THE STATE OF IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS IN AFRICA Country Briefs THE STATE OF IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS IN AFRICA Country Briefs © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclu- sions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Currency conversions are as of May 2017 (http://www.google.com/intl/en/googlefinance/disclaimer/). Cover photo: Hope, painting by Antonio  Nshimiyimana (Rwanda), 2015. Interior photos (left to right): World Bank; World Bank; Open Society © Liu Chan/Redux; World Bank; UNICEF. CONTENTS Acknowledgments................................................................. iv Madagascar.......................................................................... 29 Preface................................................................................... v Malawi.................................................................................. 30 Angola.................................................................................... 1 Mali....................................................................................... 31 Benin...................................................................................... 2 Mauritania............................................................................ 32 iii Botswana................................................................................ 3 Mauritius.............................................................................. 34 Burkina Faso.......................................................................... 4 Mozambique......................................................................... 35 Burundi.................................................................................. 5 Namibia................................................................................ 36 Cabo Verde............................................................................. 6 Niger.................................................................................... 37 Cameroon............................................................................... 7 Nigeria.................................................................................. 39 Central African Republic........................................................ 9 Rwanda................................................................................. 41 Chad..................................................................................... 10 São Tomé & Príncipe............................................................ 43 Comoros............................................................................... 12 Senegal................................................................................ 45 Dem. Republic of Congo....................................................... 13 Seychelles............................................................................ 46 Republic of Congo................................................................. 14 Sierra Leone......................................................................... 47 Côte d’Ivoire......................................................................... 15 Somalia................................................................................ 48 Djibouti................................................................................. 17 South Africa.......................................................................... 49 Eritrea.................................................................................. 18 South Sudan......................................................................... 50 Ethiopia................................................................................ 19 Sudan................................................................................... 51 Gabon .................................................................................. 21 Swaziland............................................................................. 52 The Gambia .......................................................................... 22 Tanzania............................................................................... 53 Ghana................................................................................... 23 Togo...................................................................................... 55 Guinea.................................................................................. 24 Uganda................................................................................. 56 Guinea Bissau....................................................................... 25 Zambia.................................................................................. 58 Kenya.................................................................................... 26 Zimbabwe............................................................................. 60 Lesotho................................................................................. 27 References........................................................................... 61 Liberia.................................................................................. 28 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T he authors would like to thank the following coun- Motsholathebe Bowelo (Botswana), Ndoe Dir (Cameroon), try officials, whose expertise in reviewing the country Jean Ferry (Guinea), Alan Gelb (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania), briefs was immensely helpful: Rufin Rodrigue Godjo, Mia Harbitz (Madagascar, Namibia, Niger), Linda C. Kasonde Electoral Expert, Benin; Neo Corneliah Lepang, Director, (Zambia), Mpho Keetile (Botswana), Lisette Meno Khonde Department of Civil and National Registration, Botswana; (Democratic Republic of Congo), Anne-Lucie Lefebvre (Mad- Same G. Bantsi, Principal Systems Analyst, Department of agascar), Neo Corneliah Lepang (Botswana), Marc Jean Yves iv Information Technology, MTC, Botswana; Daudet Mondange, Lixi (Guinea), Tariq Malik (Somalia), Kannan Navaneetham Expert Focal Point and Vital, Democratic Republic of Congo; (Botswana), Azedine Ouerghi (Côte d’Ivoire), Robert Palacios Cisse Sakande Adaman, Director Information Systems, Côte (Ethiopia, Côte d’Ivoire), Krishna Pidatala (Namibia, Tanza- d’Ivoire; Lamin B. Fatty, Deputy Registrar, The Gambia; Josef nia, Zambia), Serai Daniel Rakgoasi (Botswana), Antsanirina Kofi Iroko, General Legal Counsel, National Identification Ramanantsoa (Madagascar), Manuel Salazar (Cameroon), Authority, Ghana; Reuben Kimotho, Director, National Reg- Zaid Safdar (Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone), Arleen Cannata istration Bureau for National ID, Kenya; Joyce Mugo, Direc- Seed (Kenya), Jaap van der Straaten (Cameroon, São Tomé tor of Civil Registration, Kenya; Tumelo Raboletsi, Director, and Príncipe, Uganda, Zambia), Maletela Tuoane-Nkhasi National Identity and Civil Registry Department, Lesotho; (Nigeria), Emily Weedon (Cameroon), and Matthias Witt Zeze R. Reed, Deputy Executive Director, Liberia; Ousmane (Madagascar, Niger, Somalia). Ly, General Manager, National Agency for Telehealth and Medical Informatics, Mali; Sérgio Cambaza, MJCR, Mozam- The information for the country briefs was compiled by Vasu- bique; Anette Bayer Forsingdal, Director, National Popu- mathi Anandan, Consultant, based on primary and second- lation Register, Identification and Production, Department ary sources. The authors would like to particularly thank the of Civil Registration, Namibia; Nyamulida Pascal, former following World Bank colleagues who reviewed the briefs Head, NIDA, Rwanda; Eric Byukusenge, Directorate Gen- and provided information and corrections: Gbetoho Joachim eral of Immigration and Emigration, Rwanda; Nozipho Alecia Boko, Social Protection Specialist; Aline Coudouel, Lead Dlamini-Nkwanyana, Ministry of Home Affairs, Swaziland; Economist; Mia Harbitz, Consultant; Anat Lewin, Senior ICT Andile Dlamini, Regional Civil Registrar, Ministry of Home Policy Specialist; Tariq Malik, Consultant; Jonathan Marskell, Affairs, Swaziland; Joseph Makani, Manager, NIDA, Tanza- Operations Officer; Robert Palacios, Global Lead, Pensions nia; and Alphonce Malibiche, Tanzania. and Social Insurance; Zaid Safdar, Senior Operations Offi- cer; Luis Alvaro Sanchez, Consultant; Alex Sienaert, Senior Preparation of this report has especially benefited from the Economist; and Maletela Tuoane-Nkhasi, Senior Health Spe- identity system analysis conducted by the various World cialist. The authors would like to thank the ID4Africa team Bank teams. The report would not have been possible with- Joseph Atick, Margaret Van Cleve, and Veronica Ribeiro for out the work of the authors and contributors to the Iden- helping us coordinate efforts to reach country officials and tity Management Systems Analysis, including Joseph Atick collect feedback. Thanks are also due Elizabeth Sheley, who (Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Libe- edited the profiles; and Nita Congress who designed and laid ria, Morocco, Rwanda, Sierra Leone), Kenabetsho Bain- out the publication. The report was financed by the Rapid ame (Botswana), Nathalie Tchoumba Bitnga (Cameroon), Social Response Multi-Donor Trust Fund. PREFACE T he global landscape of identification is changing rap- halved by these developments in Southeast Asia over the last idly. Technology is making it cheaper to identify people decade. accurately, while the opportunities of the digital era are making it more important to be able to prove one’s identity. As a result, the lion’s share of the identity gap is now in Governments are spending billions on national identification Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on the World Bank’s Identifica- systems which often co-exist with parallel systems estab- tion for Development (ID4D) program’s database, more than v lished for a variety of purposes, including banking, voting, 40  percent of those lacking IDs in the world live in Africa. or transfers to the poor. The role of identification (ID) sys- This overrepresentation is partly due to the fact that it is the tems has become essential in areas ranging from financial region with the lowest birth registration rates; while these inclusion, social protection, migration, and even coping with have risen impressively in some African countries, they natural disasters. remain low or have fallen in others. And while almost every country on the continent has opted to have a national ID sys- International organizations have awakened to these devel- tem—most of them digital and making use of biometrics— opments and have begun to formulate their positions on some countries have not yet been able to implement their identity and ID systems. In 2015, the objective of ensuring plans. Among those that have, only a handful have managed that everyone in the world has a legal identity was included to enroll more than two-thirds of the eligible population. in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG target 16.9). Two years later, the Principles on Identification There are promising signs that Africa may be entering a for Sustainable Development: Towards the Digital Age were new phase in the development of its ID systems. The polit- endorsed by most of the important players in the interna- ical commitment of African governments to improve birth tional community concerned with these issues. registration rates as well as civil registration and vital sta- tistics (CRVS) broadly is evidenced by the series of biennial But the real leadership is coming from governments in ministerial-level meetings on the subject since 2012. More developing countries—a demand-driven phenomenon with than a dozen countries have conducted a comprehensive huge implications. Developments have been most dramatic CRVS assessment; many more will be completed in the near in Southeast Asia, where biometrically based, digital forms future. The list of countries digitizing their registries contin- of ID have reached most of the adult population in Bangla- ues to grow. desh, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan. The new systems are gradually being integrated into the delivery of public and National ID initiatives are under way in much of Africa. Some private sector goods and services, especially in India and of these are greenfield projects as in Liberia and Malawi, Pakistan. The Indian Aadhaar project is also notable for hav- while others involve better integration of the ID system into ing separated the pure ID function of ensuring uniqueness government programs such as cash transfers as in Mau- and authentication from the determination of legal status—a ritania. Lesotho and São Tomé and Príncipe have recently paradigmatic shift that may have implications for many other completed full integration of their civil registration and countries. national ID systems. At the same time, regional bodies such as the Economic Community of West African Stats (ECOWAS) The rollouts have not been without problems, and valid con- and the East African Community (EAC) have been develop- cerns have been expressed over the lack of personal data ing plans and piloting programs for interoperability of ID protection and potential exclusion. All four countries have a systems to allow for free movement of people and better long way to go toward fully leveraging their new systems, cross-border access to services. and none have been able to integrate their national IDs with their civil registries. And only India has shown significant Further evidence of the momentum in this field is the growth improvement in its birth registration rates. Nevertheless, of the annual ID4Africa event (http://www.id4africa.com/), a case can be made that the global identity gap has been which has been held in a different African country in each of Preface the last three years. The event brings together government countries, one or more of the highlighted key indicators are practitioners with private solution providers, independent missing, as can be seen at the bottom of the briefs. experts and representatives from the key international orga- nizations. Attendance has more than doubled since the first The available data clarify the challenges that remain for event. The conference has been a positive source of knowl- ID systems in Africa. They confirm many of the findings edge sharing and has helped engender a community of prac- reported in the 17-country report synthesis that is the com- tice across the continent. panion piece to this volume, The State of Identification Systems in Africa: A Synthesis of Country Assessments. For birth regis- There is also evidence of more attention being given to the tration, these include low birth registration rates; the preva- vi legal and institutional framework of ID systems. Recognizing lence of manual, paper-based civil registration processes in the need to link the civil registration and national ID efforts most countries; and the scarcity of infrastructure, including at both a technical as well as an institutional level has led registration offices, in some countries. More than two-thirds several countries to place the two functions under the same of African countries for which data were available face the roof. Uganda is the most recent example. At the same time, challenge of moving to a modern civil registration system. many countries, especially in West Africa within the ECOWAS framework, have introduced personal data protection laws For national IDs, low coverage was also an issue for most over the last few years. countries that had already begun implementation of new systems, especially larger countries. As a result, the The nature and scope of international support is also evolv- weighted average for national ID coverage for the entire ing. For the first time, the World Bank is planning to provide sample of countries for which data were available was only financial support and technical assistance to ID systems in 28. (This figure is based on 85 percent of the total population Africa; this is an area in which it has had marginal involve- of the countries covered in this volume.) Meanwhile, almost ment until now. In addition to engagements with specific three-quarters of the countries covered have introduced countries, two regional projects with a view toward harmo- digital IDs that use biometrics for deduplication to ensure nization of standards and mutual recognition across borders uniqueness, and more are in the process of doing so. The are envisioned. Donor coordination on the topic has improved contrast between the rapid adoption of digital, centralized significantly, as evidenced by the recent endorsement by 18 processes for the NIDs and the ponderous shift from legacy international organizations of the common principles men- paper based civil registration systems is stark. tioned above. The briefs also confirm that the gaps in the legal and institu- The knowledge base related to ID systems in Africa has tional environment that were found in the subset of countries expanded dramatically. Applying a standardized assessment covered in the synthesis report are representative of the approach, the World Bank has financed more than 20 coun- wider African context. A significant number of countries lack try reports and produced a synthesis report covering 17 of adequate personal data protection legislation. In the majority them. This publication draws from those reports as well as of countries, the agencies responsible for birth registration primary and secondary sources to provide a brief sketch of and national ID programs are separate. And very few coun- the foundational ID system in 48 African countries. Both are tries—mostly those where the same agency is responsible being released in 2017 at the ID4Africa conference in Wind- for both programs—have managed to achieve the seamless hoek, Namibia. lifetime ID process that is now considered best practice. While encouraging, the expansion of our knowledge starts These indicators are in some ways the tip of the iceberg as from a very low base, and huge gaps persist. The basic infor- far as the data that would be required to have an adequately mation included in the following country briefs is often incom- informed understanding of the state of ID systems in Africa. plete and may reflect inaccuracies in secondary sources. In The additional information needed falls into four categories. one country, Equatorial Guinea, there was insufficient infor- mation available from which to even produce a brief. In many ■■ For coverage, understanding who has access to IDs is clearly a priority. An effort to disaggregate this indicator Preface by age, sex, and income level is under way using the latest ■■ A third area where there is little information available round of the Global Findex survey, which covers financial is the degree to which ID systems are being leveraged inclusion and is conducted in most developing countries and integrated with public and private sector activi- every three years. After including additional questions on ties. Some countries provide authentication services to the possession of identity documents in this most recent government programs and private sector entities such round, the preliminary results should be available toward as banks and telecommunication providers. While these the end of 2017. arrangements are uncommon in Africa at the moment, as coverage increases, integration can and should be Another important element related to coverage is the sit- achieved to reap the benefits of a good ID system and uation of stateless individuals and how countries address avoid duplication of costs. vii their ID needs. Assessments to date have not focused on this, while organizations such as International Organiza- ■■ Finally, and related to the potential for linking databases tion for Migration (IOM) and the United Nation’s High Com- through a unique identifier, the superficial information mission for Refugees (UNHCR) have amassed important on the legal and regulatory environment that is now cross-country information that can be used to round out available is clearly insufficient for the purposes of bench- the analysis and integrated into reforms of ID systems. marking this particular aspect of an ID system. The mere This information will become more important in the con- existence of a personal data protection law does not imply text of regional initiatives where the determination of that it is good or effective—or, even if it is, that it is likely to citizenship and movement across borders have conse- be applied. Other relevant legislation and regulations deal- quences for statelessness. ing with the legal application of digital transactions as well as cybersecurity will also need to be taken into account. ■■ Robustness of ID systems in terms of their ability to ensure uniqueness and to be able to authenticate identity More data are needed so that countries can learn from each is another area where more information is needed. The other and progress can be effectively measured and lessons quality of and capacity to utilize technologies procured learned. These data points will also be essential for research for these purposes vary widely but are not systematically that aims to find a causal relationship between certain policy documented. Moreover, the numerous cases of problems choices such as the fees charged for credentials or the mini- with vendors documented in the synthesis report sug- mum required infrastructure and attaining high enrollment. gests that this is an area that merits further investigation. Empirical research can also help reveal the impact of vari- The prevalence of expensive credentials whose features ables exogenous to the identification system such as coun- are rarely utilized—such as high-capacity chips and elab- try scale and population density. Ultimately, the research orate security features—indicate that there may be sig- will begin to quantify the impact on people’s lives and the nificant savings to be achieved in future implementations. economy as a whole. In short, this volume represents a very small step toward increasing our understanding of the rap- idly changing landscape of ID systems in Africa. In the infographic displays for the country briefs, the following data are presented: ■■ Rate of birth registration for ages 0–5 from UNICEF ■■ Whether the civil registry is a paper-based or digital process ■■ The ratio of birth registration centers per 50,000 population  ■■ The percentage of eligible people who have been issued a national ID (NID) card ■■ Whether the NID is based on biometric deduplication or not ■■ The ratio of NID enrollment centers per 50,000 people eligible for the NID  ANGOLA  Birth registration. Birth registration is manda- its citizens since 2009, modeled on the U.S. permanent resi- tory in Angola and provided without charge by the Ministry of dent “green card” and valid for 10 years. The new ID system Justice and Human Rights. Birth registration must be com- was designed to safeguard personal data while also stor- pleted within five days of childbirth. UNICEF found that the ing substantial amounts of information directly on the card, absence of a birth certificate may cause obstacles to second- including two thumb fingerprint biometrics and iris images, ary school enrollment, immunization, voting rights, the abil- a birth certificate, and demographic data. The cards easily ity to secure a marriage license, or even proper burial after allow inspectors to match individuals to their biometrics. death. Angola has maintained a national birth registry since 1914. However, in the fmid-1990s, after three decades of civil The frequent lack of connectivity has made off-line authen- war, the country had to cope with massive population dis- tication necessary, leading Angola to deploy mobile data 1 placement, with the result being that more than 70 percent capture and card issuance units. Data from these units are of children were unregistered. The country’s institutional sent back to the center via secure satellite transmission or birth rate is 45.8 percent. In 2013, the birth registration rate uploaded in batches. The mobile units enable collection and for children younger than five years of age was 56 percent, validation of an applicant’s personal data, and control of the compared to 36 percent in 2001. quality of the biometric images captured, to ensure reliable future ID verification. A 1994 case study of Angola revealed two parallel registration systems—one state-run that barely functioned at all, and an The credential has strong visual security attributes, unofficial system that allowed people to buy fake documents laser-engraving, and data encoding onto the optical security such as birth certificates. In August 2001, the government media, as well as machine-readable technology: bar code, launched the National Children’s Registration Campaign, link- machine-readable text, and optical security media. It also ing government ministries, churches, NGOs, the private sec- has sufficient capacity for all required demographic and bio- tor, and UNICEF to facilitate birth registration. Around 230,000 metric information. All of the information saved on the card children were registered in the first four months of the cam- can be accessed, and new biometrics or personal data can paign. Angola’s national free birth registration campaign has be added by authorized personnel to help prevent obsoles- so far allowed over 1.8 million children to be registered. cence and fraud.  National ID. Since 1999, the national ID of The legislation covering personal data protection is the Lei Angola, or bilhete de identidade, has been available for a da Protecção de Dados Pessoais. Angola does not yet have a price of Kz 15 (US$0.14). National IDs, issued by the Ministry data protection authority, however. As of 2014, Angola was in of Justice and the National Directorate of Archives of Civil the process of introducing amendments to the existing legis- and Criminal Identification, are mandatory from the time the lation to further simplify the processes of birth registration citizen reaches age 10. Angola has been issuing digital IDs to and national ID cards issuance to all of its citizens. { { Birth registration National ID 56+ 44 + N 28+ 72 + N 7.4 1.4 56% 28%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE BENIN  Birth registration. The Ministry of Interior and etc., and a fee of CFAF 2,400 (US$4.12). NIDs are mandatory Public Security is responsible for civil registration in the and issued to individuals who are at least 18 years of age. The Republic of Benin. Civil registration has been in place since applicant must produce the original birth certificate, proof of 1933, and birth registration has been carried out since 1960. occupation, marriage certificate, nationality certificate, and Birth registration is mandatory within 10 days of birth and medical certificates. is free of charge during that time. However, many parents have a cultural preference to name the child eight days after Though Benin has a fairly basic NID, it conducted biometric childbirth, leaving very little time to visit the official center, enrollment to issue voter IDs to its citizens before the pres- register the child’s name, and obtain the birth certificates at idential and legislative election cycle in 2013. The country 2 no cost. Therefore, many birth declarations lack the child’s employed 3,215 mobile registration units to enroll citizens in name. In addition, rural areas do not have easy access to remote regions. The mobile units captured and documented registration centers. the enrollees’ demographic data, fingerprints, and digital photos. These mobile units were equipped with a range case After the 10-day period, families must pay a birth registra- and a generator set that allowed them to operate normally tion fee of CFAF  18,353 (US$30). Many individuals cannot in case of electricity shortage. This was particularly benefi- pay this fee and therefore do not register their children even cial in places lacking the proper infrastructure. The mobile though birth certificates are necessary to enroll in school and enrollment systems were small enough to fit into a suitcase to access health care and social services. Individuals with- and came equipped with laptop, camera, fingerprint scan- out birth certificates cannot obtain identity cards, vote, open ner, printer, and signature pad. Elections in Benin are con- bank accounts, or obtain official travel documents (passport). ducted on the basis of a permanent computerized voters list UNICEF, USAID, the UN Population Fund, and Plan Benin have that contains the names of all citizens of voting age, along been working together to support government initiatives to with their photographs. increase birth registration. According to UNICEF, the institu- tional birth rate is 86.9 percent, and the birth registration rate In 2009, Benin adopted a data protection act, the Loi Portant for children younger than five is 80.2 percent. Only 4 in 10 reg- Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel. The act out- istered children have birth certificates. lined the standards and guidelines to be applied for personal data protection and established a data protection agency, the  National ID. The Republic of Benin has been Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés. In issuing national ID (NID) cards, or carte d’identitade, which 2016, ECOWAS announced that Benin is set to begin issuing are paper-based IDs, since 1992. The Beninese NID is issued biometric cards for its citizens, which will facilitate travel only to citizens of the country. The Prefecture of the Mayor is within the region and remove the requirements for residence responsible for issuing NIDs. NID applications can be sub- permits among ECOWAS nationals migrating to member mitted at the local town hall with copies of the supporting states. These cards will not replace NID cards but will be documents such as a birth certificate, proof of occupation, circulated along with NIDs and promote the security of the parental consent (minors), marriage certificate (couples), migrants and data management within the subregion. { { Birth registration National ID 80+ 20 + N 80% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE 68+ 32 + N 68% REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE BOTSWANA  Birth registration. The Ministry of Labour and private hospitals to ensure immediate registration of births Home Affairs is responsible for civil registration. Botswana and deaths. The initiative improves data integrity and secu- introduced birth registration in 1908, making it mandatory in rity by assigning a unique birth registration number. Foreign 2003. Botswanans are required by law to register all births nationals born in Botswana receive a seven-digit birth reg- and deaths, and to obtain a national registration number by istration number, while children born to Botswanan citizens the age of 16. The institutional birth rate is 99 percent, and receive a nine-digit number. This number is used for the the birth registration rate for children younger than five is identity card that is mandatory for residents 16 and older. 72.2 percent. The urban birth registration rate (77.5 percent) In addition, the number is necessary for school enrollment, is only slightly higher than the rural birth registration rate employment, pensions, and other purposes. (66.9  percent). The Housing and Population Census Report 3 2011 found that the 2010 national registration rate was  National ID. Botswana’s national ID (NID) is 75 percent. also known as omang. Since 1988, the Department of Civil and National Registration, of the Ministry of Labour and Birth registration is free of charge if registration is com- Home Affairs, has issued the mandatory omang to citizens pleted within 60 days of birth, while late registration can who are 16 or older free of charge. The NID must be obtained result in a fine of up to P 100 (US$10) per month of default. within 30 days of turning 16 or acquiring Botswanan citizen- All live births must be reported by the parent or guardian ship. Failure to comply is an offense that may result in a late of the child and must be accompanied by a notice of birth registration fee of P 650 (US$65) or imprisonment up to six from either the doctor (using Form CRB-2) or a kgosi for months. home births.* The World Health Organization report (2000– 08) reveals that 94  percent of the births in Botswana were Botswana’s NID card displays a photograph of the card- attended by skilled health personnel. holder, a nine-digit ID number, full name, date of birth, place of birth, and the cardholder’s signature. The back of the card The birth certificate is a prerequisite for national registration includes the holder’s thumbprint, gender, eye color, place and subsequent issuance of an identity card. Individuals with- of application, the issuing authority’s signature, and a bar out birth certificates must present an affidavit from a chief code consisting of the card number and the cardholder’s or headman in lieu of a birth certificate, and another affida- last name. The card is valid for 10 years, after which it can vit from the chief or headman. Minors must be accompanied be renewed for a price of P 5 (US$0.50). Lost or stolen card by parents, a guardian, or another relative, and present any replacement is available for P 110 (US$11). Citizens can apply records or other documentation such as school records or for an NID at any civil and national registration office in the baptismal certificates in order to provide proof of identity. country, and will receive it in 8–14 days, depending on their distance from the production center in Gaborone. In 2003, Botswana officially launched the Birth and Deaths Registration System, which linked to the automated National Botswana plans to introduce an electronic NID card system Identification System. In 2011, four pilot on-site registration to address some of the current security challenges, such centers were launched in two government hospitals and two as forgery and production delays. Botswana’s Electronic Transactions Act, promulgated in 2014, includes provisions to establish a data protection agency that will supervise * A hereditary leader of a Botswana tribe. implementation and enforcement of the legislation. { { Birth registration National ID 72+ 28 + N 90+ 10 + N 1.5 0.7 72% 90%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE BURKINA FASO  Birth registration. The Ministry of Territorial phase. Additionally, a private initiative namely iCivil, which Administration and Decentralization is responsible for civil is also in the pilot phase, uses bubble code technology for registration in Burkina Faso. Civil registration is governed by unique birth registration. Prior to the 2015 elections, the article 106 of the Code des Personnes et de la Famille (CPF), government launched an initiative to issue free birth certif- which states that every birth in Burkina Faso territory must icates in order to increase the number of people covered in be declared within two months. The government is presently the voter registry and strengthen the national identity data- revising the CPF to introduce digital civil registry. base. As of December 2016, birth registration was said to be free, although there was a charge of CFAF  1,000 (US$1.65) Birth registration has been carried out since 1990 and is for a copy of a birth certificate. 4 offered free of charge. There are 370 primary civil regis- tration centers in the country. In order to facilitate access Birth certificates include a number containing personal infor- to birth registration, there are 1,200 secondary centers at mation. This number is different from that issued for the national communes, district town halls, health centers, maternity ID (NID) and there is no link between the two databases. units, and pre-approved private clinics across the country. The institutional birth rate is 66.3 percent and the birth reg-  National ID. The National Identification Office istration rate for children younger than five is 76.9 percent. (NIO) is the government agency responsible for NID cards, which it has issued since 1989. Law 005-2001/AN of May Individuals registering a birth must submit a birth registra- 16, 2001, Portant Institution d’une Carte Nationale d’Iden- tion form with the child’s name, sex, age, and date of birth, as tité Burkinabé, governs the NIO. The NID card is known as well as the names, address, occupations, and nationality of the carte nationale d’identité Burkinabé (CNIB). Applications both parents. Birth registration also requires the details of to acquire CNIBs must be submitted at a centre de collecte the birth to be submitted by a witness, who can be physician, des données and are processed at the two centers of card midwife, or a birth attendant. The registration forms must production in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. Applicants be accompanied by supporting documents such as proof of must submit one of the following documents: a birth cer- birth, proof of identity for parents, notarized statement of the tificate, marriage certificate, or citizenship certificate. NID witnesses, and the residential card of the parents. Children enrollment is mandatory for all Burkinabés over 15 years of born in hospitals receive their birth certificates there. In the age, and the CNIB card is valid for 10 years. case of home births, the parents of the child must report the birth to the authorities of the village in which they reside, and Prior to Burkina Faso’s December 2012 parliamentary and the registration officer must issue a declaration/certificate. municipal elections, the country’s Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI) conducted biometric registra- According to a 2017 World Bank report, about 6 million tion of voters, generating a biometrically verified national Burkinabès—roughly 34 percent of the total population—lack electoral registry. NIDs are required for electoral registra- birth certificates and cannot prove their identity. A birth cer- tion and voting. CENI collaborated with the WebAFIS dedu- tificate is essential in order to access social services and gov- plication service to enroll 4.4 million citizens in four weeks, ernment programs, and only children with a birth certificate and cleared 45,000 duplicates. can register for the secondary education entry examination. According to a recent World Bank report, there are 370 data In 2012, Burkina Faso launched an integrated civil registra- collection centers and, as of December 2015, 7.2 million indi- tion management system project, which is still in the pilot viduals—73.3 percent of the eligible population—have an NID. { { Birth registration National ID 77+ 23 + N 36+ 64 + N 4.3 0.7 77% 36%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE BURUNDI  Birth registration. The Vital Statistics Records, paper-based IDs and have been issued since 1980. In 2013, Officer de l’Etat is responsible for birth registration in Burundi launched a pilot program to issue machine-readable Burundi. Birth registration has been carried out since 1980, national identity cards to individuals who are 16 and older and civil registration has been documented since 1922. Birth for a price of FBu 6,000 (US$3.83). The cost of this initiative registration must be carried out within six months of birth, was estimated to be FBu 224 million and proposed timeline and if the child is registered within two weeks, the pro- from 2013 to 2017). The new electronic NID card contains the cess is free. However, beyond the given period it would cost cardholder’s name, sex, DOB, province, commune, address, FBu  30,000 (US$21.4). Birth certificates are to be obtained parent’s names, and children’s name. In principle, it could from the community administrator of the individual’s com- be used for medical assistance, travel document, service mune of birth. In 2012, it was estimated that 1.5 million chil- number for police/military. It also contains bank account 5 dren in Burundi did not have birth certificates which led to a details, signature, education, marital status, medical assis- nationwide effort to register 170,000 children under 18. The tance information, fingerprint and blood group. To obtain an main barriers to obtaining birth certificate included lack of NID individuals need to submit supporting documents such knowledge, local customs in areas, children born to single as the birth certificate, two recent passport photos, identifi- mothers, or into polygamous marriages fall through the cation documents, medical assistance card, affiliation card cracks, distance to the registration office, corruption, and for Mutuelle de la Fonction Publique. Social security national the penalty associated with late registration. institute card, employment card, court clearance certificate, passport, driving license, military/police card and poling Birth certificates can be obtained by submitting an applica- cards are also accepted. tion at the civil registry at the individual’s commune of birth. The application must be submitted with proof of identifica- The current status of this initiative is unclear. However, in tion of the parent or the applicant, along with the name of the 2014, the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI) applicant, DOB, city, and province of birth. The officials add of Burundi announced that Burundians would no longer need the date, name, and signature of the certifying registrar/act- the National biometric ID card to register for general elec- ing registrar/secretary along with the official seal. Unregis- tions in 2015. Burundians have previously used baptismal tered children in Burundi have more difficulties in accessing certificates, driving license and passport to register to vote. free medical care provided by the government and some In 2010, the United Nation’s High Commission for Refugees sources suggest that they are also more vulnerable to being issued 1 million national identity cards (paper based) to trafficked, forced into child labor and underage marriage. Burundian citizens old enough to vote by the UNDP, to estab- lish an inclusive electoral process for marginalized popu-  National ID. The Ministry of Interior is respon- lation and women who could not afford the cost associated sible for issuing national IDs in Burundi. The NIDs are with NID. { { Birth registration National ID 75+ 25 + N 75% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE CABO VERDE  Birth registration. The General Directorate of country’s centralized identification and management sys- Registry, Notary and Identification, in the Ministry of Jus- tem serve as a platform for the electoral system. The CNI tice, is responsible for birth registration in the Republic of contains the cardholder’s photograph, signature, and finger- Cabo Verde. Birth registration has been in place since 1967. prints. All residents of Cabo Verde are eligible to obtain the Parents must register their child within 30 days of birth. CNI. The parents or guardians of minor applicants can help Cabo Verde computerized its entire CRVS system from 2007 acquire CNIs for them. CNI applications must be submitted to 2008. The modernized system facilitates registration of to either the National Archives of Civil and Criminal Identi- births in remote areas and enables the issuance of birth cer- fication or the Delegations of Registration Services, Notary tificates online. Digital birth certificates can be requested on Identification, with a fee CVEsc 550 (US$5.46) for a normal 6 Cabo Verde’s online portal, known as the Porton di In Island. application and CVEsc 655 (US$6.50) for expedited service. The processing time is 24 hours for a standard application To submit an in-person application for a birth certificate, an and immediate delivery for expedited applications. Foreign- applicant must visit one the registration offices. The appli- ers who live in Cabo Verde can also obtain CNI cards through cant must provide the name of the child, date of birth, the the same process. place of birth, and the names of the parents, along with sup- porting documents. The officials affix the date of registra- A biometric enrollment system was implemented to issue tion, name, and signature of the certifying registrar, acting CNIs and voter ID cards. The system has a customized AFIS registrar, or secretary, and attest with the official seal. server platform to process and inspect digital fingerprints, complete the registration, centralize the information, and Late birth registration after 14 years of age incurs a penalty validate biometric data. The country has introduced mobile of CVEsc  258 (US$2.64). Application requests for late birth biometric enrollment kits in all major hospitals, where per- registration must be made by either the parents, a person sonnel receive ongoing training in use of the equipment. with special power of attorney, the head of the hospital where NOSi has computerized all CRVS events. All births, death, the birth occurred, the doctor or midwife present at the birth, paternal affiliation, and marriage certificates have been doc- or a witness who was present at the birth on behalf of the umented and digitized, and biometric information (finger- applicant. Cabo Verde has the highest birth registration rate prints and ICAO-compliant photo) was collected and stored. in West and Central Africa. According to UNICEF, the institu- tional birth rate is 75.6 percent and the birth registration rate The Data Protection Legislation of Cabo Verde is known for children under five years of age is 91.4 percent. as the Regime Jurídico Geral de Protecção de Dados Pes- soais a Pessoas Singulares (Data Protection General Legal  National ID. The National System for Identi- Framework, 2001). This data protection act establishes a fication and Civil Authentication, Núcleo Operacional para notification requirement for data processing operations and Sociedade de Informação (NOSi), is responsible for civil transfers of personal data outside of Cabo Verde. However, identification in Cabo Verde. The National Identification Card the country has yet to set up a data protection agency or reg- (CNI) is the main identification document in Cabo Verde. The ulatory body. { { Birth registration National ID 91+ 9 + N 91% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE 95+ 5 + N 95% REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE CAMEROON  Birth registration. The National Bureau of Civil access to education and health services, while also prevent- Registration, or Bureau Nationale de l’Etat Civil (BUNEC), is ing child labor, child marriage, and child trafficking. Camer- responsible for civil registration in Cameroon. Cameroon oon used radio campaigns to promote birth registration and has carried out civil registration since 1917, and birth regis- raise public awareness, as most rural births happen at home tration since 1968. Ordinance No. 81-June governs the legal and birth certificates are issued only in hospitals. Baka chil- registration of birth, marriage, and death.* dren are significantly underrepresented in Cameroon’s birth registry and are more likely to be excluded from the health Birth registration is free of charge when the child is regis- and education services that require a birth certificate tered within the legal time frame of 30 days. This short time interval is one of the main barriers to birth registration.  National ID. The Ministry of National Security 7 According to UNICEF (2013), the institutional birth rate is and Defense, or Délégation Générale à la Sûreté Nationale, 61.2 percent. The birth registration rate of 61.4 percent is a is responsible for issuing national IDs (NIDs) in Cameroon. decline from recent years. Since 1964, Cameroon has been issuing a paper ID card, the carde d’identité national (CNI), as mandated by Decree No. In addition to cost, other barriers to birth registration in 64/DF/394 of 29 September. The CNI contains user data in Cameroon include lack of awareness, the centralized pro- English and French, including the following information: cess, the time taken to complete registration, and poor name, date and place of birth, marital status, photo, thumb- management of registration facilities. Birth certificates can print, signature, a card number, and a stamp and signature be obtained from authorized hospitals, health centers, and from the issuing official. The CNI is valid for 10 years and is local authorities, and usually take a week or two to process. a necessary identity credential to vote in Cameroon. In 2011, ahead of its presidential elections, Cameroon reduced the To obtain a birth certificate parents must present the appli- cost of the NID from CFAF  7,000 to CFAF  2,800 (US$11.45 cation with supporting documents—hospital registration to US$4.58) to encourage more voters to participate in the certificate, baptismal certificate or notification issued by elections. Later, the entire fee was waived. village executive officers, both parents’ proof of Cameroon nationality, valid passports or birth certificates of parents, There have been multiple identity programs in Cameroon and proof of residential status. Individuals without a birth but none have been sustainable or robust. In 1994, the gov- certificate cannot register their marriage, vote, obtain for- ernment of Cameroon worked with an industry partner to mal employment, or register their own children. complete enrollment, and to produce and issue NID cards and residence permits. A biometric recognition system was The Universal Birth Registration campaign aims to provide implemented in 2005. In 2008, the NID was upgraded to children in Cameroon an official identity and enable easy include a color photo and finger biometric of the cardholder, along with additional security features. Cameroon began issuing an electronic NID in 2013. These electronic IDs were * There were several colonial identification and registration initia- tives. In 1968, a unified regime for civil registration was introduced meant to be used for multiple electronic services such as through law No. 68/LF-2 of 11 June. In 1972, civil registration civil identification and health and social services. came under Ordinance No. 81/002 of June 26, 1981, which was further complemented by the Decree of 17 August 1987, providing for the modalities for the creation and the function of special civil According to the World Bank, the recent identification ini- registration centers. tiative was not successful. The government of Cameroon { { Birth registration National ID 61+ 39 + N 75+ 25 + N 6.1 0.5 61% 75%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Cameroon is said to have terminated its contract with the ID vendor in upcoming presidential election. The government completed 2014. Poor service delivery of the CNI has led to widespread a biometric voter registration campaign involving 1,200 elec- identity fraud and proliferation of counterfeit IDs. As of early toral kits and 2,400 staff nationwide. The voter data were 2017, Cameroon was in the process of reviving its national compiled and verified in regional centers, and later trans- identification program with a new vendor. ferred to a central production site (Bastos-Yaounde).  How- ever, the voter database is not harmonized with the national In 2012, Cameroon began to implement biometric voter identification database. Cameroon does not have any legisla- registration to ensure transparency and credibility in its tion addressing personal data protection. 8 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC  Birth registration. Central Africa Republic Birth certificates are crucial, especially in conflict-prone (CAR) has been registering births since 1961. Birth regis- areas such as CAR, as they protect children from child labor, tration is mandatory and costs from CFAF 500 (US$0.81) to child trafficking, illegal intercountry adoption, and conscrip- CFAF 3,500 (US$5.70). However, the present civil registration tion or recruitment into the armed forces. Birth certificates system is highly dysfunctional due to ongoing conflicts. The also help trace the family in case children become lost birth registration rate declined from 72.5 percent in 2002 to during conflicts, and help children to be repatriated if they 61 percent in 2010. The current figure is probably lower due become refugees. There have been disparities in birth reg- to the 2013 conflict and the ensuing political crisis. Registra- istration rates among ethnic communities. For example, the tion centers are vandalized regularly, resulting in a reliance birth registration rate is 77 percent among the Zande/Nza- on mobile registration offices. kara, but only 49 percent among Sara. 9 According to a UNICEF report, children born in CAR after  National ID. The Ministry of Public Security, March 2013 have not been registered or issued birth certif- Immigration, and Emigration is responsible for issuing icates, so that approximately 30,000 children are unregis- national IDs (NIDs). NIDs are paper-based and issued free tered in the capital city of Bangui alone. In order to address of charge. CAR does not have any legislation for protec- this, the CAR government set up a collaborative platform tion of personal data. Recently, there has been discussion encompassing all partners supporting birth registration, regarding a partnership between the government and a pri- in order to coordinate. Working with UNICEF, CAR initiated vate firm to launch biometric identification and delivery of efforts to enroll children who could not be registered until electronic IDs to all Central African Republicans. CAR has after the conflict. In July 2014, UNICEF launched an initial had biometric passports since 2012, in compliance with the 10-day campaign that registered 30,000 children in Bangui Monetary and Economic Union of Central African States and the neighboring towns of Begoua and Bimbo. requirements. { { Birth registration National ID 61+ 39 + N 61% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE CHAD  Birth registration. The Direction des Affaires  National ID. The Ministry of Interior and Pub- Politiques et de l’Etat Civil (DAPEC), Ministère de l’Adminis- lic Security, Direction de l’Identité Civile, is responsible for tration du Territoire, is responsible for birth registration in national IDs (NIDs). Chad has had a national identity sys- Chad. The local civil registration bureaus are housed within tem since 2002 and issues NIDs to Chadian nationals over city halls and district administrative offices. Civil registra- 18 years of age. The NID card costs CFAF 4,000 (US$6.60), tion in Chad dates back to 1961. In 2013, Chad adopted Law though applicants also face indirect costs of transportation 008/PR/2013, a comprehensive civil registration law that and time taken from work. Despite the relatively large num- set the current 30-day time limit for birth registration. Birth ber of civil registration centers, there are fewer than 20 NID certificates are free when registration is carried out within enrollment centers throughout the country, which makes 10 that time. However, only 6–9 percent of children are regis- it even more difficult to enroll. The NID card is valid for 10 tered in the first 30 days. According to UNICEF (2013), the years. About 3 to 4 million cards have been issued, covering institutional birth rate is 15.8 percent, and the birth registra- 30–40 percent of the population. tion rate for children younger than five is 15.7 percent. The NID card register, maintained since 2002, is a central- One of the main barriers for birth registration in Chad is ized database that contains biographic data such as the fam- that parents have no incentive or motivation to register ily name, name, data of birth, place of birth, father’s name, the birth of their child. In order to address this, the prime mother’s name, sex, profession, address, and biometric data minister recently signed Executive Order N0 660/PR/PM/ of the cardholders. The registry also contains scanned cop- MATSP/2015, which makes civil registration mandatory. ies of foundational, or ”breeder,” documents and other NID School enrollment can be done without a birth certificate, details. although after sixth grade children need a birth certificate to obtain a secondary school leaving certificate and con- There are two generation of NIDs in circulation. The first tinue their education. Applications for late birth certificates generation cards were issued from 2002 to 2012 and cap- require testimony from four individuals who can guaran- ture two fingerprints; second generation cards, issued after tee the applicant’s biographic data. There is also a fee of 2012, capture four fingerprints. Both cards contain a 2D bar CFAF 2,000–5,000 (US$3.27–US$8.17). code that encodes user information. The first generation card is a simple laminated card, and the second has a few The country lacks centralized archives of civil registration extra security features, such as a hologram, high resolution information. As a result, civil registration records are scat- printing, and dense 2D bar code. The second generation card tered across the country in thousands of bureaus. In May also contains a control code to track the stock on which the 2015, Chad’s Regional Authority of the Batha Region, the card was produced, in order to help eliminate counterfeit European Union, and UNICEF Chad launched a program cards. The NID number is assigned for life and is the same called ‘’Promoting Decentralization and Civil Registration.’’ on whichever card the user is carrying. The goal of this program is to strengthen civil registration by engaging civil society organizations, elected officials, village According to a World Bank report, Chad has a plethora of chiefs, and religious authorities in explaining the benefits of identity credentials. The country recently completed a bio- birth registration to local communities. metric census of the adult population, which functions as { { Birth registration National ID 16+ 84 + N 40+ 60 + N 4.6 7.9 16% 40%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Chad an electronic identity system. This is different from the NID noted, NIDs have only 40 percent coverage at best. These two and has almost 100  percent coverage. Over a period of 45 systems have not been harmonized and their databases are days, the country enrolled 6 million adults 18 years of age not interoperable. Chad does not have data protection and and older, using thousands of mobile biometric centers. As data privacy legislation. 11 COMOROS  Birth registration. The Prefecture du Centre is a digital photograph, NID number, card number, height, and the government organization responsible for birth registra- sex on the front of the card. The back of the card contains tion in Comoros. According to UNICEF, the institutional birth the profession, home address, date of issue, signature, bar rate is 76.1 percent and the birth registration rate for chil- code, and name and signature of the issuing authority. The dren younger than five is 88 percent. Comoros promulgated NID is valid for 10 years, after which it must be renewed. a new law that decentralized the birth registration proce- Failure to obtain or renew a NID results in a fine of CF 5,000 dure in 2011–2012, in order to improve access to civil regis- (US$10.87), and repeat offenders face a fine that is doubled. tration and harmonize birth certificates for the three islands of Comoros. The country aspires to achieve 100 percent birth The applicant must visit the local enrollment center (a police 12 registration. station with an enrollment kiosk), and submit a request for the NID card as well as seek biometric enrollment and  National ID. The Ministry of Interior is respon- authentication, capture all 10 fingerprints, take a digital pho- sible for issuing national IDs (NIDs). Comoros has issued tograph, and provide personal data. The card also contains NIDs since 2010. The country’s NID card is a 2D bar code a color photo and a unique bar code with user information to card with biometric information for authentication and is prevent duplication or forgery. valid for 10 years. An applicant for a NID must produce a birth certificate or court transcript attesting to the birth. In The NID card is strictly personal and cannot be lent to 1987, Comoros passed an act providing guidelines for the friends or family. Misuse of the NID is an offense punishable NID card. The Assembly of the Union of the Comoros sub- under the Penal Code relating to forgery and other alter- sequently mandated a biometric NID card in 2014, under the ations. Lost NIDs must be reported to the police office or Law No.14-023/AU. This law declares that there will be a the nearest gendarmerie brigade as quickly as possible. The digital identification card with biometrics, and that the card- individual must provide a proof of loss statement in order to holder will be assigned a unique national identity number. receive a duplicate card. Before the 2014 elections, Comoros created a biometric electoral file to ensure transparency of NIDs are mandatory and issued to Comorian nationals who the electoral system. Comoros does not have any legislation are 15 years of age and older. The Comorian NID contains addressing personal data protection, nor does it have a data the holder’s name, DOB, place of birth, card expiration date, protection agency. { { Birth registration National ID 88+ 12 + N 88% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE 90+ 10 + N 90% REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO  Birth registration. The Ministry of Interior and for low birth registration include lack of awareness about the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights are the two min- the importance of birth registration, costs associated with istries responsible for the management and overview of obtaining a birth certificate, and the distance between state civil registration. The Ministry of Interior has administra- offices and residential areas. tive control and establishes acts for birth, marriage, and death registration. The Ministry of Justice facilitates judicial A birth certificate helps an individual enter school, vote, supervision, and prints and distributes records of civil status enter civil services, register marriage, qualify for profes- certificates in all offices across the country. The Director- sional licenses, drive a motor vehicle and claim benefits. ate of Population, Ministry of Interior, controls 1,202 main Place of birth captured in the birth record helps establish offices of civil status and population, and through the Law citizenship for obtaining a passport, provide the basis for 13 on the Family, the code has created 3,677 civil status offices immigration and naturalization claims, allows one to obtain (1,006 are already operational). an exemption from alien restriction. Civil registration has been carried out since 1908. The coun-  National ID. The National Identification Popula- try’s Family Code, Article 82, stipulates that all births, mar- tion Office (ONIP), Ministry of Interior, is responsible for issu- riages, and deaths must be documented. Registration of the ing national IDs. The ONIP was established by a Presidential child’s birth at the registry office is free within 90 days after Decree No.011/48 and Ordinance No. 15/015 signed in 2013. birth. Beyond that deadline, applicants are required by law to Although the Ministry of Interior set out to issue national ID obtain a court judgment from the juvenile court if the person cards in 2014, to this date this has not been possible. The is less than 18 years and from the high court if a person is main form of identification is the paper, voter ID which has no over 18 years. security features. As a result, there have been efforts by pri- vate parties such as banks to issue their own, robust forms According to UNICEF, the institutional birth rate is 74.9 per- of identification. The Democratic Republic of Congo does not cent, and the birth registration rate below five years is have legislation regarding personal data protection. 27.8  percent. Birth registration facilitates access to social and other basic services. The Congolese birth certificate is The Democratic Republic of Congo has a high influx of ref- issued free of charge if the child is registered within 30 days ugees, this prompted the United Nation’s High Commission of birth. Beyond the time limit, it costs CGF 400 (US$0.43). In for Refugees (UNHCR), in collaboration with National Com- 2013, there were 8 million unregistered children. The gov- mission for Refugees to issue ID cards in 2010. The refugee ernment of the Democratic Republic of Congo collaborated ID card is equivalent to a resident permit; it provides card- with UNICEF to pilot several efforts to increase birth regis- holders the same rights and privileges as a Congolese cit- tration. izen—the right to work, education, access to health care, and freedom of movement in the country. In April 2015, the The main barriers to birth registration include lack of ade- UNHCR began biometric registration of 245,000 Rwandan quate budget allocation, lack of coordination and collabora- refugees in the Democratic Republic of Congo; the process tion between ministries involved—at the national level, and involved capturing fingerprints, iris biometrics, and facial at the provincial level. The main reasons cited by parents recognition. { { Birth registration National ID 28+ 72 + N 0 + 100 + N 1.6 28% 0%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE REPUBLIC OF CONGO  Birth registration. The Civil Registry Offices are  National ID. Digital national ID (NID) cards for responsible for civil registration in Congo. Birth registration Congolese were introduced in 2007, and the NIDs were re-is- is mandatory and is free of charge if the child is registered sued in 2010. Local experts helped establish personalization within 30 days of birth. According to UNICEF (2013), the insti- centers, and police officers received training in handling tutional birth rate is 91.5 percent and the birth registration data and machines. The Ministry of Interior is responsible rate of children below five years of age is 91 percent. UNICEF for issuing NIDs in Congo. NIDs are issued to individuals who reports also reveal that 65 percent of Baka or Mbuti (usually are 16 years or older, free of charge. Congo has an electronic referred to as pygmies) children between ages 12 and 15 do national registry and database to store information about its not attend school since they do not have birth certificates and biometric ID card, e-passport, resident card, police card, 14 face many hurdles in obtaining birth certificates. UNICEF, in voter registration, and electronic access control. The bio- partnership with the UN Indigenous Peoples Partnership, metric database center, including AFIS, serves as a base for initiated efforts to send mobile teams to register births and a variety of government ID applications, including census, issue birth certificates for indigenous children in remote elections and ID documents, ePassports, driver’s licenses, areas. Congo also has a high influx of refugees, mostly from and health cards. Congo does not have any privacy legisla- Rwanda. Refugee children do not have access to school or tion about personal data protection. health care due to the absence of identification. { { Birth registration National ID 91+ 9 + N91% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE CÔTE D’IVOIRE  Birth registration. The Direction Générale de The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees l’Administration du Territoire, under the Office National de (UNHCR) estimates that 700,000 people who are stateless l’Identification (ONI), or National Identification Office, of the or of undetermined nationality live in Côte d’Ivoire. Stateless Côte d’Ivoire Ministry of Interior (Internal Security), is respon- individuals can encounter numerous obstacles throughout sible for civil registration and national identification. Birth their lives, finding it difficult to enroll in school, open a bank registration in Côte d’Ivoire has been mandatory since 1964 account, travel across borders, obtain a marriage certifi- and must be completed within three months of birth. Côte cate, or register their children. Following independence in d’Ivoire has 427 civil registration bureaus across the coun- 1960, changes in the legal code deterred immigrants from try. The birth registration rate for children five years of age acquiring Ivorian citizenship. Both the civil war in 2002 and is 55 percent, and is higher in urban areas (79 percent) than the post-electoral crisis that ensued from 2010 to 2012, in 15 in rural areas (41 percent). The registration process is free of which the civil registries and documents were destroyed, charge, but acquiring a copy of the birth registration certif- made it difficult for some individuals to prove identity. icate requires an administrative stamp that costs CFAF  500 (US$0.80). According to a 2013 UNICEF report, an estimated The NID was established after the Ouagadougou Peace 2.8 million children were not registered at birth, and three out Accord was signed in March 2007. Between August 2008 of 10 rural births go undeclared. There have been efforts to and April 2009, the ONI registered and gave free NID cards digitize historical records as well as new registrations since to 6  million individuals over 16 years of age. However, this 2016. process was halted in 2010 and did not resume until 2014. The ONI provides resident aliens with a document similar to  National ID. The ONI is responsible for issuing the NID. the national ID (NID) known as the carte nationale d’identité. The ONI was established in February 2001 via Decree No. The NID costs the applicant CFAF 5,000 (US$8.33), though the 2001-103, which charged the office with implementation of expenses associated with obtaining associated documents civil registration policy, identification of the population living can result in total costs of CFAF 10,000–13,000 (US$16.66– in Côte d’Ivoire, and monitoring immigration and emigration. US$21.65). NID applicants must provide 10 fingerprints and a Cote d’Ivoire has had a national ID system since the country digital photograph they are then deduplicated using an AFIS gained its independence in 1960. process to validate uniqueness. It takes one to three months to issue the NID card after the application process is com- Côte d’Ivoire has two identification credentials: a certificate plete. Côte d’Ivoire has 150 enrollment centers throughout of nationality and the NID card. These two credentials are the country and conducts mobile enrollment campaigns as not interchangeable. The certificate of nationality, which well. is a prerequisite for obtaining the NID, must be issued and attested by a judge at a local court. The applicant must sub- The NID card contains identity card number, name, family mit a copy of his or her birth certificate or a copy of a par- name, photo, date of birth, place of birth, gender, height, ent’s birth registration document. The cost of obtaining a date of issuance, and date of expiration on the front, and certificate of nationality is CFAF 3150 (US$5.10). There is no residential address, profession, signature, name of father electronic register or centralized database of the nationality and mother, their dates of births, and the serial number of certificates. Instead, the courts that issue these certificates the card stock on the back. The card also includes 10 dig- maintain an archive. its that encode the center at which the cardholder applied, { { Birth registration National ID 55+ 45 + N 45+ 55 + N 0.8 1.8 55% 45%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Côte d’Ivoire and a sequential number. This identification number is not of the fund’s reimbursement system for its members, and a unique identifier that can link government databases. The to provide the country with a national population register NID card has not been used for electronic authentication, and family register. The ID card is a 2D bar code card that and there is no procedure to update information. Cardhold- contains the holder’s biometric (two index fingers) and ers must wait until the cards expire, 10 years after issuance, biographic information, includes a range of security features to make any changes. (embossing, guilloches, microtext, and fluorescent UV ink), and provides a mechanism for authentication. Côte d’Ivoire has another interesting biometric identification system for the almost 4 million people covered by Caisse Côte d’Ivoire’s Law No. 2013-450, adopted in late 2013, 16 Nationale d’Assurance Maladie, the national health insur- protects personally identifying information under the Reg- ance fund. This project aspires to ensure efficient operation ulatory Authority for Telecommunications (Autorité de Régu- lation des télécommunications Tic de Côte d’Ivoire). DJIBOUTI  Birth registration. Djibouti’s État Civil is respon- identity records of residents (both citizens and foreigners) sible for civil registration in communities throughout the from the old identification system. In 2012, the DGPF intro- country. Civil registration has been carried out since 1977. duced a new national identity card, which costs about DF 2,498 Birth registration is mandatory and offered free of charge (US$14) per person. Because this was expensive, few individ- within the child’s first 30 days. In addition to the application uals applied for the card. The country sought to issue elec- form, registration requires a certificate of birth that includes tronic cards to 250,000–300,000 individuals, but a World Bank the place, date, and time of birth. This information typically report found that only 9,000 had been issued as of 2014. comes from the clinic at which the birth took place. All chil- dren, whether born of married or unmarried parents, have The card had a few security features; it was a laser-en- equal status. The institutional birth rate is 87.4 percent, and graved, polycarbonate card, but it did not have any digital 17 the birth registration rate for children younger than five biometrics despite the fact that 10 inked fingerprints were years of age is 91 percent. captured on paper, scanned, digitized, and stored in the data- base. The Commission Identifiant Unique is working toward  National ID. The Direction Générale de la Popu- addressing the issue of a unique identity number. lation et de la Famille (DGPF), within the Ministry of Interior, is responsible for issuing national ID (NID) cards, known as Besides this NID, the Department of Police also issues iden- the carte d’identification nationale numérique. Djibouti does tity cards. The department has 1 million cards containing not have a robust identification system. Instead, it has a few historical police and immigration records, 50,000 records separate, insular identification programs, with their own of passport applicants, and information regarding foreign- databases. These databases are fragmented and are neither ers who are presently living in Djibouti. The documents are interoperable nor harmonized. handwritten paper records and are not digitized. The social safety net programs under the Secretary of State for National Before 2012, the NID was a laminated piece of paper with no Solidarity have registered about 17,000 households that par- security features. It was issued free of charge to everyone 18 ticipated in food ration coupon programs. Djibouti does not years of age and older. The DGPF database contains 250,000 have legislation protecting personal data. { { Birth registration National ID 92+ 8 + N 1+ 99 + N 0.5 4.1 92% 1%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE ERITREA  Birth registration. The Public Registration  National ID. The Public Registration Office Office, in the Ministry of Information, is responsible for civil issues national IDs. Citizens must appeal to their local gov- registration in Eritrea. Birth registration has been carried ernment Mmhdar to obtain national IDs, which are required out since 1939, and is mandatory. Children must be regis- of Eritrean citizens over 18 years of age. National ID cards tered within 90 days of birth in order to receive a birth certif- have no expiration date or cost, and are issued only in Arabic icate. Issuance of a birth certificate after 90 days requires a and Tigrinya. government-issued clearance paper to confirm parenthood and date of birth. According to UNICEF, the institutional birth The Eritrean NID card is a laminated card, with the cardhold- rate is 26.4 percent, and the birth registration rate for chil- er’s photograph and a seven-digit identity number. It also 18 dren younger than five is 15 percent. UNICEF notes that birth contains biographic and demographic information. In 2010, registration reports were used to identify children for forced Eritrea began issuing electronic ID cards with a bar code, conscription which, along with fear of under-age recruit- which will replace the old paper IDs. In an effort to curb ille- ment, may result in reluctance to register children. However, gal migration, false documentation, and forged paper IDs, there are also claims that there is no evidence of under-age the government announced that it will retire ID cards issued recruitment. before 1993, the year Eritrea declared independence. It is not clear how the current system is migrating to the electronic The Public Registration Office issues birth certificates in cards as the paper IDs are phased out. There is proof of an either Tigrinya or English. The applicant must submit proof underground market for fraudulent Eritrean ID cards in ref- of birth (hospital birth record, baptismal certificate, and ugee communities, especially in Ethiopia, Sudan, Tel Aviv, vaccination certificate), a statement from witnesses famil- Italy, Kenya, Egypt, and South Africa.* Eritrea does not have iar with the birth, and the residential card of the parents. In any legislation pertaining to personal data protection. addition, applicants must submit a copy of the birth record from their administrative area, a copy of the applicant’s res- idential card, and copies of the parents’ identity cards. Indi- viduals living abroad must also present the 2 percent income tax clearance receipt, national identity cards, and passports. In case of home births, a witness at the birth (the attending physician, midwife, birth attendant, or others) must produce a notarized statement in addition to the supporting docu- * h t t p : / / w w w . j u s t i c e . g o v / s i t e s / d e f a u l t / f i l e s / e o i r / ments required for institutional births. legacy/2014/10/01/ERI104939.E.pdf { { Birth registration National ID 15+ 85 + N 15% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE ETHIOPIA  Birth registration. The civil registration system subdivided into 73 zones, which include 741 woredas. The in Ethiopia is one of the world’s most recent. Although the kebele is the lowest tier administrative unit. There are cur- original legislation relating to civil registration dates back rently 16,475 kebeles in Ethiopia, an average of 20 per woreda. to 1960 in the form of Ethiopia’s Civil Code, the relevant pro- Of these, 1,618 kebeles are urban. Kebeles are further subdi- visions were never enacted. The Family Act in 2000 was the vided into smaller entities known as katanas. Every kebele, first legislation to acknowledge marriages and divorces whether rural or urban, has its own kebele office. A typical that had been issued by municipalities and towns. Finally, in kebele has 5,000­ –12,000 residents, who elect a cabinet for August 2012, Ethiopia issued the Registration of Vital Events administrative purposes. and National Identity Card Proclamation No. 760/2012, cov- ering registration of vital events in the country (Federal Currently, most of the government kebele offices are autho- 19 Negarit Gazeta 2012). rized to complete registration of vital events and issue the corresponding certificates. These offices then transmit Regulation No. 278/2012 to Provide for the Establishment their completed records to the corresponding woreda VERA of the Vital Events Registration Agency, established the fol- (RVERA) civil status office. Home births are reported by a lowing national bodies in December 2012: the Vital Events parent or guardian, and abandoned children are registered Council, the Board of Management, and the Vital Events Reg- by an officer from the police or any other relevant govern- istration Agency (VERA) (Federal Negarit Gazeta 2012b). The ment agency. The kebele registers the birth and issues a Vital Events Council (established by Articles 8 and 9) is the certificate, and transmits three copies of the vital events highest authority on matters of civil registration. The council forms to the RVERA, which returns any forms with errors is chaired by the minister of Justice, with additional mem- for correction and resubmission. All births should be reg- bers from specified government entities.* VERA’s director istered within 90 days. The kebeles must verify and transmit general is the secretary of the council. The Board of Man- the details to the RVERA in 30 days. The RVERA must then agement provides oversight to VERA; its members are also transmit the records to VERA in 30 days, and VERA transmits designated by the government. VERA itself is ostensibly an records to Central Statistical Agency within 30 days. autonomous agency mandated to direct, coordinate, and support the registration of vital events nationally as well as  National ID. The kebele offices issue identifica- to maintain records of these events. It falls under the juris- tion cards, called Kebele Cards, to their residents, resulting diction of the Ministry of Justice. in one of the most decentralized national ID systems in the world. Kebeles have a surprising degree of autonomy in the Ethiopia is divided into nine administrative regions and color and design of their cards, which they order from local two city administrations; the regions and cities are further printers. Some cards are simple, with details about the res- ident on the front, and the stamp and signed authorization of the kebele on the back. Others are in the form of a folded * These include the Ministry of Justice; the Ministry of Finance booklet. and Economic Development; the Ministry of Health; the Ministry of Education; the Ministry of Urban Development and Construc- tion; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry of Defense; the The paper cards differ in content and appearance across the Ministry of Women, Children, and Youth; the Ministry of Federal country and have no security features. The issuing officer Affairs; the Government Communications Affairs Office; the National Intelligence and Security Service; and the City Adminis- verifies the card after confirming the user’s identity. Cover- trations of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. age appears to be very high, although there is no centralized { { Birth registration National ID 7+ 93 + N 8.5 7%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Ethiopia database that allows for an accurate estimate of how many require travel to another town or village with a photogra- individuals hold Kebele Cards. These cards are used for pher. With the minimum public sector wage around Br 500 many private and public sector transactions. (US$21.85) per month—and far lower incomes for most rural residents—the cost of obtaining a Kebele Card is not negligi- While they may look different, Kebele Cards include a stan- ble. The cost of a Kebele Card would be equivalent to about dard set of information: full name (including the name of the one-fifth of the monthly earnings of beneficiaries of the Pro- father and grandfather*), mother’s name, photo, data of birth, ductive Safety Nets Programme (PNSP) targeted at the rural occupation, ethnic group, emergency contact details, kebele, poor. However, the practice of charging for the cards is not woreda, date of issue, issuing officer, and kebele stamp. Cards uniform, as some kebeles that require residents to hold a 20 also include the telephone number of the kebele to facilitate Kebele Card make the cards available at no charge. queries on the authenticity of the document. Ethiopia’s Kebele Card system reflects the features of its Not all kebeles require every member to hold a valid card, tight, community-based administrative structure. To begin although a high percentage of the adult population holds with, every adult belongs in a community, and has access them regardless. In one recent exercise that required the to an identifying credential issued by that community that registration of all kebele residents for food aid, only about serves virtually the full range of functions expected from an 5 percent were found not to have cards. ID. Obtaining a Kebele Card involves relatively little transac- tion costs, given its local administration. Cards are not usually free. Most applicants are charged a fee, typically Br 10–20 (US$0.44–US$0.87), to defray the The Kebele Card system is increasingly challenged to pro- costs of printing the card. They will also need to pay for the vide for Ethiopia’s identification needs. The challenges will photographs—typically Br 20 for four prints—which may grow as Ethiopia develops, and as its population urbanizes and becomes more mobile, moving farther away from tra- ditional social and communal structures. There are plans to * The naming convention of Ethiopia follows a patronymic system. Children have a unique first name that is followed by the father’s replace the Kebele Card with a modern, biometric digital ID, name and the grandfather’s name. in accordance with Proclamation No. 760/2012 GABON  Birth registration. The Registrar General, in national biometric civil registry that will serve as a master the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, is responsible registry for issuing national IDs (NIDs), birth certificates, for birth registration in Gabon. Birth registration has been drivers licenses, etc. carried out since 1957. It is mandatory, and must be carried out within six months of childbirth for a charge of CFAF 1,000  National ID. The Ministry of Interior is respon- (US$1.71). Gabon’s institutional birth rate is 90 percent, and sible for issuing NIDs in Gabon. Gabon initiated the e-ID the birth registration rate is 89.6  percent. The rural birth solution protect its citizens from identity fraud and ensure registration of 89.3 percent is slightly lower than the urban transparency in its electoral process. Ahead of its 2013 elec- birth registration rate of 91 percent. The Registrar General tions, the government of Gabon partnered with a vendor to ensures that birth registration is carried out in all districts issue e-ID cards and build a reliable national biometric reg- 21 in the country. A birth notification must be obtained and pre- istry to replace paper-based records with digital records. sented to the district registrar of births and death in order to The new system would issue a unique identification number have the birth certificate processed. Notification of non-in- and a central biometric registry, and the information stored stitutional births can be handled at the local offices. in this database can be used to issue birth certificates, ID cards, passports, and drivers licenses. Individuals who register their child and obtain a birth certificate after six months must produce notifications cards, a baptis- The Ministry of Interior has placed high priority on develop- mal certificate, and either a school leaving certificate, identity ing the digital civil registry, also seeking to improve elec- card, or passport. In 2007, in an effort to be more inclusive, toral register accuracy and provide enhanced security ID the government of Gabon took special initiatives to issue birth documents as a part of its “Emerging Gabon” initiative. As certificates to pygmy children reside in remote areas. Most a foundation for future e-services and transactions, the pygmies live in remote forests and are often seen as inferior, government is implementing a public key infrastructure to as they cannot register births or obtain identity cards, and so facilitate integration of the national biometric ID program they are systematically sidelined. Failure to register birth also into future e-government services. Enrollment for this end- denies children access to education and health care. to-end system was carried out in desktop and mobile sta- tions that recorded citizens’ demographic data, fingerprints, Gabon’s Ministry of the Interior, in association with Agence and digital photographs. The fingerprint biometric is used to Nationale des Infrastructure Numériques et des Fré- match to the database to prevent duplication. In 2011, Gabon quences, launched a biometric identification initiative called enacted a law to facilitate personal data protection. The Identification Biométrique Officielle au Gabon. This initiative Gabonese data protection agency is called the Commissariat seeks to replace the existing paper registry with a reliable à la protection des données personnelles. { { Birth registration National ID 90+ 10 + N 90% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE THE GAMBIA  Birth registration. The Registrar of Births occupation, name of the person who registered the child, and Deaths, in the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, is date of registration, registrar’s name, and signature of responsible for birth registration and death registration in the registrar. There are plans to conduct a comprehensive The Gambia. According to WHO, registration of births and assessment of the CRVS. The country also plans to digitize deaths began around 1880. The present system of birth reg- registration of births and deaths, as envisaged in the strate- istration has been in place since 1965. According to UNICEF gic plan for 2016–2020. (2012), the institutional birth rate is 55.7  percent, and the birth registration rate for children younger than five is  National ID. The Gambia Biometric Identifica- 52.5  percent. The centralized system of birth registration tion System (GAMBIS) is responsible for issuing national ID 22 and distance from the registrar’s office, as well as costly and cards. In 2009, The Gambia introduced a new biometric iden- time-consuming processes, are some of the barriers to birth tity card that captures two thumbprints. Gambian citizens registration in The Gambia. who are 18 and older are required to possess a national ID card. Individuals must fill out a GID-001 form, which can be In an effort to decentralize the birth registration process and downloaded from the GAMBIS website. Along with this form, involve reproductive and child services, The Gambia began individuals must produce copies of supporting documents— requiring health professionals to function as civil registrars such as a birth certificate, Gambian passport, voter’s card— in addition to their usual work. This initiative extends civil as well as Form GID 008—District Seyfo/Alkalo Attestation registration services to cover more children, increasing the form, and registration/naturalization certificates. The appli- birth registration rate from 32 percent in 2000 to 55 percent cation fee is D 200 (US$4.66). in 2005. The national ID is a chip-based smart card with biometric and Two laws—the 1968 BDMR Act, CAP 41.01 of the Laws of biographic information, and is presently used for civil iden- Gambia and the 2005 Children’s Act—mandate birth regis- tification purposes. The card contains a photo, thumbprint, tration as a legal entitlement of every child in The Gambia. encoded chip, name, address, signature, and the National Birth registration is free of charge, while failure to register a Identification Number (NIN). The NIN is an 11-digit unique birth may result in fines or even imprisonment. Births must number that is matched with the cardholder’s thumbprint. be registered within 14 days of childbirth or the father is held The 11 digits correspond to date of birth, place of issuance, accountable and must pay a fine or go to prison. In case of the nationality, sex, and a checksum. The NIN must be provided father’s absence, the mother is held accountable. during various transactions, including renewal or replace- ment of an identity card. The Gambia has also implemented Birth certificates are required to enroll in preschool and a biometric voter registration system. The Gambia does not Islamic school (Madrasa). The Gambian birth certificate con- have any legislation pertaining to personal data protection, sists of DOB, place of birth, child’s name, father’s name and nor does it have a data protection agency. { { Birth registration National ID 52+ 48 + N 0.6 52%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE GHANA  Birth registration. The Births and Deaths Regis- must obtain a national ID. The NIA is also required to estab- try, the government agency responsible for civil registration lish a biometric-based national identity register. Sections 18 in Ghana, was established under the Registration of Births and 73 of Acts 707 and 750, respectively, state that NIA will and Deaths Act of 1965, (Act 301). Ghana had vital registra- craft regulations to create, maintain, provide, and promote tion as early as 1888, though it did not capture deaths until the use of national identity cards, outline the NID’s functions, after 1912. and prescribe fees payable under the law, among other reg- ulations to advance economic, political, and social activities Ghana’s institutional birth rate is 67.4 percent, and birth reg- in Ghana. istration rate for children younger than five is 62.5 percent. According to UNICEF, the birth registration rate improved Ghana cards enable identification of individuals based on 23 from 51 percent to 63 percent between 2006 and 2011. How- biometric information, specifically fingerprints. Each card is ever, there is a gap between the rural and urban birth reg- valid for 10 years and contains the name, sex, DOB, height, istration rates, which are 55 and 72  percent, respectively. personal ID number, expiration date, and biometrics in a Community health campaigns and mobile registration ini- machine-readable 2D-barcode. The cards also carry the tiatives have increased birth registration rates by reduc- holder’s signature. Double registration for Ghana card is an ing the indirect costs of birth registration, and by engaging offense under section 40 of the National Identity Register more community volunteers, especially among poorer com- Act, 2008(Act 750). Regulation 7 of L.I. 2111 provides for the munities. mandatory use of national identity cards for various civil and administrative processes and transactions. Ghana has 10 administrative regions and 170 registration districts, with at least one registration office in each district. The NIA is planning to upgrade the existing identifica- Children from low-income families and rural areas are least tion system to accommodate institutional identity services likely to have a birth certificate. Ghana launched an inte- requirements, and to harmonize all ID systems in Ghana. grated portal for requesting e-services, allowing birth reg- The proposed national identification system will consist of istrations and national ID applications to be submitted online. a database, communications networks, security, and card This portal serves as a one-stop shop for requesting various production systems. It is intended to facilitate the exchange services for citizens and noncitizens alike. However, the birth of data between stakeholder institutions and the NIA under and death registry does not collect and store information legally defined security and privacy considerations. electronically. It also has challenges in integrating and har- monizing civil registration data with identification data. Under Ghana’s Data Protection Act of 2012 (Act 843), a data protection commission functions as an independent statu-  National ID. In 2006, Act 707 established the tory body to protect the privacy of the individual and personal National Identification Authority (NIA) as the sole authority data by regulating the processing of personal information. responsible for the enrollment of individuals in the pro- The commission is responsible for the process to obtain, gram and issuance of national identity cards. Every resident hold, use, or disclose personal information, and for other of Ghana age 15 and over, regardless of citizenship status, related issues related to the protection of personal data. { { Birth registration National ID 62+ 38 + N 2+ 98 + N 0.3 62% 2%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE GUINEA  Birth registration. The Ministry of Health is In early 2012, biometric enrollment stations and a Central responsible for birth registration, death notification, and Identity Database were set up. Enrollees were deduplicated issuance of birth and death certificates in Guinea. Birth reg- using an automated fingerprint identification system, and istration is carried out by the municipalities under the civil software and printers were purchased to issue secure ID registry. Birth registration is mandatory, and offered free of cards with a unique ID number. cost. Parents have to register the birth of their child within 30 days of birth. Article 192 of the Guinean Civil Code (2003) Currently, about 5 million blank polycarbonate ID cards mandates birth registration. The civil registry is governed by are stored at a warehouse in Conakry. These cards were the Civil Code and the Children’s Code. According to UNICEF delivered but never personalized or issued, as priority was 24 (2012), Guinea’s institutional delivery rate is 40.3 percent, given to the use of the register for elections and issuance of and the birth registration rate for children below five years national ID cards was discontinued. Guinea had initially envi- of age is 57.9 percent. sioned deploying smart cards, but decided to issue 2D bar codes to save on cost. Guinea does not have any legislation According to a report commissioned by the World Bank, on personal data protection. Currently, there is an initiative Guinea is currently in the process of modernizing its civil reg- under way supported by the World Bank to provide all res- istration. This initiative, based on a 2015–16 action plan drawn idents with a unique ID number associated with biometric up by the National Civil Registration Directorate, addresses data. both legal aspects (civil registration code, organization), and institutional aspects (roles of the main stakeholders, stan- Guinea’s election commission, the Commission Électorale dards of interoperability between the various agencies). The Nationale Indépendante (CENI), and its Ministry of Territorial European Union (EU) has provided €1 million toward this ini- Administration and Decentralization performed a biomet- tiative. The modernization of civil registers is being carried ric census. They enrolled users, capturing 10 fingerprints out by the EU and UNICEF in the Nzerekore region. and high-quality images for facial recognition. In 2012, the enrolled/updated database contained approximately 4.2–  National ID. Guinea implemented several ID 4.3 million people. In 2013, the system was updated for the programs with different vendors over the last decade. In upcoming legislative elections; by the end of 2014, it con- 2011, the government proposed a strategy for developing a tained data on nearly 5 million individuals of voting age. The national ID register, with a database to be used for all func- register is the closest thing to an identity database in the tional applications including elections. It was to serve as country including biometric and biographic data and date of a foundational national register to issue secure ID cards. birth. { { Birth registration National ID 58+ 42 + N 1.4 0.2 58%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE GUINEA BISSAU  Birth registration. The Ministry of Justice is counterfeiting. The new integrated ID card includes a civilian responsible for birth registration in Guinea Bissau. Birth automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) to reduce registration has been carried out free of cost since 1976. It potential internal fraud, eliminate duplicate identities and is not mandatory but offered free of cost until eight years precisely verify the identity of legitimate cardholders. Appli- of age. According to UNICEF (2012), the institutional birth cants must initially establish their identity via documentary rate is 41 percent, and the birth registration of children evidence by providing an existing ID card or birth certificate below five is 39 percent. Guinea Bissau made an effort to and then fill out an application form for enrollment at an ID computerize all its birth registration data since the year station. Following this, the cardholder’s identification data 2000. Nearly half a million children born between 2000 and are encoded and an operator captures a digital photograph December 2007 were registered in the electronic database. and two index fingerprints. All of the captured information 25 is registered and stored in a central database. The NID card  National ID. The Ministry of Justice, National ID contains the name, date of birth, national identity number Services, is the organization responsible for issuing national and facial image, and a minutia of the left and right index fin- IDs. The country experienced major challenges with the ger embedded within a 2D PDF 417 bar code. Guinea-Bissau previous paper-based national identity card and set out to plans to issue more than one million national ID cards in the modernize its existing paper-based system. Following this, next five years. Guinea Bissau does not have any legislation a national ID program was introduced in 2013 to achieve new for personal data protection. levels of security. The initiative hoped to prevent fraud and { { Birth registration National ID 39+ 61 + N 39% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE 87+ 13 + N 87% REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE KENYA  Birth registration. The Kenya Department of and a nine-digit serial number. The Kenyan NID does not Civil Registration has a mandate to register births and deaths, have an expiration date. Thus far, Kenya has issued 24 mil- and to issue the corresponding paper certificates. Kenya lion cards, but this total may include duplicates as well as has been documenting births since 1904. Birth registration the inactive cards of deceased individuals. There are about is mandatory and must be completed within the child’s first 1.2 million new registrations each year. three months, according to Kenya’s Birth and Deaths Regis- tration Act CAP 149. The birth registration rate of children In January 2015, President Uhuru Kenyatta launched Kenya’s below five years of age is 63 percent, and the latest figure for first Social Protection Week, which aimed at harmonizing all the institutional birth rate is 60 percent. The village subchief government agencies involved in social protection. This is 26 is responsible for registering home births. The local registra- relevant to the NID system because there are other registra- tion office gives each registered child a unique birth registra- tion or identification components within the government, and tion number consisting of 12 digits. The number contains the these have traditionally functioned in silos, each with a spe- subcountry code (three digits), the year of birth/death (four cific mandate. For instance, the Independent Electoral and digits), and a running number (five digits) assigned to events Boundaries Commission uses its own biometric systems to in sequence as they occur from the beginning of the year. This register voters and authenticate them against voter lists at set of 12 digits is referred to as the “birth entry number.” the polls. Voter registration requires a NID card or a pass- port, and passport applications call for a NID. Thus the NID The absence of a birth certificate can prevent children from is central to multiple civic activities. enrolling in school or deny them their rightful inheritance. The Ministry of Health has employed innovative mobile tech- Kenya recently launched the Integrated Population Registra- nology to improve CRVS, also launching the Monitoring of tion System (IPRS), a central database that stores informa- Vital Events through Information Technology (MOVE-IT) pro- tion about all residents, whether citizens or foreign nationals. gram, which had community health workers report births The database contains data from different sources, including and deaths using their mobile phones. birth registration, civil registration, alien and refugee regis- tration, and the national population register. However, these  National ID. The National Registration Bureau data are not completely harmonized. The IPRS consolidates (NRB) is responsible for collecting biometric and biographic population registration data into one database to enable ver- information and issuing national IDs (NIDs). The NRB also ification of an individual’s credentials by both government operates the Automated Fingerprint Identification System and private bodies. A unique identifier is assigned to each that checks for duplicate or multiple registrations. The ID person’s record and acts as a reference in all transactions card system can be traced back to 1915. The Kenyan NID is regarding that person. mandatory and must be acquired when an individual turns 18, when it is issued free of charge. The card includes basic The national registration processes in Kenya are governed information (name, sex, date and place of birth, date and by the Constitution and a range of legislation. However, place of issue), a photo, a signature, and an image of one fin- Kenya does not yet have specific personal data protection gerprint. It also contains a sequential eight-digit NID number legislation. The draft National Registration and Identification (a number of digits sufficient to cover a Kenya’s population) Bill 2012 was still pending as of early 2017. { { Birth registration National ID 63+ 37 + N 84+ 16 + N 5.0 1.0 63% 84%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE LESOTHO  Birth registration. The Ministry of Home Affairs, and is also responsible for passport issuance. As of early National Identity and Civil Registry (NICR) agency is respon- 2017, around 800,000 national ID cards had been issued out sible for birth registration in Lesotho. The Registration of of an estimated eligible population aged 16 and above of Birth and Death Act 1973, mandates birth registration in about 1.2 million. Including children, the National Population Lesotho. According to UNICEF, the Institutional Birth Rate is Register includes around 1.2 million individuals out of a total 58.7  percent and Birth Registration Rate of children below population of about 2 million and is growing steadily. five years of age is 45.1 percent. The process for obtaining the national ID is completely inte- Beginning in 2013, the birth registration and certification grated with the birth and death registration processes. The process has moved from a decentralized paper based to birth certificate is required as part of the application for 27 a digitized and centralized system. The parents submit the the NID. In the case that the individual does not have a birth required forms, including attestation from the chief of nation- certificate, he or she will go through the process described ality of the parents and medical declaration of birth to the dis- above and after receiving it will move to the enrollment sta- trict level registration office. The information is then entered tion for the NID. A photo and fingerprints from all 10 fingers using a customized software and checked by another opera- are taken digitally. After an on-line deduplication check con- tor. Once confirmed, a birth certificate with various security firms that the individual has not already been enrolled, a 2-D features that includes a centrally issued unique ID number is bar code credential is printed. It contains a machine readable printed. The unique ID number is a 12-digit number with logic fingerprint and biographical information as well as a photo including the enrollment location, sex and a number denot- and other information on the face of the card. There are 15 ing citizenship. The original paper files (which are required by enrollment centers that allow for birth registration and NID law) are maintained at the district office while the electronic enrollment and are on-line and connected to a central server data is maintained at a dedicated data center. in a dedicated data center. There are also satellite offices that allow applicants to submit documents that are then car- Birth certificates are issued free of cost within the year of ried to the district offices for processing in order to reduce birth, but beyond a year it costs M 4.50 ($0.32) for late birth transportation costs of applicants. However, applicants registration and takes up to three days to be processed. must visit enrollment centers to complete the biometric data These nominal fees contrast with the cost of transportation collection. The exception to this rule is mobile enrollment for families that live in remote areas. There is little demand where biometric capturing kits are taking to remote loca- for birth registration for young children as mandates to pres- tions. There are six mobile enrollment kits that are used to ent birth certificates for primary education are not enforced. serve remote areas on a periodic basis. Many people request their first birth certificates only when entering secondary or even tertiary education. While birth While the 2-D bar code card could be used for authentication by certificates are required in order to access the means-tested verification of the card or through biometric or other personal program of child grants, this rule is not strictly enforced. information, this is not yet in place. However, in 2015, Lesotho There are efforts under way to utilize social workers to help collaborated with South Africa on a successful pilot program increase registration rates of poor households. to allow on-line, biometric authentication of migrant workers.  National ID. The NICR is also responsible for Lesotho passed personal data protection legislation in par- issuing national IDs and maintaining a population registry. It allel to the National Identity Card Act 2011. The law specifies was established under the National Identity Cards Act 2011 the rules for privacy and the sharing of personal data. { { Birth registration National ID 45+ 55 + N 57+ 43 + N 0.4 1.9 45% 57%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE LIBERIA  Birth registration. The Ministry of Health and  National ID. The National Identification Registry Social Welfare is responsible for birth registration in Libe- (NIR) is responsible for issuing national IDs (NIDs), which all ria. Birth registration is mandatory and the Liberian govern- Liberian citizens have been able to obtain without cost since ment encourages its citizens to register birth within the first 2011. The Liberian NID is a pocket-sized laminated plastic 12 years. Although birth registration is free of charge and has card that contains the holder’s name and some demographic been carried out since 1973, Liberia has one of the lowest information. Liberia is one of the few Sub-Saharan African birth registration rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. The institu- countries that issues NIDs at birth. tional birth rate is 36.9 percent, but the birth registration rate for children younger than five is only 24 percent, as 13 years The National Identification Registry Act of 2011 established 28 of civil war disrupted the basic mechanisms for registering the NIR and authorized it to implement the National Biometric births. The government of Liberia and its partners are working Identification System (NBIS). Under this Act, NIR set up a man- together to reestablish a countrywide system of birth regis- agement team in October of 2015. The NIR hopes to establish tration. Two significant challenges are lack of awareness and or acquire the technical infrastructure and control proce- a highly centralized process that requires parents to travel to dures that will serve as the platform for implementation of the Monrovia, the capital, in order to register the birth of a child. NBIS. This system will collect, organize, store, secure, and grant access to secure biometric data collected from individ- Initiatives are under way to decentralize birth registration uals applying for national biometric identification cards and and establish a digital registry. The Universal Birth Regis- other key documents, such as passports, driver’s licenses, tration (UBR) program is a joint initiative of the Ministry of and social security cards. The NIR Act does not define digital Health and Social Welfare, UNICEF, the United Nation’s High identity as a legally recognized category, but instead simply Commission for Refugees, Plan Liberia, and the Crisis Man- provides the legal framework for national identity. agement Initiative. The UBR aims to increase birth registra- tion and certification for children younger than six years old Liberia has certain key technical challenges, such as lack to 90 percent by 2018. Under this scheme, all children under of IT integration and technical infrastructure, that must be six will be issued free birth certificates. resolved before it can roll out its next electronic and biomet- ric ID system. The NIR has not begun implementation, nor has The Liberian district registration officers use mobile phone the country started issuing identification cards to its citizens. technology to register births at health facilities, instantly sharing data with the county registration office in order to In 2011, the National Election Commission used solar-pow- print birth certificates. The process is being accelerated with ered equipment that printed and laminated voter ID cards the help of traveling registration teams that visit communi- within minutes of registration. Voter IDs contain individual ties, register births, and provide birth certificates on the information such as name, date of birth, address, etc., but spot. Birth certificates in Liberia can protect children from no biometric information. Liberia has multiple functional child marriage, child labor, and child trafficking. The govern- identity systems, including passport number, civil servant ment of Liberia encourages UBR through Public Health Laws registration number, social security number, driver’s license Chapter 51; this law enforces the registration of children number, birth registration number, and voter registration. A within 14 days of birth, making nonregistration punishable few of these systems capture biometric information. Liberia by a fine of $4,725 (US$50). lacks legislation addressing personal data protection. { { Birth registration National ID 24+ 76 + N 0.2 24%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE MADAGASCAR  Birth registration. The Ministry of Interior and time allowed for birth registration to 45 days. This proposed the Ministry of Justice are the government agencies respon- reform also included provisions to facilitate birth registration sible for civil registration in Madagascar. When Madagascar in remote areas, launched programs to raise citizen awareness initiated a Civil Registration and Vital Statistics System in of vital events registration, and trained civil registrars on the 1878, it covered only the country’s French population. Birth importance of civil registration. Individuals can request birth registration of all individuals began after the country gained certificates for themselves. For children under the age of 19, independence in 1961. According to UNICEF (2012), the institu- birth certificates can be requested by parents, custodial guard- tional birth rate was 35.3 percent. In 2015, the birth registra- ians, or representatives with written authorization from. tion rate for children below five years of age was 83 percent. A 2016 World Bank report found that the distance to regis- 29 Parents or guardians must register births at the local munic- tration points, indirect cost of registration, fear of authori- ipality with a live birth notification. During registration, the ties, the short time frame for birth registration, and the lack place of birth, date of the birth, full name, and sex of the baby of resources both to register the child and to issue a birth are recorded. Parents must also provide their full names, certificate were the key barriers to timely registration. The address, date of birth, occupation, date of marriage, and biographical data captured during civil registration, enroll- family book* for parents who are married by the state. In the ment, and issuance of identification is not integrated or har- case of home births, registration happens at local adminis- monized with national identification data. The civil registry trative units called the fokontany. database is decentralized and paper-based. All births must be registered, and the birth certificate must  National ID. The National Police of the Ministry be issued within 12 days of birth. However, many parts of the of Interior is responsible for issuing national ID (NID) cards. country lack the infrastructure to carry out civil registration The Madagascan NID is known as carte nationale d’identité services. Furthermore, a UNICEF study cites the main rea- de citoyen Malagasy. This paper-based card, issued to all the sons for nonregistration of births are lack of understanding citizens over 18 years of age, is required by law. The carte among parents, and limited administrative capacities. nationale d’identité has been issued at no charge since 1961. Birth registration completed within 12 days is free, but The carte nationale d’identité has a serial number in addition to beyond that time limit there is a fine. The courts and local the unique number issued to all cardholders. The unique NID tribunals play a major role in late birth registration. Late number is a 12-digit number that combines geolocation and a registration costs the applicant FMG  100–1,600 (US$0.03– sequential number comprising region, district, commune, and US$0.52). In 2004, Madagascar launched a campaign to gender, plus a six-digit sequential number. Once the informa- improve birth registration, including door-to-door canvass- tion is captured on the document along with the fingerprints, ing and large retroactive registration sessions, in order to the card is laminated. The issuance of the carte nationale revitalize birth registration in the country. d’identité is linked to nationality, and children born into fam- ilies with a foreign father and a Malagasy mother face chal- A committee established to monitor birth registration sug- lenges. There are no data available regarding the issuance gested that civil registration laws be revised to extend the and coverage of the carte nationale d’identité. Madagascar has a data protection law, the Loi N° 2014-038, Sur la protection * Madagascar issues family books upon marriage for the purpose des données à caractère personnel. This legislation outlines of recording all vital events in the family. standards and guidelines for personal data protection. { { Birth registration National ID 83+ 17 + N 2.3 83%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE MALAWI  Birth registration. The National Registration documents to be a witness. Malawi has about 17,000 refugees Bureau (NRB) is responsible for Malawi’s civil registration. and asylum-seekers, mainly from the Great Lakes region and According to the Birth and Death Registration Act Cap. 25.01, eastern Africa. As part of the United Nations High Commis- which governs civil registration in Malawi, every district sioner for Refugees (UNHCR) effort to establish an identifica- must maintain a birth register. Birth registration must be tion system for refugees everywhere, the commission set up a completed within 42 days of the birth, and there is no charge registration and identification system in Malawi. The UNHCR’s when the child is registered within six months of birth. identity registration initiatives for refugees in Malawi stores fin- gerprints, iris data, and photographs for facial recognition that According to UNICEF, the institutional birth rate is 73 percent. will serve as a vital record for refugees without identification. 30 However, the birth registration rate is just 2.3  percent, the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2012, Malawi launched its Malawi faces both structural and development challenges universal birth registration program, following passage of the in setting up a national identification system. The absence National Registration Act in 2009. This act makes birth regis- of a centralized and up-to-date national register has led to a tration mandatory and universal. The NRB began operations fragile capacity for evidence-based planning, beneficiary or in three districts namely Blantyre, Ntcheu, and Chitipa and service targeting, and accountable administrative systems. hoped to connect all district hospitals to the central database. There are several fragmented initiatives that are expensive, unsustainable, and insular. The main barriers to birth registration include lack of aware- ness and indirect cost. Parents must go to centers that are The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is often far from their villages and must take their village head- spearheading an effort to launch an electronic identity ini- man along with them to complete the process. Individuals can tiative program known as National Registration and Identi- vote, access education and health services, and obtain a pass- fication System (NRIS). This initiative will issue chip-based port and driver’s license without a birth certificate, so there is smart ID cards and set up a multi-modal biometrics database little demand. Malawi has issued only 65,000 birth registra- to register all Malawians 16 years older. The Malawi National tion certificates so far. The NRB is in the process of issuing Registration Act (No. 13 of 2010) governs this national iden- a unique ID number for birth certificates, ID cards, and death tification initiative. The NRB must complete the design and certificates. infrastructure to use biometrically secure smart cards, as well as obtain the necessary equipment. After these tasks  National ID. The NRB has been issuing iden- are accomplished, Malawi will begin mass registration of all tification documents since 2007, following a 2005 initiative eligible Malawians within the country—an estimated 9 mil- to issue national IDs (NIDs). The first NIDs were paper- lion individuals. Malawi hopes to transition to a system of based, issued after manual registration. The NID program continuous registration in 2018. registered 32,000 citizens at 120 District Registrar Officers spread over 28 districts. Currently, Malawi does not have a The NID database will be interoperable with other public and NID program or any data protection laws. private sector systems within a legal framework and will comply with international standards of practice for privacy Malawians often use a driver’s license, passport, or voter reg- and data protection. The initiative is led by Malawi’s UNDP istration certificate as proof of citizenship. Individuals with- country office and is set to begin the mass registration pro- out such certificates need to bring any person who has such cess in June 2017. { { Birth registration National ID 2+ 98 + N 5+ 95 + N 0.4 0.6 2% 5%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE MALI  Birth registration. The Office of the Civil Regis-  National ID. The Ministry of Interior and Secu- trar is responsible for birth registration. It has been carried rity is responsible for issuing national ID (NID) cards. NIDs out since 1961, and it is mandatory. The process of birth reg- are issued to individuals 18 and older and it is issued free of istration is offered free of cost however it must be completed cost. Mali has a national ID number called Numéro d’Iden- within 30 days of birth. According to UNICEF, the institutional tification National (NINA). Mali has been issuing NIDs since birth rate is 55.5 percent, and the birth registration rate is 2010, and it introduced an electronic ID card in 2013. This NID 80.8 percent. has been used for civil identification and voting. The creden- tial is a static bar code enabled card with biometric authen- The United Nation’s High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) tication. The government of Mali used the existing biometric states that 527,000 Malian people remain internally dis- database stored in the country’s civil register (RAVEC) to 31 placed or in refugee camps in neighboring countries. Lack verify the voters. Mali’s independent electoral commission of birth certificates has hindered access to social services. pointed out flaws in the electoral roll as more than 6.7 mil- Several independent nonprofit organizations work with lion biometric voter cards were produced ahead of the 2013 Malian communities to improve birth registration and fund presidential elections, but the issuance was based on the list birth certificates to allow children to enroll in school. drawn up from 2009 to 2011. Hence it was thought to have excluded some eligible voters. In April 2015, Malian refugees in Mauritania were issued birth certificates by the UNHCR. As part of this initiative 7,807 Currently, the NINA initiative has become the main source children will be issued birth certificates. In principle, these of identification of all Malians. It is used as a breeder docu- birth certificates will enable them to apply for naturalization ment to create passports, mandatory health insurance cards in Mali, and facilitate access to state services, sell land, set (AMO). However, the main challenge is that none of the com- up companies, borrow from banks, sign work contracts, and puter applications for passport, health insurance or identity most importantly enroll in school. cards can access the NINA database directly. This raises the major need for interoperability and the inter-linking of data- bases. Mali has a personal data protection bill. { { Birth registration National ID 81+ 19 + N 5.8 81%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE MAURITANIA  Birth registration. The National Population and NID cards have been issued since 2001 to all nationals who are Secure Title Registration Agency, or Agence Nationale du 15 years of age and older. Prior to 2010, the NID was a plas- Registre des Populations et des Titres Sécurisés (ANRPTS), tic card with a photo of the cardholder and the cardholder’s is responsible for civil registration in Mauritania, which has name, family name, date and place of birth, and an individual registered births since 1960. Birth registration is mandatory, bar code, along with the signature of the Director General of must be carried out within 60 days of birth, and is offered free National Police. The information on the NID card was linked of charge. The penalties associated with failure to register a to the cardholder’s finger biometric in the database. In 2010, child’s birth on time include one to six months in prison and Mauritania introduced a single integrated system and ren- a fine of UM 1,000 (US$3.11). The country has implemented ovated its public record system. The government uses this 32 several community outreach events to promote birth regis- system to identify its population, produce identity documents, tration. manage police records, and establish border control. Before the 2011 elections, the Ministry of Interior and Decentraliza- According to UNICEF, the institutional birth rate is 64.5 per- tion issued a call for bids for production of the IDs, in order cent and the birth registration rate for children below five to establish the software and systems for the registry that years of age is 58.8 percent. Birth certificates can be obtained manages civil records, visa issuance, police records, and the from the Citizens’ Reception Center—Centre d’accueil des issuance of NID numbers and cards. ANRPTS centralized citoyens—of the Moughaata (department) in which the per- all of the registration data, customized the secure ID docu- son was born, or in which his or her parents have their legal ments, weeded out duplicates using biometric identification, residence. and generated a NID number for each citizen.  National ID. ANRPTS is responsible for birth Mauritania’s “National Digital Confidence Framework” was registration, death registration, and issuance of the National designed to foster more effective management of Maurita- Identity Number (NIN) and national ID (NID) cards (CNI) in nian public records. The present Mauritanian NID card is a Mauritania. The NIN, which is issued during birth registration smart card that uses biometric and facial recognition. It can and printed on the CNI, serves as a unique identity number be used for e-services, but it does not contain a digital sig- from an individual’s entire life. Individuals who do not obtain nature and cannot be used for remote online transactions. a NIN during birth registration can obtain one at a later time. During registration, 10 fingerprints, a digital photograph, The NIN is issued at the time the applicant registers, so there and the cardholder’s signature are captured and scanned. are no backlogs or delays. The NIN operates in all govern- Supporting paper documents are collected at the same time. ment databases. It is a logic number and, as described by the NID cards are issued for a price of UM 1,000 (US$3.11). governing decree, contains two numeric characters for the year in which the CNI was issued, two numeric characters From 2010 to 2011, Mauritania established 40 mobile reg- for the wilaya in which the application for the CNI was made, istration stations, 110 permanent stations, and 54 citizen two numbers for the moughaata, two for the commune, and receptions centers where citizens can register and apply for seven for a sequential number reflecting the geographical a NID. As a result, 1.1 million NID cards were issued to citi- area. zens in less than a year. While NIDs are not mandatory, they { { Birth registration National ID 59+ 41 + N 59% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE 88+ 12 + N 88% REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE Mauritania are a requirement for voter registration. Legislation on per- government of Mauritania to issue birth certificates to Mau- sonal data protection has been drafted to provide the country ritanian refugee children born in neighboring countries. The with a legal framework governing personal data protection, government-issued birth certificates will serve as official and to set up a data protection agency—the Autorité de pro- identity documents and enable the children to enjoy their tection des données personnelles. rights and benefits. This is a milestone, as Mauritanian ref- ugees born in exile have never been issued legal documents Mauritania has a large number of refugees, returnees, and that could link them to their country of asylum or origin. The internally displaced persons. The United Nation’s High Com- intent is to have the cards serve as official identity docu- mission for Refugees (UNHCR) is in the process of issuing ments, allowing the children to enroll in school, and access biometric refugee ID cards to Mauritanian refugees in the health care and other services. The card contains finger- 33 neighboring countries of Mali and Senegal. In addition, prints, a photograph, and biographical data. ANRPTS has collaborated with the UNHCR to enable the MAURITIUS  Birth registration. The Registrar of Civil Status stores information such as the photo, ID number, surname, is responsible for birth registration in Mauritius. Civil reg- first name, surname at birth, sex, date of birth, residential istration is governed by the Civil Status (Amendment) Act, address, four fingerprint templates (two thumbs and two 1981, which outlines procedures for birth, death, and mar- index fingers), and a digital certificate that ensures that the riage registration in the country. It was enacted by the Code data on the card can be read only when validated through Civil Mauritian (1982), which introduced computerized oper- the Mauritius National Identity Scheme (MNIS) Certificate ations and made it mandatory to produce a national ID card Authority. This card is linked to the population database to for all civil status transactions. Birth registration must be serve as an ID document, and prove identity and allow secure completed within 45 days of child birth. If the parents miss and reliable e-service transactions. 34 the 45-day time limit, they must obtain an authorization from the Registrar of Civil Status to enable registration; if the The process of obtaining the new biometric national ID is child is not registered within three months of birth, the par- as follows: the individual must take his or her old paper ID, ents have to apply for a declaration before the magistrate of supporting documents (original birth certificate, proof of the district in which the birth took place. The parents must address, and marriage certificate and obtain a ticket. The produce their birth certificates, national ID cards, marriage officer verifies the documents, captures the applicant’s certificates, and attestation of birth issued by the hospital or fingerprints, takes a photograph of the applicant, and clinic authorities during child registration. The institutional ensures all the data submitted are accurate. The applicant birth rate of Mauritius is 98.4 percent; the birth registration then verifies the data, and signs to confirm the same. Once rate for children below five years is 90 percent. the registration is complete, the officer prints a collection slip; the applicant obtains the slip and comes back in two  National ID. The Central Civil Status Office weeks to collect the biometric card from the office after (under the Office of the Prime Minister) is responsible for cross-checking finger biometric information on the card issuing national IDs. Mauritius requires all its citizens who reader. are 18 and older to apply for a national ID card. Mauritius had a paper ID card which was systematically phased out to In 2015, the Registrar-General Department (RGD) announced incorporate the new electronic ID card, which can be used for that Mauritius is planning to implement the second phase of accessing multiple e-services. In case the cardholder loses its eRegistry Project (MeRP) to provide e-services and facil- his/her card or if it is damaged, they will have to pay MUR 350 itate e-submission of documents, e-payment of fees, e-reg- (US$5.49) for a first new application and the fee is MUR 700 istration, e-search, and e-delivery of registered documents. (US$10.99) for the next and Rs.1000 (15.70) for the next claim. Mauritius has a Data Protection Act (2004), to ensure per- The new biometric ID contains the cardholder’s name, sex, sonal data protection. The Commissariat à la protection des signature, black and white photograph, ID number, SC logo données personnelles is the Data Protection Agency of Mau- for senior citizens, a bar code (machine readable), a card ritius. Presently, 99  percent of the population in Mauritius control number, and date of issue. The chip in the smart card has either has a national ID or a voter ID. { { Birth registration National ID 90+ 10 + N 90+ 10 + N 1.3 0.6 90% 90%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE MOZAMBIQUE  Birth registration. The Ministry of Justice,  National ID. The National Directorate of Civil Constitutional and Religious Affairs (MJCR) is responsible Identification, or the Direcção de Identificação Civil (DIC), for birth registration in Mozambique. Birth registration is in the Ministry of Interior, has been responsible for issu- mandatory and must be carried out within 120 days of birth. ing national IDs (NIDs) since 1980. NIDs in Mozambique are There is no charge. Mozambique has had a civil registration called bilhete de identidade. A Mozambique national can apply and identification system since the Portuguese period, and for a NID upon turning 18. Children below 18 years of age has registered births since 1930. After achieving indepen- are documented under their parents’ NID cards, at a charge dence in 1975, the country retained most elements of the of Mt  90 (US$2.50) per child. A NID card for an adult costs CRVS system, with few changes. The National Directorate of Mt 180 (US$4.99). Registries and Notary, or Direcção Nacional dos Registos e 35 Notariado (Conservatória do Registo Civil), under the MJCR, Mozambique has a unique national identification number, issues birth certificates. Birth certificates and identity cards assigned during birth registration. This national identifi- are the two main forms of identification used in Mozambique. cation number is used on NID cards, health cards, driver’s licenses, and passports. Birth certificates are a prerequisite According to UNICEF, Mozambique’s institutional birth rate to obtaining NIDs. The NID is valid for 5 years for individuals is 54.8  percent, and the birth registration rate for children below 40 years of age, and is valid for 10 years for individuals younger than five is 47.9  percent. Mozambique significantly between 40 and 50 years old. The card is valid for life if the increased its birth registration rate from 6 percent in 2004 to cardholder is over 50. over 50 percent in 2013. The country rolled out a national plan of action in 2004 and a national campaign in 2005 to increase The NID is mandatory, and is regulated by Decree no 11/2008 birth registration rates and strengthen the CRVS system. As of the Council of Ministers. Mozambique’s NID is a laminated a result, about 4.2 million children under the age of 18 were card with a magnetic strip that contains an ID number, pho- registered. Mozambique then set up a national computerized tograph, full name, sex, date of birth, nationality, address, database. The country intends to store and harmonize cen- biometrics (fingerprints), place and date of issue, height, tral, provincial, and district data in order to improve stabil- occupation, marital status, expiration date, and signature of ity, prevent double registration, and simplify the process of the user. Mozambique does not have any legislation for per- acquiring birth certificates. Mozambique launched an opera- sonal data protection. tional plan in July 2014 to improve the CRVS system. { { Birth registration National ID 48+ 52 + N 0.5 48%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE NAMIBIA  Birth registration. The Ministry of Home Affairs certificates. The government of Namibia set up mobile teams and Immigration (MHAI) is responsible for the identity man- to reach remote communities in order to increase this rate to agement system in Namibia. This includes birth, marriage, the current 78 percent. ID, and ID registration. According to the National Population and Household Census (2011), 89 percent of all Namibian cit-  National ID. MHAI issues Namibian national ID izens hold a birth certificate, including 78 percent of all chil- (NID) cards to Namibian citizens and permanent residence dren below five years of age. Birth registration happens in permit holders who are 16 years of age and older. Applicants real time and is offered free of charge, while duplicate regis- must request NIDs at MHAI offices. The Identification Act, tration takes seven days and costs N$12 (US$0.91). Changes no. 21 of 1994, governs the registration and issuance of NIDs. 36 to a birth certificate cost from N$30 (US$2.28) to as much as N$220 (US$16.73).* As of July 2016, 21 of the country’s 64 MHAI offered ID reg- istration services, sending all applications to the MHAI head To complete birth registration, applicants must provide the office in Windhoek for processing. The applicant’s finger bio- health card, marriage certificate (if parents are married), metrics are checked against existing records in the National and identification documents of both parents. For late reg- Population Registration System to avoid duplication. NID istration, the requirement also includes an affidavit from the cards are free of charge, as are ID cards reissued due to principal of the first primary school and, in cases where the errors. Replacement of cards that are lost or stolen costs applicant’s parents are deceased, affidavits from two wit- N$50 (US$3.80). nesses who are at least five years older than the applicant (a single affidavit will suffice if only one parent is deceased). The NID card contains the cardholder’s photograph, per- In 2008, Namibia launched a series of campaigns to promote sonal identification number, date of birth, name, signature, birth certificates. At the time, the institutional birth rate was country of birth, gender, height in meters, date of issuance, 81  percent and 70  percent of all children were registered, unique application number, nationality, eye color, biomet- yet 40 percent of children aged five and under lacked birth rics (fingerprints), and a machine readable bar code. The personal identification number is a quasi-logic number containing the cardholder’s date of birth written backwards * Corrections, verifications, and some changed details cost N$30 (YYYY-MM-DD), followed by four automatically generated (US$2.28), while other modifications on a Namibian ID and birth certificate cost up to N$220 (US$16.73). A change of surname numbers. Namibia does not have specific legislation for per- costs N$80 (US$6.08) for a minor and N$220 (US$16.73) for an sonal data protection. adult. { { Birth registration National ID 78+ 22 + N 90+ 10 + N 0.5 78% 90%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE NIGER  Birth registration. The Department of Civil Sta- registration rate. The reforms also reduced wait times to tus and Refugees (Direction de l’État civil et des Réfugiés), obtain birth certificates from 45 days to 30 days. Niger issues Ministry of Interior, Public Safety, and Decentralization, is a five-digit sequential number on the birth certificate. How- responsible for birth registration and civil identification in ever, these numbers are not unique because Niger begins Niger. The birth registration system has been in place since each year by reissuing numbers from 1 onward, thus mak- before Niger achieved its independence in 1960. Births must ing it likely that multiple users will have the same number, be declared within 10 days, to either the notification office or and thereby causing confusion. A recent World Bank report directly to the civil registration office. The civil registration found that there is a significant gap between the number of office has another 30 days to complete its paperwork. Birth children registered and the number that receive birth cer- registration is free of charge when carried out with 10 days tificates. 37 of birth. Local communes handle civil registration in Niger, and these primary registration centers come under the aegis  National ID. The National Police, under the of the local mayor’s office. There is a late registration fee Ministry of Interior, Public Safety, and Decentralization, is that ranges from CFAF  1,000–10,000 (US$2.50–US$25.00). responsible for the issuance of national IDs (NIDs) in Niger. Children without a birth certificate cannot enroll in higher NIDs have been issued since 1999, and all Niger citizens education, access public health programs, or receive social above 18 years of age must hold a national identity card services. (carte nationale d’identité ). Two laws govern these NIDs. The first decree (64-193/MI), dates back to 1964 and states that Most children who lack legal identity are born to parents all individuals over 18 years of age must possess a NID. It with little or no education, tend to live in severe poverty, remains the main governing law that mandating NIDs. A and reside in remote rural areas. In 2013, the government law passed in 2003 mandates digital NIDs for all individuals started a mobile civil registration initiative. The initiative over 18. However, the new digital NID card carried a cost of consisted of bringing judges to remote areas to ensure a CFAF  2,000 (US$3.30), which proved too expensive. There- legally acceptable process for the enrollment of nonregis- fore, Niger reverted to paper cards, which are issued by the tered children. Late registration fees were waived and birth local police departments. certificates were issued to children living in rural and tribal regions. The campaign also created more than 6,000 tertiary Although the Ministry of Interior, Public Safety, and Decen- registration points to continue this effort. These tertiary reg- tralization is responsible for both the civil registration and istration points are not permanent civil registration points, civil identification, the data gathered under these two pro- but act as declaration centers or administrative notification cesses are not harmonized or interoperable. The NID con- points to document vital events. The registration points are tains a person’s full name, DOB, place of birth, photo, a maintained by municipal workers such as a midwives, who seven-digit alphanumeric identity number, signature, inked manage these declaration centers in addition to their regular left thumbprint, and an authority seal, and is valid for five work. years. The seven-digit identification number is a combina- tion of sequential numbers, an abbreviation of the commune In recent years, Niger has reformed the civil registration where the ID was issued, and the birth certificate number. and vital statistics system in order to make it more efficient. The paper ID card does not have any additional security fea- These reforms played a major role in improving the birth tures beyond a gold ink print of the “Republic of Niger”; these { { Birth registration National ID 64+ 36 + N 64% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE Niger cards are produced by local commercial printers. Applicants would conform to the Economic Community Of West Afri- must submit proof of nationality and a birth certificate, fill can States treaty on data protection. This decree outlines out their biographical details, and attach a passport photo- general provisions, rights of access to public information graph. Registration of user data is completed manually and and administrative documents, and accessible and non-ac- maintained in registration books. cessible information. The decree also provides details on procedures to access public information, notification and Niger does not have a personal data protection law. However, publication of administrative documents, appeals procedure there is a decree to establish a Data Protection Agency that and penalties, and transitional and final provisions. 38 NIGERIA  Birth registration. The National Population  National ID. Nigeria has a fragmented identity Commission (NPopC) is responsible for registering births in landscape, with 13 or more identity programs run by differ- Nigeria. The NPopC was established by the National Popula- ent government agencies—e.g., the Central Bank, the Elec- tion Commission Act in 1988, and the registration of births is tion Commission, and the Communications Commission. The regulated by the Births, Deaths, Etc. (Compulsory Registra- National Identity Management Commission (NIMC), estab- tion), Act of 1992. The NPopC has established nearly 3,624 lished by the NIMC Act No. 23 of 2007, is the federal agency civil registration centers across Nigeria, with more than 5 responsible for issuing foundational IDs/NIDs; it succeeds in each of the 774 local government areas. It also runs reg- several earlier national ID initiatives. The NIMC aims to bring istration desks at major hospitals and other health facilities together and integrate all other past and present biomet- and works closely with the National Primary Healthcare ric ID schemes. It is mandated to register adults as well as 39 Agency. Birth registration is mandatory and must be carried children, establish a national database of unique identities, out within 60 days of childbirth and is free of cost. A birth assign unique national ID numbers (NINs), and issue NID certificate is a prerequisite for school enrollment and may be smart cards to registered individuals. With 404 enrollment used to obtain travel documents and a national ID (NID) card. locations nationwide and 2,500 enrollment staff, the NIMC has so far registered 16 million of the total population of According to the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Sur- 173.6 million (i.e., 3.5 percent) and issued 418,000 NID cards. vey (NPopC and ICF International 2014), the institutional birth rate is 36 percent, and the birth registration rate of children The NIN is an 11-digit random unique number assigned to under five years is 30 percent. The birth registration rate in an individual for life upon successful enrollment in the NID rural areas (19 percent) is lower than that in urban areas database. The NID card is a microprocessor chip–based (50 percent). Nigeria does not impose any penalty on citi- general multipurpose ID card, with 13 applications includ- zens who have not registered births, although registration is ing ID verification, authentication, and payment technology legally mandated. Registration of birth of children under age to help promote financial inclusion. NID registration and five is lower in some northern states and in conflict-affected issuance are free to citizens and legal residents, although areas of the Niger Delta region. there is a fee for subsequent card replacement. There is no penalty if citizens fail to obtain an NID. The ID card con- In January 2011, the NPopC implemented a mobile phone– tains two photographs of the holder and a chip storing an based platform, RapidSMS, as a pilot scheme in 19 states, individual’s biometric information (10 fingerprints and an including 382 local government areas and 1,582 registra- iris scan). Biometric deduplication is carried out before NIN tion centers. The system was designed to identify—in real issuance. After successful deduplication, a unique NIN is time and center by center—birth registration disparities, issued and stored in the NID database. Children below age and prompt and facilitate appropriate action. The NPopC and 16 are required to register their biometric information with UNICEF seek to use RapidSMS to improve birth registration the NIMC and update it every two years; however, the child’s activities and provide evidence-based responses for pro- biometric information is not used for deduplication. The child gramming and advocacy. is issued an NIN linked to that of the parent. { { Birth registration National ID 30+ 70 + N 6+ 94 + N 1.2 5.0 30% 6%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Nigeria In 2013, the NIMC prepared a privacy policy that eventu- use, disclosure, storage, or disposal of user data. This policy ally led to the privacy bill being considered by the National would also help ensure that the NIMC meets its obligations Assembly. The privacy policy aims to ensure the protection under the NIMC Act in managing the data collected and held of information by making reasonable security arrangements in its registry. The National Security Advisor is responsible against risks due to unauthorized forms of access, collection, for cybersecurity in Nigeria. 40 RWANDA  Birth registration. Rwanda has registered birth. Coverage also extends to legal foreign residents and births since 1922. The current legislation governing civil reg- refugees from time of immigration. National ID cards are istration is Law No. 32 of 2016, concerning individuals and issued to all people 16 years and older, and include biomet- families, and the relations between them. The 2016 law was ric data (photo, two thumbprints, and signature) and associ- part of an institutional reform that transferred responsibility ated biographic data. Rwanda’s national ID system is one the for civil registration from the Ministry of Justice to the Min- most advanced and well functioning in Africa. istry of Local Government; the latter includes the National Identification Agency (NIDA) and the civil registrars in each The electronic National Population Register (NPR) is main- of Rwanda’s 416 administrative sectors. tained at NIDA, and is the repository that contains a compre- hensive list of everyone in the country. Rwanda’s historical 41 The 2016 law requires parents or health workers to report ID records were destroyed during the conflict; the country births within 14 days. Each sector is responsible for main- resorted to conducting a one-time campaign for registration taining books of births. The sectors send birth registration of the population to serve as a baseline. During a three-day data through a secure online portal to NIDA, where the data weekend (Friday to Sunday) in 2007, the government asked are verified and used to create a record in the digitized pop- everyone to stay where they were, and thousands of civil ser- ulation registry. Forms, processes, and fees differ by sec- vants went door to door and registered 9.2 million people. tor. Sectors also issue birth certificates, although these cost This information was digitized into a computerized database as much as RF 500 (US$0.70), and the population perceives and constitutes the baseline population register. them as having limited value. As a result, there is a signif- icant gap between the coverage rates of birth registration The procedures for updating the register outlined above and the possession of birth certificates. have kept this database growing and the vital information that it contains up to date. Today, the database includes over According to Rwanda’s official demographic and health sur- 11 million people and continues to grow at a rate of 220,000– veys, birth registration coverage of children under five years 250,000 per year. It tracks the rate of annual births stage in old has decreased between 2010 (when it was 63 percent for time. In addition to the NPR which covers the entire popu- birth registration and 6.6  percent for birth certificates) and lation of all ages, another database covers those below 16 2014/5 (when it was 56  percent for birth registration and years. These individuals are required to visit an enrollment 2.7  percent for birth certificates). There is no difference in center within six months upon turning 16 to complete their the rates for rural and urban registration or birth certificates, biometric enrollment and request a national ID card. nor is there a difference by sex. However, there is a gap of 11  percent in birth registration coverage between the high- The country has 416 registration offices at the sector level; est and lowest wealth quintiles. In 2014/5, 91 percent of births however, there are only 163 enrollment kits. Each enrollment were assisted by a skilled health provider, which presents an kit consists of a laptop, a camera for capturing facial images, important opportunity for increasing birth registration cover- a fingerprint scanner for capturing the two thumbs, and a age. signature pad. Nevertheless, the number of enrollment kits is more than sufficient, as the sector offices have worked out  National ID. Rwanda’s population registry cov- an effective way to share it among themselves by publishing ers all citizens, including those living abroad, starting from kit availability on a calendar. { { Birth registration National ID 63+ 37 + N 95+ 5 + N 10.0 1.9 63% 95%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Rwanda Rwanda’s national ID is a secure card with a 2D bar code Uganda, as part of the Northern Corridor arrangement with on the back but without a chip. Each person in the popula- those countries to implement the East African Community tion registry receives a unique 16-digit ID number, which (EAC) Common Market Protocol (CMP) agreement on the is displayed on the card, along with a code reflecting their free movement of people. status as a citizen, foreign resident, or refugee. The cards also include the cardholder’s photo, name, date of birth, and NIDA will soon introduce an optional multipurpose smart card, sex. The first national ID card costs RF  500 (US$0.61), and available for RF 15,000 (US$18.17). It will enable biometric ver- replacement cards are RF 1,500 (US$1.82). ification using the thumbprints stored on the card, and will ini- tially contain photo, driving license, passport, social security, 42 The national ID system has emerged as a central part of life taxpayer, and health insurance data, as well as biographic data in Rwanda and, according to NIDA, has achieved over 95 per- on dependents. In addition, the new national ID card will have a cent coverage among the eligible population. A national ID machine-readable zone on the back to conform with Interna- card or number is required for accessing most services, tional Civil Aviation Organization standards for machine-read- including health care, higher education, taxation, pensions, able travel documents, which is part of Rwanda’s commitment social assistance, financial services, and SIM registration. to implementing the EAC CMP. NIDA will also soon begin issu- While there is currently no biometric verification, service ing child ID cards to citizens, foreign residents, and refugees providers can access a secure online portal where they can who are younger than 16. These cards will come in non–smart verify identity and biographic data using a person’s national card and smart card forms at the same price as the adult cards. ID number. Since 2014, Rwandans have been able to use the NIDA is looking into how it can earn revenue from verifications national ID card as a travel document to enter Kenya and in order to reduce the fees it charges for the cards. SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE  Birth registration. São Tomé and Príncipe is an Office periodically. In addition to the existing 15 registration island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, encompassing two sets of centers in the country, five new registration centers were archipelagos and constituting the six districts of São Tomé added at the maternity wards. and the Autonomous Region of Príncipe. The total popula- tion in 2015 was 190,344. The Direcção Geral dos Registos e The introduction of the new registration software, the Notariado (DGRN) is responsible for civil registration, which CivID1.1, played an important role in increasing registration. has been required since 1961. Birth registration is legally CivID is a digital civil registration and identification system mandated to be carried out at the hospitals where children used for registration of births, deaths, and other vital events. are born. Those children who are born at home must be reg- It is also used for the issuance of national IDs. Digitization of istered at the nearest precinct office. DGRN registry offices the birth registration system was a major factor in increas- 43 also record births. Failure to register a birth can result in ing registration, as were improvements in infrastructure, a fine. The 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) adequate staffing, training, and the launch of the national states that approximately 95 percent of children below five ID and personal identification number. The next software years of age had their births registered. Between the poor- iteration—CivID 2.0—will introduce electronic registration est quintile and the wealthiest quintile, there is a significant of birth, with options to print certificates. At the same time, gap in the rate of birth registration for children below age it will be possible to save civil registration and vital event five: 87.5  percent and 100  percent, respectively. Birth cer- entries as PDF documents. CivlD 2.0 will introduce mobile tificates include an 11-digit PIN number in which the first registrations, and registration will cover all vital events. four digits are the year of birth, followed by a sequential sev- en-digit logic number.  National ID. The DGRN is also responsible for national identification, notary services, and registrations of According to a 2017 World Bank report, São Tomé and Prín- criminal records, vehicle, land, and businesses. The his- cipe had a remarkable improvement in its civil registra- tory and legal frameworks for the national ID in São Tomé tion and vital statistics within a short period (2008–2014). and Príncipe are rooted in colonial times, and the Decree Though the birth registration rate for children younger than addressing the national IDs dates back to 1971, though the five was 75 percent in 2009, it rose to 95.2 percent by 2014. IDs themselves have been issued since 1961. The civil iden- This improvement is attributed to various factors, including tification law, Decree 251/71 of June 11, governs civil identi- the Decree (No. 45/2009) “National Strategy for Permanent fication and the issuance of identity cards, called the bilhete Birth Registration” (ENRPN). The objectives of ENRPN were de identidade. National IDs are not mandatory. The current to modernize the country’s civil registration and vital sta- national ID is laminated and contains an individual number, tistics systems, improve service delivery to both users and nationality, full name, affiliation, DOB, marital status, photo, institutions, and reduce counterfeiting of civil registration fingerprints, height, and signature. The individual numbers and civil identification documents. on the national ID cards and birth certificates are not the same. The entire system for civil registration and identification is being computerized as a result of reforms implemented Applications to acquire national IDs may be submitted at to modernize the public administration. Over 90  percent of any of the DGRN registration offices. The applicants submit institutional births are registered in maternity wards, and an application form, fingerprints, two photographs, and a data from the maternity wards are sent to the Civil Registry service fee. Replacement of an expired ID requires a birth { { Birth registration National ID 75+ 25 + N 90+ 10 + N 5.0 75% 90%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE São Tomé & Príncipe certificate. There are no available coverage data for national The next generation of national IDs, and the upgraded identification, but anecdotal evidence suggests that most of CivID  2.0 software, will allow for biometric authentication the voting age population has a national ID. The biometric and envisions a contactless chip for new national IDs. A per- data captured are not sufficient for authentication purposes. sonal data protection law was passed in 2016. 44 SENEGAL  Birth registration. The National Centre for Civil been issuing e-IDs since 2005 which are being used for civil, Registration (Centre national d’état civil), is responsible for social security and voting purposes and 67  percent of the birth registration in Senegal. Birth registration has been population has either a national ID or voter ID. The Senega- carried out since 1730 and is offered free of cost when reg- lese ID has bar code with biometric information along with istered within 45 days of birth. Birth registration is a prereq- biographic information. The electronic ID is used for multiple uisite for school enrollment and access to health services. e-services. According to UNICEF, the institutional birth rate is 72.8 per- cent, and below five birth registration rate is 74.6  percent. Senegalese citizens who are at least five years old may apply The WHO states that the vital statistics system of Senegal to obtain a national ID card and, citizens who are 15 years provides incomplete data and faces reliability problems. The and above must obtain a national ID card. Individuals who 45 country’s is trying to modernize its vital statistics system. have no ID or outdated ID must pay a penalty of CFAF 6,000 (US$10) for the first time, and CFAF 12,000 (US$20) if it hap- Senegal piloted a mobile VRS system in collaboration with pens again. The Senegal national ID card is valid for ten NGOs, local governments and a telecom operator (Orange). In years and must be renewed after 10 years, the initial issue the context of the difficulty the village chiefs faced in send- and renewal can be done for a price of CFAF 1,000 (US$1). In ing birth information to the regional and national registration case the card is lost or stolen it costs CFAF 6,000 (US$10). office, an initiative was launched in which mobile operators The NID applications can be requested at the police station, equipped them with birth registration software that could the gendarmerie brigade or the prefecture or subprefecture easily capture information and send it to the Senegal State where the applicant resides, the application takes up to two Register. The National Registration Office has a special mobile weeks for processing. phone to collect information sent by village chiefs. The Chiefs are issued a special birth registration number that can be used In 2014 (December), the Senegal government issued another to collect a birth certificate from the registration office. Birth statement that they are preparing to roll out smart IDs and registration can be carried out by the father, mother, parents, voter cards for all their citizens. This project was initiated close relatives, doctor, nurse, midwife, the village chief, dis- to mitigate identity theft and electoral fraud. The smart ID trict delegate or public prosecutor. Birth registration beyond cards were conceived to improve the reliability and efficiency 45 days of birth is noted as late declaration and registration of the administrative domain. The previous ID (bar code id) beyond a year requires the approval of a court. would be discontinued, and the smart cards (national ID + voter ID) would gradually replace the previous ID cards. Sen-  National ID. In 2005, the Senegalese govern- egal presently has a law for data protection namely the Loi ment announced they would issue digital national ID cards sur la Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel (2008) for all citizens. 174 registration centers were set up for issu- and its data protection agency is known as the Commission ing digital identity card throughout the country. Senegal has des données personnelles. { { Birth registration National ID 73+ 27 + N 0.7 1.0 73%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE SEYCHELLES  Birth registration. Department of Immigration combining the year of registration, folio number, the place of and Civil Status, Ministry of Home Affairs and Transport is registration and sex of the individual. Seychelles mandated responsible or birth registration. Civil registration has been all residents to obtain a national identity card. The applicants documented since 1794. The process of birth registration is need to produce a birth certificate and certificate of registra- carried out free of cost. It is mandatory to register a child tion or naturalization. Expatriates need to submit passport, within 30 days of birth. Birth registration must be carried out GOP, dependent permit and residence permit. The national by the parents at the regional office. Parents must produce ID card must be returned to social security or ID card office their maternity certificate, and both their national ID cards. after the cardholder is deceased and in the case of foreign- Besides the parents, two witnesses must be present along ers when they leave the country. 46 with their ID cards at the time of declaration. The Civil Status Office also issues birth certificates. The applicant must pro- The national ID card is an electronic ID card that can use duce any document with the national identification number for remote transactions. The credentials required for res- (NIN), e.g., a national ID card, passport, or driving license. idents to access the E-services gateway include the NIN The cost of a long-form birth certificate is SR 50 (US$3.78). and a password. Before accessing e-services on the e-ser- The Department of Civil Status was digitized in 1989, after vice gateway, individuals must be registered and verified setting up a National Population Database (NPD) in 1988. by Department of Information Communications Technol- ogy. Individuals and organizations can access this e-ser-  National ID. The Department of Immigration vice gateway. Individuals need an E-ID and password, while and Civil Status is also responsible for national IDs in Sey- organizations need a separate access code in addition to an chelles. The NIN was introduced in 1988 and made com- e-ID and password. The Seychelle’s Law for Personal Data pulsory in 1995. Seychelles maintains paper records and Protection was introduced in 2002. However, as of January a computerized record for NPD use. The NID number con- 2014, this act was still not in force nor was the Data Protec- tains information about the individual and is generated by tion Agency established. { { Birth registration National ID 90+ 10 + N 90+ 10 + N 4.0 1.0 90% 90%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE SIERRA LEONE  Birth registration. The National Office of Births of 2.7 million voters. It was estimated that the cost of voter and Deaths, in the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, is registration was Le  75,333 (US$10) per voter, and a smart responsible for birth registration in Sierra Leone. According card that the country plans to introduce may cost Le 120,579 to UNICEF, the present birth registration rate is 78 percent (US$16). The country’s various cards are not interoperable, and the institutional birth rate is 50.1 percent. Act No.11 of there are no mechanisms to link the identities across the dif- 1983 mandates registration of all births within 30 days. Birth ferent identity registers, and the data they contain is often registration is offered free of charge. According to Article 18 inconsistent and has been described as unreliable. of the Act, if a child is born in a hospital or clinic, the medical officer, midwife, nurse, or any other person in charge at the Sierra Leone is one of the three main countries that were hospital, is responsible for registration. If a child is born at severely affected by the Ebola crisis. The country is in the pro- 47 home, any medically trained birth attendant who is present cess of reforming its civil registration and NID systems. A new is responsible; if there is no such attendant, the parents or agency, the National Civil Registration Authority (NCRA), was head of the household are responsible for registration. recently established, which merges the civil registration and national identification agency under a single authority under Birth registration is decentralized and managed at district the National Civil Registration Act of 2016. According to the health management clinics in 14 districts around the coun- World Bank, a task force on civil registration is focusing on try. These clinics are known as peripheral health units. developing and issuing NID cards with biometric data, merging There over 1,222 health facilities across the country where existing civil registration and electoral databases, and develop- births can be registered. A birth certificate can be obtained ing a roadmap for future integrated identity management. for a fee of Le 5,000 (US$0.66); this is also the fee for replac- ing a birth certificate. Sierra Leone aspires to create an integrated national civil registration system (INCRS). The INCRS will enroll the entire The civil registration process in Sierra Leone is still in its population using biometrics, and establish an institutional infancy and heavily dependent on other health care service framework necessary for digital identity. After enrollment, providers and NGOs. Sierra Leone is in the process of con- the agency will harmonize its records with those of the solidating its civil registration processes. National Election Commission and the National Social Secu- rity Insurance and Trust (NASSIT). Authentication through a  National ID. In 2001, Sierra Leone set up an multi-application smart card will create a unified and nonre- ID program and began issuing national ID (NID) cards. The dundant legal, policy, and regulatory framework that will NID was issued upon application for citizens of any age, at cover all aspects of identity. no cost. The National Registration Secretariat (NRS) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for issuing NIDs. In Sierra Leone does not have any legislation for personal data 2013, the NRS revealed that only 400,000 NID cards had been protection. As a part of its civil registration reform, it is issued, and the secretariat was unable to process more than expected to define digital identity as a legally recognized cat- a million pending cards. The process was discontinued, and egory and therefore seeks to establish an omnibus National the NRS is revamping the country’s ID systems. Data Protection Act to supplement the NASSIT Act on pri- vacy and data protection. Similarly, the Telecom Act of 2009 In 2012, Sierra Leone initiated its first biometric voter regis- is being updated to include provisions for privacy and data tration and successfully captured the biometric information protection related to electronic data, which could affect dig- ital identity data. { { Birth registration National ID 78+ 22 + N 1.2 78%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE SOMALIA  Birth registration. Somalia was among the first  National ID. Somalia does not have a single African countries to establish a civil registration that dates national ID but rather several fragmented identity initia- back to 1904. Today, in the wake of decades of conflict and a tives including the Benadir ID card, Puntland ID, Passports, weak state, Somalia has one of the lowest birth registration Clan based electoral lists, and Somali national registration. rates in the world. The existing system is not integrated or There is a market for counterfeit IDs placing serious doubt centrally administered. Mayors issue municipal ID cards and on Somali travel documents. Some of the key challenges that register births and death and issue certificates. Somalia faces to establish a national identity system include lack of trust in the system by citizens, lack of any legisla- According to UNICEF, the present the institutional birth rate tion about personal data protection, high cost, and lack of 48 is 9.4  percent and the birth registration rate in Somalia is interoperable systems. The World Bank has recommended 3 percent. In January 2015, Government of Somalia ratified setting up a foundational identity system that can be used for UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, following which multiple services such as banking, government transfers to the government is planning to start investing in the wellbe- the poor and other programs. ing of its children and prioritize establishing a CRVS system. According to a World Bank internal report, municipalities The international donor community will shortly issue a like the capital of Mogadishu register the birth and issue report with recommendations for improving the identifica- birth certificates to its residents. However, this is not a coor- tion system with an emphasis on fostering sound elections dinated effort. The records are manual and paper based, not and pursuing important development objectives. digital. A draft citizenship law has a section that mandates registration of all live births in Somalia. { { Birth registration National ID 3+ 97 + N3% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE SOUTH AFRICA  Birth registration. The Department of Home to apply for national IDs. Before the introduction of the mod- Affairs is responsible for birth registration in South Africa. ern NID cards, South Africa had a NID book with very high Birth registration must be completed within 30 days of birth. coverage, about 48 million individuals had this NID book. It is mandated by the Birth and Death Registration Act, 1992. The smart ID card stored biometric and biographic data of The parents or guardian must fill out the B1-24 form and all South Africans in one single system and replaced the old dispatch it to the nearest office of the Department of Home civic and immigration identity systems. In February 2015, Affairs in South Africa to complete the birth registration. An the government of South Africa set up a pilot to roll out the unabridged birth certificate is issued free of charge a day national smart identity card in collaboration with the coun- or two after the child is registered. However, these certif- try’s banks. The smart ID roll-out is expected to be a sev- icates are issued only to South African citizens by birth or en-year long process. There are 425 office across the nine 49 naturalization. According to UNICEF (2013), the institutional provinces of South Africa that carry out NID enrollment. birth rate is 88.7 percent, and the birth registration rate is 93 percent. The national ID card contains information of the cardholder in text and braille, the data of birth, user’s signature and Late birth registration after 30 days but within a year of birth other information fields. The card also has a range of secu- must be completed with form BI-24 and a written explana- rity features such as card number, multiple layer image tion by parents/guardian on why the birth was not registered. containing two elements (RSA and security number), line For registering births after a year but within 15 years one ID bar code (code 39). The card also has a PDF417 type bar must provide an affidavit with other supporting documen- code, a photograph of the cardholder on both sides of the tation such as hospital certificate, school verification let- card, optical variable ink, and invisible design printed that ter, baptismal certificate, clinic card, school reports, etc. In can be viewed only when exposed to UV light for security. case the applicant is above 15 years of age, he/she must be a South Africa’s Protection of Personal Information Act, 2013, South African citizen or permanent residence permit holder clearly outlines the definitions and purpose, conditions for with a valid South Africa identity document. lawful processing of personal information, exemptions, prior authorizations. This personal data protection law also  National ID. The Department of Home Affairs is defines the various codes of conduct, the rights of users, also responsible for national IDs. All South African citizens Trans-border information flow, enforcement procedures in and permanent residents who are 16 and above are eligible places, offenses and penalties, and general provisions. { { Birth registration National ID 95+ 5 + N 99+ 1 + N 0.7 2.3 95% 99%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE SOUTH SUDAN  Birth registration. South Sudan has been issu- bill is passed, a department for civil registration will be cre- ing civil documents since it became independent in 2011. The ated under the Ministry of Interior. This department will be processes are the same that had been in operation prior to responsible for civil registration, and the issuance of birth independence. According to UNICEF, children below age five and death certificates. It will also oversee national identifi- represent 18 percent of the population, but the birth regis- cation, documenting marriages and divorces. tration rate for the population age zero to five is not reported in the standard UNICEF tables.  National ID. The Directorate of National- ity, Passport, and Immigration in the Ministry of Interior is Birth certificates and age assessments are available to responsible for issuing national IDs (NIDs) in South Sudan. 50 residents of South Sudan. Children born in hospitals are The cost of a NID is SSP 30 (about US$5) or SSP 45 (US$11). issued age assessment certificates by the health commis- South Sudan officially launched passport and ID cards for sioner which can be used to obtain a birth certificate. The the first time in 2012. NIDs are issued to individuals 18 years age assessment certificate contains the child’s full name, or older and are mandatory. the parents’ name, the city and state of birth, and the date of birth. Age is estimated based on, among other items, To obtain an NID, the applicant must produce a birth certificate information obtained from the parents, clan elders, a dental or an age assessment certificate. The NID enrollment process exam, and measurement of the head’s circumference. Pres- requires one witness and capture of the applicant’s biometrics. ently, age assessments are processed in the capital, Juba, The NID card is a bar code card that contains biometric (fin- although there are plans to decentralize this process. Recent gerprint) and biographic information, and is presently used for studies suggest that the present birth registration rate for civil and voting purposes. People who fled South Sudan during those below five years is about 35  percent. In 2013, South the civil war and have since returned have difficulty attend- Sudan launched compulsory civil registration at childbirth in ing school or finding work since they do not have NID cards. an attempt to document every South Sudanese citizen. The In 2013, the United Nation’s High Commission for Refugees initiative will be implemented in collaboration with various provided free NID cards to 1,000 South Sudanese refugees; in UN agencies and ministries. Civil registration will become 2014, biometrics registration and ID issuance were conducted continuous, permanent, and mandatory. for internally displaced persons. This service will be extended to support people with specific needs, including unaccompa- A bill for civil registration has been created with technical nied minors, separated children, and child-headed households. support from UNICEF. This bill has been passed by the cabi- South Sudan also issues biometric nationality certificates. To net and awaits a decision of the national assembly. Once the date, 1 million such certificates have been issued. { { Birth registration National ID 35+ 65 + N 35% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE SUDAN  Birth registration. The Central Bureau of Sta- The previous Sudanese ID card was paper-based and tistics is the government entity responsible for birth reg- handwritten. It contained the thumbprint, a photo of the ID istration in Sudan, which has registered births since 1929. cardholder, blood group, place of issue, date of issue, and Registration must be carried out within 15–30 days of birth, signature of the administrative director of Passports, Immi- and it is offered free of charge. According to the 2006 Sudan gration, and Nationality. This ID card was valid for five years. Household Health Survey, less than one third of children in The new ID card has all of the information digitized in Arabic, Sudan have birth certificates. Children without birth certif- except for the date of birth, house number, block number, icates cannot access social services such as education and and ID card number. The card contains a photograph of the health care, and the lack of documentation of age leaves cardholder, thumbprint, signature of the responsible official, them at risk for underage recruitment into exploitative child and place and date of issue. Sudan began issuing electronic 51 labor and trafficking. In Sudan, children cannot enroll in passports to its citizens in May 2009; the e-passport con- school without a birth certificate. tains a microprocessor chip that contains the holder’s infor- mation in addition to fingerprints.  National ID. The Department of Passports, Immigration, Nationality, and National ID Cards, in the Min- According to the United Nation’s High Commission for Ref- istry of Interior Affairs, is responsible for issuing Sudanese ugees (UNHCR), there are more than 2 million internally ID cards. Application for the national ID (NID) cards must be displaced people in Sudan, including 150,000 refugees. done in person. Before the government lifted the emergency, Hundreds of thousands are at the risk of statelessness, anyone without a NID card was at risk of being arrested. face acute poverty, and lack of access to health care, educa- The NID card is mandatory and contains the name, date of tion, and employment. The UNHCR has worked closely with birth, address, fingerprint, signature, and blood group of the UNICEF and other international NGOs to address stateless- cardholder. The main identity documents carried in Sudan ness among refugees, provide national documentation, and include the NID card, citizenship identity document, driver’s reduce obstacles to birth registration. license, birth certificate, and passport. { { Birth registration National ID 59+ 41 + N 59% REGISTRATION RATE REGISTRATION METHOD REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE REGISTRATION RATE BIOMETRIC ID? REGISTRATION CENTERS PER 50,000 PEOPLE SWAZILAND  Birth registration. The Department of Civil Reg- SiSwati) were used to inform people about the process of istration under the Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible birth registration. The campaign reached out to 131 of the for civil registration in Swaziland. Birth registration is man- country’s 360 chiefdoms, and 43,528 children were regis- datory and must be carried out within 60 days of birth. Civil tered during the campaign. Among the registered children, registration was initiated in 1900, and the birth registration 17,129 were single-orphaned children, 6,159 were double-or- process has been carried out since 1927. Presently, birth phaned children, and 11,603 were classified as vulnerable. registration is governed by the Birth, Marriage, and Death Registration Act No. 5 of Swaziland, 1984. According to the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), of the 50 percent of children below age five who have 52 According to UNICEF (2013), the birth registration rate for been officially registered, only 30 percent have birth certifi- children below age five is 49.5 percent, and the institutional cates. Birth certificates are issued to Swazi citizens and legal birth rate is 80.4 percent. Late registration must be autho- residents. A birth entry number and a unique system-gen- rized by the registrars, and the applicants must submit cer- erated personal identification number (PIN) is allocated to tain prescribed forms and pay a penalty. Birth certificates individuals documented in the population register using the are issued to all citizens and residents whose births are reg- birth certificate. istered. Applicants born abroad must submit a BMD1 form (notice of birth) signed by a parent, along with supporting  National ID. The Ministry of Home Affairs is documents such as a notarized copy of the child’s foreign responsible for issuing national IDs (NIDs) in Swaziland. The birth certificate, an original or certificate copy of the parents’ country had a paper-based ID that had been issued free of marriage certificate, and proof of Swazi citizenship. There charge since 1971. The present NID, issued since 2000–01, is are 11 birth registration points in addition to a mobile reg- an electronic ID card that captures a user’s biometric infor- istration truck and a pilot registration point at one hospital. mation, which is saved in a database and used for dedupli- cation. The card includes the cardholder’s full name, date of In 2005, the Registrar of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, Min- birth, chief code, personal ID number (PIN), and sex. It also istry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, collaborated with contains a bar code, document number, and date of issue on UNICEF to launch a birth registration campaign. The late the back. Initiatives such as the Swaziland Disability Rights fees associated with birth certificates (E 5.00, or US$0.39) and Inclusion Project (SWADRIP) implemented by Save were waived, and free birth certificates were provided to the Children and Christoffel Blindenmission Deutschland orphaned and vulnerable children without parents or living (CBM-Germany) aim to ensure access to birth certificates in rural areas. This community-based approach to take the and NID documents to people with disabilities in Swaziland. birth registration service to the people engaged the chiefs, The registrar assigns a unique PIN to individuals docu- community leaders, and regional secretaries. The partici- mented in the National Population Register. The PIN is used pating leaders were given the responsibility of providing reg- to obtain an NID when an individual turns 16. The PIN is 13 istration facilities and encourage birth registration among digits, comprising serial, index, and control numbers. Swazi- their community members. Communication tactics such as land does not have any personal data protection legislation, radio broadcasts, newspapers, pamphlets (in English and nor has it established a data protection agency. { { Birth registration National ID 49+ 51 + N 2.34 50%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE TANZANIA  Birth registration. The Registration, Insolvency,  National ID. The National Identification Author- and Trusteeship Agency (RITA), in the Ministry of Justice and ity (NIDA) is responsible for the national ID system. NIDA Constitutional Affairs, is responsible for civil registration in was established in 2008 under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Tanzania. Birth registration is governed by the Births and which is governed by the Registration and Identification Deaths Registration Act of Tanzania. The act was revised in of Persons Act of 1986 (amended in 2014). The biometric 2002 to make birth registration mandatory within 90 days of national ID project was launched in 2011 with the aim of pro- birth. While this law still governs civil registration in main- viding all citizens, legal residents, and refugees who are over land Tanzania, a separate law governs civil registration in 18 years old (approximately 25 million) with contactless mul- the autonomous region of Zanzibar. According to UNICEF, the tipurpose smart cards having an 80 KB capacity. Aside from institutional birth rate is 50.2 percent, and the birth registra- electronic identity verification and fraud prevention, the 53 tion rate for children below five years of age is 16.3 percent. smart card will also serve as a driver’s license and enable The 2012 census states that only 15 percent of the population digital payments. The national population registry underly- has a birth certificate. ing the system holds 74 fields for each record, including 10 fingerprints for biometric verification. Each registered res- In order to complete birth registration and receive a birth ident receives a 20-digit national ID number. This is a logic certificate, parents must visit a RITA office to report the number, with the first eight digits corresponding to the DOB birth, then return to retrieve the birth certificate, which could of the user, the next five digits corresponding to the place of be issued up to 90 days later. Presently, RITA does not have registration, a sequential five-digit number and, finally, two offices across all the Tanzanian districts, making access in checksum digits. remote areas difficult. Another barrier for low-income fam- ilies is the cost associated with birth certificates, which was NIDA sought to set up Tanzania’s foundational identification T Sh 3,500 (US$1.50) until 2013. Presently, birth certificates system, which can boost government initiatives to address are issued free if the birth is registered within 90 days, but corruption, raise revenue, eliminate leakages, and increase charges remain for delayed registration (after 90 days) and access to health care, education, and financial services. late registration (after 10 years). Similarly, the government intends to use the unique national ID numbers to strengthen the integrity of government pro- Initiatives are under way to improve civil registration. RITA grams that have been found to have leakages, such as con- aims to have 90  percent of newborns registered within 90 ditional cash transfers and civil servant payrolls, and to days, and to provide birth certificates to 70  percent chil- facilitate the extension of pension and health insurance cov- dren under five years of age by 2019. In order to achieve this, erage. RITA is digitizing its processes and systems. These reforms will allow health workers and local government officials to From 2013 to 2015, 6.3 million residents were registered in report births to RITA electronically, and will enable birth cer- Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, Pwani, Lindi, Morogoro, Mtwara, tificates to be printed on demand at district offices. UNICEF and Tanga. Approximately 2.7 million of the registered resi- has been working with RITA to raise awareness of the impor- dents received their national ID cards. In parallel, the National tance of birth registration among parents. Tigo, a telecom- Election Commission (NEC) registered, issued cards, and munications firm, has piloted birth registration through SMS removed duplication among 22.7 million voters in less than and smartphones. a year before the 2015 elections, using 8,000 biometric voter { { Birth registration National ID 16+ 84 + N 10+ 90 + N 0.2 0.13 15% 10%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Tanzania registration kits. In 2016, in an effort to accelerate the reg- NIDA has not completed the migration and deduplication of istration of residents, NIDA began to import individual voter these data from the original 6.3 million registered residents. records held by NEC in order to preregister 90 percent of the NIDA is in the process of establishing offices in 150 of Tan- population. zania’s 189 districts. These offices will register residents as they turn 18. In the future, NIDA plans to integrate with NIDA has shifted focus toward issuing national ID numbers, the civil registration system, with the possibility of issuing while strengthening its capacity to offer online verification national ID numbers to newborn children at the time of their with just a number and a fingerprint scan. As of March 2017, birth registration and extending its coverage from birth. 54 TOGO  Birth registration. The Togolese Ministry of a radio show produced by youth in Togo—I Am a Child, I Have Health is responsible for birth registration, which has been Rights, Too —to promote the importance of birth certificates carried out since 1923. Birth registration is free of charge and birth registration. and must be done within 45 days of birth. According to UNICEF, the institutional birth rate is 66.5  percent and the  National ID. Within the Ministry of Interior and birth registration rate for children below five years of age is Security, the Direction Générale de la Documentation Natio- 77.9 percent. A UNICEF study revealed that nearly a third of nale (DGDN), the national documentation service, issues children residing in rural areas were not registered. The pri- national ID (NID) cards and passports. NIDs have been mary reason for lack of birth registration is that parents do issued since 2006 for a fee of CFAF 4,894.73 (US$8). The NID not understand the importance of having birth certificates. is not an electronic ID card, but rather a plastic card with a 55 personal ID number and a tamper-proof seal. It replaces the The Ministry of Territorial Administration, Decentraliza- old paper ID, which was larger. The NIDs are not mandatory tion, and Local Government is responsible for issuing birth and it is estimated that fewer than 10 percent of all Togolese certificates, which cost CFAF  611.84 (US$1). Children may citizens have one. attend school until the sixth grade without any birth records, after which a birth certificate is necessary to obtain the pri- The Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI) mary school leaving certificate. Courts can issue late birth began biometric voter registration in 2014 ahead of the 2015 certificates, but the cost is CFAF  6,730.26 (US$11), and presidential election. The country used mobile enrollment those whose families cannot afford the fee often drop out kits to bring newly eligible voters into the system. During of school. Another issue is that late birth certificates have the voter registration drive, CENI used its existing database been misused and constitute a main source of identity fraud. of 3 million records to check citizen records, as well as to Sometimes parents opt for a late birth certificate in order to remove all records of deceased and invalid records, includ- postpone a child’s school enrollment. ing those that had been lost or duplicated. CENI verifies both demographic data and biometric data, using fingerprint rec- Birth certificates can be instrumental in reducing child traf- ognition for the latter. After this two-step verification is com- ficking in Togo. There are community-led initiatives such as plete, the citizens receive a printed voter card. { { Birth registration National ID 78+ 22 + N 9+ 91 + N 0.6 78% 9%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE UGANDA  Birth registration. Registration of births, deaths government and private hospitals using M-VRS, so that reg- and marriages was introduced in Uganda in 1904, while it istration takes place before mother and child leave. was still a British dependency. However, it only applied to Europeans and Americans residing in the country at the While birth registration in Uganda is free, birth certificates time. After Independence in 1962, the Births and Deaths are issued at a cost: US$1.40 to nationals, US$40 to non-na- Registration Act of 1964 was passed. Only a few years later tionals, and free to refugees. Under the 1930 Act, births had a fundamental revision of the legal framework for birth and to be registered with the hospital administrator, subcounty death registration led to the Births and Deaths Registration chief or town clerk, following which a short certificate was Act [Cap 309] of 1970. The new law made birth and death issued that had to be submitted along with the fee to URSB, 56 registration mandatory. Until 2016, birth registration—as in order to obtain a long birth certificate. NIRA is working well as death, marriage and adoption registration—was the hard to streamline these processes and increase access to responsibility of the Uganda Registration Services Bureau birth registration. It has opened offices in the 112 districts of (URSB) under the Ministry of Justice. Uganda and five districts of its capital, Kampala, which have a core staffing, and intends to also extend services toward When the Registration of Persons Act was passed in 2015, it population living too far from the new registration offices transformed the national ID project that began in 2013 into a through mobile registration teams. permanent agency, the National Identification and Registra- tion Authority (NIRA). This law also replaced the Births and As of the 2014 census, birth registration coverage was Deaths Registration Act of 1970 and transferred responsibil- 29.9 percent of children under the age of five years. Although ity for birth and death registration from URSB to the newly this is low, it demonstrates a significant improvement from established NIRA as of January 1, 2016, which is a key step 1999 when the coverage was 4.3 percent. toward realizing a national ID system built on a foundation of birth and death registration. The life-long, unique national  National ID. Uganda’s national ID project—offi- ID number (NIN), for example, is now issued to a child at the cially called the National Intelligence and Security System time of birth registration. (NSIS)—was launched in 2010 as a collective effort of URSB, the National Information Technology Agency (NITA), Direc- Before the mandate for birth registration was moved to torate of Citizenship and Immigration Control, Election Com- NIRA, a public-private partnership of URSB, Uganda Tele- mission and Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), under the com Limited (UTL) and UNICEF developed the Mobile Vital leadership of the Ministry of Interior. By 2013, 30,000 citizens Registration System (M-VRS). M-VRS enabled use of mobile had received their national ID cards as part of a pilot program. phones and a web-based application to register births and deaths. Introduced in 2010 as a pilot project, M-VRS aimed The mass registration of all citizens aged 16 years and to improve coverage and reduce the time lag in solely paper- above commenced in 2014 under the theme “My Country, My based registration. Normally, it could take several months Identity.” Mobile teams were mobilized around the country, from the time a child was registered to the time their birth supported by the military for logistics and manpower. The certificate would be received, especially when the child was objective was for the voting-age population to have a national not born in the hospital. M-VRS was introduced in 36 out of ID card in time to be used for the elections that took place 112 districts. Birth registration was also brought into 135 on February 18, 2016—an objective was largely fulfilled. Of { { Birth registration National ID 30+ 70 + N 67+ 33 + N 0.3 0.3 30% 67%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Uganda 15.3 million voters registered with the Election Commission, The national ID card issued by NIRA is a secure card without 14.8 million were registered for the national ID card. Approx- a chip, containing a photo, signature and basic biographic imately 1 million citizens did not pick up the cards. details on the front and a bar code and machine readable zone on the back. It is free for citizens in the first instance. With the mass registration completed, NIRA spent its first NIRA plans to issue special national ID cards to foreign res- year in 2016 transforming itself from a project to a perma- idents and the approximate 900,000 refugees Uganda hosts nent agency, including hiring full-time staff, establishing a in the near future. All ten fingerprints are collected at the headquarters, back office systems, business processes and time of registration, as well as a high-quality facial photo. At its offices in districts. In April 2017, a new government regu- this stage, NIRA is developing its capacity to offer biographic lation requiring all SIM cards to be registered with their veri- verification services before it offers biometric verification in 57 fied NIN mobilized thousands of citizens who did not register the near future. The Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social during the mass registration or did not pick up their national Development, for example, is planning to consolidate the ID card to do so. In the second half of 2017, NIRA will com- management information systems for all social protection mence the mass registration of 5- to 15-year-old citizens in programs in Uganda into a single social registry that will schools, which will involve issuing them with a NIN but not use the NIN issued by NIRA as the unique identifier, with a card (cards are issued at age 16 when biometrics are col- plans to introduce biometric verification. A data protection lected) and requiring parents to have a NIN. This could help law is currently being considered by Uganda’s parliament, NIRA realize universal coverage of citizens aged five years and it could potentially offer an important safeguard for the and older. The SIM registration exercise and the effort in security of the personal information that NIRA holds as it 2016 to verify all civil servants on the public service payroll makes this information available to service providers such in 2016 have demonstrated the importance of the national ID as banks, mobile network operators, hospitals and univer- system to the public and other stakeholders. sities. ZAMBIA  Birth registration. The Registrar General of registration rate for children younger than five is just 14 per- Births, Deaths, and Marriages, in the Ministry of Home cent. Birth certificates are essential to apply and obtain a Affairs (MOHA), is responsible for civil registration in Zam- National Registration Card, passport, and voter ID. Children bia. Civil registration has remained underdeveloped due to who do not have birth certificates have what is known as the the lack of utility, widespread poverty, budgetary constraints “under five cards.” Decentralizing and simplifying the pro- and, most importantly, the highly centralized process. For cesses of birth registration can help improve birth registra- instance, birth certificates can be issued only at the capital tion rates. Similarly, authorizing the local district registrars city of Lusaka. These factors have contributed to the coun- to function as the certification authority can help close the try’s low birth registration rate. gap between individuals who are registered and individuals 58 who actually have a birth certificate. Birth registration was mandated by the Birth and Death reg- istration Act of 1973. According to this Act, individuals who In 2013, MOHA collaborated with UNICEF to launch a pilot fail to give notice of birth or death within the given period initiative in three provinces to take birth registration ser- may face imprisonment not exceeding one month or a fine vices closer to communities by establishing a birth regis- not exceeding 200 penalty units. This is outdated, and the tration desk at health facilities. As a part of this initiative, government is in the process of drafting a bill that addresses 70 motorbikes were distributed to district registration offi- the contemporary challenges and technical advancements. cers, enabling them to collect and deliver applications and birth certificates. This project was successful enough that According to the World Bank, one of the main reasons cited it will be scaled up to all seven provinces. In 2014, Zambia for Zambia’s low birth registration is that people do not see saw an exponential increase in birth registration for children the value of having births registered. Zambians can use an younger than 5, from 10 percent in 2013 to 50 percent, due affidavit in place of a birth certificate to enroll in school or to its continuous efforts. At the same time, the birth regis- university, for example. The distance from the village to the tration rate among children aged 6–18 years increased from place of registration is another important obstacle that can- 10 percent to 30 percent. not be ignored. The birth certificate can take few weeks or even months to be processed, and involves complex proce- The country has been an early adopter country of the Afri- dures and follow-up. These factors demotivate parents from can Programme for Accelerated Improvement of Civil Reg- acquiring birth certificates for their children. There is a wide istration and Vital Statistics. The country conducted a CRVS gap between the rates for birth registration and possession assessment in 2014 and developed a national strategic of a birth certificate. action plan for 2015–2019. The government of Zambia is also investing in an integrated civil registration and identification Birth certificates can be obtained from the Registrar Gen- system. eral of Birth, Deaths, and Marriage by producing a hospital record, baptismal certificate, or affidavit. In the case of insti-  National ID. Zambia has a unique national iden- tutional births, parents must pass the birth registration desk tity management system, having had a national registration before discharge and register the birth. Nonetheless, the card even before independence. The Zambian government birth registration rate remains low. According to UNICEF, introduced the National Registration Cards (NRC) in 2013. the institutional birth rate is 47.7  percent, and the birth More than 83  percent the eligible population over 16 years { { Birth registration National ID 11+ 89 + N 83+ 17 + N 0.4 0.02 11% 83%   REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE Zambia of age have a NRC. The NRC is a low-tech national ID (NID) According to the World Bank, Zambia has multiple digital ini- that captures certain minimum biographic information and tiatives such as Zambia Vision 2030, and the “SMART Zambia biometric information (right thumbprint). A copy of the appli- Now” digital society initiative. All of these initiatives depend cation is dispatched to the central office and the original on the capacity of the citizens and residents to have their application is retained in the district office. There are 105 identities verified and authenticated. The National Registra- registration points in Zambia. The country is in the process tion Act of Zambia dates back to 1964 and governs the issu- of digitizing this NRC data to migrate toward more advanced ance of NIDs. This act is outdated and needs to be amended, electronic ID system with biometric authentication. Over factoring in contemporary challenges. Zambia does not have 8  million identification data points have already been digi- specific legislation for personal data protection, nor has it tized. set up an agency for personal data protection. 59 ZIMBABWE  Birth registration. The Registrar General, in the throughout the country by all district registries. Noncitizens Ministry of Home Affairs, is responsible for birth registration must apply to the Registrar General at a central registry. in Zimbabwe. Birth registration has been carried out since Birth certificates cost US$5 (for normal processing of five 1904 and is mandated by the Birth and Death Registration Act working days) or US$10 (for urgent processing within 24 of Zimbabwe. According to the act, births must be registered hours). within 42 days of birth, or by 12 months at the latest. Children younger than six years of age are registered free of charge,  National ID. The Registrar General is also while those over six are registered for a fee of US$2. For indi- responsible for issuing NIDs, which were first issued in 1996. viduals born outside Zimbabwe, the registration fee is US$50. Zimbabwe’s NID has a bar code with biometric information 60 The national ID (NID) of the parents is crucial to the process of (thumbprint). In addition, it contains an ID number, full name, registering the child and acquiring a birth certificate. date of birth, village of origin, place of birth, date of issuance, and signature. Security features include a hologram, water- According to UNICEF (2011), the birth registration rate of chil- mark, invisible personal information coded on the photo, UV dren below five years of age is 49 percent and the institutional fluorescence, and iridescent ink. The charge to the user is birth rate is 65.1 percent. The Zimbabwe Demographic Health less than US$5. The National Registration Act, Chapter 10:17, Survey of 2010-11 found that significant factors affecting the states that every citizen age 16 and above must register for likelihood of birth registration include the age of the child, a National Registration Document. The individual must pro- paternal status as an orphan, association with the Apostolic duce a birth certificate as proof. Processing time to issue a Faith, caretaker’s education status, household wealth sta- synthetic ID is one day, and a “green copy” takes three days. tus, place/facility of birth, and province of residence. Home The fee for ID documentation and fingerprint clearance is deliveries are a major obstacle to birth registration, as the US$1, while initial registration of persons who are above the parent is supposed to submit a birth confirmation record to age of 18 is US$2. Replacement of a lost or defaced identity register a child. Only 32 percent of the children born at home document costs from US$2 to US$10. are registered, compared to 54–63 percent of children born in health facilities. The Zimbabwe Population Registration System (ZPRS), established in 1996, maintains all essential demographic The Registrar General has offices in all Zimbabwean admin- personal data related to registrations of birth, death, NID, istrative provinces and districts. A birth certificate is nec- marriage, voting, passport, and cattle brands. The ZPRS is a essary in order to obtain a NID, passport, insurance, or centralized database that can be accessed by any individual pension, and is also required for school enrollment and for- using their NID number and password. There is a personal mal employment. Birth certificates for citizens are issued data protection law in place. { { Birth registration National ID 49+ 51 + N 77+ 23 + N 0.2 49% 77%  REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION CENTERS REGISTRATION BIOMETRIC REGISTRATION CENTERS RATE METHOD PER 50,000 PEOPLE RATE ID? PER 50,000 PEOPLE REFERENCES The following lists currently accessible data sources con- —. 2010a. “Strengthening Birth Registration in Africa: sulted in compiling this document. Data for countries not Opportunities and Partnerships.” Technical Paper. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/esaro/Technical_paper_low_res_.pdf listed here were either obtained from sources no longer available online or from the general references listed below. —. 2010b. “UNICEF Good Practices in Integrating Birth Registration into Health Systems (2000–2009). Case Studies: For countries where the government website is listed as Bangladesh, Brazil, The Gambia, and Delhi, India.” Working paper. “none,” this means that the country has no national ID agency. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/protection/Birth_Registration_ Working_Paper(2).pdf 61 General —. 2013. “Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and Trends in Birth Registration.” Data and Analytics Section, Division of Policy and Strategy, UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/mena/MENA-Birth_ Africa Health Observatory, http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_ Registration_report_low_res-01.pdf information/?lang=enf UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa. 2007. “Birth Registration.” Civil Registration Centre for Development and United Nations Blog post. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/esaro/5480_birth_ Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2013. A Passport to Protection: A Guide registration.html to Birth Registration Programming. Handbook. UNICEF. https:// www.unicef.org/protection/files/UNICEF_Birth_Registration_ UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), http://mics. Handbook.pdf unicef.org/surveys Clark, Julia. 2017. “The State of Identification Systems in Africa: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs A Synthesis of Country Assessments.” World Bank. http:// Statistics Division. 2010. “Status of Civil Registration and Vital documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/156111493234231522/ Statistics in the SADC Region.” Technical Report. United Nations. pdf/114628-WP-68p-TheStateofIdentificationSystemsinAfricaASyn https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/CRVS/Technical%20 thesisofIDDAssessments-PUBLIC.pdf report%20SADC%20final%20v2.pdf Greenleaf, Graham. 2013. “Global Data Privacy Laws 2013:99 —. 2016. “CRVS Technical Report Series.” United Nations. Countries and Counting.” Privacy Laws & Business International https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/crvs/Technical-report- Report 123. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ CRVS-in-English-speaking-African-countries3.pdf id=2305882 Wang, Tova. 2015. “Voter Identification Requirements and Public Harbitz, Mia, and Juan Molina. 2010. Civil Registration and International Law: An Examination of Africa and Latin America.” Identification Glossary. Inter-American Development Bank. https:// Report. The Carter Center. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/ publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/402/Civil%20 pdfs/peace/democracy/des/voter-identification-requirements.pdf Registration%20and%20Identification%20Glossary.pdf World Bank. 2017. “Principles on Identification. For Sustainable International Institute for Vital Registration and Statistics. 1981. Development: Towards the Digital Age.” http://documents. “Methods and Problem of Civil Registration Practice and Vital worldbank.org/curated/en/213581486378184357/pdf/112614- Statistics Collection in Africa. Technical Paper.” https://www. REVISED-4-25-web-English-final-ID4D-IdentificationPrinciples.pdf cdc.gov/nchs/data/isp/016_Methods_And_Problems_of_Civil_ Registration_Practices_and_Vital_Stat_Collection_in_Africa.pdf ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services. 2016. “Review of Angola National Identity Programs.” Technical Report. ITU. https://www. Felton, Steve. 2010. “With Free Birth Registration, Angola itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/dfs/Documents/09_2016/Review%20 Promotes a Child’s Right to Legal Identity.” Press release. UNICEF. of%20National%20Identity%20Programs.pdf https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/angola_55501.html Sharp, Nicola. 2005. “Universal Birth Registration—A Universal HID Global. 2015. “The Angola National ID Card.” Case study. Responsibility.” Report. Plan International. http://64.150.160.107/ cms/wp-content/PLAN.pdf https://www.hidglobal.com/sites/hidglobal.com/files/resource_ files/hid-gov-id-angola-cs-en.pdf Statistics Norway. 2014. “Status Analysis on Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS).” Report. The Norwegian Agency Ludwig, Uwe. 2011. “The Angola National ID, Case Study.” Keesing for Development cooperation (NORAD). http://www.ssb.no/en/ Journal of Documents & Identity 34. https://www.hidglobal.com/sites/ befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/206851?_ hidglobal.com/files/resource_files/kessing-angola-nat-id-cards.pdf ts=149c78cfc50 ANGOP. 2014. “Government Reviews Simplification of Birth UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2005. “The ‘Rights’ Registration.” Agencia Angola Press. http://www.portalangop. Start to Life: A Statistical Analysis of Birth Registration.” Report. co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/politica/2014/6/31/Government- UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/protection/BirthReg10a_rev.pdf reviews-simplification-birth-registration,a7a910dc-aa1f-40e8- a08a-69ba59493ce6.html References Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.minjusdh.gov.ao Burundi Government website for national ID: http://www.minjusdh.gov.ao/ IRIN. 2012. “Birth Registration Campaign Targets Tens of VerPrestadorServico.aspx?id=228 Thousands.” Blog post. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95111/ burundi-birth-registration-campaign-targets-tens-thousands Benin UN News Centre. 2009. “Burundi: UN Helps Distribute Free Identity Cards for Next May’s Polls.” Blog post. http://www.un.org/ apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33358#.WShjG-QkuUl Menye, Gisèle, and Faboumy, Sylvie. 2012. “In Benin, Goodwill Ambassador Angélique Kidjo Promotes Birth Registration to Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Protect Children’s Rights.” Blog post. UNICEF. http://www.unicef. not available 62 org/people/benin_61409.html Government website for national ID: not available Gemalto. 2010. “Gemalto Delivers Enrolment Solution for Benin’s Upcoming Presidential Election.” Article. Gemalto. http://www. gemalto.com/press/Pages/news_813.aspx Cabo Verde The Daily Trust. 2016. “Senegal, Benin Begin Issuance of ECOWAS Biometric ID Cards.” News article. https://www.dailytrust.com. Traça, João. 2011. “An Overview of the Legal Regime for Data ng/news/international/senegal-benin-begin-issuance-of-ecowas- Protection in Cape Verde.” International Privacy Law. https:// biometric-id-cards/132341.html academic.oup.com/idpl/article-abstract/1/4/249/731513/ An-overview-of-the-legal-regime-for-data Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.gouv.bj Government website for birth registration and birth certification: https://portondinosilhas.gov.cv/portonprd/porton. Government website for national ID: http://gouv.bj/ portoncv?p=B7B0B2BAC4C4C4 Government website for national ID: https://portondinosilhas.gov. Botswana cv/portonprd/porton.portoncv?p=B7B0B2BAC4C4C4 Lepang, Cornelia. 2015. “Identification for Development. Identification System Analysis: Botswana.” World Bank. http:// Cameroon documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/864651486101539760/ pdf/112501-WP-P156810-PUBLIC-Botswana-ID4D-Web.pdf Civil Registration Center for Development. 2011. “Civil Registration Support in Cameroon.” Report. https://www.unicef. Government website for birth registration and birth certification: org/evaldatabase/files/2011_Cameroon_-_Civil_Registration_ http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/ Support_in_Cameroon.final.pdf Ministry-of-Labour--Home-Affairs-MLHA/Tools--Services/ Services--Forms/Birth-registration/ Machan, Raze. 2012. “Cameroon Embraces Biometric Voter Registration.” Biometric Update. http://www.biometricupdate. Government website for national ID: http://www.gov.bw/en/ com/201208/cameroon-embraces-biometric-voter-registration Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Labour--Home- Affairs-MLHA/Tools--Services/Services--Forms/National- Salazar, Manuel, Emily Weedon, and Nathalie Bitnga. 2016. “Identification identity-application/ for Development. Identification System Analysis: Cameroon.” World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 Burkina Faso Government website for birth registration and birth certification: not available Nduita, Jean. 2009. “National Campaign Accelerates Birth Government website for national ID: http://www.spm.gov.cm/ Registration in Burkina Faso.” Blog post. UNICEF. https://www. administrations-publiques/administrations-publiques/article/ unicef.org/policyanalysis/burkinafaso_49667.html delivrance-de-la-carte-nationale-didentite-le-chef-de-letat- prescrit-des-mesures-de-facilitation.html Invisible Children. 2015. “Burkina Faso: BRAVO! Register 11.000 People in 2014.” Blog post. http://www.invisiblechildren. info/2015/01/burkina-faso-bravo-register-11000.html Central African Republic Rifon, Axel. 2016. “Analyse du système de gestion des identités au Burkina Faso.” Report. World Bank. UNICEF CAR. “Why Birth Certificates Matter to Children Caught in Conflict.” Blog post. https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/why- Government website for birth registration and birth certification: birth-certificates-matter-children-caught-conflict/17781 not available Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Government website for national ID: not available not available Government website for national ID: not available References Chad —. 2016. “Identification in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Challenges and Strategic Options for Addressing them.” Working paper. World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 Bahaji, Badre. 2015. “All Children Deserve to Celebrate Their Birthday.” Blog post. YALNA. https://yalna.org/2015/08/06/civil- Government website for birth registration and birth certification: registration-en/ http://www.minisanterdc.cd/new/index.php/contacts Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. 2013. “UNICEF Government website for national ID: not available Releases New Report on Birth Registration.” Blog post. http://www. who.int/pmnch/media/news/2013/birth_registration/en/ UNICEF Chad. 2009. “Evaluation Report.” https://www.unicef.org/ Republic of Congo evaldatabase/index_68198.html Humanium. 2012. “Children of the Republic of Congo. Realizing 63 World Bank Group. 2016. “Developing an Identity Management Children’s Rights in the Republic of Congo.” Blog post. http://www. Framework in Support of Social Protection in Chad.” World Bank. humanium.org/en/africa/republic-of-congo/  http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 Pianoforte, Kerry. 2010. “First Biometric ID Card Produced in the Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Republic of Congo.” Blog post. http://www.printedelectronicsnow. not available com/contents/view_breaking-news/2010-12-22/first-biometric-id- card-produced-in-the-repub/ Government website for national ID: not available Security Document World. 2010. “All Systems Go in Congo ID Scheme.” Blog post. http://www.securitydocumentworld.com/ Comoros article-details/i/10399/  Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Saendou, Anli. 2014. “Comoros: Launch of the Catch-Up Session not available for the Constitution of the New Biometric Electoral File.” Indian Ocean Times. http://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Comoros-Launch- Government website for national ID: not available of-the-catch-up-session-for-the-constitution-of-the-new- biometric-electoral-file_a4252.html United Nation’s High Commission for Refugees. 2012. “Universal Côte d’Ivoire Periodic Review.” Report. https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/ Ouerghi, Azedine. 2015. “Identification for Development. files/document/comoros/session_18_-_january_2014/unhcr_ Identification System Analysis: Côte d’Ivoire.” World Bank. http:// upr18_com_2_e_main.pdf documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/220221473398778343/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification: pdf/108189-WP-P156810-PUBLIC.pdf https://comoros.eregulations.org/index.asp?l=en Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Government website for national ID: not available http://www.oni.ci/ Government website for national ID: http://www.oni.ci/?q=content/ Democratic Republic of Congo cr%C3%A9ation-de-loni Ambongo, Bibiane. 2012. “Field Diary: In DRC, Youth Advocates Learn about Their Right to a Legal Identity.”Blog post. UNICEF. Djibouti https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/drcongo_62041.html Atick, Joseph. 2015. “Identity Management in Social Surveys of Hudson, Andrew. 2012. “Biometrics, Emerging Tech: Transforming Vulnerable Population: The Djibouti Analysis.” World Bank. http:// the African Vote.” Secure ID News. https://www.secureidnews.com/ www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 news-item/biometrics-emerging-tech-transforming-the-african- vote/ Niyitegeka, Théophile. 2015. “DRC Launches Biometric Eritrea Registration of Rwandan Refugees Living in Katanga.” IGIHE. Tesfanews. 2015. “Interview with Mr. Suleman Hasen on New http://en.igihe.com/news/drc-launches-biometric-registration-of- National ID card.” https://www.tesfanews.net/interview-with-mr- rwandan.html suleman-hasen-on-new-national-id-card/ United Nation’s High Commission for Refugees. 2010. “Refugee ID Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Cards Being Distributed across DR Congo, Improving Rights.” Blog http://www.shabait.com/articles/q-a-a/3558-public-registration- post. http://www.unhcr.org/4c98a18d9.html office-and-the-public-mutual-cooperation-for-efficient-services- World Bank Group. 2015. “Rapid Assessment of the Civil Registration Government website for national ID: not available and Vital Statistics of the Democratic Republic of Congo.” World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 References Ethiopia Government website for national ID: http://www.eservices.gov.gh/ NIA/SitePages/NIA-FAQs.aspx Hailu, Birhan, and Samia Zakaria. 2013. “Towards Sustainable Vital Events Registration System of Ethiopia: Strategy and Action Plan.” World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 Guinea World Health Organization. 2014. “Civil Registration and Ferry, Jean, and Marc Lixi. 2016. “Identification for Development. Vital Statistics Investment Planning. A report of a technical Identification System Analysis: Guinea.” World Bank. http:// consultation.” http://www.who.int/healthinfo/civil_registration/ documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/630611472120072748/ crvs_meetingreport_april2014.pdf pdf/107993-WP-P156810-PUBLIC-Guinea-ID4D-Web.pdf Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Government website for birth registration and birth certification: 64 not available not available Government website for national ID: not available Government website for national ID: not available Gabon Guinea Bissau Ayika, Helene. 2007. “Providing Basic Services to Gabon’s ‘People Plan Malawi. 2013. “What If Every Child Was in the Picture?” Blog of the Forest.’” Blog post. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/ post. Plan International. https://www.plan.org.hk/en/africa-case- infobycountry/gabon_39602.html birth-registration Gemalto. 2013. “Gabon’s National Biometric Identification UNICEF Guinea Bissau. 2007. “Annual Report.” http://www. Initiative.” Case study. http://www.gemalto.com/brochures-site/ datacard.com/case-study/guinea-bissau download-site/Documents/gov_gabon_bio_id.pdf Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Common government portal: http://www.legabon.org/ http://novasdaguinebissau.blogspot.com/2013/08/registo-civil- gratis-faz-disparar.html The Gambia Government website for national ID: none Muzzi, Mariana. 2010. “UNICEF Good Practices in Integration Birth Registration into Health System (2000-2009).” Working Paper. Kenya UNICEF. All Africa. 2015. “Kenya Boosts Help for the Poor, Vulnerable.” Thomas, Begay. 2007. “Progress for Children: Simple Measures http://allafrica.com/stories/201501271493.html Produce a Rise in Gambian Birth Registration.” Blog post. UNICEF. Craig, Jill. 2012. “Kenya Works to Make Birth Registration Easier.” https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/gambia_42233.html Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/a/kenya-working-to- Government website for birth registration and birth certification: make-birth-registration-process-easier/1486469.html http://www.accessgambia.com/information/health-social- Gelb, Alan, Vasumathi Anandan, and Arleen Seed. 2016. welfare.html “Identification for Development. Identification System Analysis: Government website for national ID: http://www.accessgambia. Kenya.” World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ com/extra/gambis-gambia-biometric-identity-system.html en/575001469771718036/pdf/107277-WP-P156810-PUBLIC.pdf Wakoba, Sam. 2015. “Kenya Launches an E-government Ghana Integrated Data System to Up Service Delivery.” TECHMORAN Entrepreneurship in Africa. http://techmoran.com/kenya-launches- e-government-integrated-data-system-similar-666-code/sthash. Allan, Emelia. 2015. “An identity for every child: birth registration ZzT9M4ev.AfLF4t6w.dpuf and equity in Ghana. Blog post. Harvard University. https://fxb. harvard.edu/an-identity-for-every-child-birth-registration-and- World Health Organization. 2013. “Move It: Report on Monitoring of equity-in-ghana/#_edn6 Vital Events Using Information Technology.” http://www.who.int/ healthinfo/civil_registration/crvs_report_it_2013.pdf Fagernäs, Sonja, and Joyce Odame. 2013. “Birth Registration and access to health care: An assessment of Ghana’s campaign Government website for birth registration and birth certification/ success. Report. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. http:// national ID: http://www.immigration.go.ke/AboutUs.html; http:// www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/91/6/12-111351/en/ www.hudumakenya.go.ke/charter.html (enrollment) Government website for birth registration and birth certification/ Government website for national ID: http://www.hudumakenya. national ID: http://www.eservices.gov.gh/bdr/SitePages/ go.ke/charter.html Online%20Services%20Details.aspx References Lesotho Malawi Lesotho, National Assembly Elections Regulations, Arrangement Face of Malawi. 2014. “National Registration Bureau Has Started of Regulations 2002, article 3. a Birth Registration Exercise.” http://www.faceofmalawi. com/2014/09/national-registration-bureau-has-started-a-birth- Petlane, Tsoeu. 2013. “Lesotho: Africa Integration—What Do New registration-exercise/ National IDs in Lesotho and South Africa Mean?” All Africa. http:// allafrica.com/stories/201307260805.html Ghelli, Tina. 2014. “UNHCR Pilots New Biometric System in Malawi Refugee Camp.” Blog post. United Nation’s High Commission for PSCU. 2015. “Kenya to Help Lesotho Implement Reforms.” Capital Refugees. http://www.unhcr.org/52dfa8f79.html News. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2015/01/kenya-to-help- lesotho-implement-reforms/?utm_content=buffer7893f&utm_ Kubwalo, Kusali. 2012. “In Malawi, the Launch of Universal Birth medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer Registration Guarantees Protection for Children.” Blog post. 65 UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/malawi_62129. Government website for birth registration and birth certification: html http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/home/index.html Masina, Lameck. 2014. “Malawi under Pressure to Issue National Common government portal: http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/ IDs.” Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/a/malawi- home/index.html government-under-pressure-to-issue-national-ids/2471258.html Masauli, Leonard. 2014. “’Malawi: Lack of Funds Delaying Liberia National Registration Progress.” All Africa. http://allafrica.com/ stories/201406140021.html Identification for Development. 2015. “Identification for UNIFEED. 2012. “Malawi Birth Registration.” Video. United Nations. Development. Identification System Analysis: Liberia.” http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/asset/U121/U121011e/ World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/281811489660798714/pdf/113549-WP-P156810-PUBLIC- Vrankulj, Adam. 2013a. “Fingerprint ID System Launched Liberia-ID4D-Web.pdf in Malawi.” Biometric Update. http://www.biometricupdate. com/201303/fingerprint-id-system-launched-in-malawi Pradhan, Miraj. 2013. “UNICEF Appeals for Accelerating Universal Birth Registration in Liberia on its 67th.” Blog post. https://www. —. 2013b. “Malawi Abandons Biometric Voter Registration for unicef.org/liberia/media_7984.html 2014 Elections.” Biometric Update. http://www.biometricupdate. com/201303/malawi-abandons-biometric-voter-registration-for- UNICEF Liberia. 2013. “Briefing Notes on the Revitalization of 2014-elections Universal Birth Registration in Liberia.” Press release. https:// www.unicef.org/liberia/Brief_Update_Nov_2013_Liberia_ World Vision. 2013. “World Vision International Submission to Universal_Birth_Registration_System.pdf OHCHR Report on Birth Registration.” http://www.ohchr.org/ Documents/Issues/Children/BirthRegistration/WorldVision.pdf West and Central Africa UNICEF. 2009. “Working towards Universal Birth Registration in Liberia.” Blog post. https://www. Government website for birth registration and birth certification: unicef.org/wcaro/english/media_4968.html https://www.registrargeneral.gov.mw/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Government website for national ID: http://www.mra.mw/about/ http://moh.gov.lr/ about-us Government website for national ID: http://www.mia.gov.lr/ Mali Madagascar Orange Mali Foundation. 2014. “A First Step towards Getting an Education in Mali.” http://www.fondationorange.com/A-first-step- Harbitz, Mia and Matthias Witt. 2017. “Identification for towards-getting-an Development. Identification System Analysis: Madagascar.” World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 Relief Web. 2015. “Birth Certificates Issued by Mali Open Doors for Mauritanian Refugee Children.” Blog post. United Nation’s IRIN. 2004. “National Birth Registration Campaign Launched.” High Commission for Refugees. http://reliefweb.int/report/mali/ Blog post. http://www.irinnews.org/report/50124/madagascar- birth-certificates-issued-mali-open-doors-mauritanian-refugee- national-birth-registration-campaign-launched children Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Smith, Alex. 2013. “Will Mali’s Poll Bring Unity and Peace.” BBC. http://www.justice.gov.mg/; http://www.mid.gov.mg/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23449457 Government website for national ID: http://www.mid.gov.mg/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification: not available Government website for national ID: not available References Mauritania Kahiurika, Ndanki. 2013. “Namibia: ECN Launches the Biometric Machine.” All Africa. http://allafrica.com/stories/201312181139. html Hamidi, Fadila, and Anthea Moore. 2012. “In Mauritania, Healthcare Campaign Aims to Save Children from Preventable Pidatala, Krishna, Mia Harbitz, and Diane Hubbard. 2016. Diseases.” Blog post. UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/health/ “Identification for Development. Identification System Analysis: mauritania_65189.html Namibia.” World Bank. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/ en/184451466711154296/1617304-Namibia-ID4D-Web.pdf KORA. 2015. “Mauritania Refugee Children Born in Mali Get Birth Certificates for the First Time.” Blog post. United Nation’s High Vrankulj, Adam. 2013. “Namibia Unveils Biometric Machine for Commission for Refugees. http://kora.unhcr.org/mauritanian- Voter Registration.” Biometric Update. http://www.biometricupdate. refugee-children-born-mali-get-birth-certificates-first-time/ com/201312/namibia-unveils-biometric-machine-for-voter- registration 66 Mary, Mariama. 2012. “UNHCR Distributes Biometric ID Cards to Refugees in Senegal.” Blog post. United Nation’s High Commission Government website for birth registration and birth certification: for Refugees. http://www.unhcr.org/508536389.html http://www.mha.gov.na Planet Biometrics. 2010. “Mauritania Uses Biometrics to Revamp Government website for national ID: http://www.gov.na/identity- ID Document System.” http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article- documents details/i/248/ Sipp, Kelly. 2015. “Birth Certificates Issued by Mali Open Doors for Mauritanian Refugee Children.” Blog post. UNICEF. http://www. Niger unhcr.org/5534fc0f1b.html Harbitz, Mia, and Matthias Witt. 2017. “Identification for Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Development. Identification System Analysis: Niger.” World Bank. http://www.justice.gov.mr http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 Government website for national ID: not available Prévost, Nathalie, and Charlotte Arnaud. 2013. “In Niger, Birth Registration Takes a Big Step Forward.” Blog post. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_71507.html Mauritius UNIFEED. 2013. “Niger/ Birth Registration.” Video. United Nations. http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/asset/U131/U131211e/ Mauritius National ID Scheme. 2013. Media Briefing MNIS. Government of Mauritius. http://www.maurice-info.mu/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification: wp-content/uploads/2013/09/new-id-card.pdf not available Registrar-General. 2015. “Registrar-General Department Holds Government website for national ID: http://interior.gov.ng/ Workshop on 2nd Phase of the Mauritius e-Registry Project.” Press release. Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/ English/News/Pages/Registrar-General-Department-holds- workshop-on-2nd-phase-of-the-Mauritius-eRegistry-Project.aspx Nigeria Adepetun, Adeyemi. 2015. “Nigeria: Cybercrime Act Prescribes Government website for birth registration and birth certification/ Punishment for Vandals of Critical Infrastructure.” All Africa. national ID: http://csd.pmo.govmu.org/English/registration/ http://allafrica.com/stories/201506020960.html Pages/birth.aspx Full Identity. 2011. “Nigeria Announces New National ID Scheme.” Common government portal: http://www.govmu.org/English/ Blog post. https://idcards.fullidentity.com/Default.aspx?Page=Ne Pages/default.aspx wsArticles&NID=1773&ContentID Identification for Development. 2015. “Identification for Mozambique Development. Identification System Analysis: Nigeria.” World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification: en/136541489666581589/pdf/113567-WP-P156810-PUBLIC- http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/ 1618628-Nigeria-ID4D-Web.pdf Government website for national ID: http://www.portaldogoverno. Government website for birth registration and birth certification: gov.mz/por http://rapidsmsnigeria.org/br/ Government website for national ID: http://www.nimc.gov.ng/ Namibia Bloemen, Shantha. 2009. “Birth Registration Effort Aims to Protect Child Rights in Namibia.” Blog post. UNICEF. https://www.unicef. org/infobycountry/namibia_51570.html References Rwanda Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.servicepublic.gouv.sn/index.php/demarche_ administrative/services/1/205 Atick, Joseph. 2015. “The Identity and Social Registers in the Republic of Rwanda.” World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/ Government website for national ID: http://www.servicepublic. programs/id4d#5 gouv.sn/index.php/demarche_administrative/demarche/1/30 —. 2016. “The Identity Ecosystem of Rwanda.” ID4Africa. http://www.id4africa.com/prev/img/ID4Africa2016_The_Identity_ Ecosystem_of_Rwanda_eBooklet.pdf Seychelles Kwibuka, Eugene. 2014. “Why Rwanda Plans to Issue Government website for birth registration and birth certification: e-Passport.” New Times. http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/ http://www.ics.gov.sc/civil-status/applying-for-a-birth-certificate article/2014-11-25/183405/ 67 Government website for national ID: http://www.egov.sc/ Plan Rwanda. 2016. “Helping Vulnerable Children to Access Their MyCitizen/ApplyIDCard.aspx; http://www.ics.gov.sc/civil-status/ Rights to Health, Quality Education and a Sustainable Future since national-identity-card 2007.” Plan International. https://plan-international.org/rwanda Government website for birth registration and birth certification: https://www.migration.gov.rw Sierra Leone Government website for national ID: http://www.nid.gov.rw Apland, Kara, and Mary Lagaay. 2015. “Birth Registration and Children’s Rights.” Report. Plan International. https://www. planusa.org/docs/reports/2014-birth-registration-research-full- São Tomé and Príncipe report.pdf Condeh, Ibrahim. 2013. “Sierra Leone: 400,000 ID Cards Issued Straaten, Jaap. 2017. “Identification for Development. Identification Nationwide.” All Africa. http://allafrica.com/stories/201309180742. System Analysis: São Tomé and Príncipe.” World Bank. http:// html www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d#5 Identification for Development. 2015.“Identification for Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Development. Identification System Analysis: Sierra Leone.” http://rapidsmsnigeria.org/br/ World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ Government website for national ID: http://www.nimc.gov.ng/ en/844991489661178352/pdf/113550-WP-P156810-PUBLIC- Sierra-Leone-ID4D-Web.pdf Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Office of Deputy Chief Registrar Senegal Births and Deaths. 2014. “Strategic Directions for Integrating Civil Registration and Identification.” Government of Sierra Leone. ANGOP. 2005. “Senegal Plans Digitized National ID Card.” Agencia https://www.crc4d.com/downloads/2014-04-establishing-21st- Angola Press. http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/ century-identity-management-sierra-Leone.pdf africa/2005/0/4/Senegal-plans-digitised-national-card,4a97d0f7- f446-419d-a6ea-1633628c7951.html Tommy, Edward. 2013. “In Sierra Leone, Health Ministry, Birth, and Death, NGOs Discuss Universal Birth Registration Chao, Rebecca. 2013. “Two Mobile Birth Registration Programs Project.” Awareness Times. http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view. Piloted in Senegal and Uganda.” Tech President. http:// cgi?archive=9&num=23713 techpresident.com/news/wegov/24165/two-mobile-birth- registration-programs-piloted-senegal-and-uganda United Nations Development Programme. 2012. “New Procedure Contributes to Credible Elections, High Voter Turnout in Sierra GSMA Mobile Identity Team. 2013. “Mobile Birth Registration Leone.” Blog post. http://www.sl.undp.org/content/sierraleone/ in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Case study. http://www.gsma.com/ en/home/ourwork/democraticgovernance/successstories/New- personaldata/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Mobile-Birth- procedures-contribute-to-credible-elections/ Registration-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf Government website for birth registration and birth certification: Pescod, Nicholas. 2012. “Senegal: Birth Certificate by Way of http://health.gov.sl/ Text Message.” Africa Brains Innovation for Education. http:// africanbrains.net/2012/08/16/senegal-birth-certificate-by-way- Common government portal: http://www.statehouse.gov.sl/index. of-text-message/ php Rédaction. 2014. “ Senegal: Smart ID and Voting Cards Soon.” Africa Top Success. http://www.africatopsuccess.com/ en/2014/12/15/senegal-smart-id-and-voting-cards-soon/ Somalia Sikiti, Issa. 2014. “Senegal to Issue Smart ID, Voter’s Cards.” AMISOM Public Information. 2014. “Somali Biometric ID Cards.” Biztech Africa. http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/senegal- Presentation. https://vimeo.com/87666387 issue-smart-id-voters-cards/9361/ References HID Global. “Somalia Introduces New Secure National ID and E-Passport with HID Global and Their Parent.” Blog post. https:// Sudan www.hidglobal.com/press-releases/somalia-introduces-new- secure-national-id-and-e-passport-hid-global-and-their Andrews, Matt. 2014. “Invisible Children: Birth Registration Is a Prerequisite for Equality.” Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/ Waaberi Project. “Biometric Identification Cards for Somali.” global-development-professionals-network/2014/feb/10/birth- http://waaberiproject.org/news-articles/biometric-identification- registration-invisible-children cards-for-somalis/ Carwardine, Edward. 2009. “Renewed Efforts Underway to Government website for birth registration and birth certification/ Increase Level of Birth Registration in Sudan.” Blog. UNICEF. national ID: none http://www.unicef.org/media/media_50370.html Plan International. 2015. “Birth Registration.” https://plan- 68 South Africa international.org/where-we-work/africa/sudan/what-we-do/our- successes/birth-registration-helps-protect-refugees-in-sudan/ Mzekandaba, Simnikiwe. 2015. “Bank Partnership for South Roebuck, Kevin. 2012. Biometrics: High-Impact Emerging Africa’s Smart ID Card Roll-Out.” IT Web Africa. http://www. Technologies—What You Need to Know: Definitions, Adoption, itwebafrica.com/ict-and-governance/267-south-africa/234164- Impact, Benefits, Maturity, Vendors. Emereo Publishing. https:// bank-partnership-for-sas-smart-id-card-roll-out books.google.com/books?id=myEPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23&lpg= PA23&dq=Sudan+biometric&ource=bl&ots=vaGtRWS3V-&sig=- UNICEF. 2013. “South Africa Statistics.” Data sheet. https://www. jmLVG4GSAAfg277Eotfp-jdPms&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4mw1VfbZI4qQ unicef.org/infobycountry/southafrica_statistics.html sQT1wICQAw&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Sudan%20 Vrankulj, Adam. 2014. “South Africa Smart ID Card Applications biometric&f=false to Start Soon.” Biometric Update. http://www.biometricupdate. Government website for birth registration and birth certification: com/201401/south-african-smart-id-card-applications-to-start- http://welfare.gov.sd/ soon Government website for national ID: none Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.dha.gov.za/index.php/birth-certificates1 Government website for national ID: http://www.dha.gov.za/index. php/id-smart-card/id-smart-card-features Swaziland IRIN. 2006. “Giving Parentless Children an Identity.” Blog post. http://www.irinnews.org/report/61621/swaziland-giving- South Sudan parentless-children-an-identity UNICEF. 2013. “Country Statistics Page.” Data sheet. UNICEF. Gray, Stephen. 2011. “‘Independence’ Baby Signals the Birth http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/swaziland_statistics.html of a New Nation.” Blog post. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/ southsudan/reallives_birth_of_a_new_nation.html Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_con UNICEF. 2011. “Children in South Sudan.” Factsheet. UNICEF. tent&view=article&catid=81%3Ahomeaffairs&id=1368%3 https://www.unicef.org/esaro/Children_in_Sudan_summary_ Acivil-registration&Itemid=304; http://www.gov.sz/index. sheet_final.pdf php?option=com_content&view=article&id=311&Itemid=441 —. 2013. “Country Statistics Page.” Data sheet. UNICEF. Government website for national ID: http://www.gov.sz/index. Sudan Tribune. 2012. “South Sudan Launches Passport and php?option=com_content&view=article&id=220&Itemid=95 National ID Cards.” http://www.sudantribune.com/spip. php?article41183 —. 2013. “South Sudan Launches Compulsory Civil Tanzania Registration at Childbirth.” http://www.sudantribune.com/spip. Gelb, Alan. 2016. “Identification for Development. Identification php?article45509 System Analysis: Tanzania.” World Bank. http://www.worldbank. —. 2014. “UNHCR, South Sudan Launch Biometric Registration org/en/programs/id4d#5 of IDPs.” http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52475 HIT Consultant. “Tanzania’s Healthy Baby SMS Service Records Sunjic, Melita, and Kathryn Mahoney. 2012. “Modern Technology 1M mHealth Registration.” http://hitconsultant.net/2015/10/13/ Helps Meet the Needs of Refugees in South Sudan.” Blog post. tanzanias-healthy-baby-sms-service-records-1m-mhealth- http://www.unhcr.org/50dc5a309.html registrations/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification/ Makoye, Kizito. 2013. “Tanzania Launches New IDs Cards national ID: none to Combat Election Fraud.” Reuters. http://www.trust.org/ item/20130227092500-jm6av/ References Senthilingam, Meera. 2014. “Staying Alive: Why Measles Won’t Kaweesa, Dalton. 2015. “Delays in National ID Registration Take down the Maasai.” CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/11/ Affecting 2016 Roadmap—EC.” Uganda Radio Network. http:// health/vaccinating-the-maasai-in-tanzania/ ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=71401 Simbeye, Finnigan. 2015. “Tanzania: Six Million Registered Nuwagaba, Augustus. 2014. “Uganda National Assessment on Civil for National Identity Cards.” All Africa. http://allafrica.com/ Registration and Vital Statistics.” Report. Uganda Registration stories/201503051042.html Services Bureau. Trade and Development—Canada. 2015. “Scaling up Birth Olukya, Godfrey. 2014. “Uganda Begins National Identification Card Registration in Tanzania 2015–2019.” Project report. UNICEF. Project.” Africa Report. http://www.theafricareport.com/East- https://www.crc4d.com/downloads/2014-02-scaling-up-birth- Horn-Africa/uganda-begins-national-identification-card-project. registration-tanzania.pdf html UNICEF. 2013. “Country Statistics Page.” Data sheet. http://www. Public Procurement and Proposal of Public Assets Authority. 2015. 69 unicef.org/infobycountry/tanzania_statistics.html “Go Register for Your National ID.” Government of Uganda. https:// www.ppda.go.ug/go-register-for-your-national-id/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.rita.go.tz/page.php?pg=85&lang=en Sekandi, Anne Lydia. 2010. “Uganda Modernizes Birth Registration Process.” Blog post. UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/statistics/ Government website for national ID: http://nida.go.tz/swahili/ uganda_57195.html Sekanjako, Henry. 2013. “Dozens Receive National Identity Togo Cards on First Day.” New Vision. http://www.newvision.co.ug/ news/645080-dozens-receive-national-identity-cards-on-first- Biztech Africa. 2014. “Zetes to Supply to with Biometric Voter day.html System.” http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/zetes-supply-togo- Ugandan Diaspora News. 2014. “Facts You Need to Know about the biometric-voter-system/8299/ Uganda National ID Project.” http://www.ugandandiasporanews. Counter, Peter. 2014. “Zetes Signs with Republic of Togo com/2014/07/17/facts-about-the-uganda-national-id-project/ for Biometric Voter ID Enrollment.” Find Biometrics. http:// UNICEF. 2013a. “Country Statistics Page.” Data sheet. http://www. findbiometrics.com/zetes-signs-with-republic-of-togo-for- unicef.org/infobycountry/uganda_statistics.html biometric-voter-id-enrollment/ —. 2013b. “Mobile Phones Can Report Unregistered Births in Mayhew, Stephen. 2014. “Zetes Provides Biometric Voter Solution a Matter of Minutes.” http://unicefstories.org/2013/12/11/mobile- for Toga Presidential Election.” Biometric Update. http://www. phones-can-report-unregistered-births-in-a-matter-of-minutes/ biometricupdate.com/201406/zetes-provides-biometric-voter- solution-for-toga-presidential-election Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.mobilevrs.co.ug/home.php; http:// Plan Togo. 2014. “See Your World.” Project report. https://www. ursb.go.ug/?option=com_content&view=article&id=75%3Apro planusa.org/docs/hearchildren/togodec.pdf cedure-for-obtaining-a-birth-certificate&catid=40%3Abirth- UNICEF. 2013. “Country Statistics Page.” Data sheet. https://www. certificate&Itemid=75 unicef.org/infobycountry/togo_statistics.html Government website for national ID: https://www.ppda.go.ug/ Government website for birth registration and birth certification: go-register-for-your-national-id/ http://www.togoleseministryofhealthlome.myewebsite.com/ Government website for national ID: not available Zambia Mwizabi, Gethsemane. 2014. “Birth Certificate Mystery: Zambia Uganda Should Decentralize Registration.” Times of Zambia. http://www. times.co.zm/?p=25049 Ageng’o, Carlos. 2014. “Uganda Biometric Voter Registration Equipment to Be Supplied by Suprema.” Tech Tweez. http://www. Nalungwe, Betty Chella. 2014. “UNICEF Supports Government techweez.com/2014/04/25/uganda-biometric-voter-registration- in Reaching Hard-to-Reach with Birth Registration.” Blog post. equipment-supplied-suprema/ UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/zambia/protection_14859.html Bwambale, Taddeo. 2015. “Uganda: No National ID, No School Pidatala, Krishna, Jaap Straaten, and Linda Kasonde. 2016. in 2017.” News Ghana. http://www.spyghana.com/uganda-no- “Identification for Development. Identification System Analysis: national-id-no-school-in-2017/ Zambia.” World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/318571474317392658/pdf/108360-WP-P156810-PUBLIC.pdf Kagolo, Francis. 2014. “Sh285b to Be Spent on National ID Registration.” Saturday Vision. http://www.newvision.co.ug/ Udoh, Nse. 2012. “Zambia’s New ID Cards to Include Education news/651574-sh285b-to-be-spent-on-national-id-registration. Background.” Zambia Reports. http://www.biometricupdate. html com/201303/zambian-government-to-issue-biometric- registration-cards References UNICEF. 2013. “Country Statistics.” Data sheet. https://www. unicef.org/infobycountry/zambia_statistics.html Zimbabwe UNICEF Zambia, 2016. “Child Protection.” Fact sheet. http://www. Gwavuya, Stanley. 2014. “Birth Registration in Zimbabwe, Can We unicef.org/zambia/5109_8455.html Do More?” Blog post. UNCEF. http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/ media_15175.html United Nations Zambia. 2016. “Birth Registration: A Child Passport to Protection.” http://www.zm.one.un.org/node/93 ICAO. 2012. “Production of Machine Readable Documents: The Zimbabwean Situation.” Presentation. http://www.icao.int/ Vrankuli, Adam. 2013. “Zambian Government to Issue meetings/mrtd-zimbabwe2012/documents/6-mudede_machiri_ Biometric Registration Cards.” Biometric Update. http://www. zimbabwe-situation.pdf biometricupdate.com/201303/zambian-government-to-issue- biometric-registration-cards Data Protections Agency: http://www.africanchildforum.org/ 70 clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/Zimbabwe/zimbabwe_ Zulu, Delphine. 2015. “Biometric NRCS to Be Used in 2016 birthreg_2005_en.pdf Elections.” Times of Zambia. http://www.times.co.zm/?p=50069. com Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.rg.gov.zw/services/birth Government website for birth registration and birth certification: http://www.zambiapretoria.net/birth-certificates/ Government website for national ID: http://www.rg.gov.zw/ services/national Government website for national ID: http://www.homeaffairs.gov.zm/