100407 March/2015 LIVING BELOW US$ 2.50 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA DEMOGRAPHICS LIVING BETWEEN US$ 2.50- 5.00 GENDER AT A GLANCE POPULATION BY AGE AND POVERTY STATUS (MILLIONS), 2011 LIVING ABOVE US$ 5.00 Source: World Bank ECATSD using EUSILC. ESTONIA 65-older 55-64 GNI per capita (Atlas Method, US$)1 17,690 (2013) 45-54 Population living below US$2.50 2 2% (2011) 35-44 Population living below US$5.00 2 5% (2011) 25-34 GNI per capita loss due to gender gaps in the 8% (2010) 15-24 labor market 3 0-14 Most recent…. 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 Government Gender Action Plan 2013-2015 Women Men Country Gender Assessment Not available 1 2 Source: WDI. World Bank ECATSD using EUSILC. WOMEN 3 Teignier, Marc and David Cuberes (2014). "Aggregate Costs of EDUCATION MEN Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate." SHARE OF TERTIARY GRADUATES BY AREA OF STUDY (%), 2012 Source: World Bank Gender Statistics. MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL PROGRESS Education Ratio of girls to boys in primary 96 (2002) 101 (2012) Health education Humanities and arts Ratio of girls to boys in secondary 102 (2002) 99 (2012) Social science, business and law education Agriculture Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary 165 (2002) 153 (2012) Servi ces education Science Share of women in wage employment 52% (2002) 53% (2012) Engineeri ng, manufacturing and constructi on in the non-agricultural sector Proportion of seats held by women in 18% (2002) 20% (2015) 0% 50% 100% national parliament Source: World Bank Gender Statistics, Inter Parliamentary Union. WOMEN JOBS MEN SHARE OF EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR* (%), 2014 GLOBAL INDICES Score Max Rank Year Source: EuroStat. *Sectors include those with highest shares of total employment Sector share of WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM total employment Global Gender Gap Index 0.7017 1 62/142 2014 Human health and social work act ivities 10% UNDP Education 4% Gender Inequality Index 0.1540 0 29/152 2013 Accommodat ion and food serv ice activit ies 8% OECD Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcy cles 18% Social Institutions & Gender Index - 0 - 2014 Public administration and defence; 7% EU compulsory social securit y Gender Equality Index 44 100 15/27 2013 Manufacturing 14% Transportation and storage 4% Agriculture, forestry and fishing 9% Const ruction 5% 0% 50% 100% EMPLOYMENT BY AGE GROUP (%), 2012 Source: World Bank ECATSD using EUSILC. 100 80 60 40 20 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 The constitution of Estonia guarantees equality for men and women before the law. Men and women have equal ownership LEGAL FRAMEWORK and inheritance rights to property. The default marital property regime is partial community of property. There are no laws restricting the industries in which women may work. Women are entitled to 140 calendar days of maternity leave with 100% of wages paid. Men are entitled to 10 days of paternity leave with 100% wages paid. Parents are entitled to an additional 455 days of partially paid parental leave, and 432 days of unpaid parental leave. The law guarantees pregnant and nursing women workplace protections from dismissal and placement in an equivalent position when they return from maternity leave; however, the law does not guarantee rights to a flexible schedule. The law stipulates public provision of childcare for children under the age of primary education. The age at which both men and women can retire and receive full benefits is 63. Source: Women, Business, and the Law (2013). Europe & Central KEY INDICATORS Male Estonia Female Male Asia Female Male OECD Female High Income Male Female Year* Endowments: Education, Health, and Demographics Gross pre primary enrollment (% of relevant age group)1 94 91 78 77 87 86 2012 Gross primary enrollment (% of relevant age group) 1 98 98 102 102 102 101 101 101 2012 Gross secondary enrollment (% of relevant age group) 1 108 107 100 98 98 98 101 100 2012 Gross tertiary enrollment (% of relevant age group) 1 61 93 57 69 65 77 67 84 2012 Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and above) 1 100 100 99 99 2011 Labor force with tertiary education (% of relevant group) 1 28 46 26 32 26 31 31 39 2012 Life expectancy at birth (years) 1 72 82 73 80 77 83 76 82 2012 Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 1 - 11 - 18 - 21 - 17 2013 Fertility rate (births per woman)1 - 1.6 - 1.7 - 1.8 - 1.7 2012 Access to Economic Opportunity Labor participation rate (% of population ages 15-64)1 79 72 78 63 79 62 79 65 2013 Unemployment (% of labor force) 1 9.3 8.3 9.7 9.5 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.8 2013 Youth unemployment (% of population ages 15-24)1 17.4 19.4 21.7 22.4 17.5 17.2 18.3 18.5 2013 Self-employed (% of employed men/women) 1 12 5 22 16 18 13 15 10 2012 2 92 25 2013 Employment rate of persons ages 25-49 with a child under 3 living in household Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms)1 - 36 - - - 2013 Gender pay gap (in average monthly earnings, % of men's wages, unadjusted) 2 - 34 - 23 - - 2012 Account at a formal financial institution (% age 15+) 1 96 97 73 66 86 80 92 87 2011 Land owners (% of adult population)1 Agency Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) 3 - 20 - 20 - - 2015 Share of women among members of municipal councils or other local area governing - 21 - 31 - - 2001 bodies2 Firms with female top managers (%)1 - 25 - - - 2013 Proportion of women in ministerial level positions (%) 1 - 17 - 21 - 27 - 21 2014 4 Percentage agreeing that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife Women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a partner and/or non- - 33 - - - 2015 partner since the age of 15 5 *Indicates year of country data. All benchmarking data is from the most recent available year. Source: 1 World Bank Gender Statistics. 2 UNECE. 3 Inter-Parliamentary Union (as of 1/ 1/2015). 4 Demographic and Health Survey. 5 EU Violence Against Women Survey. ABOUT THE DATA Where possible, data is from harmonized regionally comparable sources. All numbers based on microdata in this document calculated by the Europe and Central Asia Team for Statistical Development (ECATSD) are produced using the 2005 PPPs, as the use of the 2011 PPPs in the calculation of global poverty estimates still requires additional analysis. This note was produced by the Poverty Global Practice at the World Bank Group. All indicators are as of 03/19/15 QUESTIONS? For more information, please visit the Gender Data Portal at http://data.worldbank.org/topic/gender .