which are appreciably better than the goal. set those in the Directive, Member States may reduce the sampling frequency by a factor of 2. iI Concentration to be checked by the competent authorities when an inspection in the bathing area shows that the substance may be present or tDat the quafity of the water has deteriorated. ,5 These parameters must be checked by the competent authorities when there is a tendency towards th. trophication of the water. it Exceptions are poible 1) because of exceptional weather or special geographical conditions; or 2) when bathing water undergoes natural endichment in certain substances, provided these do not constitute a risk to public health. Natural enrichment means the process whereby, without human intervention, a given body of water receives from the soil certain substnces contained therin. ANNEX 6 Attachment 6 Page 3 Rues A. Bathing water shatl be deemed to conform to the provisions of the Ditective if samples of such watems, taken at the minimum frequenicy specified at the sampling point and at intervals specified in the Directive, show that they conform to the parametric values for the quality of the water conceaned, in the case of: - 95% of the samples for the 'mandatory' pameters specified in the Directive; - 90% of the samples in other cases with the exception of the total coliform and fecal coliform paramete whore the percentage may be 80%; and if, in the case of the 5, 10, or 20% of the samples which do not comply: - the water does not deviate fiom the paramettic values in queAtion by more than 50%, excluding microbiological paametes, pH, and dissolved oxygen; - onsecutive water samples taken at statistically suitable intervals do not deviate from the relevant parametric values. Values exceeding those specified in the Directive, when the resut of floods or other natural disasters, shall not be considered when calculating the percentages listed above. B. Samples should be taken at places v.here the average density of bathers is highest. Samples should preferably be taken 30 cm below the surface of the water except for mineral oil samples which should be taken at surfiae level. Sampling should begin two weeks before the stat of the bathing season. If there is a discharge or other problem likely to lower the quality of badting water, Member States must caray out additional sampling. Sooce: luopean Communities Directive 76/160 (December 8, 1975). - 81 - ANNEX 6 Attachmen 7 Page 1 QUALITY OF FRESH WATERS SUPPORTING FIgH LIFE1 TIis Directive concerns the quality of fresh waters designated by the Member States as nweding proction or inprovement to support fish lfe. Its purpose is to protect or improve the quality of running or standing wates wbich support or which, if less polluted, would support indigenous species of fish offering a atural diversity, or species that the Member States deem desirable. The Directive does not apply to waters in natural or artificial fish ponds used for intensive fish-farming. Pwwara er Salmonidwvaten Cypnmid %waers Uedhods of analysw or MOaM=m U4#$D, bupeetion andm _eaaWg G Mmwory Grade Madatry fiP_______ teperstur 1. Tempear meawred downstream of a point of thermal rmomey Wely, both ("C) discharge (at the edge of the nixing zone) must not exceed upde and the unaffected temperatn by more than: dow_ream of de 1.50C 30C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~point Of theMal I ~ I Ij3Wbu 'Degions limited in g aphical scope may be decided by Member States in particular conditions if the competent authority can prove that there are no harsfih consequences for the balanced development of the fish population. 2. Thermal dischages must not cause the temperatu downtam of the point of therala discharge (at the edge of the nuxing zone) to exceed the following: 21.1C s 2¢C s The OC temeratue limit appolies only to breeding periods of species which need cold water for reproduedon and only to waes which may contain such species. Temprature limits may be exceeded for 2% of the time. dissolved 5% > 9 50% > 9 6 59% > 8 5O% > 77 Winkler's method or Monthly, m;nmum oxygen(mg"l) 10% > 7 100% > 5 Spcelecodes oneuample (eecchemical reprtesatve of low method) oxygen conditions of the day of ssmnpling. pH 6-9 Ls 6 "gr Flectromaty calibtion Monthy by mes of two solutions with nwwn pH values, prfeably on eiher side of, and dose to the pH being teasured suspended < 25' <2' 2Fradton through a 0.45 solids (MgII) mn filteing membrane or cntuation, drying at 105C and weiging tD DOD, (mgl) < 3 < 6 Determination of by the Wnler method before end after S days inubatio in comaplte !_______ dazkrs at 20 + PC"I -82- ANNEXO Attachment 7 Page 2 PW,nwm Salmaud uvzgn Cyp$aind %wneras Metho& ofaajwiys or ML.""sma,aantpn iwpec4on and awwunug aew MM y audm Mady frequency' to.al Molcu absopton phopho specophotry nitrate (ug/) < 0.01 < 0.03 Molecular absorpdon phenoc (IS) (IS) Byastoetl hydrous By tase Nonoized < 0.005 <5 oms < 0005 < 0.02S Molecular abdon Monthly ammonia pwuophoomety using (Mh) indophen bue or Nserf's meiod In order to diminish the risk of toxity due to nononized asociated with pH and ammonia, of oxyge consumption due to nitificatio ad of temperaute eutophication, the _oncentatis of totl ammonium should datminti not exceed the fbllowing: total < 0.04 < I " < 02 < I i aummoniam (MM tota resiul < 0.005 < 0105 DPD-method (dielhylop- Mondhly hlorin (n5)0 phenylenedmne) tota- zicM < 03 < 1.0 Atomic absorption Monthly (nWM fi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pectrouletry disolved < 0.04 < 0.04 Atomic absoption f *apper n spec Y 1 Member Staes hal ot set va ls stingent thone islad in the 'mandatowy colm an shall endeavor to achive the leves listd In the "guide, column. ZJ W er which supportor ar capable of upportn fish belongi to spec such a samon, trout, gayling. and whitefish. I/ War wbic ppot or ae capble of spporig fit blonging to h cypiidAs, or otlhr species such as pike, pech, and ee. 1l Whe wa qualy is conbideably bigher tha the objectves set in this Directive, Mcmber States may reduce the frequency of samln. Whr there is no poludotn or no rsk of deteioration in the quai of the waters, the competen authority may decide that no ampling is xnesar. 1I Exceptions ar posaible 1) because of exceptona weather or special geraphtical conditions, or 2) when designated wass unro noaua emichme i certai substances. Natua enchment mnan the proce whereby, witout human intervenion, a given body of wae receives f the soil certa sbsans conined therein. V When dh oxyge oncentrtion falls below 6 wugil, Member Staes shall ablish wheter this is by chance, a ntural phenomenon or pollutio al shall tak approp eat easurs. 21 When the oxygen concen o falls bdow 4 ag/I, Member Stes "sal establist whether this is by chamce, a naal phenomenon, or poluon, and dake awpoime. Hover, wher major daily viatians e supeted, a minimum of two ampls in one day shall be taken. 31 Atifial pH variaw with ropec to h unafected vales dsal not exceed ± 0.5 of a pH unit within the limits faig betwe 6.0 ad 9s povided thd th vations do not ine te h _rmhlnss of otdhr substances pst in the water. I3 Five ninute mimum, arage aeleraton of 2,800 to 3,200g. UI NtC_t alo sld not be MR-bed. - 83 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 7 Page 3 IV the ase of lake of aver° dVs& betwm 18 and 300 m, h fblowi fomul could be aplied: L C 10 Tw) (I . -/(w)) where: L - bOn oxpressd a mng P pe square mer take sufac in oe year. Z -mn dVp of lake imenen Tw - theoical nwl tim of 1} war in yeas ln olher cames limit vlues of 02 ugh for salmonid and 0.4 mgfl for cyprinid water, expred as PO,, may be rgarded as indinv in orde to reduoe ethicat. I Phenofic compoendtmust ot be pre in uch concentions that theq adverely ffeta flak vor. JW41 Peum prout mus not be presn in wat in auD quantit that they: - form a visble fDm oa t sufae of the wae or form coatgs on the beds of wae-cours and kes; - Impart a detetable hydroabon tat to fits; - produce harnfrul in fish. In patculr geogapil or matc condiions d paulry in caes of low wder uperaure ad of reduced ndnficauis or whee th compeent ah ty can prove that there are no hamfW oonsequeces for the balaned developmen of the fob popatio, Membe Ste may fix values grat ta 1 mgn. 16f ma day-vale conrrod to a water hrdoes of 100 mgt1 CaCO. For hardne lvels bewee 10 and SOD mgA, the coronding lits ae lisd in the table below. 1I/ The uidevalues correspond to a wdaer hrdn of 100 mgh CaCO3. For hardns levWels between 10 an 300 mg/I, the corresponding limitse listed in tho table below. PARTICULARS REGARDING TOAL ZINC AND DISSOLVED COPPER Total Zic Zic oca tions (ng/ Zn) for different water hdnes values betwee 10 and SOaC02 .______ _ .War hardnew (Mg/I CaCO2) Sulmonid water (mg/i Zn) 0.03 0.2 0.3 0.5 Ci d waters (mg/ Zn) 0.03 0.7 1.0 2.0 Diasolved copper Disolved copper concentraions (ng/l Cu) for different water hardness values between 10 and 300 mg/I CaCO Water hodns (mg/ CaCO2) 10 50 100 _3 'MAI Copper 0.005'1 0.022 0.04 0.112 Mm Te prn of fish in cowna b cs of oopper may indicat a prdominane of dioved ofgno-cuptic A. Membr Sttes desi e samoid and cyprinid wats They may make additional desgat or tvis eauie oe in the event of factoss unforeseen at the te of th desgnaton. - 84 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 7 Page 4 B. The designated waters shall be deemed to conform to the provisions of the Directive if samples of such wats, taken at the minimum frequency specified at the sampling point and over a period of 12 months, show tha thy conform to both the values set by the Member States, in the case of: - 95% of the samples for pH, BOD5, non-ionizd ammonia, total ammonium, nitrates, total residual chlorine, total zinc, and dissolved copper. When the sampling frequency is lower than one sample per month, both the aforementioned values and comments shall be respected for all the samples; - the pementages listed for temperatu_ and dissolved oxygen; - the average concentration set for suspended solids. Values exceeding those set by the Member States, when the result of floods or other natural disasters, Shall not be considered when calculating the percentages listed above. C. The exact sampling point, the distance form this point to the nearest point where pollutants are dischared and the depth at which samples are to be taken shall be fixed by the compett authority of each Member Stat on the basis of local environmental conditions. Source European Communities Directive 78/659 (July 18, 1978). -85 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 8 Page 1 PROTEC1ION OF GROUNDWATER FROM CERTAIN DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES Ihe purpose of this Directive is to prevent the pollution of groundwater by substances belonging to the families and groups of substances listed below, and as far as possible to check or eliminate the consequences of pollution that has already occurred. The Directive does not apply to 1) discharges of domestic effluents from isolated dwellings not connected to a sewerae system and situated outside areas protected for the abstraction of drinking water for human consumption; 2) discharges found by the competent authority of the Member State concerned to contain the specified substances in a quantity and concentration too small to represent a present or future threat to the quality of the receiving groundwater; 3) discharges of matter containing radioactive substances. L List 1: Famil3es and groups of substancs considered to prest reively high risk of toxidq, persIstence, and bioaccumulation: * Organohalogen ompounds and substances which may form such compounds jn the aquatic environment * Organophosporous compounds * Organotin compounds O Substances which possess carcmnogenic mutagenic or teratogenic properties in or via the aquatic environment I Mercury and its compounds 3 Cadmium and its compounds _ Mineral oils and hydrocarbons * Cyanides I. List II: Families and groups of substac considered to be of lower risk than those on list I but which may have a hannful affect on gronmdwater: 3 The following metalloids and metals and their compounds: Zinc Tin Copper Barium Nickel Beryllium Chrome Boron Lead Uranium Selenium Vanadium Arsenic Cobalt Antimony Thallium Molybdenum Telurium Titanium Silver * Biocides and their derivatives not included on list I * Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and/or odor of groundwater, and compounds liable to culse the formation of such substances in such water and to render it unfit for human consumption * Toxic or persistent organic compounds of slicon, and substances which may cause the formation of such compounds in water, excluding those which are biologically harmless or ane rapidly cowverted in water into harmless substances * Inorganic compounds of phosphorous or elemental phophus * Fluorides * Ammonia and nitrates If lisn II sbance which are carcioSe, wawScic, or tratogoa am iuclud he. - 86 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 8 Page 2 IIL GenWal Rules A. Member States must take the necesary steps to: 1. p the introduction into groundwater of substances on list I; and 2. jiSt the introduction into groundwater of substances on list nI. B. For list 1 substances, Member Stats must I. prohibit all direct discharg of substances on the list; 2. subject to prior investigation any disposl or tipping for the pu vosa of disposal of these substmces which might lead to indirect discharge. In the light of that investigation, Member States shaU prohibit such activity or sh grant authorization provided that aU the tecnical precautions necessy to prevent such discharge are observed; 3. take aU appropriate measu deemed necessary to prevent any indirect discharge of substances on list I due to sctivities on or in the ground other than those mentioned above. C. For List 11 substances, Member States must: 1. subject to ptior investigation all direct discharge of substances on the list, so as to limit such discharges; 2. subject to prior investigation the disposal or tipping for the purpose of disposal of these substances which might lead to indirect discharge. In the light of that investigation, Member States may grant an authorization, provided that aU the technical precautions for preventing groundwater polution by these substances is observed. 3. take all appropriate masures deemed necessary to limit al indirect discharge of substances on list 1 due to activities on or in the ground other than those mentioned above. D. When direct discharge or waste water disposal causing indirect discharge is authorized (in accordance with m. B (2), and C (2) above and IV. A and B below), the authorization shall specify: lthe place of discharge; the method of discharge, essential prcautions, particularly of the nure and concentration of the sbstances present in the effluents, the characteristics of the receiving enviroment and the proximity of water catchment areas, in particular those for drnking, thermal and minel water, the maximum quantity of the substance permissible in an effluent during one or more specified periods of time and the requirements concerning the concentration of these substan; the arsagements for monitorig the effluents discharged into groundwater, if necessiy, measr for monitoring grundwater, and in particulr its quality. ANNEX 6 - 87 - Atachment 8 Page 3 E. When disposal or tipping for the purpose of disposal which might lead to indirect discharge is wthorized (in accordace with m. B (2), and C (2) above and IV. A and B below), authori6ation specify: - the place where such disposal or tipping is done; - the methods of tisposal or tipping used; - essential precautions, particularly the nature and concentration of the substances prent in the matter to be tipped or disposed of, the cbarrcteristics of the receiving environment and the proximity of water cathment areas, (particularly drinking, thermal and minoeal waters); - the maximum quantity permissible, during one or more specifLed periods of time, of the matter containing substaces in lists I or II and, where possible, of those substances themselves, to be tipped or disposed of and the requirements concerning the concentration of those substances; In the cases referred to in B (1) and C (1) above, the technical precautions to be implemented to prevent any discarge into groundwater of substances in list I and any polution of water by subsances in list II; if necessary, the measures for monitoring the groundwater, and in particular its quality. IV. Ex tions A. Should prior investigation reveal that the groundwater into which the discharge of subsances i list I is considered is permanently unsuitable for other uses, especially domestic or agriculural, the Member State may authorize the discharge of these substances provided (a) their presence does not impede exploitation of ground resources, and (b) all technical precautions have been taken to ensure th these substances cannot reach other aquaic systems or harm other ecosystems. B. Member States may, after prior investigation, authorize dischrges due to re-injection into the same aquifer of water used for geothermal purposes, water pumped out of mines and quarries or water pumped out for civil engineering works. The authorizations referred to in (A) and (B) above may be granted for a limited period only, and must be reviewed at least every four years. They may be renewed, amended or withdrawn. C. Artificial recharges for the purpose of groundwater m gement shall be subject to a special authorization issued by the Member States on a case-by-case basis. Such authorization shall be granted only if there is no risk of polluting the groundwater. V. Defdinon * groundwaw : water which is below the surface of the grund in the saturation zone and in direct contac with the ground or sub-soil. * direa dirdswrge: the introduction into groundwater of substances in fists I or 11 without percolation through the ground or subsoil * bsiret dlscdwge. the introduction into gundwater of substances in lisb I or 11 after percolation through the ground or subsoil. ANNEX 6 - 88 - Attachment 8 Page 4 * polution: the discharge by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or ener into gioundwater, the results of which are such as to endanger hunman health or water supplies, harm fiving resources and the aquatic ecosystem or interfere with other legitimate uses of water. Source: European Communities Directive 80/68 ()ecember 17, 1979). - 89 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 9 Page 1 UJTBAN WASTE WATER TRkATMENT This Directive concerns the *ollection, treatment, and discharge of urban waste water and the treatment and discharge of waste water fhom certain industrial sectors. Its objective is to protect the environmt from the adverse effects of the above mentioned waste water discharges. L Reurements for urban waste water A. Collecting systems ' 1. All agglotions must have systems for collecting urban waste water as specified below: 2 Popeation equdIvlen (.O.) _ ead_ ne 2,000-15,000 Deeember 31. 2005 > 15.000 Deceaber 31, 2000 > 10,000: dischagesino i ensitive are December 31, 1998 2. The design, constnuction and maintenance of collecting systems shall be undertken in accordance with the bes techncal knowlede not eniling excessive costs, notably regarding: * volume and characteristics of urban waste water, * prevention of leaks, * limitation of pollution of receiving waters due to storm water overflows. B Dischae from urban waste waer trtment plants to reciving waters ' 1. Urban waste water entering collecting systems must be subject to secondary treatment or equivalent as follows as specified "elow: Pokid eqdvam 0pe..) Deadline 10,000-15,000 Deembe 31, 2005 > 15,000 December 31,2000 2,000-10,000: discha to freb water and esuaries December31, 2005 * 2,000: dischages to fiesh water awd estuaies ' December31, 2005 < 10,000: dIschargs to coas waes' Deceber 31, 2005 > 10,000: dischrge to smnaive aeast 2 December31, 1998 jI These discharges a subject to mapprpdat trnment' (deined V., below). ; Utbanwste wat d rs to nsive areas (defined nU. (A))musti the requieent std in 1. (). 2. Waste water treatment plants shall be designed r modified so that prsentive samples of the incoming waste water and of treatd effluent can be collected before discharge Lo receiving waters. 11 sie it is not possible to consuct ems capable of handlig all wate water in situaon such u aly heavy raiMl, Member S9a d de"idon measu to limit palic from orm wae overows. 2t hre do eabrhismt of a colecing ystem is not jused, edter becaue it wuld poduce no eironmeadl be=f or becasit wMld i excssive cos indidual sm or ter apprite systems which chiev dh -m level of e Irmenal pro i sall be ued. ANNEX 6 90 - Attachment 9 Page 2 3. Dischrg from urban waste water treatment plants subject to eatment in accordance with this Directive sball meet the requitements shown in Table 1, below. 4. Discharges from urban waste water teat_mt plants to 'sensitive areas' subject to eutrophication as identified below in 11. A (1) shall in addition meet the requirements shown in Table 2. S. More stingent requirements than those shown in Table I and/or Table 2 sba11 be applied where required to esure that the receiving waters satisfy any other relevant Community Directives. 6. he points of discharge of urban waste water sall be chosen, as far as possible, so as to mmnmize the effects on receiving waters. - 7. The load expressed in population equivalents (p.e.) shall be caleulated on the basis of the mimum average weeldy load enterng the treatment plant during the year, excluding unusua situations such as heavy rain. C. Industrial waste water 1. Industil waste water entering collecting systems and uran waste water treatn plant shall be subject to such pre-treatment as is required in order to: * protect the health of staff wokding in collecting systems and treatmnt plants, ensre that collecting systems, waste treatment plants and associaed equipment are not damaged, * ensure that the operation of the waste water treatment plant and the tratment of sludge are not ., inpoVdod, * eure tht discharges from the teatment plants do not adversely affect the envirnment, or prevent receiving wats ftom complying with other Community Directives, * anse that sludge can be disposed of saely in an environmentally acceptable manner. 2. Member States shall ensue tbat, befoer December 31, 1993, the discharge of industrial waste water into collecting systems and urban waste water tratment pi."ts is subject to pnor regulations and/or seific authrzations by the competent autbority or appriaot body. D. Requirements and reference methods for monitoring aud evaluating results 1. Competent authorities shdl monitor. * discharges from urban waste water treatment plants to venfy compliance with the requrements of 1. (B) in accordance with the control procedures laid down here in I. (D); * amounts and composition of dudge disposed of to surwfce wates; * diec discharges from indusial plants in case where the receiving environment may be significantly affected. 2. Member States sball ensure tht monitoring involves the following:' - Flow-proportional or time-based 24-hour samples collected at the same point in the outlet and if necessay in the inlet of the treatment plant; It AtsWasiwb my be usd pro1dd don provide equahuat tow%. - 91 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 9 Page 3 - The minimum annual number of samples deterined according to the size of the treatment plant and be collected at reguar intervals during the year as defined below: Popuano "wMINt @*.) MNber Of sample 2,0004-9,999 12 smples the fit year, 4 ampes in heeqt yea if the water during the fist yeo complie with the proviio of dte Directive; if s mple of the 4 Wil%, 12 samples must be taken the followiog yar 10,000-49,999 12 50,000 or >m 24 3. The treated waste water shall be considered to conform to the relevant paramtes if, for each relevant parameter considered separately, samples of the water show that it complies with the relevant a parametric value as follows: I (a) for the pameters specified in Table I and in V. for primay treatmenthe maximum number of samples which are lowed to fail the requiments is specified in the table below: Ser,e of s wla aken in MAI Mam penrnid ,mgber any yeaw of aMPle uicfaU to 4-7 1 8-16 2 17-28 3 29-40 4 41-53 S 54-67 6 6841 7 82-95 8 96-110 9 111-125 10 126-140 11 141-155 12 156-171 13 172-187 14 188-203 15 204-219 16 220-235 17 236-251 18 252-268 19 269-284 20 285-300 21 301-317 22 318-334 23 335-350 24 351-365 25 (b) for dte pnameters of Table 1 expressad in concentatons, the filing samples taken under normal operatn conditions must not deviate fm the parmetric values by more ta 100%. For the parametric values in concenaion relating to total spanded solids, deviations of up to 150% may be accepwted; (c) for the parameter specified in Table 2, the annual men of th sawmples for each paramte shall conrm to the relevant prmetic values. J. Sttm vas u fw te watr qualy in qsio nobe tae im coideedtio whsn they an ho rwsl of unud suaton utch as heavy rain. - 92 - ANNEX 6 Atechment 9 Page 4 Table 1: REQUIREME FOR DISCHARGES FROM URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANr I Parametm Concenran M nimum % of reducton f Reference method of mea.uemet bIochemical oxygen 25 mgIl O, 70-90 Hom _genied, unfiltered, undecanted demand (BOD, at 20pC) p. Determination of disolved oygen wihout ntrification 40 under IV. (A) before and afwr 5day incubation at 20'C +t l¢C, In complete darkness. Addition of a nitrificqtida i4fibitor. emcl oxygen 125 mgfi 02 75 Homogenized, unfiltered, undecanted demend (COD) a__ etp Potassium dichromate toal spende wlids 35 mgn 90s - Fiutering of a represeative satple through a 0.45 pum filter membrane. 35 under IV. (A) 90 under IV. (A) Drying at 105-C and wasighinS. (mom tha 10,000 p.e.) (more than 10,000 p.e.) - Centrifuging of a representative sample, (for at least fivu minuts with 60 under TV. (A) 10 under IV. (A) mean aceletration of 2,800 to 3,200 (2OOO-O,000p.e.) Z.-OWl0,O0Op.e.) g.) drying at IOSlC and weighing It h. values for conctation or for percentage of teducton shall apply. 2 Reduction rtion to the lad of the influent. ;L The pametet can be eplaced by another parameter total ogai carbon (rOC) or total oxyge demand (TOD) if a tetaiohip can be efablished between ROD, and te subute paamet. I Thiparamaeris optional. Tabl 2: REQUIREMENT FOR DISCHRGES FROM URBA WAE WATR TREATMENT PLANTS TO SENSITIVE AREAS SUBJECT TO EUrlROPHICATION' P.raeam Concen_ra_on Minimu perenauge Of Reference metod of reduction mesrZn total poorous 2 mAg/ P 80 Molecular absorption (l0,000-lOO,000p.e.) pectroWhotny I MgAIP __ __________________ (more uthan 100,000 p..) _ tot nitrogen IS mg/I P 70480 Molecutar absorption (10,0O-0lOO,OQOp.e.) spectophotomery (Mor tn 100,000 p.O.) J/ One ot both param may be appled depending on th local suation. The vahles for concentation or for percentage of reductio dhl apply. R oductin in reaton to the toad of the bit t Totl nItrogen meam: the aum of totl Keldsh1-nitrogin (ogwaic N + NH), nitate (N1)-nitrogeh and nwate (NO1-nitrogen. jI AJ _nadvely, tke daily avae mt not exceed 20 mgfi N. This requrement refers to a wate temperaue of 12 C or more during the opertion of the biological retor of the wat twatment plant. As a substitute for the condition concernng the te _peratue. it is possibleto apply a limited time of opertion, which tee in account the egional climic conditio. - 93 - ANNEX 6 Attachment 9 Page 5 B. Criteria for identifying sensitive and less sensitive areas A. Sensitive areas 1. Natl freshwater lakes, other freshwater bodies, estuaies and coastal waters which are found to be eutrophic or which in the near future may become eutrophic if protective action is not taken. The following elements might be taken into account when considering which nutrient should be reduced by further treatment: (i) lakes and streams reaching lakes/reservoirs/closed bays which are found to have a poor water exchange, whereby accumulation may take place. In these areas, removing phosphorous should be included unless it can be demonmtrated that the removal will have no effect on the level of eutrophication. Where discharges from large agglomerations are made., removing nitrogen should also be considered; (f) estaies, bays and otier coastal waters which are found to have a poor water exchange, or which receive large quantities of nutrients. Discharges from small agglomerations are usually of minor importance in those areas, but for large agglomerations, removing phosphorous and/or nitrogen should be included unless it can be demonstrted that the removal will have no effect on the level of eutrophication.; 2. Surface freshwaters intended for the abstraction of drinking water which could contain more than the concentation of nitrate laid down under the provisions of the European Communities Directive concening the quality of surface water intendedfor the abstraction of drinlng water in the Member States if action is not taken; 3. Areas where further treatment than that prescribed in this Directive is necessary to fulfill other Council Directives. B. Less sensitive areas ' 1. A marine water body or area where the discharge of waste water does not adversely affect the environment as a result of morphology, hydrology or specific hydraulic conditions which exist in that area. 2. Open bays, estuaries, and other coastal waters with a good water exchange and not subject to eutrophication or oxygen depletion or which are consitdered unlikely to become eutrophic or to develop oxygen depletion due to the discharge of urban waste water. When identifying less sensitive areas, Member States shall take into account the risk that the dishatged load may be transferred to adjacent areas where it can damage the environment. Member Statos shall recogize the presence of sensitive areas outside their national jurisdiction. IIL General Rules A. Disposl 1. Treated water shall be reused whenever appropriate. Disposa routes shall mnme the adverse offects on the emvironment. 1/ M_m 9iSaen mtathe ideficonof seusdt areas s viewed at inaervals no less than four yas ANNEX 6 - 94 ~ Attachment 9 Page 6 2. Competent authorities or appropriate bodies shall ensuro that the disposal of urban waste water from urban waste treatment plants is subject to prior regulations and/or specific authorization. 3. Sludge arising from waste water treatment shall be re-used wherever apptopriate. Disposal shall minimize the adverse effects on the environment. - The disposal of sludge from urban waste water treatment plants must be made subject to general rules or registration or authorization no later than December 31, 1998. - Member States must ensure that no later than December 31, 1998, the disposal of sludge to surface waters is eliminated. Until then, Member States must ensure that the total amount of toxie, persistent or bioaccumulable materials in sludge disposed of to surface waters is licensed for disposal and progressively reduced. B. Industrial waste water 1. Biodegradable industrisJ waste water from plants in sectors listed below wbich does not enter urban waste water treatment plants before discharge to receiving waters must still comply with the regulations or conditions contained in specific authorizations by December 31, 2000 for plants representing 4,000 p.e. or more. * Milk-processing * Manufacture of fruit and ve6etable products * Manufacture and bottling of soft drinks * Potato-processing * Meat industry * Breweries * Production of alcohol and alcoholic beverages = Manufacture of mal feed from plant products * Mancture of gelatine and of glue from hides, skin, and bones * Malt-houses * Frish-processing industry 2. By December 31, 1993, the competent authority or appropriate body in each Member State shall set requirements appropriate to the nature of the industry concerned for the discharge of such waste water. C. Important Deadlines * December 31, 1993 to establish a program for the implementation of this Directive; * June 30, 1994 to provide the C- nmuission with information on the program. n. Exceptios A. Urban waste water discharges to waters situated in high mountain regions (over 1,500 m above sea level) where it is difficult to apply an effective biological treatment due to low tempertur may be subjected to treatment less stringent than that prescribed in I. (B) above, provided that detailed studies indicat that such discharges do not adversely affect the environment. B. Requiremnt for individual plants discharging in sensitive areas" need not apply where the min percentage reduction of the overall load entering all urban waste water treatment plants in that area is at least 75% for total phosphorous and at least 75% for total nitroge _ 95 _ ANNEX 6 Attachment 9 Page 7 C. Urban waste water discharges from agglomerations of between 10,000 and 150,000 population equivalents to coastal wats and those from agglomeraos of between 2,000 and 10,000 population equdvalents to estuaries situated in 'less sensitive areas' may be subject to treatment less stringent thnm that presetibed in I. (B) above, provided that: - such discharges receive at least 'primay teatment3 (defined in section V below) in conformity with the control procedures laid down in 1. (D); comprehensive stiies indicate that such discharges will not adversely affect the environment. D. In exceptional eircumstances, when it can be demonstrted that more advanced treatment will not produce any environmental benefits, discharges into less sensitive areas of waste waters from agglomentions of more than 15,000 p.e. may be subject to the same treatment described above in IV. (C). E. Member States may, in exceptional cases due to technicd problems and for geographically defined population groups, submit a spcia request to the Commission for a longer period for complying with the deadlines specified in I. (B). Ihs request, for which grounds must be specified, shall se. out the tehnical difficulties experienced ad must propose an aetion program with an approprate timetable to be undertaken to implement the objective of this Directive. Only techncal reasons will be accepted and the longer peiod referred to above may not extend beyond December 2005. V. Definitions * wban wat water: dnmestic waste water or a mixure of domestic wamte water with industra waste water and/or run-off rain water. i domcsc we water: waste water from residential settlements md services which originates predominantly from the human metaboliam and from household activities. * detrial wase water: waste water which is discharged from premises used for carrying on any trade or industry, other than domestic waste water and run-off rain water. * agglommon an area where the population and/or economic activities are sufficiently concentrated for urban waste water to be collectd aed conducted w an urban waste water treatment plant or to a final discharge point. * coleing ssem: a system of conduits which collects and conducts urban waste wattr. * 1 pouation eqalent (p.e.): the organic biodegadable load having a five-dy biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 60 g of oxygen a day. * prinary wnen: treatment of urban waste water by a physical and/or chemical process involving settlement of suspended solids, or other prooesses in which the BOD5 of the incoming waste water is reduced by at least 20% before discharge and the tota suspended solids of the incoming waste water are rduced by at leas 50%. ANNEX 6 - 96 - Attachment S Page 8 * sacondary &amait: treatment of wban waste wtr by a process generaly involvig iological tratmt with a seconday soettlment or other process in which the requirements established in Table I are * apprpmpre nwbewt: tatment of urban waste water by any process and/or dipoal system which after dischag allows th receiving waters to moot the rlevant quaity objectives and the ilevant provisons of this and other Community Directives. * Adags. residual shulge, whedher treated or untreated, from urban waste water tratment plants. * arouhioio the enchment of water by nutrients, especialy compounds of itrogen and/or phosphorous, ausng an accelerated growth of algae and high fonms of plant life to produce an underabl' ditubance to the balnce of orgasms present in the water and to the qualiWy of the water concnied. * esuiy: the transitional area at the mouth of a river between fesh watr and coastal water * coal wates: wates outide the low water lin or the outer limit of an esuay. Source: European Communities Directive 911271 (May 21, 1991). Annex 7 Page I Specific Numerical Comprisons of Fonner Soviet Union (FSU) and U.S. Environmental Potection Agenc (EPA) Air Quality Modeling Approhes 1. From a general viewpoint, there are several similarities between the ai-quality modeling approaches developed by the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). First, both systems provide modeling methods that can be employed for preliminawy impact assessment, referred to as screening procedures in the United States. Second, both systems provide*. modeling methods that can be employed for a detailed impact assessment, known as refined modeling procedures. 2. The model system for FSU is przaented in OMD-86 (CCCP, 198;). The FSU approach estimates the maximum 20 minute concentration values (mcluding background) In the vicinity of the enterrise. These concentration values are compared to maximum permissile concentration (MPC) values, which prescribed for each pollutant. Most pollutants have MPC values for the 20-minute avgi time, but in some cases only 24-hour MPC values are prescribed. In such cases, the 20-minute maximum concentrtion estimates are multiplied by 0.1 for comparison to the 24-hour MPC values. 3. A summary of the modeling methods to be employed in the United States is presented in the- Guideline on Air Quality Models (U.S. EPA, 1986). Tlis document prescribes the modeling methods to be employed for situations typically encountered in air-quality assessments. For isolated industrial complexes or enterprises in relatively flat-terrain situations, the EPA modeling system most cften employs two models: SCREEN (U.S. EPA, 1988) and ISC2 (U.S. EPA, 1992). The SCREEN model esdmtes the maximum 1-hour concentraions to be expected in the vicinity of isolated point, area, or volume sources. This is accomplished by simulating the dispersion and resulting concentrationm over a wide range of possible meteorological conditions. Once the maximum 1-hour concentration is obtained, scaing facrs are employed for providing worst-case estimates of maximum concentation values for 3, 24, and annul aweraging times; respectively, these are 0.9, 0.4 and 0.08. These 3-hour, 24-hour, and annual concmtraion esdmates are then compared to air-quality standards. If the etimated concentration values are greater than the air-quality standards, then a refined analysis is to be performed using the ISC2 model. The ISC2 model employs hourly meteorological data, either from representative National Weather Service (NWS) observation stations or from hourly meteorological data collected on-site specifically for the modeling analysis. If NWS data is employed, the analysis is performed using 5 years of meteorological data. If on-site data is employed, the analysis is performed typically using one year of meteorological data. 4. Even though there are similarities in the two systems, there are reasons to believe that the two modeling systems may result in different assessments of air-quality impact. Whereas the FSU model attempts to simulate maximum 20-minute concentration values, the EPA models attempt to simulate maximum 1-hour concentration values. All other factors being equal, one would anticipate 20-minute maximum concentrations to be approximately 25% higher than 1-hour maximum concentrtion values (Turner, 1969). The FSU system was constructed to provide maximum 20-minute concenaion impacts, whereas the U.S. system was constructed to provide maximum 1-hour concentration values which are used to estimate 3-hour, 24-hour, and annual concentration values. The - - ~~~~~~~~Annex 7 Page 2 FSU system compares the simulated maximum concentration value (icluding background) with an MPC value, which is a maximum value never to be exceeded at any location outside of the Sanitary Protection Zone (SPZ) over the time period of the modeling analysis. Details are presented in OMD-86 for calculatdg the SPZ. Typically, the zone extends from 300 to 1000 meters (m) outwad from each source, depending on the technology employed by the enterprise. The U.S. system compares the modeled 3-hour, 24-hour, and annual concentration values with air-quality standards for the respective averaging times which are maximum values never to be exceeded more than once at any one location outside of the facility property line over the time period of the modeling analysis. Although some embellishments have been made through the yeAms, the U.S. modeling system is based on the Gaussian plume model introduced by F. Pasquill In 1961, and popularized by Turner (1969). In contrast, the FSU system has summarized results from several research studies as a series of engineering formulas. Although the FSU has the apperawce in some cases of yielding results similar to the U.S. models, there are inherent differences resulting from how the models are fabricated. 5. In the following sections, we explore some of the differences in the modeling systems resltg both from differences in the model algorithms and from differences in the manner the modeling resut are used !n the context of air-quality assessments. Comparisons between algorithms 6. Both the FSU and the U.S. modeling systems provide techniques for handling pollutant impacts on large tain feares. In addition, both modeling systems provide techniques for charcterbng dispersion in the near vicinity of isolated buildings. In handling effects of buildings (solated or multiple), the FSU system treats in deta the various circulation zones created by the wind as t passes by a building. Tne EPA models address to some extent building orientation to the wind, but not to the lvel of detail found in the FSU model. The FSU system provides specific ihstuctions for characrIzIg dispersive effects arising from clusters of buildings; the EPA models only address buildings in the vey near vicinity of the sources being modeled. In the following discussion, we have restricted the comparisons to simple situations, one point source in flat terrain. Table 1: Emission c wactetcs for eaumple case with a 35 m stack hIgt |_Stack height 35 m Stack outlet diameter 1.4 m Gas-air emission velocity 7 mis Gas-air emission temperature 125 C Surrounding air temperature 25 C SO, emission rate 12 g/s Bd arus climate factor 200 -99 - Annex 7 Page 3 7. In Figure 1 a comparison of concentration esfimates derived using the FSU model for an isolated elevated point source with a stack height of 35 m and an SQ emission rate of 12 gsis shown. The source cracercs are listed in Table 1. They were taken from the first example problem in OMD-86 with the one dhange of seting the climate fato to 250. This is the highest value suggested for the FSU climate factor and results in the highest concentration estimates. The maximum concentration for the source modeled was achieved with a modeled wind speed of 2.2 mls. The results shown for wind speeds of 1, 5, and 10 m/s are consistendy less than those found for a wind speed of 2.2 m/s. Figures 2 and 3 provide results comparing the FSU and SCREEN modeling concentration estimates. 8. In Figure 2 is shown a comparison of the SCREEN results using rural and urban dispersion parameters for the source modeled in Figure 1. Also shown on Figure 2 are the FSU r.'sults for a wind speed of 2.2 m/s. The FSU estimated 20-minute concentration values are greater than the SCREEN 1- hour concentration values. In Figure 3 is shown a comparison of th SCREEN results using rural dispersion parmeters for a 150 m stack height. The source characteristics are typical of that which would be expected from a major power piant producing 900 MW of power using oil as fuel, see Table 1 and surrounding discussion. The SO% emission rate in this case is 1335 gls. The interesting feature to note Is that the SCREEN estimated concentrations are considerably higher than those estimated using the FSU model. 9. To investiate this further, a sensitivity study was conducted using the emission carctedstics of the 35 m and 150 m stacks while letting the stack height range from 10 m to 200 m. The results are summarized in Figures 4 and 5. The ratio formed by dividing the FSU maximum concenation value by the SCREEN maximum concentration value are greater than one (the dashed line in Fgure 4) for stack heights less than 100 m. Likewise, the ratio formed by dividing the FSU distance downwind to the maximum concetation by the SCREEN distance to the maximum concentration iq less than one for the lower stack heigbts, but soon is greater than one for stack heights above 50 m. 10. The systematic differences seen in Figures 2 through 5 in the simulated maximum concenation values and distances downwind to the maximum concentration likely reflect differences in the treatment of vertical dispersion in the two models. The simulated vertical dispersion in the SCREEN model appear. to be larger than that simulated within the FSU model. Thus, as stack height increase, the SCREEN model's larger vertical dispersion causes the simulated maximum concentration to be closer than ta simulated by the FSU model, resulting in higher estimated 1-hour concentration values than the 20-minute conenration values simulated by the FSU model. 11. The investigation conducted is of a preliminary nature and limited in scope. More comprehensive studies would be needed to filly appreciate the reasons for the differences seen In the simulated results. If the findings are confirmed, then one might anticipate that use of the FSU model within the FSU regulatory program for low level releases (below 75 m or so) would result in more stringent emission limits than use of the SCREEN model in the same circumstnces. And for higher releases (above 100 m or so), just the reverse would be expected. For elevated releases, one would anticipate more stringent emission limits using the SCREEN model within the FSU regulatory assessment program tha from using the FSU model. - 100 - Annex 7 Page 4 Comparisos betwee applkations 12. As mentioned before, the methodoogies employed to usess pollutant impacts differ. In the following discussion, we use the example of an oil-fired 900 MW power generaon enterprise, wis to locate in an area In Table 2 are given the source emission charactistcs. The emission charactistics were developed assuming use of oil having 2.8% SO2 by weight and yielding 9500 K cal/kg. Asseomt In FSU 13. Ihe stack height of 150 m is considered a normal height for such facilities in FSU. It is sufficiendy high that the building would be expected to have no efect on the simulated conceions. It sI worth noting that the procedues for handling building efects outlined in OMD-86 are considered recommendations, not requirements. Hence, in FSU, it is common practice to not consider building ects in the analyses. 14. Shown in Figure 3 are the results that would be esimated using the FSU model. The MPC for SO2 is .500 mg/m3. The estiated maximum concention is .407 mg/m3 at a distance of 3 km from the stack. Under the assessment procedu oudined in OMD486, a background concentration would have to be added to the simulated concentraion values befpre comparison can be made with the MPC value. For a new enteaprise, the background concentraton can be obtained using monitoing data in the vicinity of the site chose for the location of the enrprs. The backgouAd value is detemined to be the 20- minute concentration value that is exceeded by only 5% of the observations. Typically 5 years of monitoring data are used. 15. In this example, the ratio of the simuated maximum conceation plus a background concentation is 1.2. To lower the concentrations below the MPC, wet scrubbers could be installed. In FSU, this technology Is typically 80% effective In removig SQ. Using wet scrubbers, the estimated maxinmm concentrion, including the background, divided by the MPC is 0.6, well below the MPC. 16. The next step in the FSU modeling assment would be to define the SPZ. For an oil-fired power plant the wrmal SPZ is 300 m. The circle of 300 m radius about the stack would be adjusted to be accord with the annual wind rose, using L' = Lo (P/Po) () where L' is the adjusted distance, measured outward from the source, Lo is the normal SPZ value (300 m is this case), P is the repoted frequency of occurrence for the wind direction (typically an eight point compass is used to define the anmial wind rose), and To is the fequency of occrrenc for a circulat wind rose (12.5% for an eight point compass). L' is restricted to be w less dunLo in any direction. CH 245l is to be used to defne Lo. Ihis is the accepted procedure and differs with OMD-86 in the mamnn in which Lo is to be defined. - 101 - Annex 7 Pag 5 Table 2. Emission dcaracterisls for a oilfired power production fadlity. (It is assumed that the planned site is to be somewhere in Belarus having relatively flat terrain.) Stack height 150 Im Stack outlet diameter 12.6 m Gas-air emission velocity 10.7 m/s Gas-air emission tempeature. 140 C Surouing air temperatue 6 C SO2 emission rate 3295 g/s Building height 50 m Building width 100 m Building length 200 m Stack location Midway down length of building, 230 m away i_______ ._______ ________ from the buflding. 20-Minute 0.2 mg/m3 Background (95-th percentile) Belarus climate factor 160 17. The example discussed is fairly simple. A complicating factor might be synergistic effects. If Vanadium were presen in the background or in the emissions, the analysh would be altered as Vanadium and SO2 are considered to adversely affect human health in synergistic fashion, according to ???? REP. When pollutant mixtures are deemed to have synergistic effects, a normalized combined concentration, q, is computed: q = C1IMPCI + C2/MPC2 ... Cn/MPCn (2) where Cl, C2, ...Cn are the pollutants deemed to have synergistic effects and MPCI, MPC2, ... MPCn are the MPC values for the respective pollutants. In order to meet FSU air quality stdards, q must be less or equal to I at all locations outside of the SPZ. Assessment In United States 18. The peak SO2 concentration shown in Figure 3 for the SCREEN model is 1.068 mg/m3 at a distance of 1.34 km downwind from the source. Just as in the FSU analysis, a background concentraion hat is appropriate for each averaging time must included. In a real case, these would be deterined using monitoring data in the vicinity of the proposed location of the enterprise. The backgon concentration should represent the maximum value expected for each averaging time. - 102 - Annex 7 Page 6 19. lbe screening estimates of maximum 3-hour, 24-hour, and anmual average SO% concentation values are shown in Table 3 along with the respective U.S. S% air-quality standards. Also lited are the assumed background concentration values. Table 3. Screnng Estmates of S% impact. AVeraging Screening Assuned Total Air Qualiy DIme Estmae Background (mghn3) Standard (mgWm3) (m.tdm3) (mg)n3) 3-hour .961 .16 1.12 1.300) 24-hour .427 .06 .487 .365 Annual .085 .01 .095 .080 The screening estimates of maximum concentration values for each averaging tine are greater than the air-quality standard for the 24-hour and the annual averaging times. 20. For the purposes of illustrating the use of the ISC2 model, one year of NWS hourly surface data from New Haven, Connecticut and NWS mixing height data from Albany, New York were procssed as if they were collected in Belarus. The longitude was set to -30 degrees East and the latitude to 50 degrees North. The lesults of the ISC2 analysis are summarized in Table 4. It is worth nodng that the simulation results listed are those to be compared to the standard, which are the second-highest SQ0 concentration values simulated at each location in the analysis. Table 4. Summary of ISC2 simulation results. Averaging ISC S02 value Assumed Total (mghn3) U.S. Air Qualty lime (mgl3) Background Standard (mg/m3) (mg/m3) 3-hour .194 .16 .354 1.300 24-hour .039 .06 .099 .365 Annual .002 .01 .012 .080 21. From the results presented in Table 4, one might conclude that the source in this example would meet air-quality standards in the U.S. However, there are several features within the U.S. assessment program which have not been introduced into this example. The stack height is above Good Engineering Practice (GEP) guidelines. To meet GEP, the stack should be no greater than 2.5 times the height of the building. In this case, the GEP stack height would be 125 m. Under the rules governing the performance of new source, all new enterises must use the best available control equipment. In this case, the power plant facility would be required to use the best available control technology for rediuction of SQ emissions. -103 - Annex 7 Page 7 Under the rules governing the Prevendon of Significant Deterioration (PSD), there are special conditions for new sources of pardculate matter and S2, when the proposed location is within un area that has been designated as being in attainment or is unclassified. Besides meeting the air-quality standards, listed in Table 4, a new soure canmot add more than the increments listed in Table 5 for particulate matter and S%. The ISC2 SO2 values listed in Table 4, without background, are all below the increments listed in Table 5; hence, this source would be in compliaz.ce with the rles governing PSD. 22. As a consequence of the above mentioned conditions, the proposed power plant would be required to use best available control technology for reduction of emissions of SQ, and a stack height of 125 m would be employed. Table S. Maimum alowable Increase In pwrticulate and SO conetration values in attainment and unclassified areas. Pauiculate Mater 24-hour maximum .037 mg/m3 Annual avere .019 mglm3 Sulfur Di7de (SO) 3-hour maximum .325 mglm3 24-hour maximum .091 mg/m3 A.ual average .020 mg/mZ - 104 - Annex 7 Page 8 Refencas CCCP., 1986: Meto....(description of FSU dispersion model) .... OMD-86. 93pp. Turner, D.B., 1969: Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates. PHS Publication No. 999-AP- 26. U.S. Environmental Protion Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, 84pp. U.S. EPA., 1992: User's Guide For the Industrial Source (ISC2) Dispersion Models, Volume 1 - User Instructions. EPA-450/4-92-008a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality !launing and Standards, Research Trlwgle, Park, NC, 27711, pp 276. U.S. EPA., 1988: Screening Procedures For Estimating The Air Quality Impact Of Stationary Sources. EPA450/4-88-010. U.S. Envirornental Protection Agency, Office .f Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, 145 pp. U.S. EPA., 1986: Guideline On Air Quality Models (Revised). EPA-450/2-78-027R. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, ",C, 27711, 25O pp. Annex 7 - 105 - Pap 9 250.00 Comporison of EPA SCREEN with FSU model. 0 L.~~~~, C~~~~ '. C) C 50.00 * o () . 0.00 r * * S S S 5 5 5 S S * I - S * S S S S S * S S I S S 5 0.00 1 000.660 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 Downwind Distance (m) Figue 1. Comparison of FSU and SCREEN centerine concenion estimaes for the source listed in Table 1 for ground-level recepto. 'Me FSU resolts are the dashed line wi symbols. The SCREEN results for urban dispersion parame are the solid line and the SCREEN results for nrual dispersion pameters are the dashed line with no symbols. -106- ~~~~~~~~Annex?7 -106 - Page 10 Single Stock Example. 1200.00 Stock Height is 150 m * 1000.00 E N 800.00 a 600.00 +- 400.00 o C: ci / Q) o 200.00 / .- . / - 0.00 ....... 0.00 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 Downwind Distance (m) Figure 2. Comparison of FSU and SCREEN centerline concentration esmas for the source listed in Table 2 for ground-level receptors. The FSU results are the dashed line. The SCREEN results for rural parameters are the solid line with symbols. Annex 7 Page 11 -107 - FSU Sensitivity Analysis. Wind Speed Effects 250.00 * 200.00 100 " *** 2.2 m/s f ,' \ \ \eo 1.0 m/s - ,R 000 5.0 mls 100.00 -I WW aL 10. m 50.00 , 0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 Downwind Distance (m) Figure 3. Senitvy analysis results comparing the FSU concentration esdmates for the source listed in Table I for several wind speeds. - 108 -Ann7 Page 12 2 Q 0 "-10- 0 E :D x - - -o - -; - a 0.00 50.00 1 00.00 1 50.00 200.00 Stack Height (m) FWur 4. Compulson of the maimum concentions estimated SCREEN and FSU mondes for thie Table I source (squares) and thie Table 2 source (circles) for diffe¢ee assumed stack heights. Annex 7 -109 - Page 13 uJ x 0 C) :D U)- -- -- - (II x a E 0.00 50o.00 100.00 150.00 20000 Stock Height (m) Fgure S. Comparison of the distance downwind to the maximum concentations esfimaed SCREEN and FSU models for the Table 1 source (squares) and the Table 2 source (citcles) for different assumed stack heights. -110 - ANNEX 8 Page 1 Air Polution Alert and Waring 1. For selected pollutants, an example of the levels which could be used in an alert-waning system might be as follows: Stage |One Hour Awrage Polluw Concentrton - L ~~~~co S°2 °3 1 < 10,000 < 1,300 <235 2 > 10,000 > 1,300 >235 3 > 17,000 > 1,870 >400 4 >34,000 >3,730 >800 5 >46,000 >4,990 > 1,000 2. The intpretation of the stages is provided below. The syquem would have to include an acion plan to be implemented by the local governments aided by the media and the Regional Inspectorates. Stage 1 - No adverse short term impacts are expected. Stage 2 - Effects include mild aggravation of symptoms in susceptible persons and irritation symptoms in the healthy population. Persons with existing heart or respiratory ailments should reduce physical exertion and outdoor s. ,ivities. Stage 3 - Effects include t ignificant aggravation of symptoms and decreased exercise tolerance in persons with heart or lung disease. Widespread irritation symptoms in the healthy population. Elderly people and those with existing heart or lung disease should stay indoors and reduce physical activity. Stage 4 - Effects include premature onset of certain diseases in addition to significant aggravation of symptoms and decreased exercise tolerance in healthy persons. The general population should avoid outdoor activity. Stage 5 - Effects would include premature death of ill and elderly persons. Healthy people will experience adverse symptoms that affect their normal activity. All persons sould remain indoors, keeping windows and dooks closed. All persons should minimize physical exerion. - 111 - ANNEX 9 Page l Water Quality Modeling 1. The purpose of water-quality modeling is to reproduce in time and space the distribution of various substances given various discharges. The model can be used to analyze past data and present conditions, and to predict and project future conditions. Water-quality models assist in the design of monitoring programs and the establishment of wastewater treatment requirements and permit limitations. Given a set of water-quality standards or criteria, a model can anatyze alternate engineering solutions to achieve these criteria. 2. The basic water-quality modeling analysis describes the relationship between the transport of mass trough a water volume and the various sources and sinks of mass within the water volume. The equations use the principles of conservation of mass and mass balance of a substance. Simply stated, the change in concentration of mass divided by the change in time equals volume of water times the flux rate plus the summation of the sinks and sources of the mass. A. Wastewater discharges 3. Municipal discharges can be characterized by different treatment levels with various BOD, and ammonia as nitrogen (NH4-N) levels: Secondary treatment = BODS of 30 mg/l and NH4-N of 20 mg/I. Advanced Secondary = BODs of 20 mg/I and NH4-N of 10 mg/I. Advanced Treatment = BOD5 of 10 mg/i and NH4-N of 2 - 5 mg/I. Tertiary treatment = BOD5 of 5 mg/l and NH4-N of 1 - 2 mg/I. Each type of industrial discharge has its own characteristic BOD5 and NH4-N that must be determined by effluent monitoring. 4. Wastewater treatment systems are usually designed in terms of BOD5 and NH4-N; however, the dissolved oxygen equation uses ultimate carbonaceous BOD (CBOD.) and ultimate nitrogenous BOD (NBODP) as the oxygen demanding terms. To convert BODs to CBOD,&, a long-term BOD analysis should be completed. Based on numerous long-term BOD analyses, some generalizations have been made: for secondary wastewater plants, CBOD,& = BOD3 * 1.5; for advance wastewater plants, CBOD,, = BODs * 2.0; and for Industrial dischargers, the ratio factor may vary from 1.5 to 4.0 and on up with textile mills and pulp and paper mills having vary high ratios. For NH,-N, stoichiometry yields an equation of NBOD, = NH4-N * 4.57. B. Drainage basin or watershed characterization 5. Tempeature. High temperattres that occur in summer and fall are the most critical in that they affect the rate coefficients of istream reactions and the saturation value of dissolved oxygen. Critical temperature values can be determined from Hydromet long-term monitoring. A 95 percent exceedance high monthly temperature is a good modeling assumption. - 112 - ANNEX9 Page 2 6. Natural Background Quality - BODs, NEI-N, D.O. and suspended solids. These parameters can be determined from the existing Hydromet monitoring data. Again, the BOD5 and NH4-N must be converted to CBOD,,, = BOD5 * 1.5 and NBODa = NH4-N * 4.57. Freshwater flow provides dilution of the wastewater discharge and determinas the instream velocity which ifluences many other instream coefficients. 'he low flow period is usually the critical period and this usually occurs in late summer or early fall. In the United States, the normal low flow statistic is the 7 consecutive day average low flow that occurs once every 10 years (7QI0). The 7QI0 flow provides adequate protection for the biological integrity of the receiving stream under mos, flow conditions. Tne 7QI0 flow can be determined from daily stream flow data collected at hydrologic flow measuring stations or can be estimated by using drainage area ratios from gage stations flow divided by drainage area to unmeasured drainage area. 7. -Me Belorussian procedures use the 95% monthly low flow. 'ltis low flow will not provide adequate protection for the biologic integrity of the receiving stream. Further investigations of adequacy of 95% monthly flow should be completed to further substantiate this conclusion. S. Stream Channel and Bed Characteristics - channel geometry such as velocity, width, depth and length. These parameters can be measured in the field or from detailed contour maps of the area. Some basic relationships can be expressed as: Velocity = a * flow A b Depth = c * flowA d Width = e * flow A f withb + d + f= 1 anda*ce 1. Velocity and flow can be plotted as a straight line on log - log paper with the slope being b and the x intercept being a. 9. Hydromet stations have data for both flow and velocity, and for the first estimate of the velocity flow relationship, these data can be plotted and the a and b values determined. Width or depth have to be measured instream. Time of travel data can also be obtained using various conservative tracers and/or florescent dyes. C. Instream Reacton Rates 10. Kd = instream ultimate carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) removal rate is a first-order rate expressed in units of 1/day. (All rates are given in base e logs.) Ihese rates range from 0.1 to 1.0 per day and determine how much of the CBOD,, is removed as the wasteload proceeds downstream. An easy way to visualize the removal rate process is illustrated by the following example: if the Kd rate is 0.31day, then during each day when the waste travels downstream, 30 percent of the CBODd, is removed. Based on data collected in the United States the following default Kd rates are good assumptions. For instream CBOD", of > 15 mg/I, Kd = 0.6/day; instream CBOD, < 15 mg/I but > 7 mg/I Kd = 0.4 mgll; and instream CBOD* < 7 mg/i, Kd = 0.3/day. 11. Kn = instream nitrogenous BOD (NBOD,& = NH4-N * 4.57) removal rate is expressed in units of l/day. Kn is also a first-order rate and its value can range from 0.1 to 2.0 /day. Estimations for large - 113 - ANNEX 9 pagr3 deep streams are Kn = 0. I/day; for medium and small streams with no rocks, Kn = 0.31day; and fr rocky shallow streams, Kn = 0.5/day. 12. 'a = stream reaeration rate, the rate at which dissolved oxygen is transferred into water from the atmosphere, equals units are 1/day. Althought there are many equations by which to estimate Ka values, the one best for Belorussian streams may be the O'conner-Dobbins equation-Ka = XX * [velocity A 0.51]ldepth ^ 0.5S. 13. Ks = Sediment oxygen demand (SOD), units in grams D.O. removed per liter per meter squared. Values range from 0.5 to 4.0 grams of 02/meter squared/day with the higher values associated with mud and high organic stream bottoms. P and R Photosynthesis and respiration from algal activity is expressed in mg/I. Unless there is a strong diurnal D.O. measured instream, this term is usually not used. D. Dissolved Oxyg equation 14. Instream D.O. = D.O. Saturation - D.O. Deficit. D.O. Deficit = Function (nstram D.O., CBOD,*, NBOD,,, SOD, PIR, Velocity, Flow, etc.). 15. The Svisloch river example. The Svisloch river originates north of Minsk, flows through the city of Misk, receives the city stormwater discharge and wastewater effluent, then proceeds 200 kilometers downstrem to Lake Osipovichi, a run-of-river impoundment, and to the mouth. The river is 297 kilometers long with a watershed size of 5160 square kilometers. Lake Osipovichi is a man-made reservoir 27 kilometers long, approximately 5 meters deep, and 50 meters wide. There are 5 Hydromet water-quality monitoring stations located on the River: (t) Headwaters of Svisloch near village Khmelevka; (ii) 1.5 kilometers upstream of Minsk; 8iii) 0.5 kilometers downstream Minsk wastewater discharge; Cv) 10 kilometers downstream Minsk wastewater discharge; and (v) Near mouth of Svisloch at Village Svisloch. 16. The monitoring sttions are located at approximate River Kilometers OX) 280, 270, 260, 250 and 5, with RK-0 being the mouth. Each Hydromet station measures up to 85 various parameters: 3 informational; 4 hydrodynamic (flow, velocity); 40 conventional parameters; 16 metals; and 22 other toxics. These are compiled yearly in an annual Hydromet chemical report along with more than II monitoring stations in Belorussian waters. These data are only used for the developmant of wastewater discharge permits. In addition, biological sampling-three types of water column algal sampling and one set of macro-invertebrate data collection-is completed at many of the water-quality stations. These data are also published annually in very limited copies and are not used for any pollution reduction or water- quality management decisions. 17. Anmnal Water-Quality Indexes are developed by Belarus frm both chemical and biological data The chemical index is limited to six parameters and may not reflect the actual water quality, while biological indices are calculated for each of the four categories and are a better indicator of water quality. It is not clear how or if the water-quaity indices are used for any purpose. Furthermore, becuse the - 114 - ANNEX 9 Page 4 locations of the chemica sampling stations, the chemical indices are not an adequate reflection of the overall water quality in the river. 18. For the summer months recorded, May through September 1985 to 1991, some of the data from the five Hydromet water-quality sions were analyzed. lhe Minsk wastewater discharge is located between stations 3 and 4. The data demonstated that flow and total nitrogen content increased subsltally below the wastewater discharge and D.O. decreases. Analyses were conducted at specific stations to examine how water-quaity parameters vary with time. Trends of D.O. and flow at e station 10 klfometers below Mmsk indicate a downward trend of D.O. and upward trend of flow. These trends could be linked to the increase of flow from the Minsk wastewater discharge. There was a significant downward trend of D.O. at the mouth of the Svisloch River. This could be related either to the Minsk wastewater discharge or to increases in non-point source loads, or to dhe combination of both, and probably reflects the trend of degenerating water quality in Lake Osipovichi. 19. Further examination of the effect of the Minsk waeater discharge was conducted using a water- quality model. The US Environmental Protection Agency-supported QUAL2E model was used to examine the wastewater diseharge impacts on D.O. levels in Svisloch river between Minsk and the river's mouth. Summer 1989 data were used to set up the Svisloch River QUAI2E model since additional downstream data were available due to a special 1989 water-quality study conducted by Hydromet. lhe following model input parameters were incorporated into the model: Headwater conditions: Flow = 8 cms; D.O. = 7 mgl/; BOD, = 4 mg/I; BOD1, 6 mg/I; .monia as N = 0.1 mg/I. W9te* discharge point source loads: Minsk Stormwater Discharge - Flow = 5 cms; D.O. = 6 mg/l; BODs = 10 mg/i; BOD, = 15 mg/I; Ammonia as N = 5 mg/. MiDsk Wastewater discharge - Flow = 8 cms; D.O. = 6 mg/l; BOD, =37 mg/I; BOD,& 50 mg/I; Ammonia as N = 15 mg/I Point source data estimates were based on review of Hydromet and City of Minsk wastewater data reports and files. - 115 - ANNEX Page S Instram ki ctls: Carbonaceous BODa decay rate assumed to = .3/day; Ammonia Nitrogen decay rate assumed to = 0.2/day; SOD and P/R rates assumed to be zero; Average summer water temperature = 20 degrees C. Instream Hydrodynandls: Flow based on average Hydromet flow data; Velocity flow relationships were developed from velocity and flow Hydromet data, 1985 - 1991. 20. FIgure 1 shows the projected D.O., ultimate BOD (BODe), and Ammonia as N levels. The instream D.O. indicates relatvely good levels at the Hydromet sampling locations but shows poor D.O. levels for a 200-kilometer stretch below the City of Minsk. 'he model results are confirmed with existig available data. The modeled D.O. levels of 3 to 3.5 mg/l near Lake Osipovichi match well with those measured during the 1989 special study. In addition, the Hydromet chemical and biological ratings of the Svisloch river reveal the lower river to be in poor condition. 21. The Svisloch river model was also run for summer 1988 and 1991 conditions. An examination of the model indicated that the main contributor t low D.O. levels during the summer was the Minsk waswater dischge. 22. A predictive low flow summer condition Svisloch river model was also set up to detemine what Minsk wastewater discharge treatment levels are needed to meet the D.O. standard of 6 mgAl or higher. The 1989 model was used with a headwater low flow of 2.5 cubic meters per second (cms) and reduced incmenta inflows (the 2.5 cms was determined by Hydromet as the 95 percent monthly low flow). Based on the predictive model, wastewater discharge limis of BOD5 = 15 mg/I and Ammonia-N = 5 mg/I are needed to meet the D.O. stadard (see Figure 2). 23. Dissolved Oxygen violations will continue to occur and water quality will continue to degrade in the Svistoch river, downstream of Minsk, unless more stringent effluent limits are met Based on the water-quality modeling analyses presented in this study, summer dissolved oxygen violations will be common during low and average stream-flow occurrences. Svisloch River - Descriptive Model Summer 1989 mg/I 25 20 -_ _ 5 _t ~Ammonia-N X,> / ~~Dissolved yg= 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s 270 250 230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 60 30 10 0 Kilometers above mouth 4$ Location of Minsk Wastewater Treatment Plant D.O. -i-BODult -~-Ammonia-N Svisloch River - Predictive Model Summer Low Flow Conditions mg/i 14 12- 10 _ |BODult 10 8- 6 - 4 2 - 0 X i i T 270 260 230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10 0 Kilometers above mouth * Location of Minsk Wastewater Treatment Plant D.O. + BODult -4 Ammonia-N Assumption: Minsk Wastewater Discharge Limits: BOD6 - 16 mg/I, Ammonia-N * 6 mg/l - 118 - Annex I Page 1 of 2 Risk Assessment 1. Despite the fact that risk assessment has become a subject that has been extensively discussed in recent years, many of the tms do not have 'standard' definitions. Currently, ecological risk assessment methods are being developed, but, in the past, risk assessments have been performed largely to estimate effects on humans. The following discussion and description of terms, therefore, focuses on human health risk assessments, although a parallel discussion would apply to assessments of ecological impacts.' Risk Assem t and Risk Management 2. Risk assessment is defined as the characterization of the potential adverse health effects of human exposures to environmental hazards. Risk assessmens iclude several elements: description of the potenti adverse health effects based on an evaluation of the epidemiologic, clinical, toxicologic, and environmental research; extrapolation from those results to predict the type and estimate the tent of health effes in humans under given conditions of exposure; judgments as to the number and characteristics of persons exposed at various intensities and durations; and summary judgments on the existence and overall magnitude of the public health problem. Risk assessment also includes characization of the uncertainties inherent in the process of inferring risk. 3. The term risk assessment' is often given narrower and broader meanings. For some, the term iS synonymous with quantitative risk assessment and emphasizes reliance on mnmerical results. The definition used here includes quantification, but also includes qualitative expressions of risk. Quan ve estimates of risk are not always feasible, and in certain circumstances may not be desireable. 4. Risk management is the process of evaluating alternative regulatory and non-regulatory actions and selecting among them. Risk management, which is usually carried out by governmental agencies under varous legislative mandates, is a decision-making process that entails consideration of political, social, economic, and engineering information with risk-related information to develop, analyze, and compare options and to select the appropriate response to a potential health hazard.The selection process necessarily requires the use of value judgments on such issues as the acceptability of risk and the reasonableness of the costs of control. Steps in Risk Asessment 5. Risk assessment can be divided into four major steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. A risk assesment might stop with the first step, hazard identification, if no adverse effect is found or if an agency elects to take action wihout further analysis, for reasons of policy or statutory mandate. 6. Of the four steps, hazard identification is the most easily recognized. It is defined as the t Excerpted from 'Ris Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process"; National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 1983 - 119 - AMn 1I Page 2 of 2 process of determining whether exposure to an agent can cause an increase in the inciuence of a health condition (cancer, birth defect, etc.). It involves characterizing the nature and strengt of the evidence of caumson, i.e., it answers the question: *Does the agent cause the adverse effect?". 7. Dose-response assessment is the process of characterizing the relation between the dose of an agent administered or received and the incidence of an adverse health effect in exposed populations and estmating the incidence of the effect as a function of human exposure to the agent. It take account of intensity of exposure, age pattern of exposure, and possibly oth6- vatiables that might afect response such as sex, lifestyle, and other modifying factors. A dose response assessment often requires extrapolation from high to low dose and extrapolation from animals to humans. A dose- response assessment describes and justifies the methods of extrapclation used to predict incidence and characterizes the statistical and biologic uncertainties in these methods. It answers the question: IWh& Ls the relationship between dose and incidence in humans?". 8. Exposure assessment is the process of measuring or estimating the intensity, frequency, and duraion of hunman exposures to an agent currently or previously present in the environment or of estimang hypothetical exposures that might arise from the release of new chemicals into the environment. In its most complete form, it describes the magnitude, duration, schedule, and roue of exposure; the size, nature, and classes of the human populations exposed; and the uncerinties in all estimates. Exposure assessment is often used to identify feasible prospective control options and to predict the effects of available control technologies on exposure. It answers the question: "What exposures we currenty experienced or anticipated under different conditions?". 9. Risk cton is the process of estimating the incidence of a health effect under the various conditions of human exposure described in exposure assessment. It is performed by combining the exposure and dose-response assessments. 'Me summary effects of the uncerainties in the preceding steps are described in this step. It answers the question: "What is the estmabed incidence of the adverse effect in a given population?". - 120 - ANNEX 11 Page 1 CentraUized Haardous Waste Management Feasibiity Study: Terms of Referenee Introduction 1. Belarus is considering the possibility of siting regional fixed-base hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (rSDFs) in each oblast of the country. However, Belarus recognizes that a centralized hazardous waste TSDF may be more feasible. Belvtorresurs, the commercial company of the Ministry of Resources which is charged with evaluating this project, has done considerable work in gathering data and evaluating preliminary possibilities in cooperation with the Belarus-Italian joint venture, Fin-Trade. The plan for regional TSDFs is subject to consideration of data being gathered that show that 30% to 50% of industrial waste generation in Belarus comes from the Minsk Oblast. 2. Decision makers in Belarus have begun considering the possibility of siting a centralized hazardous waste TSDF in the Minsk Oblast, with smaller pre-treatment or transfer facilities serving the remaining oblasts. However, a significant obstacle to centralized TSDFs has been the probable local opposition to siting a hazardous waste TSDF in one oblast to serve the needs of other oblasts. However, a solution to this potential problem has been presented by the imminent freeing of former strategic rocket bases in Belarus. The use of abandoned military bases as venues for centralized TSDFs would circumvent the problem of local opposition. Bases are being abandoned as part of the program of military retrenchsient and removal of strategic missile assets to Russia and the Belarus Ministry of Defense has made clear that it is very interested in returning these bases to useful civilian service. 3. The Postavy Base in the Minsk Oblast is a particularly attractive venue for a centralized hazardous waste TSDF, offering a large buffer space from civilian populations and highly relevant infrastructure to support safe operation of a centralized TSDF. Sites such as these are owned by the federal goverment, are well away from civilian populations, provide as much as 200 ha of land, and are equipped with infrastructure such as railheads, heavy-duty roads, reinforced storage and housing structures, emergency power, and heavy-duty electrical supply. 4. A centralized hazardous waste TSDF could operate on a profitable basis in Belarus since there is no other facility treating hazardous waste in the country; however, a thorough analysis of the specific waste types, amounts to be generated, generator locations, and treatability of waste types is necessary to ensure that resources, both Belorussian and international, are utilized efficiently in the management of industrial hazardous wastes. 5. Future TSDFs must be capable of safe processing of PCB and TCDD-dioxin as well as a wide range of hazardous industrial waste, especially sludge containing heavy metals. Subordinate operations such as transfer stations or pre-treatment facilities need to be identified and evaluated. It should be noted that, if financially feasible, multiple free-standing facilities may be the best solution for Belarus. - 121 - A4NEX 11 Page 2 6. Belorussian draft environmental regulations1 place a heavy emphasis on recyclin,, and this must he incorporated into plans for any facility. At minimum, the systemn or faclity wiil need to consider high temperature incineration, and physical-chemical treatment, and secre landfdling, collection, transport, and storage. 7. Recycled industrial waste s' a potential source of additional funds. Recyclable resources that arrive at the centralized T1SDF or that result from treatment of beneficiation can be sold. It is difficult to estimate the income potential of recyclables, but a conservative estimate would be that 10 percent of the operating costs could be covered through sales of recyclables. Given the very strong commitment to recycling in Belarus, this percentage could go much higher. It is well established that an international market exists for selected recycle materials (e.g. high-metals-content raw, dewatered metal plating sludge, or metals sludge that have been treated to recapture non-ferrous metals as cement or carbonates). Although there are innumerable types of hazardous waste that can be recycled, following are some that have a good track record in specific documented recycling applications: * non-ferrous metals * ferrous chloride (useable as wastewater treatment chemical) 3 paint e acetylene production sludges (useable for wuastewater treatment) v dewatered hydrocarbon fuels e alcohol ? various waste solvents (both regenerated and raw waste) * various acids and alkalis * oils, fats, and waxes ? vwaste leather * air pollution control dust A modification of the European model of waste exchange, an example of perhaps the greatest success in this area, could be made for Belarus by caaloging mailable wastes and offering them for sae rather than simply faciliting conta between buyers and sellers. Careful examintion of transportation costs would be necessary to realize this potenial. 8. There is 2 strong concern in Belarus of former military sites at which fuel may have escaped from underground storage tanks. But if Belarus can learn from the experiences of other defense conversion projects and follow their pattern, this leaked fuel can be recovered in quantities of economic significance. A centralized hazardous waste TSDF with emulsion-breaking capacity could be a significant source of reprocessed fuel. Belarus has developed a draft industrial waste law that seeks not ondy to end the current environmentally dangerous disposal practices for industrial wastes, but also to phase in technology currently in use in other industrially advanced nations. This draft legislation is being developed by the Supreme Soviet, Committe on Ecology, under the leadership of Boris P. Savitsky and is proposed for first reading in May 1993. - 122 - ANM=X 11 Page 3 Objectives 9. lbe objectives of the feasibility study are: () to determine the economic viability of a centralized hazardous waste TSDF; vi) to analyze the technical aspects involved In such a facility (i.e. waste types, potential sources of hazardous waste, and treatment options) in order to ensure the efficient allocation of resources in the management of hazardous industrial wastes; (iii) to ascertain the impact of a centralized TSDF on the environment as well as on transportation routes, the health, and safety of employees and neighbors of such a facility. ITis study will accomplish these tasks w&ile maximizing opportnities for waste minimization and recovery and attending to public concerns. Scope of Work 10. Define Hazardous Waste Intended for TSD. In consultation with the Ministry of Resources and Goskomekologia, and after consideraion of existng regulations or drafts of forthcoming environmental regulations, the Consultant will determine the types of wastes to be managed in cetral or regional commercial waste treatment facilities. This should include the definition of what wastes shall by regulation be classed as hazardous, and will determine what sources will be expected to send wastes to whatever disposal capacity is decided upon (e.g. remediation activities, industrial generators, militauy, health care). 11. Organize and Quant}fy Waste Data. The Consultant will review currently ailable industria hazardous waste dra for industrial waste generators and will esimate waste contributions from remediation sites. The Consultant will not rely solely on a questionnaire approach to documenting waste generation, but will cross-check existing data by using accepted waste generation estimation techniques (such as models used and normed internationally), and may validate these models with some 'ground tuthling of questionnaires by site visits. Some samples will be collected at major waste generators for treatabiity analysis and for waste minimization studies. 12. Identify Waste Recover Opportunities. On the basis of the waste information received, wastes sha be categorized by treatability or candidates for reuse, substitution, or recycling. Each tpe shall be examined for management by commercially available and demonstrated technology or techniques. The Consultant will investigate the restrictions imposed by the Convention of Basel on the transshipment ot hazardous wastes, and any restictions on technology in recognition of Belarus's stated desire to become a signatory. If permitted, samples of representative waste streams will be sent to appropriate research facilities for demonstration of waste minimizaton, recovery, and recycle technologies. If not permitted, the Consultant will utilize Belorussian analydtca resources to determine approximate makeup of wastes for synthesis and testing at research facilites outside of Belarus. Results of these studies shall be factored against predicted waste loading to adjust waste quantites to be treated at Belarus TSD facilities. The Consultant will not neglect to consider alternatives such as feedstock substitution to eliminate hazardous materials, use of wage exchanges, collocation of munidpal solid waste management, heat recovery, and role of high energy content wastes in fueling high temp e treatment opaions. 13. Traportation Evation. Government information on surface transporation routes (railway, roads, and pers barge), the quality of the rutes, and transportation risks and costs shall be analyzed to determine the suitabiity of transporting wastes to centr or regional treatment centers. Conversely, cnsidering the over-the-road characteristics of mobile treatment technology, consideration will be given - 123 - ANNEX 11 Page 4 in all these aes t the feasibility of using mobile treatment technology. Consideration should be given to established systems which reduce the longhaul shipment of large volumes of hazardous wastes (e.g. collection/pretreatment transfer stations, and recycle facilities). 14. Hardous Waste Treatment System Conceptual Design. Using information developed in points 12 through 15, the Consultant will evaluate and recommend networks and possible TSDF locaions based on economic and transportation-related feasibility with special attenion to newly available former military sites. The Consultant will prepare recommended conceptual designs for the various facilities to include: * Documentation of suggested capcity * Conceptual process designs * Integration of recommended concepts with plans already developed in Belarus * Location of subsystems *uch as transft stations, operating radii of mobile systems * Principal routes for transportation of hazardous wastes 15. Specific Siting Evaluation. Based on possible locations identified for siting of central or regional treatment centers, a siting team shall visit the locations and determine potential suitability. The evaluation shall be based on general siting evaluation criteria typically used in Europe and North America, modified to recognize specific concerns in Belarus. In addition, the Consultant shall perform a community issues assessment at each proposed site to document local issues which may inrfere with the establishment of suCh facilities, and to identify a framework upon which public participation activities can be conducted at such time as the projects are proposed for initiation. 16. Ihe successful international bidder for this study should have pre-qualifying experdse and demonstrated international experience in the following areas: * Hazardous waste management * Waste minimization and recovery techniques * Hazardous waste facility siting * Community issue management * Transportation analysis * Hazardous waste management facility capital and operating cost esimation * Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSD) facility design and operation 17. The international project team should include: * Project Manager * Chemical Engineer * Environmental/Regulatory Specialist * Transportation Specialist * Social ImpacttSiting Specialist - 124 - ANNEX 11 Page 5 18. The Belorussian project team should include: * Hydrogeologist * Transportation Specialist * Economist/Financial Planner * Computer Data Base Specialist Financial plan 19. A financial plan shall be prepared for the recommended projects. This shall include: * Estimates of funding required to implement the recommended plans. * Identificadon of alternate sources of funds to meet capital costs, including private, local, oblast, national, and internadonal. * Identification of sources of funds for operating costs associated with recommended plans, including charges, assessments, and governmental or international subsidies and grants. * 3Estimates of cash flows over five years. R-eportng 20. Progress reports will be presented to the Ministry of Resources and Goskomekologia monthly throughout the course of the study. A comprehensive report will be prepared containing the results and backgrWound data, and covering all points specified in the previous sections, as well as any new issues identified. 21. A presentation of the findings and recommendations will be made to appropriate government personnel as determined by the Belarus Ministry of Resources and Goskomekologia. The Consultant will be responsible for preparation of the number of English language copies, not to exceed 100, specified by the Miistry of Resources. Project Schedule and Budget 22. The project will have a duration of 6 months. 23. The total level of effort is estimated to be approximately 17.5 man-months. Assistance to be Provided by Belarw 24. Belorussian fPnding will cover the involvement of Belorussian personnel and resources. Belanrs will contribute the following to the Consultant: * Office space in Minsk * Local transportation * Belarus Expert Personnel * Translation Services - 125 - ANNEX 11 Page 6 * Phones and communication services * Analytical services Cost Estimte 25. Feasibility study of centralized hazardous waste management facilities: 17.5 man-months at $14,300 = $250,250 Travel, etc. = 87,800 Support services = t59.00 Total = $497,050 - 126 - DIAGRAM CHrT A of control over the Environment and Use or Natural Resources inthe Republic of Belarus SUPREME SOVIET CommLinm of SS Commission of SS R8 on ecology and RB on Chemnobyl rational tse of dlsaserprobems natwrl resources STATE COMMITTEE FO2 C_MSSIONONECO_OY_ ECONOMY AND PLANNING, RB C MSSOF ON ECOLOGYO'LNTES B Departmerntof Ecolosy, Rational Use of COWISSIOF ON ECOLOCY RB_ _ COUNCIL OF MINISTERS RB ._Namr and Industry Locaion COMMISSION ON EMERGENCIES CM Offce for Chemnobyl NPP explosion OF ClR fB Consequences. elogical problems and _ emtergenj~es NATURE-PROTECTION I I _ r-4 PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE EXECU=VECOUNCILS of STATE COMMIITEE KBVo OF REGIONAL AND MKCITY 1g4 FOR ECOLOMYE RS f Ewnronmen1al prowecion department SOVEIS OF PEOPLE'S DEPUE ., REGIONAL ANDMINSK cnv ISTATE (COMMiTTEE FOR CS RELG-tIONALCTEES FOR ECOLOGYy CHER}NOBYL DSASTER ON ECO COX%ffrrEES FOR ECOLOGY ~~~~CONSEQUENCES. RDB EXECUTIVE COUNCILS OF TOWN _ TOWN (DISTRIC.) ECOLOGICAL _ inistie and departments responsible IAND DIS1'ICr SOVIETS OF INSPECTORATES for governmental conW and supervision PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES O f the environmentprotection PROTECTED BYELORUSSAN Ministry of Forestry. RB COMMSSION ON AREAS RESEARCH | ECOLOGY |C/ | g | 'ENTERGw |MINITY OF HEALTH. RB / | I 2 . | STATE COMI1TEE FOR + _________Rod_aya_P_a j INDUSTRIAL INSPECTION OF 1 1 1 | Magazine | g NUCLEARPOWERNTEPRISES. Pubic Natue Proction Orgnzation RB I yerussian Sodety ofNa I I STATE COMMrrTEE FOR | Byeoria SotofNaue iL- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CONSTRUCTION.RB PIotectIonII OF THE REPUBUC OF BELARUS Byelorussian EcoloSUW Union DEPARTMENT OF | BYcorussanEcological Uniot l |Ecological Commisson at the Presidium HYDROMIETEOROLOGY, RD oftheAcademyofScencesofdie Byelorussian Sociy of Hunt"sand RepuDEPARENTBOFlFISHERY.R FbheTimen Scienlt Council on the Bsphere Coitte (OrAudRotmand L r Yculh_Movemeitt l Problems and others Cm Managemef t atnCM or RB BelayaRusst l l l ~~~~~~~~ProducXionAalpamamo Byelorussian Socal-and- - Eolgciunion Id EcoSist Im I r --- --,I IByelorussian Caomitte on ithe L.l Resai.DesinInstittes andHigher an S UNESCO PrograumeMan and Pubic Couscl at t State Cottee jEducalona EabI|ospserehmenB) forEcolog. RB Ministry of Heaiih |of the Repubi)c of Belarus| { ~Deputy Mhilster, Chief State Sanitary Inspector San-epi team of Ministry of Health: - Chief Epidemiologist - curator of epidemiological issues and coordinator of research works of the profile research Insfftnes; - Doctor-1nspector: curator of occupational Issues, municipal hygiene problems; - Doctor-Inspector: curator of children and juvenile hygiene Issues, as well as nutron hygiene. Sanitary and Epidemiology Republican Republican Obat Cent Hygiene and Centre of Centre for AIDS and Minsk City Research Microbiology Hygiene and Prevention and Cenbe for Institute Research EpidemiologW Control and Institute _ 1 __ g Oblast Centres for Cy and Distict AIDS Prevention centres of and Control Hye and E..k olW W DIsinfcto Stions Ministry of Forests Central Admin. Brest Vitebsk Gomel Grodna Minsk Mogilev Region Region Region Region Region Region 1D _? t7_t19 10 I0 s2 FQte*t Intwptltl Potwt OAt pi W Faint EntMpFISM FiNn EnIlPrIOW Ft Entflt* Faint ENwpff 5500 Technical staff with academic education 1 t000 Forest Guards each one responsible for about 800 ha 0 Total employees 35000 of which 3000 tractor and truck operators o