E4416 V1 REV PAKISTAN WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (WAPDA) Dasu Hydropower Project ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT Reviewed Draft Report by Independent Environmental and Social Consultants March 2014 Contents List of Acronyms .....................................................................................................xiii 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1-1 1.1. Background .............................................................................................. 1-1 1.1.1. The Energy Sector in Pakistan .....................................................1-1 1.1.2. The Vision 2025 Program ............................................................1-3 1.2. The Proposed Project ................................................................................1-4 1.2.1. Location ........................................................................................1-4 1.2.2. Main Structure ..............................................................................1-6 1.2.3. Karakorum Highway and Access Roads ......................................1-6 1.2.4. Transmission Line for Power Evacuation ....................................1-6 1.2.5. Project Ancillaries ........................................................................1-7 1.2.6. Phasing of the Project ...................................................................1-7 1.2.7. Run-of-river ..................................................................................1-8 1.2.8. Preparatory Studies and Planning of DHP ...................................1-9 1.3. Scope of the Project and Nature of Impacts .............................................1-9 1.3.1. The Project Area ...........................................................................1-9 1.3.2. The Area of Influence .................................................................1-10 1.3.3. Cumulative Impacts ....................................................................1-10 1.4. Environmental and Social Assessment of DHP .....................................1-11 1.4.1. Purpose and Methodology ..........................................................1-11 1.4.2. Composition of Study Team.......................................................1-13 1.4.3. Document Structure ....................................................................1-14 2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ..............................................2-1 2.1. General .....................................................................................................2-1 2.2. Applicable legislation and policies in Pakistan ........................................2-1 2.2.1. National Legislation .....................................................................2-1 2.2.2. Other Relevant Legislation ...........................................................2-3 2.2.3. National Environmental Guidelines and Policies .........................2-8 2.2.4. National Environmental Quality Standards ................................ 2-10 2.2.5. Environmental Regulatory Authorities ......................................2-11 2.2.6. International Treaties and Conventions ......................................2-12 2.3. World Bank ............................................................................................2-12 2.3.1. Overview ....................................................................................2-12 2.3.2. Operational Policies (OPs) of the World Bank ..........................2-13 2.3.3. Applicable World Bank Policies ................................................2-14 2.3.4. World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines ...................2-16 ii ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3. Project Description ..........................................................................................3-1 3.1. Location of the Project .............................................................................3-1 3.2. Project Components .................................................................................3-1 3.2.1. Component A - Construction of Main Hydraulic Structure .........3-1 3.2.2. Component B - Power Generation Facilities ................................ 3-4 3.2.3. Component C - Preparatory and Other Works .............................3-6 3.2.4. Component D - Transmission Line from Project to Pathar Garh ..............................................................................................3-9 3.2.5. Component E - Implementation of Social and Environmental Management Plans and Glacial, Sediment River Monitoring ....3-10 3.2.6. Component F - Construction Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation and Social and Environmental Management Plans ..3-12 3.2.7. Component G - Project Management Support, Capacity Building of WAPDA, Technical Assistance and Training .........3-12 3.3. Project Resources ...................................................................................3-13 3.3.1. Temporary Facilities...................................................................3-14 3.3.2. Construction Materials ............................................................... 3-14 3.3.3. Spoil Disposal Sites ....................................................................3-17 3.3.4. Construction Machinery .............................................................3-17 3.3.5. Manpower Requirements ...........................................................3-18 3.3.6. Security Situation .......................................................................3-18 3.4. Phasing and Construction .......................................................................3-18 3.4.1. Phased Approach to Development of the Project .......................3-18 3.4.2. Construction Schedule ................................................................ 3-19 3.5. Summary of Technical Specifications of the Project .............................3-19 3.6. Operation and Maintenance of the Project .............................................3-21 3.6.1. Filling of the Reservoir ............................................................... 3-21 3.6.2. Operational Concept for DHP in Stage 1 ...................................3-21 3.6.3. Operational Concept for DHP in Stage 2 ...................................3-21 3.6.4. Sediment Flushing ......................................................................3-23 3.7. Project Cost ............................................................................................3-24 4. Project Alternatives .........................................................................................4-1 4.1. The Without Project Option .....................................................................4-1 4.2. Alternative Sources of Energy .................................................................4-3 4.2.1. Alternative Hydropower Projects .................................................4-3 4.2.2. Other Sources of Renewable Energy............................................4-4 4.2.3. Nuclear .........................................................................................4-4 iii ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 4.2.4. Comparison between Hydropower and Thermal Generation .......4-4 4.2.5. Net Greenhouse Gases Emissions ................................................4-6 4.3. Alternative Sites of the Main Structure ....................................................4-8 4.4. Alternatives for Dam Height ..................................................................4-11 4.5. Alternatives Types of Structure .............................................................. 4-11 4.6. Alternatives for the Layout of Intake and Tailrace Tunnels...................4-11 4.7. Alternatives for the Selection of Generating Equipment .......................4-12 4.8. Alternative Construction Schedules .......................................................4-12 4.9. Alternative Sources of Construction Material ........................................4-14 4.9.1. General .......................................................................................4-14 4.9.2. Sources of Coarse Aggregates ....................................................4-15 4.9.3. Sources of Fine Aggregates ........................................................4-18 4.9.4. Sources of Pozzolanic Material ..................................................4-19 4.10. Alternative Alignment of KKH .............................................................. 4-20 4.10.1. Alternative Alignments Studied in Feasibility Study .................4-20 4.10.2. Alternatives in Detailed Design..................................................4-23 4.11. Alternative Sites for WAPDA Colony ...................................................4-23 4.12. Alternatives in Operation and Management ...........................................4-24 5. Baseline Description ........................................................................................5-1 5.1. Physical Environment ...............................................................................5-1 5.1.1. Project Area ..................................................................................5-1 5.1.2. Physiography ................................................................................5-1 5.1.3. Climate .........................................................................................5-2 5.1.4. Geology ........................................................................................5-2 5.1.5. Seismology ...................................................................................5-3 5.1.6. Rock Stability and Landslides ......................................................5-4 5.1.7. Sedimentation ...............................................................................5-4 5.1.8. Soils ..............................................................................................5-5 5.1.9. Hydrology .....................................................................................5-5 5.1.10. Flooding........................................................................................5-7 5.1.11. Groundwater .................................................................................5-7 5.1.12. Water Quality ...............................................................................5-7 5.1.13. Air Quality ....................................................................................5-8 5.1.14. Noise .............................................................................................5-8 5.2. Aquatic Environment ...............................................................................5-8 iv ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5.2.1. Field Surveys ................................................................................5-8 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecosystems .....................................................................5-9 5.2.3. Fish .............................................................................................5-10 5.2.4. Snow Carps Habitat, Migration and Spawning ..........................5-11 5.2.5. Mahaseer ....................................................................................5-12 5.2.6. Fisheries......................................................................................5-12 5.2.7. Other Aquatic Biota ....................................................................5-13 5.3. Terrestrial Environment .........................................................................5-14 5.3.1. Field Surveys ..............................................................................5-14 5.3.2. General Biodiversity...................................................................5-14 5.3.3. Terrestrial Ecosystems of Project Area and Beyond ..................5-14 5.3.4. Terrestrial Flora and Habitat of Project Area .............................5-16 5.3.5. Use of Vegetation .......................................................................5-19 5.3.6. Terrestrial Fauna.........................................................................5-19 5.3.7. Protected and Sensitive Areas ....................................................5-21 5.3.8. Bird Migration ............................................................................5-22 5.4. Social and Economic Environment ........................................................5-22 5.4.1. Kohistan District.........................................................................5-22 5.4.2. Demography ...............................................................................5-22 5.4.3. Education and Literacy ............................................................... 5-23 5.4.4. Health and Sanitation .................................................................5-24 5.4.5. Economy and Employment ........................................................5-24 5.4.6. Land Tenure and Land Use ........................................................5-27 5.4.7. Agriculture and Local Irrigation .................................................5-27 5.4.8. Seasonal Migration .....................................................................5-28 5.5. Social and Cultural Aspects ...................................................................5-29 5.5.1. Customs and Traditions .............................................................. 5-29 5.5.2. Social Structure and Role of Women .........................................5-29 5.5.3. Tribal Systems and Leadership ..................................................5-30 5.5.4. District Administration and Traditional Governance System ....5-30 5.5.5. Land Titles ..................................................................................5-30 5.6. Physical Cultural Resources ...................................................................5-30 5.6.1. Rock Carvings at Shatial ............................................................5-32 5.6.2. Seo Mosque ................................................................................5-33 5.6.3. Seer Gayal Mosque ....................................................................5-34 v ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5.6.4. Moveable Artifacts .....................................................................5-34 6. Other Relevant Issues .....................................................................................6-1 6.1. Risk of Earthquakes ..................................................................................6-1 6.2. Risk of Landslides ....................................................................................6-1 6.3. Risk of Flooding .......................................................................................6-1 6.4. Climate Change ........................................................................................6-2 6.4.1. Research Done ..............................................................................6-2 6.4.2. Support to Glacier Monitoring and Research Centre ...................6-3 6.4.3. Telemetric Network ......................................................................6-4 7. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and their Mitigations ..........7-1 7.1. General .....................................................................................................7-1 7.2. Impact Assessment Methodology ............................................................7-1 7.3. Summary of Assessed Impacts .................................................................7-3 7.4. Environmental Impacts related to Project Siting ......................................7-9 7.4.1. Change in Physiography and Landform .......................................7-9 7.4.2. Loss of Natural Vegetation and Trees ........................................7-11 7.4.3. Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources in Project Area ...........7-13 7.4.4. Impacts due to Increased Traffic and Transportation .................7-14 7.4.5. Inundation of 52 km of KKH .....................................................7-14 7.4.6. Loss of Access to Villages .........................................................7-15 7.4.7. Impact on Natural Habitat ..........................................................7-15 7.5. Social Impacts Related to Project Siting ................................................7-17 7.5.1. Land Acquisition for the Project ................................................7-17 7.5.2. Relocation of Inhabitants of 34 Hamlets ....................................7-22 7.5.3. Relocation of 50 Shops and Commercial Establishments ..........7-22 7.5.4. Loss of Civic Amenities .............................................................7-23 7.5.5. Loss of 423 ha of Farm Land, Grazing Area and Crops ............7-23 7.5.6. Increased Pressure on High Altitude Grazing Area and Forests ..................................................................................7-24 7.5.7. Impacts of the Construction of the 132 kV Power Supply Line to Project and Colony ............................................7-24 7.5.8. Generation of Employment in the Region ..................................7-26 7.5.9. Increased Economic Activity .....................................................7-27 7.6. Environmental Impacts during Construction Stage ................................ 7-27 7.6.1. Increased Traffic on KKH and Local Access Roads ..................7-27 vi ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7.6.2. Impacts on Kaigah Community-managed Game Reserve..........7-28 7.6.3. Impact on River Habitat due to Construction Activities in the River.................................................................7-29 7.6.4. Entrainment and Mortality of Fish .............................................7-29 7.6.5. Potential Risk of Air, Soil and Water Pollution .........................7-30 7.6.6. Risk of Pollution from Solid Waste and Waste Effluents ..........7-31 7.6.7. Potential Loss of Land in Disposal Areas ..................................7-31 7.6.8. Noise and Dust Generated by Construction Works, Increased Traffic and Use of Explosives ....................................7-32 7.6.9. Increased Risk of Landslides ......................................................7-33 7.6.10. Impacts of Increased Human Activities on Flora and Fauna .....7-33 7.6.11. Risk of Water Pollution from Storage Tanks .............................7-34 7.6.12. Shortages and/or Negative Effects on Local Water Supply and Sanitation .................................................................7-34 7.6.13. Disturbance of Visual Landscape ...............................................7-35 7.7. Social Impacts during Construction Stage .............................................7-35 7.7.1. Safety Hazards for Communities and Workers ..........................7-35 7.7.2. Social Conflict due to the Influx of Workers and In-migrants .................................................................................7-36 7.7.3. Respect of Local Cultural Norms and Values by Work Force .................................................................................7-37 7.7.4. Reduced Safety and Adverse Effects on Health Situation .........7-37 7.7.5. Increased Load on Local Services and Supplies ........................7-38 7.8. Environmental Impacts during Operation and Maintenance ..................7-38 7.8.1. Impact on Aquatic Habitat of the Indus and its Tributaries through the Creation of Reservoir ...........................7-38 7.8.2. Impact of First Filling of Reservoir ............................................7-39 7.8.3. Impacts on Fish Migration .........................................................7-40 7.8.4. Impact of Reduced Water Flows between Dam and Tailrace ....7-41 7.8.5. Impact on Downstream Fish due to Changes in Water Flows and Quality ......................................................................7-44 7.8.6. Impact of Sedimentation on Reservoir Area .............................. 7-44 7.8.7. Impact of Reservoir Operation during Base Load Operation of Plant ......................................................................7-46 7.8.8. Impact on Downstream Fish during Flushing Operation ...........7-47 7.8.9. Impact of Daily Reservoir Operations during Peak Production ..................................................................................7-48 vii ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7.8.10. Risk of Bird Collisions with Transmission Cables ....................7-49 7.9. Social Issues during Operation and Maintenance ..................................7-51 7.9.1. Loss of Employment for Construction Workers ........................7-51 7.9.2. Reservoir Fisheries (Enhancement Opportunity) .......................7-51 7.10. Potential Impacts of 500 KV Transmission Line ...................................7-51 8. Cumulative Impacts ........................................................................................8-1 8.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................8-1 8.2. The Indus Basin Water System ................................................................ 8-3 8.2.1. Indus-water related Impacts downstream from Tarbela ...............8-3 8.2.2. Mitigation Measures Taken ..........................................................8-4 8.3. Expected Developments in the Upper Indus Basin ..................................8-5 8.3.1. Shift in Focus of Water Policy Planning ......................................8-5 8.3.2. Indus Cascade Development from Tarbela to Diamer- Basha .....8-5 8.3.3. Overview of Expected Development until 2035 ..........................8-5 8.3.4. Brief Description of Diamer Basha Project ..................................8-7 8.3.5. Baseline Conditions ......................................................................8-8 8.4. Cumulative Impacts and Trends to be Expected ......................................8-9 8.4.1. General .........................................................................................8-9 8.4.2. Impacts on River Hydrology ........................................................8-9 8.4.3. Impact on Sedimentation ............................................................8-10 8.4.4. Impacts on Downstream Water Releases ...................................8-11 8.4.5. Impact on Water supply for irrigation and drinking water .........8-11 8.4.6. Impacts on Flood Management ..................................................8-11 8.4.7. Impacts on Water Quality, Aquatic Ecology and Fish ...............8-12 8.4.8. Impact of Barriers for Fish Movement .......................................8-13 8.4.9. Impacts on Forestry and Biodiversity.........................................8-14 8.4.10. Impacts on Resettlement, Livelihood and Income .....................8-14 8.4.11. Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources ....................................8-15 8.4.12. Transport ....................................................................................8-16 8.5. Mitigations for Cumulative Effects to be Implemented under DHP ......8-17 8.5.1. Development and Organization of Regional Knowledge on UIB .....................................................................8-17 8.5.2. Early Flood Warning and Climate Monitoring Program ............8-18 8.5.3. Integrated Watershed Development Studies .............................. 8-19 8.5.4. Fish Hatchery and Stocking .......................................................8-19 viii ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 8.5.5. Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) Protection Plan ..................8-19 8.5.6. Review of EMPs of Other Hydropower Projects .......................8-19 8.6. Summary of Major Cumulative Environmental and Social Concerns .................................................................................................8-20 9. Environmental and Social Management Plans .............................................9-1 9.1. General .....................................................................................................9-1 9.2. Objectives of ESMP .................................................................................9-1 9.3. Inclusion of Relevant Components of ESMP and SRMP in Contract Documents ................................................................................................ 9-1 9.4. Institutional Arrangements .......................................................................9-2 9.4.1. Construction Phase .......................................................................9-2 9.4.2. O&M Phase ..................................................................................9-6 9.5. Environmental and Social Management ...................................................9-7 9.5.1. Environmental Codes of Practice .................................................9-9 9.5.2. Mitigation Plans .........................................................................9-10 9.5.3. Site Specific Management Plans ................................................9-10 9.5.4. Social Management ....................................................................9-13 9.6. Mitigation Plans .....................................................................................9-14 9.7. Monitoring Plan ......................................................................................9-87 9.8. Capacity Building and Training .............................................................9-91 9.9. Panel of Experts......................................................................................9-92 9.10. Audits .....................................................................................................9-92 9.11. Reporting and Grievances ......................................................................9-92 9.12. Cost of ESMP/SRMP .............................................................................9-93 10. Stakeholder Consultations and Disclosure .................................................10-1 10.1. Overview ................................................................................................ 10-1 10.2. Community Consultations ......................................................................10-2 10.3. Consultation Workshops ........................................................................10-7 10.4. Disclosure ............................................................................................. 10-11 Annex A: ToRs of Independent Consultants and IPOE Annex B: ToRs of Studies Annex C: List of Wildlife Species Annex D: Environmental Code of Practice ix ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project List of Tables Table 1.1: Staged Development of DHP in Relation to Basha ................................ 1-7 Table 1.2: DHC Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) .................. 1-11 Table 1.3: DHC Social and Resettlement Management Plan (SRMP) ................ 1-12 Table 2.1: Triggering the World Bank Policies ..................................................... 2-14 Table 3.1: Ancillary Facilities .................................................................................. 3-13 Table 3.2: Salient Features of DHP......................................................................... 3-19 Table 3.3: Overall Estimate of Project Cost (Million Dollars) ............................. 3-24 Table 4.1: Power Demand and Supply Gap (2000-2011) and Predictions ........... 4-1 Table 4.2: Estimated Cost of Various Hydropower Projects ................................. 4-3 Table 4.3: Comparison between Hydropower and Thermal Alternatives ............ 4-5 Table 4.4: Health Damage and Clean Development Mechanism Costs of Thermal Alternatives................................................................. 4-6 Table 4.5: Alternatives of Dam Location (Feasibility Study) ................................. 4-9 Table 4.6: Staged Development of DHP (full development) ................................. 4-13 Table 4.7: Alternatives for Construction of Stage 1 .............................................. 4-13 Table 4.8: Alternative sites for coarse aggregates and their suitability .............. 4-15 Table 4.9: Alternative Sources of Fine Aggregates ............................................... 4-18 Table 4.10: Potential Sources of Natural Pozzolan ................................................. 4-20 Table 4.11: Comparison of Options 1 and 2 for KKH Realignment ..................... 4-22 Table 4.12: Annual Energy Production for three O&M Options .......................... 4-24 Table 5.1: Particle Size Distribution of Total Sediment Load at the Project Site ..................................................................................... 5-4 Table 5.2: Main Streams and Nullahs Flowing into the Indus in the Project Area ........................................................................................ 5-5 Table 5.3: Landuse Types in Dasu Project Area ................................................... 5-17 Table 5.4: Primary Education (Percentages) ......................................................... 5-23 Table 5.5: Education Levels in the Project Area ................................................... 5-24 Table 5.6: Average Income by Livelihood Sector .................................................. 5-25 Table 7.1: Parameters for Determining Magnitude ................................................ 7-1 Table 7.2: Criteria for Determining Sensitivity ....................................................... 7-3 Table 7.3: Significance of Impact Criteria ............................................................... 7-3 Table 7.4: Potential Impacts and their Significance................................................ 7-4 Table 7.5: Affected Tree Species ............................................................................. 7-11 Table 7.6: Recommended Species for Tree Plantation ......................................... 7-12 x ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 7.7: Summary Land Acquisition and Resettlement Budget....................... 7-18 Table 7.8: Hydrological Characteristics between Dam and Tailrace for Average Winter Flows and Recommended Environmental Flows .... 7-43 Table 8.1: Hydropower Development in the Upper Indus Basin .......................... 8-6 Table 8.2: Salient features of Diamer Basha Project .............................................. 8-7 Table 8.3: Percent of Change in River Hydrology Downstream of Tarbela under Different Hydropower and Storage Scenarios ............. 8-9 Table 8.4: Impact in percentages of water availability and ecological releases downstream Kotri under different hydropower/storage scenarios ... 8-11 Table 8.5: Social and Cultural Impacts of DHP and BD ...................................... 8-15 Table 8.6: Summary of Major Environmental and Social Concerns regarding Cumulative Impacts ............................................................. 8-21 Table 9.1: Management Plans ................................................................................... 9-7 Table 9.2: Mitigation Plan for Construction Stage ............................................... 9-15 Table 9.3: Mitigation Plan for O&M Stage ............................................................ 9-83 Table 9.4: Effects Monitoring Plan ......................................................................... 9-87 Table 9.5: Cost Estimate of Implementation of ESMP ........................................ 9-93 Table 9.6: Cost Estimate SRMP .............................................................................. 9-95 Table 10.1: Number of Participants in Various Consultation Meetings ............... 10-1 Table 10.2: Summary of consultations undertaken during Feasibility Study ...... 10-2 Table 10.3: Consultations with Community Representatives ................................ 10-3 Table 10.4: Summary of the Consultations undertaken during Detailed Design ....................................................................................... 10-5 Table 10.5: Details of Jirga Meetings ....................................................................... 10-5 Table 10.6: Key Issues Raised in Community Consultations ................................. 10-6 Table 10.7: Summary of Discussions in Consultation Workshops ........................ 10-8 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Location of DHP in Pakistan ................................................................ 1-2 Figure 1.2: Indus Cascade - Water, Hydropower and Economic Growth of Pakistan .................................................................................................... 1-5 Figure 1.3: Operational Concept of DHP as Run of River Type (Base-load Operation) ................................................................................................ 1-8 Figure 2.1: Review and Approval Process of EIA ................................................... 2-4 Figure 3.1: Layout of Dasu Hydropower Project .................................................... 3-2 Figure 3.2: Downstream view of Dam, Spillway and Low Level Outlets .............. 3-3 Figure 3.3: Profile of Tunnels and Power House ..................................................... 3-5 xi ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.4: Realignment of KKH .............................................................................. 3-7 Figure 3.5: Location of 132 KV Transmission Line for Dasu Project ................... 3-9 Figure 3.6: Proposed Alignment of Transmission Lines ....................................... 3-10 Figure 3.7: Locations and Details of Temporary Facilities – 1 ............................ 3-15 Figure 3.8: Locations and Details of Temporary Facilities - 2 ............................. 3-16 Figure 3.9: Location of Spoil Disposal Area........................................................... 3-17 Figure 3.10: Operational Concepts of DHP as Peaking Plant ................................ 3-22 Figure 3.11: Reservoir Water Levels - Year-round under Run-of-River Type and Peak Plant Operations ................................. 3-22 Figure 3.12: Tentative Reservoir Flushing Program .............................................. 3-23 Figure 4.1: Boundaries of the Community-managed Game Reserve at Kaigah ................................................................................................ 4-16 Figure 4.2: Site of Quarry and Aggregate Crushing Plant at Kaigah ................. 4-17 Figure 4.3: Options 1 and 2 for KKH Relocation .................................................. 4-21 Figure 5.1: Geological and Tectonic Sketch of Northern Pakistan and Surrounding Regions (after Zanchi et al., 2000) .................................. 5-3 Figure 5.2: Mean Annual Flows of the Indus River at Project Site (1962-2008)............................................................................................... 5-6 Figure 5.3: Aquatic Biological Sampling Sites ......................................................... 5-9 Figure 5.4: Vegetation Ecology Map of Project Area and Surrounding Mountains .............................................................................................. 5-15 Figure 5.5: Major Habitat Types in the Project Area ........................................... 5-17 Figure 5.6: Seasonal Migration Pattern of People in the Project Area ............... 5-28 Figure 5.7: Location of Identified PCRs.................................................................. 5-31 Figure 5.8: Rock Carving Depicting Tale of Sibi Jataka ....................................... 5-32 Figure 5.9: Seo Mosque showing Wooden Pillar and Brackets ............................ 5-33 Figure 7-1: Reservoir Area ...................................................................................... 7-10 Figure 7-2: River Profile and Water Levels on the Downstream o f the Damsite .......................................................................................... 7-41 Figure 7-3: Expected Sedimentation Profiles Over Time -without Flushing ...... 7-45 Figure 7-4: Reduction of Reservoir Storage after Impounding (without flushing) .................................................................................. 7-45 Figure 8.1: The Indus Basin Water System ............................................................. 8-2 Figure 8.2: Location of Tarbela and other Planned Hydropower Projects in UIB ........................................................................................ 8-6 Figure 9.1: DHP Organization Chart for Safeguards Implementation ................. 9-3 xii ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project List of Acronyms AP Affected Person amsl Above mean sea level BDF Basic Design Flood BHU Basic Health Unit BP Bank Procedures CCA Community Conservation Area CIIA Cumulative and Induced Impact Assessment CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CSC Construction Supervision Consultants CVC Conventional concrete DBP Diamer-Basha Project DCO District Coordinating Officer DG Director General DHC Dasu Hydropower Consultants DHP Dasu Hydropower Project EA Environmental Assessment EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework ECA Employment of Child Act EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ECP Environmental Code of Practices EHS Environment, Health, and Safety EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPD Environmental Protection Department ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESM Environmental and social monitor ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMU Environment and Social Management Unit ESS Environment and Social Supervisor EU Environment Unit FGD Focus group discussion FSL Full supply level xiii ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project GAP Gender Action Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse gases GLOF Glacial lake outburst flood GoP Government of Pakistan GT Road Grand Trunk Road HIV/AIDS Human immune-deficiency virus/ acquired immune-deficiency syndrome HSE Health, Safety, and Environment IBWS Indus Basin Water System ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation ILRP Income and livelihood restoration program IPCC International Panel on Climate Change IPOE International panel of Experts IRR Internal Rate of Return IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KCGR Kaigah Community Game Reserve KKH Karakorum Highway KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa KPI Key performance indicator LLO Low Level Outlet LOS Laws of Seas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement MMT Main Mantle Thrust MoE Ministry of Environment MoWP Ministry of Water and Power MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet NCS National Conservation Strategy NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NEP National Environmental Policy NER Net enrolment rate xiv ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate NTDC National Transmission and Dispatch Company NWFP North Western Frontier Province (now KP) O&M Operation and maintenance OHS Occupational Health and Safety O&M Operation and Maintenance OEAP Operation Environmental Action Plan OP Operational Policy Pak-EPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency PATA Provincially Administrated Tribal Areas PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection Council PKR Pak Rupees PM Particulate matter PMU Project Management Unit POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE Personal protective equipment PRA Participatory rural appraisal RAP Resettlement Action Plan RCC Roller compacted concrete RHC Rural Health Center SA Social Assessment SCF Safety Check Flood SDF Social Development Fund SIMF Social Impact Management Framework SRMP Social and Resettlement Management Plan SRU Social and Resettlement Unit SSESA Strategic Sectoral Environmental and Social Assessment TMP Traffic Management Plan ToRs Terms of reference TV Television UIB Upper Indus Basin xv ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency USD United States Dollars WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WCAP Water Sector Capacity Building and Advisory Services Project WEC WAPDA Environmental Cell Units of Measurements µS/cm micro Siemens per centimeter BCM Billion cubic meters Btu British thermal unit C Centigrade C. ft. cubic feet dB decibels g gram GWh giga watt hour ha hectare kanal one eighth of an acre Kg kilogram Km kilometer KV kilo volts KWh kilo watt hour l/m liters per minute m meter m/s meters per second m3/s cubic meters per second mg/l milligrams per liter mmbtu million British thermal units MW mega watt Sq. ft. square feet TJ tera Jules xvi ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 1. Introduction The Dasu Hydropower Project (DHP) is a major investment project proposed by the Government of Pakistan (GoP) to modernize and expand the energy sector of the country, while shifting from thermal generated electricity to low cost and high reward, clean generation of hydropower. The project is situated in remote mountainous terrain in the Upper Indus valley in the district of Kohistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province in the north of Pakistan; see Figure 1.1 for the project location. In the present document the potential environmental and social impacts of the project are described, including measures to prevent, mitigate, or compensate possible negative impacts and also to enhance the environmental as well as social benefits. 1.1. Background 1.1.1. The Energy Sector in Pakistan Access to electricity in Pakistan is at par with other countries of similar income. The number of electrified households has risen from nearly half of Pakistani households (7.8 million) in 1996 to two-thirds (13.4 million) in 2006 and three-quarters (19 million) in 2011. The major electricity consuming sectors of the country (based on 2011-12 data) are: residential (45.3 percent), industry (29.2 percent), agriculture (11.3 percent), commercial (7.6 percent), bulk (4.7 percent) and others (1.9 percent). Although access to electricity has expanded, service is unreliable. The electricity sector faces a large gap between supply and demand, and widespread load shedding is prevalent. Annual per capita electricity consumption in Pakistan 433 kilowatt-hours (kWh) is lower than lower middle income country standards, which on average consumed 643 kWhs per person per year in 2008.1 Moreover, electricity consumption in Pakistan grew by only about 73 percent since 1990 compared to 187 percent in Malaysia and 300 percent in China. Neighboring countries in South Asia such as Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka witnessed a growth in electrical consumption by about 221, 129 and 159 percent respectively over the same period (World Development Report, 2010). Generation is only two thirds of peak demand and 6-8 hours a day of load shedding is common. Such shortages have significantly affected the ability of businesses to operate efficiently while also disrupting daily routines for the general population and their quality of life (summers are uncomfortable, children often have no light to study, people cannot watch TV, food cannot be cooled, and so forth), and have given rise to unrest and violence in the major cities. This means, on a macro level, reduced economic growth which translates into loss of livelihoods, jobs and income. The financial impact of load shedding has been estimated at 3 percent to 4 percent of GDP, costing about USD 10 billion a year. This situation is causing serious economic losses to the country and is responsible for increased unemployment and poverty. 1 World Development Indicators. Annual per capita consumption is 3,388 kWh for Malaysia and 2,040 kWh for China. 1-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 1.1: Location of DHP in Pakistan 1-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project The country needs additional generation capacity. Installed capacity essentially stagnated over 2000–2008. By comparison, installed capacity increased by 40 percent in Bangladesh, and 46 percent in India over the same period. After 2008, around 3,000 mega watts (MW) were added, taking capacity to about 22,500 MW by end-2011. But around 10 percent of total installed capacity is unavailable, however, because of lack of maintenance and lack of fuel. From a peak of 26 percent of total investment and 51 percent of public investment in the mid-1990s, the share of energy (including power) investments had declined to 4 percent and 26 percent, respectively, by 2009/10. During this period, private investment was essentially zero. Generation costs are now very high. Capital and operational constraints meant that the country was not able to undertake new investments in hydropower. To address continuing energy shortages in the 1990s, Pakistan launched an extensive program to mobilize private sector investments in power generation. These were primarily concentrated on thermal generation, which typically require smaller investments and have a faster gestation time. As a result, generation mix shifted from two-thirds hydro and one- third thermal in the 1980s to only 30 percent hydro and 70 percent thermal today. The new plants rely on higher priced, dirtier furnace oil. Heavy reliance on imported fuels: The greater reliance on thermal sources also resulted in an increasing dependency on imported fuel (oil, gas and coal). As much as 85 percent of oil and allied products are imported. In the period 2000-2010 fuel prices have increased about three times (in nominal terms) at an average annual rate of 11.3 percent. During the year 2007-2008 more than US$ 1.25 billion was paid for imported fuel for power production. These high imports negatively influence the balance of payments. Alternative Projects: The economic analysis shows that DHP has net benefits greater than or equal to those of mutually exclusive project alternatives. In Pakistan there exist a series of options such as demands side management and improved utilization efficiency, and reduced transmission and distribution losses, that have high economic returns and are already being undertaken by various Pakistani organizations to address these issues, Projects such as energy conservation and energy efficiency are complements to, rather than mutually exclusive substitutes for, DHP and will be implemented regardless of whether Dasu is built or not. Alternate renewable sources such as wind and solar cannot be developed to a scale comparable to DHP since they will be three times more expensive than DHP. Both of these options need to be developed to the extent technically and financially feasible. They are complementary, but not substitutes for DHP. Hydro is by far the cheapest generation type for Pakistan and less than a fifth of the cost of generation from heavy fuel oil which predominates now. New large hydro plants can generate power for Rs 2.50-3.50 per kWh, compared to Rs 4.5 per kWh for domestic gas combined cycle plants, Rs 4.2 for nuclear, Rs 8.1 per kWh for coal, Rs 16.75 per kWh for fuel oil, and around Rs 21 per kWh for diesel. The DHP will have a major impact on sector performance and finances. It is expected to bring down the average cost of generation for the entire country by 5-12 percent. 1.1.2. The Vision 2025 Program During the 1980’several studies were carried out to identify new water storage and hydropower projects. The total identified capacity of hydropower was estimated at some 46,000 MW. Nine of the projects identified were located in the Upper Indus basin. On basis of these studies, the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) prepared at the end of the millennium its “Vision 2025” program. 1-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project The Vision 2025 was designed to cope with the increasing water and power demands of the country. The program had a dual purpose: to increase the hydropower generation capacity in the country, and meanwhile optimizing the water supply to the Indus irrigation system. The program was approved by GoP in 2001. It included an ambitious development program with short-term and long-term hydropower projects to be constructed in three phases until the year 2025 to generate an additional 16,000 MW. The Dasu Hydropower Project (DHP) was included in this program as one of the priority projects under phase 3 (2011- 2025). On the priority list DHP ranked second. A least-cost capacity optimization plan was included in the National Power System Expansion Plan 2011-2030 (NPSEP), prepared for the National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) by SNC-Lavalin. The NPSEP confirms the presence of Dasu in the least cost expansion plan. The screening curve analysis of this Plan demonstrates the large cost advantage of the large hydro projects – which is independent of the thermal project load factors. DHP has generation costs (using NPSEP assumptions) of $39/MWh, less than half of the best thermal option, and regardless of load factor. Moreover, this cost comparison does not include the environmental externalities of thermal generation. Large hydropower projects are known for significant environmental and social issues. However, DHP has limited social and environmental impacts primarily because of having a small reservoir. The DHP, in turn, has least cost when compared to the various ongoing and planned hydro schemes in the country, including – (i) public and private, (ii) run-of-river and storage, (iii) up- and down-stream of DHP, and (iv) on rivers other than the Indus (Jhelum and Swat). Indus Cascade The GOP energy strategy (2013) emphasizes the development of the Indus Cascade (see Figure 1.2) to add hydropower to the system to bring down the cost of generation which is crucial for the sustainability of the sector. In that context, the GOP is now increasing its investments in hydropower development. Over the next 15-20 years Pakistan plans to develop, subject to availability of funds, the Indus Cascade between Tarbela and Diamer-Basha (DB) thus adding about 12,000 MW or about 71,000 giga watt-hours (GWhs) of electricity generation annually. Dasu Hydropower Project (DHP), one of the projects in this cascade is relatively low cost and fast to undertake with a low gestation period. 1.2. The Proposed Project 1.2.1. Location The Dasu Hydropower Project is located on the Indus River at a site about 7 km upstream of Dasu bridge near the small town of Dasu, the capital of Kohistan district in KP province (see Figure 1.1). At this site the river Indus flows in a deep and narrow valley (elevation 750 - 800 m). The valley is strongly incised into the lower Himalayan mountains, which have an average altitude between 2,000 and 4,000 m amsl. The project area is accessible through the Karakorum Highway (KKH), which is the single and strategic road connection between Islamabad (about 350 km south of Dasu) and the north of Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan province) and with China (Kashgar). About 74 km further upstream distance from the Dasu dam another water storage and power generation project in the Indus valley is planned under the “Vision 2025” program: the Diamer-Basha Project in Diamer district. 1-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 1.2: Indus Cascade - Water, Hydropower and Economic Growth of Pakistan Inflows: 49 million Acre Foot (MAF) Diamer Basha (Planned) Storage: 6 MAF Installed capacity: 4,500 MW Completion in about 12-15 yrs Annual Generation: 18 billion KWhs Cost: US$13-16 billion Dasu Hydropower (Planned) Inflow: 54 MAF Installed capacity: total 4,300 MW Storage live: 0.7 MAF, Dead 0.4 MAF Phase I: 1,080 MW; 8 billion KWhs Phase-I completes in 5 years (US$3.6 B) Phase II: 2,160 MW; 12 billion KWhs Phase by 6-7 years (US$0.8 B) Total: 4,320 MW; 18 billion KWhs Remaining phases depending With Basha: 21 billion KWhs Available Financing, 7-8 yrs Pattan (Planned) Inflows: 58 MAF Installed Capacity: 3,000 MW Storage: about 0.5 MAF Generation: 15 billion KWhs Cost: about US$6 billion Inflows: 60 MAF Thakot (Planned) Storage: about 0.5 MAF Installed Capacity: 3,000 MW Cost: about US$6 billion Generation: 15 billion KWhs Tarbela (Existing) Inflows: about 61 MAF Installed Capacity: 3,750 MW already in Storage: 6.7 MAF operation; about 14 BKWhs generated annually Tunnel 4 ongoing; 1470 MW; 3.5 BKWhs Tunnel 5 Possible: 1000 MW; ~2 BKWhs Ghazi-Barotha (Existing) 1450 MW; 6.5 B KWhs Possible increase by 150 MW Total cascade installed capacity: about 22,000 MW; generation: 85 billion KWhs. With 10,000 MW new capacity and 72 billion KWhs thus substantially shifting the mix to hydropower. 1-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 1.2.2. Main Structure The DHP includes the construction of a 242 m high concrete main structure in a gorge like valley of the upper Indus River basin. The water retained by this structure will provide sufficient “head” to generate electricity in an underground powerhouse, housing 12 turbines - at its final stage - each of which will produce 360 MW of power. Behind the main structure there will be a 73 km long reservoir (at full supply level of 950m above mean sea level - amsl) with an average width of 365 m and a total surface area of about 2400 ha. The total maximum generation capacity will be 4,320 MW. After full completion, the Dasu Hydropower Project is estimated to generate about 21,000 GWh of energy per annum. This would significantly alleviate the shortage of electricity in the country. 1.2.3. Karakorum Highway and Access Roads Apart from the hydraulic and electrical infrastructure needed, the project includes the realignment of about 62 km of KKH at a higher level in the valley due to submergence of about 52 km length of the current road on the left bank of the Indus. The relocated road section also requires the construction of 8 new bridges and a link road of 3 km between the relocated KKH and the existing KKH near the dam site. In addition, an access road with a length of about 13 km from the town of Komila (right bank opposite to Dasu) will connect the existing KKH on the right bank with the dam site. Similarly, on the Indus right bank upstream of the dam local access roads will be constructed to provide access to small resettlement villages on the right bank of the reservoir. The project also includes the construction of a new suspension bridge on Indus near Kandia River connecting left and right banks. Also included in the project is the construction of a 132 kV transmission line from Dubair grid station (near Pattan) at some 45 km downstream of the project site. The transmission line will provide the project and the residential colony with electricity during the years of construction. The environmental and social impacts of the construction of the transmission line and their mitigations are also included in this report. 1.2.4. Transmission Line for Power Evacuation Two parallel running 500 kV transmission lines will be constructed to connect DHP with the 500 kV grid station located at a village Pathar Garh near Hassanabdal (District Attock) to evacuate power from the project. The 250 km long transmission line traverses along the Indus river from Dasu project to Pattan and then passes through Palas valley, enters into Mansehra and Abbottabad districts and finally enters to District Attock in Punjab after passing through District Haripur in KP. The National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) is responsible for the construction of the transmission line and the company has already started the project planning work. Different alignment alternatives are proposed and they are under further analysis. Along the areas of the alternatives, NTDC has subsequently completed a study on environmental assessment and an Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) has been submitted to the Bank for its clearance. NTDC completed the Framework by hiring environmental consultants who worked with its Environmental and Social Impact Cell to do the surveys and consultations. NTDC has also carried out a socioeconomic profiling exercise and a screening of the possible social impacts under the transmission line. Key environmental and social feature of the EARF have been presented later in the present document and also in the Executive Summary of ESA while the EARF and the social impact screening 1-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project are presented as stand-alone volumes along with the main ESA report. NTDC has received a technical assistance support from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and has developed a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework (LARF) in line with relevant ADB and government policies. The LARF was endorsed and adopted by NTDC management for all its investment operations to be supported by international financial institutions. The LARF was reviewed and approved by ADB for compliance with its resettlement policy under its sector program lending operation. The World Bank has also reviewed and cleared the LARF, with further revisions, for compliance with OP 4.12, for CASA 1000 Transmission Line Project. The same LARF will apply to Dasu Transmission Project. 1.2.5. Project Ancillaries In addition to the main components described above, the project will also include the following permanent and temporary ancillary investments (further discussed in Chapter 3):  Permanent ancillaries including the WAPDA colony with staff housing, sites and services, offices, access roads from KKH to Colony and on right bank providing access to villages, and a new suspension bridge over the Indus at Kandia;  Temporary facilities such as labor camps, construction yards, quarries and borrow areas, stockpiles, spoil disposal sites, workshops and stores needed for the construction of the main project;  Temporary facilities for the construction of the 500 kV (250 km) and 132 kV transmission lines (45 km); and  Sites and services for the people to be resettled by the project, including supporting infrastructure (water supply, sanitation, roads, agricultural terraces, mosques, schools, and health clinics). 1.2.6. Phasing of the Project The project will be completed in two stages. Stage 1 (2015-2022) will include the construction of the main hydraulic structures and the installation of six of the planned twelve turbines. Stage 2 will include installation of the remaining six turbines and will be implemented after the completion of Diamer Basha project (see Table 1.1). Table 1.1: Staged Development of DHP in Relation to Basha Stage 1 Stage 2 Phase-1 Phase-2 Phase-3 Phase-4 Works Dam, three Additional Additional Additional turbines, all tunnel and tunnel and line and ancillary three turbines three turbines, three infrastructure, and one 500 turbines KKH relocation, KV and one 500 KV transmission transmission line line Total installed 1,080 2,160 3,240 4,320 capacity in MW Generation electricity 8,058 12,225 18,730 21,485 in GWh 1-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Stage 1 Stage 2 Phase-1 Phase-2 Phase-3 Phase-4 Start 2015 To be initiated after the completion of Basha Completion 2022 (first power after 5 4 years after years) commencement Notes: Diamer Basha Project (DBP) detailed design is ready and project is likely to be completed in 15 years; DHP-Stage 2 will be started after the completion of DB, and would take four years to complete; DHP Stage 1 will be completed in seven years; the first unit will start generating after five years. 1.2.7. Run-of-river The Dasu Hydropower project is a “run-of-river” project exclusively used for power generation. Water flowing into the reservoir and stored behind the dam will always be kept at a permanent water level of 950 m to maintain sufficient “head” for power generation, at least during the Stage I. Whatever additional water is flowing into the reservoir will be diverted through the intake and power tunnels towards the turbines installed in the underground powerhouse. All water used for power generation will be re- diverted to the river through tail race tunnels. Therefore, there will be no consumptive use of water in the project with the exception for some evaporation from the relatively small reservoir (about 2,400 ha). During high flows/floods excess water will pass through low level outlets and/or spillway. During low flow seasons, there will be reduced flows between the dam and tailrace outlet (4.4 km section). Downstream of the tailrace outlets, the river flows would remain unaffected by the project. In this way the project is not expected to adversely affect the water availability downstream, including the water sharing between the four provinces of Pakistan as agreed in the 1991 Water Accord. The principle of the base-load operation of a Run-of-River project is schematically shown in Figure 1.3. After completion of Diamer Basha project (in Stage 2), the DHP can also be operated as a peaking plant during winter months to meet the peak time demand (further discussed in Section 3.6.3). However, the current planning is to use DHP as a base load plant throughout its lifetime due to higher power generation. Figure 1.3: Operational Concept of DHP as Run of River Type (Base-load Operation) 1-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 1.2.8. Preparatory Studies and Planning of DHP A feasibility study for the DHP project was carried out between 2007 and 2009. During this study the location of the project was identified and preliminary engineering designs and cost estimates for a project with generating capacity of 4,320 MW and an annual energy generation of about 21,000 GWh were prepared. The preliminary design was prepared on the assumption that the Diamer-Basha Project (DBP) will be constructed prior to DHP. A preliminary environmental and social impact assessment was also included in the feasibility study2 (Environmental Impact Assessment and Resettlement Aspects, 2009). On basis of these studies a preliminary ‘no objection certificate’ was obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of KP province in 2011. The current location and detailed designs are largely based on the results of the feasibility study. The detailed design of DHP subsequently has been prepared by an international consortium of consultants: the Dasu Hydropower Consultants (DHC) 3. The design is prepared on basis of the concept that the DBP will take longer to implement and first two phases of the DHP that is Stage 1 will start operation before the completion of DBP. This is a major conceptual shift as compared with the initial feasibility study. Financial assistance for the design studies has been given by World Bank under the Water Sector Capacity Building and Advisory Services Project (WCAP) and Tarbela 4 Extension Hydropower project (T4HP). Subsequent to the completion of detailed design of the project, the tender documents for the Stage 1 have also been prepared. Furthermore, as of January 2014, the pre- qualification process for the preparatory works (KKH relocation, WAPDA colony, and 132-kV transmission line for construction power supply) has also been initiated. 1.3. Scope of the Project and Nature of Impacts Project interventions may have direct or indirect impacts on the physical, natural, socio- economic environment and cultural heritage. The anticipated impacts may bring positive or negative changes or alterations in the area. Some impacts, such as dust and noise pollution might be temporal and restricted to the construction period. Other impacts might be more permanent. Some of the impacts can be easily predicted, others are difficult to predict and should be closely monitored during implementation and operation of the project. 1.3.1. The Project Area The project will be implemented in the gorge-like valley along the Indus. Project construction activities and erection of temporary facilities will directly affect a narrow corridor extending from Dasu bridge towards Kaigah, a small village situated at the left bank, 18 km north of Dasu. Direct influence of reservoir will be from the site of the main structure towards a point 73 km upstream, at 1 km distance from the projected site of the Diamer-Basha (DB) dam. Other direct and indirect impacts will occur in the immediate surroundings of borrow areas and quarries for construction materials. 2 Feasibility Study of DHP was carried out by J.V. NESPAK/ACE/Harza/Colenco in association with Binnie& Partners in 2009. 3 DHC is led by Nippon Koei, Japan (joint venture with Dolsar Engineering, Turkey in association with three Pakistani firms: Development Management Consultant, National Development Consultants and Pakistan Engineering Services). 1-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Vertically all land situated between the Indus river bed near Dasu at a level of 750 m and higher uphill including the zone between 1000 and 1500m, where people will be resettled, will be affected by the project. Implementation of the project will mean that 34 small villages and hamlets will have to be abandoned, requiring the resettlement at higher levels of some 6,860 persons. The project area for the present ESA is the “direct footprint” of the project and includes those areas where the direct impacts of the project are observed or felt. This is the area to be acquired for the reservoir, the project infrastructure and ancillaries, the resettlement sites, including the areas used for contractor facilities such as labor camps, workshop, disposal areas, borrow pits, and quarries. The project area includes the following:  The Indus river and lower valley slopes between a point at some 74 km upstream from the dam site up to a point 12 km downstream from the dam site, and including the left and right bank of the Indus valley up to an elevation of 1500 m amsl (including the KKH section to be relocated);  The (twin) towns of Dasu (left bank) and Komila (right bank);  Quarry/borrow areas;  Haulage routes for project equipment and supplies;  The corridor (200 m wide) of the transmission line to be constructed providing electricity to project during construction, connecting Dubair grid station with the project (45 km); and  The 250 km long and 500 m wide corridor of 500 kV transmission line from Dasu hydropower to village Pathar Garh in District Attock. 1.3.2. The Area of Influence The area of influence is much larger and can be described as the area where the indirect (induced) impacts on the physical and social environment are felt. This includes amongst others:  The KKH from Thakot bridge to the project area (traffic and transportation);  The Indus river downstream until Tarbela dam (water quality and discharge)  The neighboring mountain uplands on both sides of the Indus valley above (el. 2000 m amsl) characterized by a high biodiversity; and  The population in and around the project area which is not directly affected, but living in the area. 1.3.3. Cumulative Impacts The combined and cumulative impacts of construction of DHP and other projects in the area could be quite significant. Often these impacts are associated with the connectivity of a road or a river, but also an indirect result of resettlement as well as influx of people. For instance large scale transport of building materials along the KKH during a long period (years) may influence the capacity of this important road considerably. This might have significant positive and negative social and economic impacts. The river hydrology and sediment transport of the Indus might also be affected by the project, as well as fish habitats. This might have positive as well as negative induced impacts further 1-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project downstream, at least until the Tarbela dam and possibly beyond. Construction of a cascade of dams in the Indus might lead to resettlement of people on higher elevations resulting in increased pressure on land resources, forests and biodiversity in the higher mountain plains. Cumulative impacts from the implementation of other hydro-projects situated in the Upper Indus Basin might give both positive and negative impacts on the physical and social environment in the Dasu area and further downstream. Examples are the positive impacts of the completion of DBP and DHP together on life expectancy of the Tarbela reservoir due to the trapping of sediment. Also the water availability for irrigation during early kharif growing season in the plains could be improved through coordinated operation of water releases of both projects to Tarbela reservoir. Some other potential cumulative downstream effects of a changed and largely controlled river regime will depend to a certain extent on the operational system selected for DHP (power generation based on base load or peak production). The impacts of the operation of the project will be examined in more detail in Chapter 7, while cumulative assessment is discussed in Chapter 8. 1.4. Environmental and Social Assessment of DHP 1.4.1. Purpose and Methodology This report describes the potential environmental and social impacts of the DHP project. The environmental and social assessment (ESA) is an important tool for decision making. In the ESA the social and environmental risks and impacts of the project are evaluated. The ESA process for the DHP started early during the feasibility stage and a preliminary environmental and social assessment was carried out as described in Section 1.2.8 earlier. Subsequently in 2011, WAPDA engaged the Dasu Hydropower Consultants to prepare the detailed design of the project, as well as a more detailed environmental and social assessment (called Environmental Management and Action Plan, or EMAP). In addition, resettlement and social management planning was also initiated in 2011-12, leading to the development of the Social and Resettlement Management Plan (SRMP). The various volumes included in the EMAP and SRMP are listed below. The EMAP volumes are available on WAPDA’s website as supporting background documents to the present ESA, while the SRMP volumes are supplementary to the present ESA. . Table 1.2: DHC Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) Vol. 1 Executive Summary Vol. 2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Main Report) Vol. 3 Terrestrial Ecology Vol. 4 Aquatic Ecology Vol. 5 Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) Vol. 6 Cumulative and Induced Impact Assessment Vol. 7 Environmental Baseline Quality Vol. 8 Environmental Management Plan 1-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 1.3: DHC Social and Resettlement Management Plan (SRMP) Vol. 1 Executive Summary Vol. 2 Socioeconomic Baseline and Impact Assessments Vol. 3 Public Consultation and Participation Plan Vol. 4 Resettlement Framework Vol. 5 Resettlement Action Plan Vol. 6 Gender Action Plan Vol. 7 Public Health Action Plan Vol. 8 Management Plan for Construction-related Impacts Vol. 9 Grievances Redress Plan Vol. 10 Communications Plan Vol. 11 Downstream Fishing Communities: Baseline and Impact Assessments Vol. 12 Area Development and Community Support Programs Vol. 13 Costs and Budgetary Plan Vol. 14 Safeguards Implementation and Monitoring Plan. In parallel to the work of DHC to develop the EMAP, WAPDA also engaged the services of independent consultants to review and input into the work being carried out by DHC, as well as to conduct supplementary environmental and social analysis to fill any gaps in the DHC assessment and management plans as per World Bank standards. The independent consultants’ work resulted in the present ESA report (and also the ESA Executive Summary presented in a separate volume). The key objective of the ESA are to ensure that the activities carried out under the proposed project are (i) environmentally sound and sustainable in the long run, and (ii) consistent with the environmental and safeguard laws, regulations and procedures of the Government of Pakistan, as well as the policies ad guidelines of the World Bank. The key steps carried out during the ESA included detailed field investigations and literature review to study in depth the existing environmental and social conditions of the project area, several rounds of comprehensive consultations with different types of stakeholders to disseminate project information to them and to ascertain their concerns and recommendations, analysis of alternatives to evaluate various options available during the design and construction stages, determining the compliance status of the project with respect to the national regulatory and WB safeguard policy requirements, and most importantly, carrying out assessment of environmental and social impacts and determining appropriate mitigatory and or compensatory measures to reduce if not completely eliminate these impacts and also proposing environmental enhancement measures. 1-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 1.4.2. Composition of Study Team Independent Consultants WAPDA engaged a team of independent consultants - Mr. Reitse Koopmans, Mr. Mohammad Omar Khalid, and Mr. Hans van Zon – to assess the potential environmental as well as social impacts of the project, to prepare the environmental and social management plans, and to prepare the main ESA report as well as the Summary ESA report. The independent consultants commenced working from the start of the project design around August 2011 and they were authorized to recruit/access professional expertise as required for carrying out the independent ESA. During the ESA process, the independent consultants regularly interacted with the DHC’s design team providing technical advice and recommendations, carried out their own field visits, participated in the consultations, and conducted their independent analysis and impact assessment. Where found suitable the independent consultants obtained information from the design consultants concerning the technical aspects of the project, and asked to collect environmental and social information from the field through surveys and collection of data by their staff. The assessment and analysis about the impacts as well as proposed management plans have been based on the recommendations and professional judgment of the independent consultants. See the terms of reference (ToRs) of independent consultants in Annex A. Environmental Study Team The national environmental team members included Zafar Iqbal Chaudry and Mudassar Hassan (Environment Specialists), Dr. William George and Prof. Tahir Omer (Fish Experts), Dr. Sajid Nadeem (Wildlife Expert), Dr. Rehmatulla Qureshi (Vegetation Expert), Prof. Ihsan H. Nadiem, Irshad Ahmad Soomro (PCR Specialists), Dr. Allah Bakhsh Sufi (CIIA Specialist) and Noman Saeed (GIS Specialist). The international team members included Dr. Venkata Nukala (Lead Environmental Specialist), Malcolm Winsby (Aquatic Ecologist), Dr. Kashif Sheikh (Terrestrial Ecologist), and Dr. Masud Karim (Environmental Specialist- Climate Change). Social Study Team The national members of the social and resettlement team included Maqsood Ahmed, Dr. Ramzan Chaudhary, Awais Hassan Khan (Resettlement Specialists), Anwar Fazal Ahmed, Arslan Tariq (Sociologist), Samia Raoof and Ujala Saleem (Gender Specialists), Rana Muhammad Saleem (Consultation Specialist), Ahmed Saleem (Communications Specialist), Noorul Hadi (Livelihood Specialist), and Dr. Ilyas Quershi (Public Health Specialist). The international experts included Dr Mohammad Zaman, Sunil Gonnetilleke and Dr. Haimin Wang (Resettlement Specialists), Dr. Iffat Idris (Social/Conflict Analyst), and Dr. Bernhard Eder (Public Health Specialist). International Panel of Experts WAPDA has also engaged an international panel of experts (IPOE) consisting of renowned specialists including Mr. Erik Helland-Hansen from Norway (Environmental Expert) and Prof Shi Guoqing from China (Social Expert). These experts together with experts from various other disciplines have reviewed the design of the project including the environmental and social aspects. These experts have so far convened during three missions (May 2012, February 2013 and November 2013). They have conducted site 1-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project visits, reviewed the ESA reports and provided their respective comments which have been addressed while preparing the present report. See the ToRs of IPOE in Annex A. 1.4.3. Document Structure The ESA in Chapter 2 describes the current status of compliance with national and provincial laws, regulations and procedures, and review compliance with applicable World Bank Operational Policies (OPs), and guidelines. Chapter 3 provides an overall description of the project, including design considerations and concepts, construction methods, use of materials, phasing and construction cost. Possible design alternatives which have been considered and their influence on environment and social situation are presented in Chapter 4. A baseline description of the physical, biological and socio- economic environment is given in Chapter 5. This baseline is also used as a reference during the development and monitoring of the project construction and operation. Other relevant issues in the area like seismic hazards, flooding and impacts of climate change are discussed in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7 the potential negative and positive environmental and social impacts of the project are presented and their significance, determined from background data, field studies, interviews and scoping sessions. Mitigating measures to offset, reduce or compensate adverse impacts, responsibilities for implementation of these measures and the cost thereof are proposed. Chapter 8 presents an assessment of the cumulative impacts resulting from the development of DHP together with other potential hydropower projects. An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is presented in Chapter 9, together with the recommended institutional arrangement, the management and monitoring requirements. Finally in Chapter 10 a summary of public consultations and disclosure is given. 1-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 2.1. General This Chapter provides an overview of the legislative structure and environmental assessment process in Pakistan as well as a list of key environmental legislation applicable to hydro power projects. It also provides an overview of World Bank and other relevant international requirements including identification of applicable World Bank Operational Policies and applicable World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. 2.2. Applicable legislation and policies in Pakistan 2.2.1. National Legislation The development of statutory and other instruments for environmental management has steadily gained priority in Pakistan since the late 1970s. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983 was the first piece of legislation designed specifically for the protection of the environment. The promulgation of this ordinance was followed, in 1984, by the establishment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), the primary government institution dealing with environmental issues. Significant work on developing environmental policy was carried out in the late 1980s, which culminated in the drafting of the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) were established at about the same time. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were adopted in 1993. The enactment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997 provided broad-based enforcement power to the provincial EPAs. The publication of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations in 2000 provided the necessary details on the preparation, submission, and review of initial environmental examinations (IEE) and environmental impact assessments (EIA). In addition to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Pakistan’s statute books contain a number of other laws that include clauses concerning the regulation and protection of the environment. Eighteenth Amendment in the Constitution Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the Constitution of Pakistan was passed by the National Assembly of Pakistan on April 8, 2010. According to this amendment, the Ministry of Environment has been dissolved and the provinces have been authorized to make the laws and regulations regarding environment. The powers of Pak- EPA have now become the powers of Provincial EPAs. Every province is making its own environment protection act. Although, work on this has initiated however, to date law has not been enacted in KP and PEPA 1997 continues to be the prime legal instrument for environmental protection. Based on consultation with KP EPA, it is understood that they are still drafting the act based on the PEPA 1997 and the whole text of PEPA, 1997 will remain almost same with following amendments:  for the words “Federal Government”, wherever occur, the word “Government” shall be substituted;  for the words “Federal Agency”, wherever occur, the words “Provincial Agency” shall be substituted;  for the word “National”, wherever occurs, the word “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” shall be substituted; 2-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  for the word “Pakistan” wherever occurs, the word “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” shall be substituted; and  The Government shall, by notification in the official Gazette, establish a Council to be known as the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Council consisting of Chief Minister, Provincial Environment Minister and members. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to air, water, industrial liquid effluent, soil, marine, and noise pollution, as well as to the handling of hazardous wastes. In context of the Act "environment" means- “(a) air, water and land; (b) all layers of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works; (f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the inter-relationships between any of the factors in sub-clauses (a) to (f). The following key features of PEPA have a direct bearing on the proposed project:  Section 11 (Prohibition of Certain Discharges or Emissions): states that “Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made there under, no person shall discharge or emit, or allow the discharge or emission of, any effluent or waste or air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the NEQS”.  Section 12-I (IEE and EIA); requires that “No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an IEE or, where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an EIA, and has obtained from the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof.”  Section 12-2b (Review of IEE and EIA): The Federal Agency shall review the EIA report and accord its approval subject to such conditions as it may deem fit to impose, or require that the EIA be re-submitted after such modifications as may be stipulated or rejected, the project as being contrary to environmental objectives.  Section 14 (Handling of Hazardous Substances); requires that “Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose off, store, handle, or import any hazardous substance except (a) under a license issued by the Federal Agency and in such manner as may be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any international treaty, convention, protocol, code, standard, agreement, or other Instrument to which Pakistan is a party.” Enforcement of this clause requires the EPA to issue regulations regarding licensing procedures and to define ‘hazardous substance.’  Section 15 (Regulation of Motor Vehicles): Subject to provision of this clause of the Act and the rules and regulations made there under, no person shall operate a motor vehicle from which air pollutants or noise are being emitted in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the NEQS, or where the applicable standards established under clause (g) of subsection (1) of Section-6 of the Act.  Section 17 (Penalties): Whoever contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of section 11, 12, 13, or section 16 or any order issued there under shall be punishable 2-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project with fine which may extend to one million rupees, and in the case of a continuing contravention or failure, with an additional fine which may extend to one hundred thousand rupees for every day during which such contravention or failure continues: Provided that if contravention of the provisions of section 11 also constitutes contravention of the provisions of section 15, such contravention shall be punishable under sub-section (2) only. Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000, prepared by the PEPA provide the necessary details on the preparation, submission, and review of the initial environmental examination (IEE) and the environmental impact assessment (EIA). Under these Regulations projects are classified on the basis of the expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule II of the regulations are designated as potentially seriously damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule I as having potentially less adverse effects. Schedule-I projects require an IEE to be conducted, rather than a full-fledged EIA, provided that the project is not located in an environmentally sensitive area. The projects listed in Schedule-II are generally major projects and have the potential to affect a large number of people in addition to significant adverse environmental impacts. For Schedule II projects conducting an EIA is obligatory. Dams and reservoirs with a maximum storage volume over 50 million m3 or a surface area greater than 8 km2 and hydroelectric power projects generating over 50 MW fall under Schedule-II. DHP falls in Schedule II as per EPA classification, because the power generation is 4320 MW and the reservoir area is 23.8 km² with a reservoir volume 1,410 million m³. The prescribed procedure for review of EIA by the EPA is shown in Figure 2.1. 2.2.2. Other Relevant Legislation Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 The Pakistan Penal Code deals with offences where public or private property and/or human lives are affected due to the intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or body of people. In the context of the environment, the Penal Code empowers local authorities to control noise, toxic emissions and disposal of effluents. Pakistan Explosives Act, 1884 This Act provides regulations for the handling, transportation and use of explosives during quarrying, blasting and other purposes. The construction of the new power house may require blasting at rocky areas making these regulations applicable for this project. Forest Act, 1927 This Act authorizes provincial forest department to establish forest reserves and protected forests. The Act prohibits any person from: setting fires in the forest; quarrying stone; removal of any forest produce; or causing any damage to the forest by cutting trees or clearing areas for cultivation or any other purpose. Hazara Forest Act 1936 An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to reserved forests and waste lands in Hazara District. This act applies only to the left bank of the project, which is a part of Hazara Division. 2-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Proponents Submits Time Frame EIA to KP-EPA 10 Working days Initial Scrutiny by EPA Return the EIA for revision Decision on Scrutiny Require more information Not more than 120 days Accept Actions by EPA: 1) Notice for Public Hearing; 2) Placement of Preferably not more than 90 days EIA for Public Review; 3) Circulation of EIA to Concerned 30 days Government Agencies Public Hearing Optional: Committee of Experts; Site Visit by EPA Approve without Decision conditions on EIA Reject Approve with Initiate Construction conditions Submission of Acceptance of Conditions by Proponent Initiate Construction Source: DHC, EMAP, Volume 2 Figure 2.1: Review and Approval Process of EIA Protection of Trees Act, 1949 This Act prohibits cutting or lopping of trees along roads and canals planted by the Forest Department, without permission of the Forest Department. Within the project area there 2-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project are no planted forests reserves and hardly any road side trees available, apart from some planted trees along KKH. Land Acquisition Act, 1894 This Act is the primary law for acquisition of land and built-up properties for public interest in Pakistan and also sets out the procedure and rules for acquisition and compensating the land owners, including for any damage caused to their properties, crops and trees by a project, however it lacks the mechanism to address the complex issues of resettlement. The Act comprises 55 sections dealing with area notifications, surveys, acquisition, compensation, appointment awards, disputes resolution, penalties and exemptions. For DHP, WAPDA will acquire land broadly following the procedures prescribed by this Act, while also complying with the WB safeguard policies (discussed later in the Chapter). Factories Act, 1934 (as amended to 1997) The clauses relevant to the project are those which concern health, safety and welfare of workers, disposal of solid wastes and effluents, and damage to private and public property. The Factories Act also provides regulations for handling and disposal of toxic and hazardous materials. As construction activity is classified as ‘industry’, these regulations will be applicable to the construction contractors. Particular sections of the act applicable to DHP project are:  Section 13(1): Every factory shall be kept clean and free from effluvia arising from any drain, privy or other nuisance.  Section 14(1): Effective arrangements shall be made in every factory for the disposal of wastes and effluents due to the manufacturing process carried on therein.  Section 16(1): In every factory in which, by reason of the manufacturing process carried on, there is given off any dust or fume or other impurity of such a nature and to such an extent as is likely to be injurious or offensive to the workers employed therein, effective measures shall be taken to prevent its accumulation in any work- room and its inhalation by workers and if any exhaust appliance is necessary for this purpose, it shall be applied as near as possible to the point of origin of the dust, fume or other impurity, and such point shall be enclosed so far as possible.  Section 16(2): In any factory no stationary internal combustion engine shall be operated unless the exhaust is conducted into open air and exhaust pipes are insulated to prevent scalding and radiation heat, and no internal combustion engine shall be operated in any room unless effective measures have been taken to prevent such accumulation of fumes there from as are likely to be injurious to the workers employed in the work-room.  Section 20(1): In every factory effective arrangements shall be made to provide and maintain at suitable points conveniently situated for all workers employed therein a sufficient supply of whole-some drinking water.  Section 26(1) d(i): In every factory the following shall be securely fenced by the safeguards of substantial construction which shall be kept in position while the parts of machinery required to be fenced are in motion or in use, namely – (a) every part of an electric generator, a motor or rotary convertor. 2-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project The West Pakistan Board of Revenue Act 1957 This act is to provide for the constitution of a board of revenue for West Pakistan. The Board shall be the controlling authority in all matters connected with the administration of land, collection of land revenue, preparation of land records and other matters relating thereto. This task has been now been devolved to the Provinces following the Eighteenth Amendment Act 20120 of the Constitution. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority Act, 1958 The Act provides for the unified and coordinated development of the water and power resources of Pakistan. This Act authorizes WAPDA to develop water and power resources in the country through construction and operation of water storages and power houses and erecting electrical transmission lines. The responsibility for erecting transmission lines and operation of the distribution network now rests with the National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC). WAPDA still has the powers and obligations of a licensee under the Telegraphy Act of 1910. This Act also establishes policy for land acquisition and compensation, as well as the degree of liability of WAPDA for damages sustained by landowners or other parties. WAPDA is the owner of DHP and its development is covered under this Act. The West Pakistan Firewood and Charcoal (Restriction) Act 1964 This act is to prohibit and regulate the burning of firewood and charcoal in West Pakistan. This act extends to the whole of the province of West Pakistan, except the tribal areas. Use of firewood is still very common in the area and for this reason the act is applicable for the entire project area. Motor Vehicle Ordinance, 1965 and Rules, 1969 The Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965, has been extended with effect from March 05, 1978, to the whole of Pakistan. It deals with the licensing requirement for driving; powers of licensing authority, Regional Transport Authority and those of Court vis-à-vis disqualification for license and registration requirements to control road transport; compensations for the death of or injury to a passenger of public carrier; powers of Road Transport Corporation; traffic rules, power to limit speed, weight, use of vehicles; power to erect traffic signs; specific duties of drivers in case of accident and powers of police officers to check and penalize traffic offenders. All vehicles used on DHP by WAPDA, Consultants and the Contractor will be subject to this Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965 and rules 1969. KP Wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management Act, 1975 (NWFP Act No. V of 1975) This law was enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by degree of protection, i.e., animals that may be hunted on a permit or special license, and species that are protected and cannot be hunted under any circumstances. The Act specifies restrictions on hunting and trade in animals, trophies, or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife- protected areas, i.e., National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Game Reserve. The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. The act is particularly relevant for the Kaigah private game reserve (5000 ha, community managed), which is the only protected site situated within the project area. After approval and notification of 2-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project the Wildlife authorities certain amendments, including mitigation measures and changes in the boundaries of a particular game reserve are possible. Antiquity Act, 1975 The Antiquity Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. This Act is designed to protect antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in this Act as “Ancient products of human activity, historical sites, sites of anthropological or cultural interest and national monuments”. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under this Act, the proponents are obligated to:  Ensure that no activity is under taken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and  Report any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project to the Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan. Fisheries W.P. Ordinance XXX of 1961 Amended Vide NWFP Fisheries (Amendment) Ordinance 1982 This Ordinance was promulgated to amend and consolidate the law relating to fisheries in the province of West Pakistan (including KP). The ordinance was issued during West Pakistan as one unit. This was later adopted by provinces. This grants power to Director General (DG) Fisheries to issue permit to catch fish. The ordinance protects the fish against 1) Destruction of fish by explosives, 2) Destruction of fish by poisoning water. There are other clauses providing protection to fish. The Provincial Administered Tribal Areas (Conservation and Exploitation of certain Forests) Regulation 1980 The purpose of this regulation is to provide for conservation, better exploitation and prohibition of unlawful cutting of forest in certain Provincially Administered Tribal Areas of Hazara Division. Since the Indus left bank falls under this division the Act is applicable to the project. The NWFP Power Crushers (Licensing) Ordinance 1980 This ordinance is to provide for the licensing of power crushers in the NWFP (now KP). This ordinance will extend to the whole of KP. It will also deal with the licensing authority, registration fee of power crushers and with the penalties. It is possible that some of the construction material is required from areas outside KP province. In this case the licenses to be obtained by contractors should be according to the rules and regulations of the competent authorities in these regions. Labor Laws Labor laws in Pakistan are governed by several legislative tools. However, the principal labor rights are provided by the constitution of Pakistan. In addition to constitutional rights, Acts and Ordinances have been enforced for limiting working hours, minimum working age and conditions of employment. The laws will be applicable to the project construction contractors. 2-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Employment of Child Act, 1977 Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labor in the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways, construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpet weaving, biri (kind of a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, construction and others). Highway Safety Ordinance, 2000 This Ordinance includes provisions for licensing and registration of vehicles and construction equipment; maintenance of road vehicles; traffic control offences, penalties and procedures; and the establishment of a police force for motorways and national highways to regulate and control the traffic as well as keep the highways clear of encroachments. This Ordinance will have an impact on the road network leading to the Project area during the construction phase of the project. Local Government Ordinance, 2001 This Act empowers the Government of Pakistan and provincial governments to enforce laws for land use; conservation of natural vegetation; air, water, and land pollution; disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents; and public health and safety, including some provisions for environmental protection. Section 93 of this Ordinance pertains to environmental pollution, under which the local councils are authorized to restrict causing pollution to air, water or land. DHP will have to follow the Ordinance with regards to pollution of air, water and land. 2.2.3. National Environmental Guidelines and Policies National Climate Change Policy, 2012 Pakistan has prepared the National Climate Change Policy in order to ensure that climate change is mainstreamed in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy and to steer Pakistan towards climate resilient development. The Policy addresses the key issues relevant to the country including food security, water security, energy security, and extreme weather events. The Policy covers climate change adaptation with respect to water resources, agriculture and livestock, human health, forestry, biodiversity, disaster preparedness, poverty, and gender aspects, while it addresses energy, transportation, town planning, and industry with respect to climate change mitigation. National Conservation Strategy (NCS) 1992 The Pakistan NCS is the principal policy document for environmental issues in the country, which was developed and approved by the Government of Pakistan on 1 March 1992. The NCS works on a ten-year planning and implementation cycle. It deals with fourteen core areas, as follows:  Maintaining soils in cropland;  Increasing irrigation efficiency; 2-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Protecting watersheds;  Supporting forestry and plantations;  Restoring rangelands and improving livestock;  Protecting water bodies and sustaining fisheries;  Conserving biodiversity;  Increasing energy efficiency;  Developing and deploying material and energy renewable;  Preventing and abating pollution;  Managing urban wastes;  Supporting institutions for common resources;  Integrating population and environmental programs; and  Preserving the cultural heritage. National Environment Policy This policy was implemented in 2005 to provide an overarching framework for addressing the environmental issues facing Pakistan. It gives directions for addressing sectoral issues and provides means for promoting conservation and environmental protection in water, air and waste management, forestry, and transport. The policy aims to promote protection of the environment, the honoring of international obligations, sustainable management of resources and economic growth. CDM Strategy 2006 Pakistan has prepared the clean development mechanism strategy to fulfill the requirements of establishing a designated national authority (DNA) and ensuring transparent, participatory and effective management of CDM process in the country. The strategy describes the functions and powers of DNA, the criteria for CDM projects and national approval process. Under the Policy, Pakistan allows unilateral, bilateral and multilateral CDM projects preferably in the areas of energy including renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy conservation and fossil-fueled cogeneration; land use, land use change and forestry (e.g. biodiversity protection, soil conservation, watershed maintenance and sustainable forest/rangeland management); agricultural and livestock practices; waste management (e.g. landfills, solid waste management, recycling, animal/livestock wastes); transportation (e.g. alternative fuel vehicles, mass transit systems, cleaner engines, compressed natural gas; and Industrial processes. Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, 1997 These guidelines on the preparation of environmental reports address project proponents, and specify the:  Nature of the information to be included in environmental reports;  Minimum qualifications of the EIA consultant;  Need to incorporate suitable mitigation measures into every stage of project implementation; 2-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Need to specify monitoring procedures. Terms of reference for the reports are to be prepared by the project proponents themselves. The reports must contain baseline data on the Project area, a detailed assessment thereof, and mitigation measures. Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental Assessments, 2000 These policies and procedures define the policy context and the administrative procedures that govern the environmental assessment process, from the project pre- feasibility stage to the approval of the environmental report. Guidelines for Public Consultation, 1997 The guidelines deal with approaches to public consultation and techniques for designing an effective program of consultation that reaches out to all major stakeholders and ensures the incorporation of their concerns in impact assessment. Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas, 1997 The guidelines identify officially notified protected areas in Pakistan, including critical ecosystems, archaeological sites, etc., and present checklists for environmental assessment procedures to be carried out within or near to such sites. Environmentally sensitive areas include, among others, archaeological sites, biosphere reserves and natural parks, and wildlife sanctuaries and preserves, none of which are relevant to the Project area. 2.2.4. National Environmental Quality Standards The NEQS first promulgated under the PEPA 1997 and revised/expanded thereafter in 2010, specify the following standards:  Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources;  Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers);  Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles;  Ambient air quality standards;  Drinking water standards; and  Noise standards. The following NEQS will be relevant to the environmental aspects of the Dasu Hydropower Project4:  Industrial and Municipal Effluents;  Waste Effluents;  Ambient Air;  Motor Vehicle Exhaust and Noise; 4 These NEQS are available at the Pak-EPA website (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm). 2-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Ambient noise; and  Drinking Water Quality Standards. 2.2.5. Environmental Regulatory Authorities The Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983 was the first legislation in Pakistan designed specifically for the protection of the environment. The promulgation of this Ordinance was followed in 1984 by the creation of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC). Pakistan Environmental Protection Council The PEPC is the highest inter-ministerial statutory body in the country headed by the Prime Minister and is responsible for:  Formulating national environmental policy;  Enforcing PEPA 1997;  Approval of the NEQS;  Incorporation of environmental considerations into national development plans and policies; and  Provision of guidelines for the protection and conservation of biodiversity in general as well as conservation of renewable and non-renewable resources. Climate Change Division The Climate Change Division, which falls directly under the Prime Minister Secretariat, is the focal point for National Policy, Legislation, Plans, Strategies and programs with regard to Disaster Management, Climate Change including Environmental Protection and preservation. The Division also deals with other countries, international agencies and forums for coordination, monitoring and implementation of environmental agreements. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PAK-EPA) The PAK-EPA is headed by a Director General and has wide ranging functions as set out in PEPA 1997. These include preparation and co-ordination of national environmental policy for approval by PEPC, administering and implementing PEPA 1997 and preparation, revision or establishment of NEQS. The PAK-EPA has issued regulations regarding the environmental assessment procedures known as Review of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and EIA Regulations, 2000; these provide a firm legal status to the IEEs and EIAs. The jurisdiction of the EPA is applicable to the following projects:  On federal land;  Military projects;  Involving trans-country impacts; and  Bearing trans-province impacts. Provincial/Regional Environment Protection Agencies The four provinces and the two regions (Azad Jammu and Kashmir - AJK and Gilgit- Baltistan) have each their own Environmental Protection Department (EPD) and/or EPAs, which are counterparts of the PAK-EPA at the provincial/regional level. The 2-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project provincial/regional EPAs are established by the respective provincial/regional governments. They are headed by a Director General. The IEE and EIA reports pertaining to projects falling within the different provincial/regional boundaries are to be submitted to the relevant provincial/regional EPA for approval. For the proposed project, KP-EPA is the relevant agency for the approval of the EIA. 2.2.6. International Treaties and Conventions Pakistan is a signatory to a number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). These MEAs impose requirements and restrictions of varying degrees upon the member countries, in order to meet the objectives of these agreements. However, the implementation mechanism for most of these MEAs is weak in Pakistan and institutional setup mostly non-existent. The following are the relevant international treaties and conventions that have been ratified by Pakistan, where relevant these will be discussed in further detail within relevant chapters:  Basel Convention,  Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar convention),  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES),  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),  Kyoto Protocol,  Montreal Protocol,  UN Convention to Combat Desertification,  UN Convention on the Law of Seas (LOS),  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),  Convention concerning the Protection of World Culture and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), 1972; and  International Plant Protection Convention, 1951. 2.3. World Bank 2.3.1. Overview The World Bank (WB) categorizes development projects according to the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project, as well as the nature and magnitude of its potential adverse social and environmental impacts. The Project has been categorized as “Category A” requiring a detailed environmental and social assessment (ESA) and development and implementation of an environmental and social management plan (ESMP). For category ‘A’ projects borrowers must consult with project-affected groups and local non-governmental organizations about the project’s environmental aspects and take their views into account. Borrowers must (a) initiate consultations as early as possible; (b) consult groups at least twice (before terms of reference for the assessment are finalized and once a draft assessment report is prepared); and (c) consult affected groups throughout project implementation as necessary to address related issues. 2-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 2.3.2. Operational Policies (OPs) of the World Bank Governments seeking financing from the World Bank are required to comply with the applicable Operational Policies (OPs) on environmental and social safeguards. A summary of the key objectives of the relevant safeguards policies considered for the Project is provided below. OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment): provides the framework for World Bank environmental safeguard policies and describes project screening and categorization to determine the level of environmental assessment required. For category A and B projects the policy requires public consultation and disclosure to be undertaken as part of the Environmental Assessment process. Finally the policy sets out requirement to comply and report on implementation of any environmental management plans (i.e. mitigation measures, monitoring program etc.) The policy is triggered. OP 4.04 (Natural Habitats): The policy recognizes the importance of natural habitat in sustaining biodiversity, and requires that projects strictly avoid their significant conversion or degradation (particularly for critical natural habitat), and minimize and mitigate impacts to them including, as appropriate, through creation of offsets and restoration measures. This policy is triggered by the project. OP 4.11 (Physical Cultural Resources): sets out the World Bank requirement to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts resulting from project developments on cultural resources. There are important cultural or archaeological resources in the vicinity of the Project, including two beautifully decorated and centuries-old mosques and numerous ancient rock carvings dating from Stone Age to Buddhist era; hence this OP will be triggered. OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement): the World Bank aims to avoid involuntary resettlement where possible. Where necessary or acquisition of land or other assets is necessary, the policy sets out requirements for participation in resettlement planning, mandates compensation for assets at replacement cost, and expects the borrower to see that incomes and standards of living of affected persons are improved or at least restored to what they were prior to displacement. The document also identifies the need for a Resettlement Plan, an abbreviated Resettlement Plan or otherwise. Since more than 6,950 people will be resettled under the project this OP will be triggered. OP 4.36 (Forests): this policy recognizes the need to reduce deforestation and promote sustainable forest conservation and management in reducing poverty. Pakistan has forests only covering 2.0 percent of its territory and annually the forested area decreases with 2.5 percent. North Pakistan (including Kohistan) has a forest cover of about 29 percent. The direct impacts of the project on the forest resources include some tree cutting for dam construction, creation of reservoir, and KKH realignment. The indirect impacts of the project activities on the forest resources include increased population pressure and agricultural activities caused by the resettlement, potentially resulting in increased pressure on the high altitude forests. In addition, the project will include a reforestation program. Hence this OP is triggered. OP 4.37 (Safety of Dams): this policy requires that experienced and competent professionals design and supervise construction, and that the borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures through the project cycle. It recommends, where appropriate, that Bank staff discuss with the borrowers any measures necessary to strengthen the institutional, legislative, and regulatory frameworks for dam safety 2-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project programs in those countries. For large dams, the borrower must engage an independent Dam Safety Panel. The policy is triggered. OP 7.50 (Projects on International Waterways): Projects on International Waterways - may affect the relations between the World Bank and its borrowers, and between riparian states. Therefore, the Bank attaches great importance to the riparian making appropriate agreements or arrangements for the entire waterway, or parts thereof, and stands ready to assist in this regard. A borrower must notify other riparian of planned projects that could affect water quality or quantity, sufficiently far in advance to allow them to review the plans and raise any concerns or objections. This OP is triggered, given that the Indus is a shared waterway and its use is governed by an existing bi-national treaty with India. Access to Information: This policy sets out the Bank's requirements for disclosing and sharing information. The policy reaffirms the Bank’s commitment to transparency and accountability in its activities for promoting development effectiveness and poverty reduction. 2.3.3. Applicable World Bank Policies The status of the environmental and social safeguard policies of the World Bank are provided below in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Triggering the World Bank Policies Directive Policy Triggered Comments Environmental OP/BP Yes As the Project falls into Category A, a full ESA has to Assessment 4.01 be carried out. It is the basis of this ESA document. Natural OP/BP Yes The project has potential to cause significant Habitats 4.04 conversion of habitat and impair associated ecological functions by: conversion of riverine habitat to lacustrine habitat through creation of a long reservoir (74 km); placement of a high dam (242 m) on the river main stem effectively creating a barrier to movement of biota and impairing ecological/longitudinal connectivity along the Indus River main stem; carrying out transmission line construction activities in forested areas. Furthermore, the project activities can potentially have adverse effects on the natural habitat particularly at the higher elevations and in the Kaigah Nullah Game Reserve and Palas Valley. Indigenous OP No Not triggered since no Indigenous People or ethnic Peoples 4.10 minorities are living in the area. Physical OP Yes Triggered. Two historical and beautiful decorated Cultural 4.11 wooden mosques are located in the project area. One of Resources them will be submerged by the reservoir. Part of a large endangered cluster of pre-historic and historic rock art with national and international importance is located in the Indus valley adjacent to the head of reservoir. 2-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Directive Policy Triggered Comments Involuntary OP/BP Yes Triggered. The project will require the acquisition of Resettlement 4.12 about 4,650 ha of land and resettlement of about 767 households including some 6,953 persons. A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and a SRMP have been developed in line with relevant Pakistani laws and World Bank OP 4.12 to guide the planning and implementation of necessary compensatory measures. Forests OP/BP Yes Triggered. The direct impact area situated below el. 4.36 1500 m is an area consisting of steep slopes full of rubble and rocks with hardly any vegetation other than low scrubs and stunted trees. An estimated 21,000 individual trees were counted in the reservoir and resettlement areas, including 2,980 fruit and medicinal trees. Additional trees may need to be felled for the construction of the 500 kV transmission line. These trees will be lost as a result of the project and a reforestation program will be created to offset the loss. The project will also have an induced impact by the expected increase in population pressure (collection of firewood, logging, and agriculture) on the high altitude forests, which are already under heavy pressure from deforestation and degradation. These forests are situated at higher elevations (2,000 - 4,000 m) where the gently sloping plateaus and glacial terraces can be found. Pest OP No Not triggered. No pesticides, herbicide or fungicides Management 4.09 will be used in any of the project activities including forest nurseries. Safety of OP/BP Yes Triggered. The dam safety policy is triggered since the Dams 4.37 project involves the construction of a large dam including associated infrastructure. An international panel of experts has reviewed the engineering designs of the dam. Dam safety monitoring equipment will be installed and regularly recorded by DHP. WAPDA’s Dam Safety Organization will annually conduct investigations. This includes the monitoring of the movement of sediment and an early warning system will be installed. An external organization will be hired to independently review dam safety during operational phase. Projects in OP/BP/ Yes The Project is located on an international waterway and International GP will require a riparian notification consistent with Waterways 7.50 World Bank. Projects in OP/BP No Not triggered. All project facilities are located in KP Disputed 7.60 province. Areas 2-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Directive Policy Triggered Comments Access to World Bank has developed a new approach to the Information disclosure of information, transparency and sharing of knowledge. The public will have access to a broad range of information about project in preparation and implementation. The ESA report, EARF, ESA Executive Summary, and SRMP have been disclosed on WAPDA’s website in January 2014. Consultations were held with the affected community through a public disclosure/consultation meeting in February 2014. Public consultations and disclosure were also held in Islamabad and Peshawar in February 2014. The ESA Executive Summary has been translated into Urdu and has been made available to the communities and other stakeholders through local government’s office and also WAPDA’s field office in Dasu. ESA, ESA Summary, EARF for the project’s 500 kV Transmission Line, and SRMP have also been sent to World Bank Info Shop. 2.3.4. World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines are listed below;  Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross- Sectoral Issues;  Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook;  Social Analysis Sourcebook;  Physical Cultural Resources Sourcebook; and  World Bank Group - Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines. 2-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3. Project Description 3.1. Location of the Project The Dasu Hydropower Project is to be constructed in the Indus valley at a site about 7 km upstream of Dasu Bridge near Dasu town, the administrative headquarters of the Kohistan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. The site is about 74 km downstream of the projected Diamer-Basha Dam, another project to be developed under the Vision 2025 program. The project is located in a remote and thinly populated and mountainous area. Dasu is only accessible from Islamabad by GT Road to Hassanabdal and KKH via Abbottabad-Mansehra-Besham-Dasu. Distance to Islamabad is about 350 km, which can be covered in about 10 hours by car. The Indus between Tarbela and Dasu is fast flowing river full of sediment. The river is not navigable. The nearest railway station is at Havelian, which lies about 240 km south of Dasu along KKH. From there runs a railway link to Karachi sea port at about 1,600 km distance. 3.2. Project Components The Dasu Hydropower Project involves the construction of a 242 m high hydraulic structure in a narrow stretch of the Indus valley. The purpose of this structure is to create sufficient potential head to generate 4,320 MW of electricity by creating a relatively small (max 24 km²) but deep (max 180 m) water reservoir. At full development the project will have an underground powerhouse housing 12 turbines, each of which will produce 360 MW power. The project consists of a number of components which are briefly described in this section. The lay-out of the project is shown in Figure 3.1. 3.2.1. Component A - Construction of Main Hydraulic Structure This component would primarily consist of the civil works required for the main structure in the Indus River and associated civil works to raise the water level and thus create energy for running the power generating turbines and generators. Main Dam The structure is designed to pass the probable maximum flood of 50,360m3/s safely and with openings/tunnels to flush the sediment coming from upstream. The arch-gravity structure will be constructed with roller compacted concrete. The height of the dam would be about 242 m above the bedrock (full supply level at 950 m amsl) and a length of the crest of about 570 m. This structure would allow an operational storage capacity of 0.82 billion cubic meters (BCM), between elevation of 900 m and 950 m amsl and a dead storage of 0.57 BCM. At full supply level the reservoir will have a length of about 73 km and an average width of about 340 m, covering some 24 km² of valley. In the lower part of the main structure (831 m) there will be nine low level outlets (LLO), which are tunnel-like openings to control the water flow. The main purpose of the LLOs is to flush sediments and to discharge floods. This will be done together with two sediment expulsion tunnels on the right bank. A downstream view of the dam is given in Figure 3.2. 3-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.1: Layout of Dasu Hydropower Project 3-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.2: Downstream view of Dam, Spillway and Low Level Outlets (Source: DHC- Part C EMAP, Volume 3) ` 3-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project In order to cope with the high floods during summertime between May to September there will be a spillway, consisting of a radial, frontal overflow with eight bays for control of the overflowing water. The spillway has a maximum discharge capacity of 36,800 m3/s. The spillway has a special shape to deliver flood water along its slope towards a flip bucket at the bottom of the spillway. The flip-bucket tosses the excess water flow - not used for generation of electricity- into the air. The flood water falls into a long and deep plunge pool downstream of the dam, which further absorbs the energy of the overtopping flood water. In this way damage to the dam toe by the flood water flow is avoided. River Diversion Tunnels and Coffer Dams During the construction of the main hydraulic structure the river water has to be temporarily diverted from the upstream side to a site downstream of the dam in order to create a dry working area during construction. This is done by constructing two 1260 m and 1100 m long diversion tunnels to transport Indus water on the left bank of the river, diverting the water to a site about one km downstream of the main structure measured along the river channel. The upstream diversion will be made possible by constructing dewatering dike and an upstream cofferdam (length 88m, height 95m) in the Indus, which will later be part of the main hydraulic structure. To facilitate the construction of the upstream cofferdam a dewatering dyke and a small starter dam will be needed. A second coffer dam (length 40 m, height 19 m) will be constructed at the downstream side of the main structure. The capacity of the diversion tunnels is designed to divert a flood of 10,300 m³/s, which is the peak discharge of 5-year probable flood. The diversion tunnels include inlet and outlet structures to control the water flow. They will be 17m wide and 20m high and lined with shotcrete. After completion of the main structure and before the first filling of the reservoir the diversion tunnels will be plugged with concrete on permanent basis, since river diversion is only required in the first phase when the dam is built. Flushing Tunnels Sediment deposition in the reservoir area will be major threat to the life of reservoir. To meet the discharge requirement of sediment flushing, two sediment flushing tunnels will be constructed on the right bank of the Indus in addition to the low level outlets constructed in the main dam (see also Figure 3.1). Each tunnel will have a discharge capacity of 1,060 m³/s. The tunnels will be 4.8 m wide and 9.5 m high, and 820 m and 680 m in length. Both tunnels are gated structures. The dam and associated works such as coffer dams, river diversion works will be completed in the first phase of the project. 3.2.2. Component B - Power Generation Facilities Intake Structures and Waterways for Power Generation In total four intake structures will be constructed on the left bank at the upstream site of the main hydraulic structure. In the first phase there will be one intake structure and one pressure tunnel towards the underground powerhouse in which three turbines will be installed. The entrance of each intake is covered by a removable trash rack, in order to prevent debris entering the power tunnel. Each intake is connected with a pressure tunnel, which transports the water from the reservoir to the underground power house. In total four power tunnels (each 12 m in diameter, 450 m in length, circular shaped and concrete 3-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project lined) will be constructed. Each tunnel follows a slightly different route until they reach a vertical pressure shaft (131 m long). At the bottom of each pressure shaft the tunnel is connected to three turbines located in the power house and generating electricity. From there the water returns to the river via four 2.2 km long tailrace tunnels. The tailrace tunnels are situated at the left bank and run from the underground powerhouse towards the Indus. The purpose of the tunnels is to receive the water from the turbines and to transport it to the river. Each tunnel receives the discharge of three turbines. They start at the vertical underground surge chamber with diameter of 37m and a height of 45m. The surge chamber protects the turbines for a sudden stop in power generation which may result in “water hammer”. The tailrace will be equipped with gates so that the tunnel can be isolated from the water for inspection and maintenance. The outfall structures of the tunnels will be below the water level in the river. In the first phase of the project only one tailrace tunnel will be constructed. A profile of tunnels and underground powerhouse is given in Figure 3-3. Figure 3.3: Profile of Tunnels and Power House Source: DHC, Part C: EMAP, Volume 2 Underground Power House Complex The powerhouse complex is located in the left bank abutment of the main dam. At full development the four power tunnels will serve 12 vertical shaft Francis turbines each producing 360 MW of electricity, with a total installed capacity of 4,320 MW. The powerhouse complex comprises three major underground caverns, the powerhouse cavern with the twelve turbine units, a transformer cavern housing the switchyard with transformers and gas-insulated switchgears for all units and a cavern housing four surge chambers serving the tailrace tunnels. The surge chambers will protect the turbines in case there is a sudden stop in power generation which could result in “water hammer”. 3-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Through underground tunnels the power will be transported to a power yard and further connected to the transmission network of NTDC. 3.2.3. Component C - Preparatory and Other Works These works include the construction of access roads, the relocation of a part of the Karakorum Highway (KKH), the construction of a 132kV transmission line from Dubair to Dasu during construction, offices, on-site housing and an access tunnel. Relocation of KKH A major activity under this component is the relocation of the KKH since about 52 km of road will be inundated as a consequence of the project. Relocation at a higher level of the slopes along the Indus is required. To compensate the loss of the inundated section a total of about 62 km of new KKH will have to be constructed and about 3 km of link road (see Figure 3.4). The KKH is the only road connection and lifeline between Islamabad and the North of the country. The two-lane road is 810 km long with two narrow lanes and used by much heavy traffic of people and goods. Daily about 3,000 vehicles are passing the twin city of Dasu- Komila, of which 20 percent consist of heavy vehicles. In the steep sloping project area the KKH follows the Indus on the left bank close to the river bed. The road section between Dasu and Choree Mora (47 km north of Dasu) will have to be rebuilt. This will be a major operation in difficult terrain, which also includes the construction of bridges, retention walls, culverts and local access roads. The realignment of the KKH is very critical to the project, since the traffic on the KKH should not be interrupted or affected by the project. The relocation of the KKH is divided into two contracts, i.e. KKH-01 and KKH-02. The first contract comprises the construction of about 15.6 km of new KKH, and a link road of about 3 km from the existing KKH at lower level towards the relocated KKH at higher level. This contract should be implemented with priority and serves as a bypass for KKH traffic to avoid interference in the construction activities at the dam site. The second section to be constructed under KKH-02 is the construction of 46.1 km of new KKH towards Choree Mora. The entire operation is expected to be completed between 2014 and 2016. In addition to the road, the structures on realigned KKH will include:  The Section KKH-01 will involve construction of four box culverts, two bridges (20 and 30 m lengths), 29 causeways, and about 3.7 km long retaining walls.  The Section KKH-02 will include construction of six single span RCC pre-stressed bridges, 23 box culverts 19 causeways, and retaining wall at 139 locations having a total length of about 9 km. Access Roads A total of 53 km of access roads will be built for access to the dam site and for access to the villages on the right bank of the Indus. The following local access roads and tracks are foreseen under this component:  Komila to Dam axis: about 12 km (access road to dam site);  Dam axis to Kandia: about 23 km (access road to villages on right bank); and  Kandia to Utter Gah: about 18 km (minor roads and tracks giving access to villages on right bank upstream of Kandia). 3-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.4: Realignment of KKH The access road from Komila to the dam site on the right bank (right bank access road, shown as RAR1 in Figure 3.4) will follow the current road from Komila to the village Seo. From there will be a road of about 23 km towards Kandia village. A new suspension bridge near Kandia river confluence will replace the two existing suspension bridges over the Indus, which will be dismantled due to submergence. A minor access road and tracks will be constructed on the right bank from the new suspension bridge near Kandia river confluence towards the north. 3-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project WAPDA Offices and Colony Residences and offices for WAPDA’s staff (total area 32 ha) will be constructed on a river terrace overlooking the Indus valley opposite Dasu, at Chuchang hill. The facilities include project offices, security offices and information center, residences, hostels, rest houses, a hospital and schools (primary and secondary), mosque, community center, club, market, bank, post office, park and playgrounds. A water supply system will be constructed for the office and colony. The source of water supply is Dasu nullah, a perennial tributary to Indus. The water supply system will include water extraction, raw water tank, slow sand filter, treatment by chlorination, and transmission and distribution system. The facilities are designed for 6,200 people (staff and their families). The sewage system will consists of collection of sewages through concrete pipes and treatment of sewage by septicization. A surface drainage system with a disposal system will also be constructed. Solid waste management system will include segregation of waste, storage and collection, storage depots, waste processing and disposal. A sanitary land filling facility will be constructed (with appropriate landfill liners) for non- degradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable for recycling or biological processing. 132-KV Transmission Line for Power Supply during Construction About 30 MW of power supply is required for the construction site and the Colony. The required power will be supplied from Dubair Khwar hydropower project (near Pattan) through a new transmission line to be constructed from Dubair towards Chuchang, which is a small village situated at the left bank opposite Dasu. From Chuchang grid station about 7 km of new distribution line will be constructed to the work areas. The line will provide electricity to the Project and the Colony during the construction. The transmission line is about 45 km and will follow more or less the current KKH on the right bank (see Figure 3.5). For the selected alignment 233 towers have to be constructed, each about 32 m high. An alternative route on the other side of the mountain was studied, but was abandoned due to technical reasons (high elevation > 2,500 m, much longer distance, difficult access). The selected alignment follows the KKH, since there is hardly any other option in the narrow valley with already two planned 220 kV transmission lines constructed higher on the slopes at the other side of the Indus. The area between Pattan and Dasu is barren with only a few cultivated areas and houses. Just before Dasu the line crosses the Indus to the right bank, avoiding the town of Komila and continuing along the slope, avoiding the residential areas of towards Chuchang area, where the Colony is projected. The Peshawar Electric Supply Company (PESCO) will operate and control the power supply. It is envisaged to dismantle the line after completion of the project. 3-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.5: Location of 132 KV Transmission Line for Dasu Project 132 kV Transmission Line 3.2.4. Component D - Transmission Line from Project to Pathar Garh For transmission of power a double circuit 500 KV line will have to be installed from Dasu to Islamabad (via Mansehra), that can serve two phases, i.e. an installed capacity of 2,160 MW. The two parallel running transmission lines will connect Dasu Power Station with the 500 kV Grid Station at Pathar Garh (Tehsil Hassanabdal, District Attock). The transmission lines will extend over a distance of about 250 km and will traverse five districts of KP including Kohistan, Battagram, Mansehra, Abbottabad and Haripur before connecting to the Pathar Garh Grid Station in Punjab province. The proposed corridor (preliminary) for the construction of the lines is shown in Figure 3.6. The National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) will carry out the detailed design and an environmental and social assessment of the transmission line during 2014- 2015. NTDC has carried an environmental and socioeconomic profiling of the project areas and a screening of potential environmental and social impacts of the construction of the transmission line. While the highlights of this screening process are summarized in the present report in Section 7.10, the full screening is available in the stand-alone accompanying Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) document. Further details of the transmission line will be included in the ESA of this component. 3-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.6: Proposed Alignment of Transmission Lines Source: NTDC Transmission Line EARF 3.2.5. Component E - Implementation of Social and Environmental Management Plans and Glacial, Sediment River Monitoring Social and Resettlement Management Plan The main elements of the Social and Resettlement Management Plan (SRMP) are the compensation, livelihood assistance, and relocation program to the affected people. In addition, the SRMP also includes provisions to support communities in the project areas for their sustainable livelihood development and broader local area development, and to mitigate the negative effects of in-migration to the region associated with the project. The SRMP also includes a public health action plan to address possible health impacts under 3-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project the project and a gender action plan. The SRMP includes both short-term income and livelihood measures during the construction phase as well as long-term measures that go into the post-construction phase for a period of 10 years. Environmental Management Plan The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) includes elements of slope stabilization, afforestation and watershed management in the upland areas along the reservoir and the reconstructed KKH, enhancement of the aquatic life and fisheries through reservoir management, preservation and protection of cultural property (petro glyphs) and unforeseen issues that need to be addressed during the project. Construction related environmental issues will be addressed in the construction contracts, thus cost of such measures are included in the construction cost. The EMAP would also include those issues which are not or cannot be effectively covered under the construction contracts. Glacier, Flood Warning, Watershed, Sediment and River Monitoring Since most of the water resources of the Indus originate from glacial melt, the project includes a component to study and evaluate glacial melt in the high mountain glaciers and ice fields in the Upper Indus catchment. Guidelines for monitoring and research on glaciers and catchment areas will be developed under the project including an early warning for glacial lake outbursts and on water security control. The project would support the Glacier Monitoring and Research Center (GMRC) under the WAPDA General Manager Planning. The activities would include monitoring and research on the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) glaciers, watershed monitoring, sediment and river monitoring that would help in the operation of the DHP. The proposed GMRC would have four sections: (a) a field investigations section responsible for establishing and managing field stations. The office is proposed to be established in the upper catchment of the Indus; (b) a remote sensing and modeling section located in Lahore to carry out remote sensing and modeling studies; (c) a forecasting section; and (d) a data management section to maintain and upgrade data management systems and carry out data analysis and research activities. Links will be established with the high altitude meteorological network, surface water hydrology, and the WAPDA hydro-meteorological network. For better management of flood waves and safe operation of DHP and other hydropower projects in the country, it is imperative to have an early warning system for these hydropower catchments. There is no existing flood telemetry network in the DHP catchment. Hence it is recommended that the existing telemetry network in River Indus will be extended to the upper catchments of River Indus. This will include installation of river level, temperature and rain sensors at 18 flood warning sites and providing them with reliable telecommunication system. The component would support works, equipment, operations cost and training for the establishment of the flood telemetry network. This will be implemented by the Hydrology & Research Directorate of WAPDA. The component would also support the monitoring and improvement of the watershed and catchment in Pakistan of the DHP and the Indus Cascade in the river sections upstream and downstream till Tarbela. 3-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.2.6. Component F - Construction Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation and Social and Environmental Management Plans Construction Supervision and Implementation Support This would cover the cost of consulting and other services for Project implementation, including construction supervision and Project management support. It would also cover implementation of all activities under the Project, including: procurement, contract administration, quality control, certification of payments, financial management, preparation of any additional designs, and bidding documents and support in implementation of SRMP and RAP. Monitoring and evaluation of Project impacts and of Social and Environmental Management Plans The Management Support and monitoring and evaluation activities would provide continuous feedback to the Government of Pakistan (GoP), Ministry of Water and Power (MoWP) and WAPDA on the Project’s performance and impact of its various components, so that corrective actions could be undertaken in a timely manner. The component would support independent monitoring of implementation of the environmental and social management plans and Project Management support to WAPDA as owner of the project. 3.2.7. Component G - Project Management Support, Capacity Building of WAPDA, Technical Assistance and Training Project Management Support and Audits This sub-component would support WAPDA in implementing Project related activities, including support for operation of the PMU, capacity building, incremental staff salaries, operations cost and audits, etc. Strengthening of WAPDA, Independent Panel of Experts and Technical Assistance This sub-component would build the capacity of WAPDA to effectively implement the Project, O&M of the dams it manages, and fully carry out its mandated functions. It would also strengthen WAPDA’s capacity in developing financing plans and mobilize funding for this project, for other large water and hydropower infrastructure and other elements of the Indus Cascade. This component will also support the continuation of existing social, environmental, dam safety and other technical experts during project preparation, construction and operational stages. Future Project Preparation and Strategic Studies This component would support strategic studies to address technical, financial or management issues, , environmental and social issue, pilot projects and preparation of future projects that may be identified during Project implementation and agreed upon with the Bank, and will be developed in conformance with World Bank safeguard policy requirements 3-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.3. Project Resources The list of the key project resources and facilities is presented in Table 3.1 and discussed in the sections below. Table 3.1: Ancillary Facilities Project Location Length / Status Facility Size Access Roads Komila to Dam site 12.96 km Alignment on Right Bank finalized Dam site to Kandia 22.85 km Alignment finalized Kandia to Utter Gah (Track) 17.84 km Alignment finalized Suspension Bridge on Indus near Kandia 350 m Location to be Bridge on finalized Indus Access road to above bridge from left bank 0.48 km Location/alignm (relocated KKH) and right bank ent to be finalized Power 132 kV transmission line from Dubair to Dasu 45km Alignment to be transmission finalized Colony and Colony with necessary infrastructure (water, 31.5 ha Location Infrastructure sanitation, roads, power distribution etc.) finalized Quarry Area Quarry area, crushing plants and storage area 34.26 ha Location at Kaigah (along the existing KKH) finalized Conveyor belt for transport of aggregates 10 km Alignment to be (along the existing KKH up to dam site) finalized Sites for Material storage sites, batching plant area, 90.35 ha Proposed Contractors construction yard (including dam site), location use (Sieglo area on right bank) identified Contractors offices and workers camps (Kass 41.7 ha Proposed area on right bank, downstream) location identified Workshops/construction yards/ workers 19.03 ha Proposed camps on upstream of dam site (Uchar and location Barseen area) identified Explosive storage sites (On the Left Bank Part of Proposed Area near Khoshe) 112.7 ha location identified Fuel storage area will be near Kass area Part of Proposed 41.7 ha location identified Site for laboratories in the proposed switch Part of Proposed 3-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Location Length / Status Facility Size yard area on the left bank 112.7 ha location identified Spoil disposal Spoil disposal for dam, tunnel and other 68.85 ha Location areas works (at Zal and Khoshe) finalized Resettlement Development of resettlement sites with 30 nos. Being finalized sites infrastructure and access roads Measures Development of tree plantation, traffic control To be finalized proposed in units, fish hatchery, protection of rock carving ESMP sites, weather monitoring, etc. (locations will be finalized later) Sites for Contractors office, worker camps, 12.67 ha Proposed Contractors construction yards and stockpile storage sites location use (KKH) for KKH (at Barseen) identified Quarry and Same as for dam works Same as for Borrow areas main works for KKH Access roads Four access roads from existing KKH (at 12 km To be finalized to build KKH Khoshe, Uchar Gah, Barseen and Kaigah) to realignment new alignment 3.3.1. Temporary Facilities Temporary facilities like construction yards, construction camps, workshops, stores will have to be constructed and areas will be designated as temporary or permanent disposal areas for the enormous quantities of rock and excavation material from the project. The project will make use of a number of quarries and excavation areas which are located within and outside the project area. The location and details of the temporary facilities are shown in Figure 3.7 (dam site to Dasu bridge) and Figure 3.8 (dam site to Kaigah quarry). 3.3.2. Construction Materials The construction materials needed for constructing the hydraulic structure, the tunnels, the powerhouse and associated facilities are as much as possible coming from the area, A large quantity of coarse aggregates might be obtained by re-using excavated rock from the underground powerhouses and tunnels, as far as these materials meet the specifications and quality needed. Another potential source of aggregates is situated at Kaigah (left bank), some 10 km upstream from the project site. The quarry at Kaigah is situated in the reservoir submergence area. Quarrying will be carried out by bench cut method with necessary drilling and blasting. A crushing plant also will be established near the quarry site. From Kaigah a conveyor belt (10 km long) will bring the aggregates to the dam site. In total 9.2 million ton of coarse aggregates (stones) and 5.0 million ton of fine aggregates, 0.6 million ton of manufactured sand is required. About 35 truckloads per day are needed for this material during construction. An estimated 0.8 million ton of cement, 150,000 ton steel, 300 million liter of fuel and 20,000 ton of explosives will have to be obtained from “down country” and be transported over the KKH to the project area. 3-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.7: Locations and Details of Temporary Facilities – 1 3-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.8: Locations and Details of Temporary Facilities - 2 3-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.3.3. Spoil Disposal Sites The excavation activities carried out for dam, power house, tunnel and KKH realignment will generate about 20 million m3 of excess rock material. A site of 69 ha (see also Figure 3.7) situated some 3 km downstream of the dam site will be used for disposal of excess spoils (see satellite photo in Figure 3.9). Detailed surveys and geo-technical investigations were carried out to identify this site and to determine its suitability. The selected site meets the required criteria for spoil disposal including: i) proximity to the main construction site thus minimizing the haulage distance; ii) located downstream of the dam thus avoiding its future submergence in the reservoir; iii) relatively flat area thus minimizing the possibility of the disposed material to slide in the river; iv) suitable geotechnical conditions as revealed by the geotechnical investigations; v) capacity to hold the required spoils generated by the Project; and vi) minimal resettlement impacts. Spoils from KKH construction activities will also be disposed at switchyard area near Khoshe and Barseen at left bank (Figures 3.7 and 3.8). Figure 3.9: Location of Spoil Disposal Area 3.3.4. Construction Machinery For the implementation of the project construction plants, conveyor belts and equipment have to be used. All these machines and equipment has to be transported from “down country” via the KKH and assembled in the project area. These include concrete mixing plants, belt conveyor systems (for RCC, aggregates and excavated material), aggregate plants, asphalt plants, a milling plant, various silo’s for storage, workshops etc. Also a large quantity of excavation, compacting and building equipment, trucks and vehicles is required. 3-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.3.5. Manpower Requirements Skilled and semi-skilled construction workers are needed to construct the hydraulic and underground structures. Technicians, foremen and supervisors will be required for specialist works such as RCC placement, drilling, blasting operations. Operators for the various plants and equipment and machinery are needed. A mix of expatriate and local technicians/supervisors will be employed. It is expected that a number of skilled workers and most of the non-skilled labor will be recruited from Kohistan and surrounding districts. The number of workers to be involved in the project activities on contract basis including staff from WAPDA and Consultants are estimated to increase from about 1,100 in 2015 to 2,700 in 2019 and gradually decreasing to 1,500 after the year 2022. It is estimated that about 60 percent of the total workforce can be attracted from Indus Kohistan and neighboring areas along the Indus valley, the majority being unskilled workers. In addition, it is also estimated that about 4,000 other in-migrants (traders/entrepreneurs, family/followers) will be settled in Dasu during construction. The number of staff required for operation and maintenance after completion of the project is estimated at around 1,400 workers (including 275 technical staff). 3.3.6. Security Situation The Kohistan district is a historically isolated area along the Indus, characterized by high levels of poverty and deprivation. Ownership of arms is common and every year there are a number of incidents of violence (killing and shooting incidents) in the district. In recent years the prevalence of carrying arms and the number of violent incidents has dropped significantly. This has been attributed to the influence of the increased use of the KKH opening the district to the outside world and providing more opportunities to the people to find work and schooling elsewhere in the country, mostly on temporary basis. Also the well-organized tribal governance system and strong leadership and the frequent exposure to tourists visiting the area on their way to popular tourist destinations contributed to a relatively good law and order situation in recent years. Also the public consultations, workshop and hearings organized during social surveys and design studies in the project area have helped to avoid potential conflicts with people currently living in the area. The fact that their very genuine concerns were taken into consideration when selecting the resettlement sites and developing mitigation and compensation measures provided reassurance that the proponent of the project is serious about minimizing the adverse impacts on local people and ensuring that persons will be equal or better off as a result of the construction of the proposed project. The building of replacement suspension bridges and new access roads on the right bank of the Indus will also help in ensuring that the area can be easily accessed and made secure. 3.4. Phasing and Construction 3.4.1. Phased Approach to Development of the Project DHP will be implemented in a two staged development, with each stage divided into two phases. Each stage is further divided into two phases of 1,080 MW each (Table 3.2), served by a separate tunnel running three turbines of 360 MW each. Under the DHP Stage I (DHP-I) two phases of 1,080 MW each would be developed simultaneously with gestation of first generating unit as soon as possible. The first phase is critical with higher cost US$ 3,650 million as much of the infrastructure, site preparation and social and environmental safeguards for the whole project have to be developed under this phase. 3-18 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project The high upfront cost for Phase 1 is offset by high generation which despite the front- loading of main infrastructure and other social and environmental management costs gives good economic returns of more than 20 percent (excluding environmental benefits). The generation from Phase I is over 8,000 GWh as sufficient water flows are available in the river throughout the year to run a 1080 MW hydropower plant and thus gives a very high plant factor, over 85 percent which is extra ordinary for a hydro project. The cost of Phase II is quite low, about US$ 600 million increasing the installed capacity to 2,160 MW and annual generation of about 12,225 GWhs with a plant factor still very high, over 65 percent. The cost per unit would be even lower and ERR would increase to 25 percent. The DHP-I, therefore, is transformational as it will reduce the cost of generation, foreign exchange expenditures for the country and generate cash flow that and will support the development of Indus Cascade. Stage II of the Project would be developed later when Diamer Basha project is nearing completion. Environmental and social management plans will be implemented during Stage 1 (See Table 1.1). 3.4.2. Construction Schedule During Stage 1 (2015-2022) the major hydraulic structures and related infrastructure will be constructed and inlet and tailrace tunnels and six turbines with a total installed capacity of 2,160 MW. Also the relocation of the KKH will be completed in the year 2016. The Second Stage will include the construction of two more power tunnel and generating facilities for an additional 2,160 MW. Stage 2 would preferably be carried out after the development of Diamer-Basha dam. Construction of this dam will provide sediment control in the upstream reservoir and consequently less need for sediment flushing at the Dasu site. 3.5. Summary of Technical Specifications of the Project Salient technical specifications of the project are summarized in Table 3.2 below. Table 3.2: Salient Features of DHP Item Detail General - Installed Capacity 4,320 MW - Total Energy 18,440 GWh/annum (pre Basha) 21,485 GWh/annum (post Basha) - Catchment area at dam site 158,800 km² - Average discharge at dam site 2,102 m³/s - Safety Check Flood (SCF) 51,957 m³/s - Basic Design Flood (BDF) 24,932 m³/s Water Level - Flood Water Level under SCF EL. 959.5 m - Flood Water Level under BDF EL. 951.3 m - Full Supply Level (FSL) EL. 950.0 m - Minimum Operating Level (MOL) EL. 900.0 m Reservoir - Gross Storage Capacity (El.950m) 1.41x 109m³ - Operational Storage Capacity 0.82x 109m³ -Reservoir Area Full Supply El 950 m 23.9 km² -Reservoir Area: BD Level El 951.28m 24.5 km² -Reservoir Area : MOL El 900 m 11.5 km² 3-19 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Item Detail Diversion Tunnel on Left Bank - Number, Shape and Length 2 no, D-shape, 1,261 m and 1,101m - Size and Lining W= 17 m, H= 20 m, shot Crete lined Main Dam - Type Arch-Gravity Dam in Roller Compacted Concrete(RCC) type) - Maximum Height above foundation 242 m - Crest Length 570 m Spillway - Number of Bays, Type and Size of Gates 8 no, radial, W=16.5 m H=22.4 m - Maximum Discharge Capacity under SCF 45,097 m³/sec - Plunge Pool 162m from dam toe Low Level Outlet (LLO) - Discharge Capacity under SCF 2,756 m³/s by 2 LLO at reservoir El.959.5 m 12,157 m3/s by 9 LLO at El. 955.7 m Flushing Tunnels - Number and Size 2 No 9.5 m dia, (L= 820 m & 680 m) - Discharge Capacity under SCF 1,060 m³/s per tunnel Power Intake - Number and Shape 4 no, D=12 m, flatbed type - Removal Trash rack 4 sets, Power Tunnel - Number and Shape 4 no, circular - Size and Lining, and average length D=12 m dia, concrete lined, 500 m Power Generation - Generating Units and Unit Capacity 12 Francis turbines - 360 MW, 167 rpm - Powerhouse Location Underground, left bank - Design Head Approximately 185 m - Rated Discharge (12 units) and Voltage 2,670 m³/s, 16.5 kV Tailrace Tunnel - Number, shape and average length 4 no, D-shaped, 2,200m in average - Size and lining W=10 m, H= 12.5 m, concrete lined - Discharge per Tunnel 650 m³/s Tail Water Level - Flood Water Level under SCF El. 778.4 m - Tail water level under 12-unit operation El. 762.8 m - Tail water level under 3-unit operation EL. 759.2 m Power Transmission - Transmission Voltage 500 kV (AC) - Powerhouse Substation & Gas Insulated Substation (GIS), - Transmission Substation Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) , Surface - Length and Location of Transmission Line 250 km, Dasu – Mansehra –Pathar Garh KKH realignment KKH realignment (to compensate loss of 52 km of 62 km existing KKH) 3-20 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.6. Operation and Maintenance of the Project 3.6.1. Filling of the Reservoir Once the main hydraulic structure is completed, water will be allowed to store behind the dam. The first filling of the reservoir requires a lot of preparation and careful monitoring for landslides especially in the landslide prone areas. A slow rate of filling of maximal 2 m/day will be used up to 950 m and the excess flows will be released through LLO’s. About 215 m3/s rate of flow is required on average to fill the reservoir with the recommended rate of 2 m/day. The low rate of filling is maintained to stabilize the banks of the reservoir area and not to trigger any landslides. The first impounding is planned to start in mid June when the average flows are above 4,000 m3/s. However, the filling can also be done at any time of year without causing significant reduction in downstream flows, even in the months of February or March, when the Indus is at its lowest. There should not be any fear that there will be insufficient flow to the river downstream. Even in these months the Indus carries 380 - 400 m³/s of water. The whole filling operation is expected to be completed in 60 days. 3.6.2. Operational Concept for DHP in Stage 1 After filling of the reservoir the water level in the reservoir will then permanently be maintained at 950 m. The water coming into the reservoir will be diverted via the intake and power tunnel towards the power house. This means the reservoir and power house will be operated as a run of river of type power generation (base load plant). During the high flow season (May to September) water will mainly enter the reservoir at a rate higher than the flow diverted through the power tunnel intakes. The excess flow will pass over the spillway. During low flow season (October to April) the water level in the reservoir will also be maintained at 950 m, and all the inflow water in to the reservoir will be diverted through the power tunnel intake. No additional water retention is required even in winter months. In sum, the instantaneous inflow into the reservoir will be equal to the instantaneous outflow from the reservoir. 3.6.3. Operational Concept for DHP in Stage 2 Although it is recommended to run the DHP plant as a base load plant throughout its entire life, during the feasibility study the option was identified to operate the project as a peak plant. This option is feasible after commissioning of the Basha Hydropower Project in Stage 2. DHP could be used as a peak plant in the low flow season by producing electricity during 4-5 hours per day to cover peak electricity demand in the country. However, peaking operation would produce about 900 GWh less annual energy compared to run-of-river operation. Hence it is planned that DHP will continue to work as base load plant even during Stage 2. The current planning of WAPDA is also to use DHP as base load plant in Stage 2, while meeting the peak demand from thermal power plants. Nonetheless, the impacts associated with the peaking operation are also covered in this ESA. The operational concept of this type of operation is shown in Figure 3.10. As shown in Chapter 1 (Figure 1.3) the water level of the reservoir during base load operation (run- of-river concept) is constantly maintained at 950 m. However with peak load operation (storage type of reservoir), the water level behavior will be entirely different. In the peaking plant operation, water will be stored and released on basis of a daily cycle of storage during 18-20 hours followed by 4-6 hours release for power production. Reservoir levels are thus fluctuating strongly on a daily basis. But there is also a considerable annual fluctuation of the reservoir level. 3-21 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 3.10: Operational Concepts of DHP as Peaking Plant Source: DHC, EMAP Volume 2, EIA From early December up to April the water level drops due to insufficient inflow in the reservoir. In Figure 3.11 the reservoir levels of the two types of power generation are compared on a 10-day basis. The required flow for a peaking operation of 4 hours in winter is 443 m³/sec. In the post-Basha scenario, the (95 percent dependable) flow at Dasu is estimated to be 661 m³/sec. The peaking operation is not feasible in pre-Basha scenario (Stage 1) since the (95 percent dependable) flow at Dasu is lower with 348 m³/sec than required flow for peak operation. Figure 3.11: Reservoir Water Levels - Year-round under Run-of-River Type and Peak Plant Operations Source: DHC, EMAP Volume 2, Environmental Assessment 3-22 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.6.4. Sediment Flushing About 200 million tons of sediment would flow every year into the reservoir. Hence there will be a reduction of the reservoir storage over the years due to sedimentation. It is expected that the inlets for LLO and power intake will be filled within 20 to 25 years if there is no flushing of sediments. The reservoir periodically will have to be flushed to remove part of the accumulated sediment. The frequency of flushing is yet to be finalized. However, the current plan is to flush the reservoir annually after 15 years of operation of DHP, in case Basha is not constructed by that time. When the Basha dam is constructed within 15 years after commissioning of DHP the first flushing of the sediment in the Dasu reservoir could be postponed for some 40 years, since most sediments will be trapped into the Basha reservoir. The optimal period for flushing would be one month between 21 May and 20 June. A tentative schedule of expected drawdown of the water level of the reservoir during flushing operation is shown in Figure 3.12. The entire operation lasts some three months from 15 April to 20 July. The anticipated lowering rate of the water level is 3 meter per day before flushing and 4 meters per day after flushing when the reservoir is filled to full supply level (run-of - river operation). Figure 3.12: Tentative Reservoir Flushing Program Source: DHC, EMAP Volume 2, Environmental Assessment. 3-23 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.7. Project Cost The estimated project costs are shown in Table 3.3 below. Table 3.3: Overall Estimate of Project Cost (Million Dollars) Description Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 A Main structure and related hydraulic 1,246 0 0 0 infrastructure B Underground powerhouse complex 424 203 199 181 including gates Generating equipment 287 244 275 244 C Prepatory Works 295 0 0 0 D 500 KV transmission line (including 301 0 301 0 cost of ESA study and ESMP implementation) E Social and environmental management 389 0 0 0 costs F, G Administration and other costs 128 44 47 47 8 Contingencies 580 147 491 377 Total Base Cost 3,650 598 1, 313 849 3-24 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 4. Project Alternatives This Chapter presents the analysis of various alternatives considered during the feasibility and detailed design stages of the project and provides a comparative evaluation of their respective environmental and social benefits and impacts. The analysis of alternatives for the 500 kV transmission line will be presented in the ESA of that component. 4.1. The Without Project Option Energy Sector Scenario in Pakistan Pakistan is suffering from an acute power and energy crisis, which is primarily caused by the increasing gap between the supply and the demand of electricity. The need to accelerate the production of electricity is summarized in Table 4.1. Between 2001 and 2011 the supply of electricity increased with an average 3.5 percent per year from 12,708 MW to 17,924 MW. The demand for power meanwhile increased with 7.6 percent per year from 12,344 MW to 25,648 MW. This resulted in an escalating gap between supply and peak demand of at least 13.1 percent per year. The peak demand is expected to grow until the year 2029 with an average 7.7 percent and the gap in demand and supply is predicted to increase to 16.4 percent with a shortfall in supply (resulting in load shedding) of 17,367 MW in 2029. Table 4.1: Power Demand and Supply Gap (2000-2011) and Predictions (up to 2029) Current situation Predicted Annual Annual 2001 2011 2029 (MW) increase increase MW MW percent MW percent Available power 12,708 17,924 3.5 90,110 7.0 Peak demand 12,344 25,648 7.6 107,477 7.7 Gap +364 -7,724 13.1 -17,367 16.4 Source: Basic Design Report, 2012 Another major problem in the sector is the high cost of electricity generation. In the past the country has not invested sufficiently in its huge hydropower potential and is strongly dependent on the existing thermal power plants. These plants are not running up to their full capacity, due their dependency on imported fuel. Lack of foreign exchange to pay for fuel supplies has resulted in production of electricity below capacity of the present plants. Due to large gap between the demand and the supply, aggravated by the fact that existing thermal power plants do not produce at their full capacity due to their dependency on imported fuel, there is load shedding up to eight hours daily throughout the year. Fuel for power plants is imported and there is a shortage of fuel due to the lack of foreign currency. For the year 2011 the amount of load shedding was estimated at 5,000 MW. Power shortages result in long hours of load shedding, impacting households, industrial and commercial activities. Lack of power affects people’s quality of life: summers are uncomfortable, children often have no light to study, people cannot watch TV, food cannot be cooled, and so forth. But the impact of the energy crisis extends far beyond the daily life. It affects schools, colleges, clinics and hospitals; it affects shops and businesses, reducing sales and revenues; and it affects industry, reducing productivity. It also deters investment. This means, on a macro level, reduced economic growth which 4-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project translates into loss of livelihoods, jobs and income. The financial impact of load shedding has been estimated at 3 percent to 4 percent of GDP, costing about USD 10 billion a year. This situation is causing serious economic losses to the country and is responsible for increased unemployment and poverty. On a number of occasions the frequent and prolonged power cuts have caused social unrest. This included demonstrations and blocking of traffic and highways. Several WAPDA and other government offices were attacked, as people expressed their frustration caused by the prolonged and repeated power cuts. . Hydropower production as percent of total energy production declined from about 64 percent in the period 1970- 1980 to about 27 percent in recent years, despite the huge hydropower potential in the country. Since the nineties the power system in the country has steadily relied more and more upon thermal energy. In 2007 about 65 percent of the total installed power capacity originated from fossil power plants, 2 percent from the nuclear generation and the remaining 33 percent from hydropower production. The primary reason for the declining share of hydropower in the overall generation capacity in the country has been the fact that the power development during last 20 years has been carried out mostly through the private sector investment in thermal power generation. Private sector has added nearly 7,000 MW thermal power in to the system in last 20 years. This greater reliance on thermal sources also resulted in an increasing dependency on imported fuel (oil, gas and coal). As much as 85 percent of oil and allied products are imported. The imports result in high cost of power production. In the period 2000-2010 fuel prices have increased about three times (in nominal terms) at an average annual rate of 11.3 percent. During the year 2007-2008 more than US$ 1.25 billion was paid for imported fuel for power production. These high imports negatively influence the balance of payments. In Pakistan there exist a series of options such as demands side management and improved utilization efficiency, and reduced transmission and distribution losses, that have high economic returns and are already being undertaken by various Pakistani organizations to address these issues, GoP is already undertaking projects such as World Bank funded Pakistan - Electricity Distribution and Transmission Improvement Project, and Asian Development Bank funded Energy Efficient Investment Program. Pakistan is also planning to import about 1,000 MW of electricity from Central Asia (CASA 1000) to partly address the summer deficit of 7,700 MW. However these projects are unlikely to fully cover the energy shortfall. Case of "Without Project Alternative" The “without project” alternative is not realistic, because Pakistan will build additional generating plants to eliminate power shortages. Given the increasingly prohibitive costs of fuel oil-based electricity generation, development of Pakistan’s hydro resources at a variety of scales represents the only reasonable prospect of eliminating these shortages. Indeed, until such time as power shortages are significantly reduced and system reliability increased the incremental output of Dasu would serve primarily to reduce these shortages – the benefits of which are largely the same as that of the “no project” counterfactual: i.e., substituting grid electricity for diesel self-generation and kerosene for lighting. However, these sources will not meet the required shortfall. Hence the "without project alternative" will result in more load shedding and power cuts with considerable 4-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project social and economic impacts such as impeded economic growth, increased unemployment and poverty and social conflict. 4.2. Alternative Sources of Energy The economic analysis shows that DHP has net benefits greater than or equal to those of mutually exclusive project alternatives. Projects such as energy conservation and energy efficiency are complements to, rather than mutually exclusive substitutes for, DHP and will be implemented regardless of whether Dasu is built or not. The relevant alternative sources to the proposed DHP design fall into four categories: (i) hydro projects other than Dasu, (ii) other renewable projects such as wind and solar, (iii) nuclear; and (iv) thermal power (coal, oil and gas). 4.2.1. Alternative Hydropower Projects Pakistan has a large potential of renewable and clean energy resources in the form of hydropower. Out of an estimated potential of 46,000 MW so far only about 6,500 MW or 14 percent has been utilized. The majority of the hydropower potential can be found in the Upper Indus Basin. Investing in hydropower development can provide additional generating capacity less expensively and in an environmentally cleaner manner than any thermal alternative with almost no long-term fuel cost. Development of hydropower potential can contribute in reducing the cost of electricity generation, reducing the sector deficit by injecting positive cash flow, saving foreign exchange by displacing imported fuel and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The DHP is least cost when compared to the various ongoing and planned hydro schemes in the country: (i) public and private, (ii) run-of-river and storage, (iii) up- and down- stream of DHP, and (iv) on rivers other than the Indus (Jhelum and Swat) (Table 4.2). These projects are mostly on Indus River where river flows and elevations are available and some are on Jhelum River. Both of these rivers are with Pakistan according to the Indus Treaty of 1960 and their catchment is also located in the country. One project is on the Swat River which has relatively smaller inflow. Table 4.2: Estimated Cost of Various Hydropower Projects Sr. No Name Capacity Ge ne ration Unit Cos ts Rive r MW Gwhs USD/kW Ce nts /Kwh Sys te m Proje cts Unde r Various Stage s of Cons tuction or Re ce ntly Comple te d 1 Allai Khawar 121 463 1,345 3.73 Indus 2 Khan Khawar 72 306 1,356 3.39 Indus 3 Duber Khawar 130 595 1,477 3.42 Indus 4 Jinnah Hydropower 96 688 2,150 3.18 Indus 5 Neelam Jhelum 969 5,150 2,229 4.45 Jhelum 6 Patrind 147 633 2,463 8.29 Jhelum 7 New Bong 84 470 2,560 8.55 Jhelum 8 Tarbela 4th Extension 1,410 3,871 645 2.49 Indus Planne d Proje cts 9 Dasu Hydropower Stage I 2,160 12,225 1,968 3.69 Indus 10 Dasu Hydropower (Phased Dev.) 4,320 21,485 1,389 2.96 Indus 11 Thakot 2,800 14,095 2,500 5.27 Indus 12 Pattan 2,800 15,230 2,500 4.88 Indus 13 Diamer Bhasha 4,500 18,097 2,510 6.62 Indus 14 Bunji Hydropower 7,100 24,088 1,710 5.35 Indus 15 Lower Plas valley 665 2,658 1,786 4.74 Indus 16 Lower Spat Gha 496 2,106 2,198 5.49 Indus 17 Kohala Hydrpower Project 1,100 4,800 2,757 6.70 Jhelum 18 Sukhi Kinari 840 2,951 1,356 6.70 Jhelum 19 Munda 740 2,407 1,893 6.17 Swat 4-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project The above estimates are based on the data collected from WAPDA hydropower planning and feasibility, and design studies for the projects and actual concessions by NEPRA. Projects 1, 2 and 3 (Allai Khwar, Khan Khwar and Dubair Khwar) are located on tributaries of the Indus upstream of Tarbela. Jinnah Hydropower is below Tarbela on a barrage which was constructed in 1948. These projects owned by WAPDA are either commissioned or nearing completion. Projects 11, 12, 13 and 14 (Thakot, Pattan, Diamer-Basha, and Bunji) are above Tarbela in a sequence. Projects 15 and 16 (Lower Palas Valley and Spat Gah) are on tributaries of the Indus above Tarbela. Social and Environmental Considerations: Projects comparable to DHP providing generation of more than several thousand GWh are Diamer Basha, Bunji, Pattan, and Thakot. Among them, Diamer Basha is a storage project (with a reservoir area of 150 km2) and will have significant environmental and social impacts compared to other projects, which are run of river projects with limited reservoir area. Among these run of river projects, the engineering designs of Pattan and Thakot are yet to be undertaken. DHP has the lowest cost among the comparable hydro projects in Pakistan. 4.2.2. Other Sources of Renewable Energy The main sources of alternative renewable energy available to Pakistan are small and medium scale hydropower, wind and solar power. These options are being actively pursued and have the same beneficial impact in avoiding the environmental externalities of fossil generation. However, the scale and nature of these resources are such that these cannot be viewed as a mutually exclusive substitute for Dasu. Both of these options need to be developed to the extent technically and financially feasible: they are complements, not substitutes to Dasu. In order to replace 12,200 GWh of annual energy of DHP-I, at a typical 28 percent annual load factor the installed capacity of wind/solar would be 5,000 MW, requiring a capital investment of more than US$ 15 billion – over 3.5 times the total financial cost of DHP-I of $4.2 billion. Moreover, from the perspective of mobilizing the necessary finance for the power sector, they do not compete for the same sources of finance: wind and small hydro can be 100 percent financed from local commercial banks, whose resources are simply not available to large hydro projects. It is not anticipated that DHP would crowd out the ability of the GoP, Provincial Governments and/or private sector to finance small and medium scale investments in renewable energy. 4.2.3. Nuclear Two nuclear power plants currently operate in Pakistan, and there exist plans for additional nuclear projects, the main justification for which is to diversity the supply mix. However, nuclear projects are designed for year-round base load operation, and cannot substitute for peaking/intermediate duty at annual load factors around 50 percent, or for projects that support the summer load peaks. Moreover, while the social and environmental impacts of large hydro projects can be mitigated with appropriate social and environmental management plans, the main environmental impact of nuclear power - the disposal of its radioactive waste - has yet to be satisfactorily solved in the Pakistan context. In short, under no circumstances can nuclear power be considered a mutually exclusive alternative to hydropower in general, or to the Dasu project in particular. 4.2.4. Comparison between Hydropower and Thermal Generation In Pakistan, the domestic gas resources are limited, oil is mostly imported and exploitation of Thar coal is still under investigation. As explained in Section 4.1, the 4-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project present generation is highly dependent on imported fuel which is very expensive. Hydropower development can be compared with various thermal alternatives such as High Sulfur Fuel Oil, Thar Coal plant, Natural Gas plant and Combined Cycle Gas Turbine -in terms of their energy cost and CO2 emissions (Table 4.3). The CO2 emissions from thermal alternatives vary from 6.7 to 17.2 million tons per annum, while CO2 emissions from DHP are minimal (further discussed below). In addition, thermal generation will emit large amounts of particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) - adversely damaging ambient environment and public health. Thus, the health impacts of air pollution by hydropower generation are very low to negligible. Table 4.3: Comparison between Hydropower and Thermal Alternatives Hydro- Technology Thermal Power High Combined Thar Natural Unit DHP Sulfur Cycle Gas Coal Gas Fuel Oil Turbine Technical Required MW Capacity1 4,320 2476 2476 2476 2476 Load Factor percent 85 85 85 85 Annual Electricity GWh 18,440 18,440 18,440 18,440 18,440 Generated Efficiency (%) 39 39 39 55 Calorific Value Btu/Kg 40,216 21,844 936.8 936.8 Calorific Value TJ/Ton 0.042 0.02 Annual Fuel million 8.51 161.3 Consumption 4.0 tons tons mmbtu 114.4mmbtu Environmental Annual CO2 million tons Emissions 0.0045 13.2 17.2 9.5 6.8 Annual CH4 tons Emissions 38 136 170 121 Annual PM ton Emissions 0 19,078 2,202 701 497 Annual CO ton Emissions 0 2,553 3,064 2,173 Annual NOX ton Emissions 0 34,043 13,277 42,554 30,175 Annual SO2 ton Emissions 0 240,968 26,154 5,261 3,730 Annual Total CO2 million tons 0.0073 13.187 17.226 9.558 6.778 eq. Emissions Economic Unit Energy Cost USD/kWh 0.02 0.203 0.220 0.116 1 Note : Required capacity for thermal alternatives to generate 18,440 GWh Source: Economic and Financial Analysis Report of DHP Detailed Engineering Design 4-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project From the above table it can be seen that the cost of electricity production per kWh of hydropower generation is much lower than those of any thermal alternative. These are a fraction of the cost of electricity from thermal plants fuelled with oil, coal, or gas. The impacts of air pollution caused by thermal power generation are significant. High concentrations of NOx can cause inflammation and reduced lung functions. High concentrations of SO2 can also affect breathing functions and can cause inflammation of the respiratory tract. SO2 also contributes to the formation of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. PM can penetrate into sensitive regions of the respiratory system, and can cause or aggravate cardiovascular and lung diseases. The impacts of thermal alternatives are much more difficult and costly to mitigate than the limited health impacts from hydropower projects. Health damage cost for thermal alternatives may vary considerably as can be seen from Table 4.4. Table 4.4: Health Damage and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Costs of Thermal Alternatives Thar Natural Health Damage Cost Unit DHP HSFO CCGT Coal Gas NOx damage cost Million 0 44.53 17.37 55.66 39.47 (1,308 USD/ton) USD PM damage cost Million 0 28.69 3.31 1.05 0.75 (1,504 USD/ton) USD CDM Cost CDM Price of CO2 Million 125.11 163.65 90.72 64.33 (9.5 USD/ton) USD Source: DHP Economic and Financial Analysis. Development of hydropower project usually requires a considerable investment in overall infrastructure (dam and associated structures) in an early phase of the project and a long period of development. For this reason a carefully scheduled development in phases can be economically beneficial in order to start generating electricity in an early stage of the project. Generally large hydropower projects have significant environmental and social impacts due to flooding of huge terrestrial areas, changes in aquatic ecology and large scale resettlement of affected community. Though DHP is a large hydropower project, it has very limited reservoir area of 24 km2 and hence very limited social and environmental impacts. Power density of DHP (181 W/m2, meaning 180 MW of generation per unit square kilometer of submergence) is the highest in the world among hydropower projects of such large capacity. Generally the thermal power plants will require smaller area compared to DHP, and thus may have lower impacts associated with land acquisition and resettlement or biodiversity. However, the footprints and life cycle impacts of thermal power plants will be much higher compared to DHP due to development, production and supply of thermal fuel for its 50 years of operation. An analysis on life cycle emissions from DHP and a least cost thermal alternative is presented in next section below. 4.2.5. Net Greenhouse Gases Emissions Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Stage 1 implementation of DHP (12,225 GWh/year) are estimated using the World Bank "Guidance Note: Greenhouse Gases Accounting for Energy Investment Operations, Ver 1.0, June 2013 (hereinafter 4-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project "Guidance Note") and IPCC 2006 guidelines. The emissions from the Project and baseline emission of the nearest least-cost alternative (CCGT) estimated over 50 year. Project GHG Emissions Four sources of emissions are considered for accounting GHG from the Project. The sources and the estimates are given below. 1. Reservoir Emissions. When a river is dammed, the flow dynamics are changed, riverine sediment and organic material are trapped, and terrestrial ecosystems are flooded. This alters the previous cycle and fluxes of CO2 and other GHGs within the reservoir area. The main contributions to emissions are decomposable parts of flooded soil and vegetation in terrestrial zones and removed sinks from cleared biomass growth. GHG emissions from new aquatic systems will occur during the full lifetime of the reservoir, but will exponentially decrease as the flooded organic material is decomposed and as biochemical conditions change. The power density of the Project in Stage I is 91 MW/km2. The Guidance Note includes a methodology to estimate default emission factor from reservoirs based on three key parameters: power density, plant factor and climate. From Table 4B1 of the Guidance Note, reservoir emissions for plants with power densities greater than 40 MW/km2 located in temperate areas are negligible and can be assumed to be zero. However, according to IPCC guidelines, the flooding of lands in warm temperate dry areas produce a median CH4 emissions of 0.044 kg/ha/day and CO2 emissions of 5.2 kg/ha/day. These diffusion values are considered for reservoir emissions of the Project. The emissions of CH4 are converted to CO2 equivalents using a global warming potential of 72. Annual CO2e emissions from DHP reservoir are 7284.6 tons. According to the World Bank Guidance Note reservoir emissions are assumed to have a standard 100 year time horizon. But reservoir emissions from the DHP are expected to be limited to first few years due to (i) run-of-river nature of the project, (ii) 60 percent of the reservoir area is barren, and (iii) large volume of water inflow with respect to limited reservoir area (which limit the residence time of inflowing water in the reservoir, 1 to 6 days during high flow season and about 19 days during low flow season). Hence a time horizon of 10 years is considered reasonable for the Project. Hence, Total Project Reservoir Emissions are estimated as 0.073 million tCO2e. 2. Emissions from Land Clearing for Civil Works. Construction of dam, power facilities, access roads, offices, and some other project facilities require permanent land clearing. Emissions from land clearing can be calculated as a one-time emission of CO2 based on the available dry biomass carbon for the total cleared areas for construction, according to IPCC guidelines. According to IPCC guidelines, Temperate dry climate has 100 tons/ha of dry biomass, of which average carbon content is 47 percent. Total land clearing emissions for 6 km2 are 0.103 million tons CO2e. 3. Embodied (Life Cycle) emissions in construction materials. The construction of Project consumes about 400,000 tons of cement, 60,000 tons of steel, metals, and other electro mechanical equipment. All of these materials have embodied emissions as a result of the energy used to produce them, meaning that the implementation of the Project creates some upstream emissions in the manufacture of the materials used. The Guidance Note recommended a mean value of 2.9 kg CO2e/MWh per hydropower as a default 4-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project factor if no other information is available. Total Embodied (Life Cycle) Emissions are 1.772 million tCO2e. 4. Emissions from Energy Use in Construction. Diesel fuels are mainly used by the construction vehicles and equipment. GHG emissions from Project vehicles and equipment are estimated by EIA during 88 months of construction period. Total Construction Emissions would be 0.158 million tCO2e (source: EMAP). The Project emissions from all the above four sources is 2.11 million tCO2e. Baseline Emissions Two sources of emissions are considered for estimations of baseline emissions. 1. Baseline Generation Emissions. These are GHG emissions resulting from same amount of electricity generation using other alternate feasible energy sources. This feasible alternative should be realistic in terms of economic, technical, financial, legal and regulatory aspects. The economic and least cost analysis of the Project described CCGT is the most feasible alternative to the Project. Emission Factor for CCGT is 367.56 g CO2/kWh (source: EAMP). Total Baseline Generation Emissions for 50 years are 224.67 million tCO2e. 2. Baseline Construction Emissions. According to the 'Guidance Note', the default value for one-off emissions for thermal gas power is 503 kgCO2e/kW of installed capacity. The corresponding plant factor is 85 percent. For the installed capacity to produce 12,225 GWh/year requires 1,642 MW of thermal gas power. Total baseline construction emissions are 0.83 million tCO2e. Therefore, the total baseline emissions from above two sources are 225.50 million tCO2e. Net Emissions The net emissions (Project Emissions - Baseline Emissions from CCGT) of DHP are minus 223 million tons of CO2 equivalent. 4.3. Alternative Sites of the Main Structure WAPDA conducted a study in 1981 (MONENCO, 1991) to identify potential hydropower and storage development projects in the Upper Indus Basin. The study recommended a cascade of hydropower projects between Bunji and Tarbela and identified potential locations of various dam sites. Between Basha and Dasu a relatively narrow stretch of about 10 km segment of the Indus valley upstream of Dasu bridge was identified as one of such sites (KKH crossing the Indus River). Dasu town according to this study would be the downstream limit of a possible dam site since the valley of the Indus after Dasu is becoming wider, which makes a dam more expensive. The feasibility study of the project (J.V. NESPAK/ACE/Harza/Colenco in association with Binnie and Partners, 2009) was carried out in the assumption that the Dasu project would be implemented after completion of the Diamer-Basha dam. In this study several locations from 3 to 9 km upstream from Dasu bridge were investigated. The initial six possible locations for the main structure were reduced during the studies on geotechnical grounds to three technically feasible alternatives. Alternative analysis of these three locations is given in Table 4.5. Alternative 2 (Axis 5) was finally selected after extensive consultations with the affected population. This alternative was technically and economically more feasible and had considerable lower social impacts, with lower needs of resettlement of people. An adverse environmental impact is that in all three 4-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project alternatives about 51 ha of the Kaigah private game reserve would be submerged by the future reservoir. The area inundated represents 1 percent of the reserve. During the field studies extensive consultations were held with the local population. The selected alternative was supported by the population since a smaller population would be affected, less land (87 percent) would be flooded and the village of Seo and its important physical cultural resources including a 400 year old mosque and an ancient graveyard (5000 graves) would be spared. Table 4.5: Alternatives of Dam Location (Feasibility Study) Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Axis 2) (Axis 5) (Axis 6) Description Located 3.9 km Located 8.2 km upstream of Dasu Located 9.3 upstream of Dasu bridge along KKH km upstream bridge along KKH of Dasu bridge. Technical Features Geological Relatively poor More preferable More and compared to other preferable Geotechnical alternatives, but still Conditions are Conditions considered acceptable similar to Axis for the dam. 5 Energy Higher potential Less potential Less potential Production 4,320 MW 4,280 MW 4,000 MW 20,613 GWh 19,381 GWh (annually) 19,050 GWh (annually) However, a subsequent re- (annually) This alternative optimization of the design allowed produces 6 to 8% for this alternative to have the same more energy than power output of Alternative 1 (Axis other options. 2) Cost Construction High Low Very high Cost for RCC 2,588 million US$ 2,468 million US$ (only for dam) 2,651 million dam (only for dam) US$ (only for dam) Resettlement (for Dam and Reservoir) Land High Less Similar to acquisition Alternative 2, Land required 7,363 acres 6,439 acres but no detailed assessment was made. Households High Less (65% less compared Similar to affected 778 households Alternative 1) Alternative 2, 278 households (Seo village will not but no detailed Entire Seo village be affected) assessment will be flooded (Surveys during detailed design was made. indicate 767 households will be affected. This also imply that affected households for Alternative 1 will be much higher than 778 as the entire Seo village consisting of about 500 households will be affected) 4-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Axis 2) (Axis 5) (Axis 6) Population 7,670 3,670 (52% less compared to Axis Similar to affected 2) Alternative 2, (Surveys during detailed design but no detailed indicates 6,953 people will be assessment affected) was made. Environment Loss of Trees 22,149 21,000 Similar to Alternative 2, but no detailed assessment was made. Physical High Medium Medium cultural A 400 year old Historical mosque at Seo and Similar to resources mosque, located at graveyard (with 5000 graves) will Alternative 2 Seo, that is highly not be submerged. However another revered both locally historical mosque in Seer Gayal will and regionally will be be submerged (this will be common submerged. for all alternatives). Unlike Seo One graveyard in Seo mosque, this is a regular mosque with 5,000 graves will without any specific religious be affected. importance. Being a wooden Another historical structure, the mosque can be mosque located at relocated to a new location, which Seer Gayal (said to be was agreed by the local religious of similar age as Seo leaders and community. mosque but religiously not important as Seo mosque) will be submerged. All the options will not have any impact on rock carvings at Shatial. Kaigah private Similar to other Similar to other alternatives Similar to game reserve alternatives other About 51 ha of alternatives private game reserve (1% of total game reserve area) will be submerged Public Negative No opposition No opposition acceptance The Jirga of Seo village decided against this alternative due to submergence of Seo mosque. Conclusions Alternative 2 (Axis 5) is selected based on lesser social and environmental impacts and cost. 4-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project During detailed design two other alternative sites for the main structure (near-by within a distance of 200 m) were studied, one upstream and one downstream of the recommended site from the feasibility study. The three alternatives were compared on technical and environmental merits. It turned out that the upstream alternative (55 m upstream) required a somewhat lower volume of concrete and less excavation work with lower environmental impacts. This site was finally selected as the most favorable for the detailed design. 4.4. Alternatives for Dam Height To maximize the benefits of the Dasu Project, it is logical to adopt a maximum normal reservoir level equal to the tailrace level of Diamer Basha dam, which ranges from minimum elevation of 947 m amsl to 970 m amsl. At Dasu, the maximum normal reservoir level has been adopted as 950 m amsl being the normal tailrace water level of Diamer Basha. Any operational level higher than this would have increased the cost of dam without achieving any significant gain in the energy production. Thus, the dam height of the Project (950 m operation level) is determined to maximize the power output from the cascade of project and to match tailrace water level of Basha dam. During excessive flood events (lasting a few days), the water levels in the reservoir will be allowed to rise up to 959.5 m amsl. This will allow attenuation of flood intensity downstream. Final height of dam was chosen by reservoir operating level and flood volumes, and also geotechnical conditions for dam foundation. 4.5. Alternatives Types of Structure Three types of main structure were considered during the feasibility study, (i) a Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) structure, (ii) a Concrete Faced Rock fill structure and (iii) an earth fill structure. The feasibility study recommended an RCC structure on basis of lower cost and technical advantages. The possibility of an earth fill structure was abandoned at an early stage, since the selected site is very narrow and therefore not suitable for such a type of dam. The impervious material required for the construction of an earth fill dam had to be obtained from far way. A rock fill dam would be possible since abundant rocky material of good quality is available at short distance. In the technical and cost comparison between an RCC structure and a rock fill structure the first structure scored much better. Construction cost of an RCC structure is almost half of that for a rock fill dam and also the construction period is shorter. Moreover the presence of quantities of good quality of building materials (e.g. aggregates) was identified within the reservoir area and at reasonable hauling distance. Large quantities of these materials for building RCC structure can be transported to the site with an overhead transportation system. Use of such a system will also help to reduce possible negative impacts on environment and pressure on the KKH traffic. 4.6. Alternatives for the Layout of Intake and Tailrace Tunnels Three different types of waterways (intake and tail race tunnels) were considered during the feasibility study. The most economical alternative producing significantly more energy was selected. An alternative that produces more energy than the other alternatives was recommended. However this study did not evaluate the stability of the various types of rock and the possible impacts of the presence of the Khoshe fault, a geological dislocation near to the location of the underground power house. The Khoshe fault is not 4-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project an active fault, with a weak or fractured rock structure. However its presence could possibly create water leakage from the pressurized tunnels and influence the design and construction cost of the tunnels. During detailed design four alternatives were studied. The layout for alternative 1, in which the power house is located upstream of the Khoshe fault, was worked out further during the feasibility study. The tail race tunnels are all crossing the fault, with possible negative impacts. In alternative 2 the powerhouse is located downstream of the fault. In alternative 3 any crossing with the fault is avoided, but the tail race tunnels are curved, which is a disadvantage. Alternative 4 is a slight modification of Alternative 1, in which the tail race tunnels are straight without any bend. This alternative is selected because of higher efficiency, since the head losses in a straight tunnel are always lower because of lower friction. 4.7. Alternatives for the Selection of Generating Equipment The feasibility study proposed to install eight turbines of 540 MW each for the generation of a total of 4,320 MW. These turbines are huge in size and difficult to transport. It appeared that the current condition of the KKH presents an important limitation to the selection of suitable equipment. A comprehensive study was made to find out the maximum weight and width of generating equipment, which could safely pass the KKH. This was tested during trial transportations towards the Basha dam. Another factor which was considered was the possible influence of future changes in the flow regime of the Indus due to climate change. Three combinations of generating equipment were evaluated: (a) 8 units of 540 MW, (b) 10 units of 432 MW, (c) 12 units of 360 MW. Option (c) was selected as the most feasible option on basis of energy production and transportation requirements. Another advantage is that a unit with a smaller capacity could easier generate electricity even with low flow conditions. With possible river flow changes due to climate change a smaller unit is more flexible in operation. 4.8. Alternative Construction Schedules Both WAPDA and World Bank agreed on a two staged development of DHP, with each stage divided into two phases as this approach: (i) is less resource intensive which is very important consideration given the financial constraints the sector and the country is facing; (ii) the gestation period would be lower which has immensely positive impact on financial and economic aspects in addition to meeting the needs of energy starved economy; and (iii) revenue from the Stage 1 can be used to finance other elements of the Indus Cascade and Stage 2 of the project that would increase the benefits of the DHP and enhance its sustainability. These factors combined give optimal approach of developing the project in stages/phases instead of constructing it in one go. The development of Stage 2 is assumed to be implemented after completion of the Diamer-Basha project. The construction of this dam will largely reduce the sediment load into the Dasu reservoir and thereby prolonging the life of DHP, which is a considerable technical and economic benefit. The proposed overall development of the project is shown in Table 4.6. 4-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 4.6: Staged Development of DHP (full development) Stage 1 (Pre-Basha) Stage 2 (Post-Basha) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Works to be - Dam and its completed ancillaries - Hydraulic infrastructu re -1 power - 1 power -1 power tunnel tunnel tunnel - 1 power tunnel - 3 turbines - 3 turbines - 3 turbines - 3 turbines Cumulative Installed 1,080 2,160 3,240 4,320 Capacity (in MW) Cumulative 8,058 12,225 18,730 21,485 Generation (in GWh) Total Project cost, (in 3,650 599 1,313 849 million USD) Three alternatives for the implementation of Stage 1 have been considered. A summary has been given in Table 4.7. The three alternative construction schedules for Stage 1 are not very different in construction cost, but mainly differ in duration of the construction and in the timing of the production of power. Table 4.7: Alternatives for Construction of Stage 1 Item Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Construction Sequential Semi-simultaneous Simultaneous mode Development Development Development Phase 2 starts after Phase 2 work start completion of Phase after relevant Phase 1 1 work finish Procurement of Different contractors Different contractors Same contractors for contractors for Phase 1 and for Phase 1 and Phase 1 and Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 2 Start of Phase 1 5 years (60 months) 5 years (60 months) 5 years (60 months) 4-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Item Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 commissioning Start of Phase 2 10 years (120 8.6 years (104 7.3 years (88 months) commissioning months) months) Contract Use of Standard Need of special Use of Standard conditions Contracts conditions Contracts Cost less annual less annual high annual disbursement disbursement disbursement Temporary Duplication Duplication No duplication facilities Design of E/M Double work due to Double work due to Single work equipment different contractors different contractors Contract Simple Complicated Simple management Environmental Delayed power Delayed power Earlier power and social generation by 2.5 generation by 1.3 generation avoid considerations years will increase years will increase environmental and the environmental the environmental health impacts from and health impacts and health impacts thermal alternative, from thermal power from thermal power and brings earlier generation. generation. economic growth, and increased employment Economically, contractually and environmentally Alternative 3 has several advantages due to earlier generation of power in Phase 2. Early generation and distribution of hydro- generated power means that environmental impacts of thermal power generation can be reduced; in addition, earlier economic growth, increased employment as well as socio- economic development of the area can be achieved. 4.9. Alternative Sources of Construction Material 4.9.1. General The project will require 4.1 million cubic meters of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) and 2.0 million cubic meters of conventional concrete (CVC). The production of standard quality and durable concrete at economical cost is therefore of paramount importance for the project. Industrial material required for the concrete such as steel (0.15 million ton) and cement (0.8 million ton) will be procured from the market, while natural material required for the concrete such as coarse aggregates (9.2 million ton), natural or manufactured sand (6 million ton) and pozzolan (0.5 million ton) will be sourced from nearby quarries. Studies have been conducted both during feasibility and detailed design to identify potential sources of natural material with required quantity and quality. 4-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 4.9.2. Sources of Coarse Aggregates About 9.2 million ton of coarse aggregate will be required for both RCC and CVC works. The major concrete works include the main dam, the powerhouse structure, the power tunnels and different other components of the project. During the feasibility study four sites with suitable material (including six quarries) were identified, as tabulated below. Table 4.8: Alternative sites for coarse aggregates and their suitability Name of site Quarries Location Suitability Unsuitable due to insufficient 1 Uchar Nullah 2 1 km u/s Dam site quantity available Unsuitable, material suitable, but 2 Barseen 1 6 km u/s Dam site no flat area available Very suitable, sufficient flat area 3 Kaigah nullah 2 8 km u/s Dam site available 4 Panibah 1 10 km u/s Dam site Unsuitable due to difficult terrain All prospective quarry sites preferably should be located in the future reservoir area, since this area already acquired for the project. Moreover downstream of the dam there is no suitable site available so close to the city of Dasu-Komila. For geomorphological reasons all potential sites are concentrated on the left bank side, since the right bank side of the Indus is very steep and susceptible for landslides, Moreover an important consideration is that all quarry sites should be accessible at an early stage of the project. This is not the case on the right bank (the right bank access road will only be constructed at a later stage of the first phase). From an environmental point of view it is also an advantage that the sites are situated in the future reservoir area and will be inundated after the borrowing activities are completed and will be covered by sediment. The future landscape and vegetation therefore will not be affected by the excavations. The rock quality in three sites (sites 2, 3 and 4) was considered to be suitable. The Uchar Nullah site was abandoned since insufficient quantity of good quality rock is available. Two sites, Kaigah nullah and Panibah are adjacent to the area defined as the Kaigah Nullah Community Conservation Area (5000 ha). This conservation area was established in 1993 as Private Game Reserve and is managed by the local community of Kaigah. The boundaries of the Kaigah Community-led Game Reserve (KCGR) have been notified by the KP government in 2000 (see also Figure 4.1). The community of Kaigah belongs to the affected people of the project, since they are living in the reservoir area and will have to be resettled. Wildlife in the area will be negatively affected during construction and possibly also afterwards during operation. The community managing KCGR will also be affected by loss of income (share of the annual sales of hunting licenses). A detailed discussion of impacts on the reserve, its wildlife and the community is presented later in the document (Chapter 7). The site in Barseen is nearest to the project, but has hardly any flat terrain needed for establishing sites for crushers, equipment and for a stockpile. Also the area at Panibah was considered as unsuitable, since the quarry is situated in very rugged terrain with few level areas. No other feasible options except Kaigah materialized during field studies. 4-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 4.1: Boundaries of the Community-managed Game Reserve at Kaigah 4-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project On basis of these findings DHC selected the Kaigah site (see Figure 4.2) as the technically and economically most suitable site for quarrying. However the selection of this site will have adverse environmental consequences for KCGR, the village community and biodiversity (disturbance of wildlife) (further discussed in Chapter 7). Figure 4.2: Site of Quarry and Quarry Site and Aggregate Plant Yard Plant at Kaigah Crushing Aggregate Crushing Zone A Source: DHC, EMAP Volume 2, Environmental Assessment In summary, Kaigah has the following technical and economic advantages:  The quarry area is located in the future reservoir submergence area, thus avoiding any additional land acquisition and resettlement;  The area is already being quarried for building local roads and repairing of KKH  The nearest community (Kaigah village), living near to the quarry site will already be compensated and resettled on priority basis before large scale excavation work and blasting starts;  Enough space is available in the surrounding area to establish an aggregate processing plant and for storage of processed aggregates. No additional excavation of land is required to create level areas; and  From the existing quarry in Kaigah it will be a relatively easy and low cost solution to transport the material by conveyor belt to the dam site (about 10 km), without interference in the traffic on KKH and in a relatively environmental-friendly way (compared to transport by truck or rail). The use of the Kaigah site along with reservoir submergence and KKH relocation will have the following negative impacts on the Kaigah game reserve: 4-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Loss of some 82 ha from the reserve caused by construction of the new alignment of the KKH and from submergence by the reservoir (31 ha and 51 ha respectively). However, this affected area of the game reserve is located at a lower elevation of the Kaigah valley and currently used for residential, grazing and agricultural purposes in addition to supporting a stone quarry;  Noise and vibrations from blasting and excavation operations from the quarry (duration estimated at 2.75 year) along with 5.5 km of KKH construction within the game reserve (duration estimated at 7-8 months) will have negative impacts on the presence of the wildlife However, wildlife habitat starts about 3 km (about 3,000 m amsl) from relocated KKH and extends to about 12 km (further higher elevations). During the winter months the wildlife particularly markhor inhabit at lower altitudes about 3 km from the KKH, and during summer months, they inhabit at higher elevations; and  Reduction of community income for conservation management during the above years of construction. This income forms a share of the sale of hunting permits (trophy hunting). The detailed assessment of above impacts and the associated mitigation measures are discussed in Chapter 7. 4.9.3. Sources of Fine Aggregates It is estimated that about 6 million ton of good quality sand will be required for the construction of the project. Natural sand is the ideal material to be used as fine aggregates (size from 75μ to 5 mm). During the feasibility study no significant sources of good sand to be used in concrete structures could be found, which are located close enough to the dam site. It turned out that the river bed alluvium in this part of the Indus valley is not suitable as a source due to the fine nature of the sand and its limited availability. Two other sources of natural sand were identified in the study: Maira and Chilas Sand deposits, located respectively some 80km downstream near Thakot and 120km upstream from Dasu, near Chilas (see also Table 4.9). Both have good quality river sand, but both sites are far away from the project. During detailed design, another alternative was studied. By crushing suitable hard rock or gravel fine aggregate material could be produced with similar characteristics (composition, grain size, shape) as natural sand. Detailed studies on rock material from the quarries near Kaigah confirmed that crushed diorite was suitable to be used as fine aggregates. Kaigah is already selected for the production of coarse aggregates and the same facility can be used to produce fine aggregates. However, another crusher has to be installed. Table 4.9: Alternative Sources of Fine Aggregates Location Remarks Result 1 Maira sand, both 80 km downstream of Suitable sides of Indus Dam site 2 Chilas sand 120 km upstream of Suitable 4-18 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Location Remarks Result Dam site 3 Manufactured sand 8 km upstream of Dam Suitable from rock at site Kaigah Manufacturing of sand from Kaigah is found to be a better option compared to other two options proposed in feasibility study due to the following reasons:  Borrowing sand from Maira and Chilas will affect the aquatic ecology of Indus;  Transportation costs can be largely reduced; and  No negative effects on regular KKH traffic since the project is using the conveyor belt system and the internal project road network for transportation. In addition to Kaigah quarry, more raw materials for manufacturing sand will become available from excavations for power tunnels and power house. Reuse of excavated material as aggregates production will reduce generation of spoils and associated environmental impacts from spoil disposal. Reuse of excavated material would also minimize additional land acquisition for spoil disposal. 4.9.4. Sources of Pozzolanic Material Pozzolan is a fine material when combined chemically with hydrated lime will form hardened compounds at normal temperatures and can be used in mortar and concrete for dam construction. It is estimated that 0.5 million ton of pozzolanic material will be required in concrete as partial replacement (about 40 percent) of cement to improve water tightness of concrete, and to improve workability and other properties of concrete, and reduce the use of chemical admixtures. Three types of pozzolanic material can be used for concrete production. They are (i) slag and fly ash; (ii) natural pozzolan; and (iii) manufactured or processed pozzolan. The use of slag and fly ash is not feasible in this project, since local and international sources either produce insufficient quantities or are located far away from the project area. Natural pozzolan has a volcanic origin. It is a porous variety of volcanic tuff and ashes, which gives a typical pozzolanic reaction in combination with cement. The material is available in or near the project area, but the quantity found is often either insufficient or very variable in composition and quality. Potential locations in or near to the project area where natural pozzolan is found were identified during the feasibility study. The various potential locations have been analyzed on quality, distance and potential environmental/social impacts. Two sites are at larger distance (95 and 128 km) outside of the project area and the other two between the dam site and Dasu, in areas not affected by the reservoir. A summary of the findings of these tests are given in Table 4.10. 4-19 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 4.10: Potential Sources of Natural Pozzolan Potential locations Distance Quality Result 1 Seo Terrace, right Near to dam site Good to Suitability varies bank Indus poor considerably 2 Tial and Maidan Near to Dasu Poor to Not promising terrace average 3 Thorli- Lacustrine 95 km u/s of Dasu Average to Suitable Deposits Dam site good During detailed design, two sites namely Kandia Valley (18 km upstream) and Thorli Nullah (95 km upstream) were studied with the purpose to reduce the hauling distance, which is considered to have a considerable impact on regular traffic using KKH. The site in Kandia is lower in quality and difficult to reach. The Thorli site is characterized by a reasonable to good quality. The only remaining alternative would be then to import manufactured pozzolan from China, India of South Africa, but against high transportation cost and large negative impact on KKH traffic. Under the current circumstances the quarries at Thorli and Seo seem to be by far the best alternative and nearest site. The technical members of International Panel of Experts, in their review of engineering designs in November 2013 have recommended that fine material (that can be manufactured from the aggregates at the proposed aggregates quarry site) to be used as alternative for pozzolan. 4.10. Alternative Alignment of KKH 4.10.1. Alternative Alignments Studied in Feasibility Study During the feasibility study, two alternative alignments were studied for relocation of KKH. The Option 1 is located along the right bank and starts from Komila and crosses river Indus at Chore More (about 11 km south of Shatial) to meet the existing KKH. The total length of Option 1 is about 69.5 km. The Option 2 follows the current alignment of the KKH on the right bank and located above the reservoir level. This alignment starts about 3 km north of Dasu town and joins the existing KKH near Chore More. Length of this alignment is about 63 km. Locations of both Options 1 and 2 are shown in Figure ‎ 4.3. 4-20 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 4.3: Options 1 and 2 for KKH Relocation Sheet 1 4-21 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Sheet 2 Legend: : Indus River; : Realigned KKH – Option 1; : Realigned KKH – Option 2. The key aspects of both of the above options are tabulated below. Table 4.11: Comparison of Options 1 and 2 for KKH Realignment Option 1 Option 2 Length 69.5 km 63 km Indus Crossing Needed Not needed Construction cost About 3 million USD costlier Less expensive than Option 1 than option 1 Construction schedule About one year longer than Shorter construction schedule option 1 than Option 1 4-22 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Option 1 Option 2 Resettlement Issues Significant (at Komila) Not significant (no major settlements would be disturbed) Environmental Issues More significant because of Less significant because of the construction of greater length shorter length through similar of highway and a large bridge habitat as found along Option over the Indus River 1 and not needing to construct a large bridge over Indus. The Option 2 has been selected for the KKH realignment on the basis of the overall advantages tabulated above. 4.10.2. Alternatives in Detailed Design During detailed design, the alignment of the KKH to be relocated has been finalized broadly following the one given in the feasibility study but with the following additional considerations:  The alignment should be located within the reservoir buffer area (lower than 1,000 m amsl) to avoid additional land acquisition  The alignment must meet the geometric requirements of the design. 4.11. Alternative Sites for WAPDA Colony A project colony will be established with offices, residential quarters, appurtenant facilities such as hostels, rest house, schools, mosques, hospital, market, clubs etc. It was preferred to locate the WAPDA colony as near to the project site as possible. However, since the Indus valley near Dasu is very narrow, gorge-like area, hardly any suitable and flat area for establishing a large colony near to the dam site was available. During the feasibility study initially a site at Tial Medan was identified as project colony. Tial Medan area (1100 to 1200 m amsl) is located on a higher mound with a sloping topography situated about seven km downstream of the dam site, near the city of Dasu. Development of the land in this location required large-scale leveling and excavations. Access roads towards and in the colony would have steep gradients including dangerous hairpin curves. Road safety would be a critical issue. The site is located away from KKH and nearly 3.4 km distance from the new access road to be constructed. The access road would have to pass along steep sloping land and along landslide prone areas. The road also would pass through Dasu town, with a high risk of congestion and hindrance. On basis of all these negative impacts a more in depth study during detailed design of potential alternatives locations was made. During the field studies a suitable alternative for the establishment of the WAPDA colony was identified at the river terraces of Chuchang. There is a relatively large more or less level area on top of these terraces. The site is located adjacent to the newly relocated KKH at about three km distance downstream of the dam. The site is thus close enough to the project facilities, with very good accessibility and with no hindrance for the 4-23 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project traffic and the population in and around Dasu town. From a social and urban planning point of view this would seem to be a better solution. Another advantage is that no large scale and expensive excavation works are needed for the construction of the colony. A disadvantage is that the area is partly occupied, not surprisingly in an area with almost no other flat land. Currently there are 96 houses in the area, mainly occupied by people working in Dasu or Komila. People in the area would have to be resettled and compensated for the loss of land and property. After consultations with the local population it turned out that people in the area do not oppose resettlement to other areas, since most of them own land in other parts of the village. This all provided that they would be compensated in a satisfactory manner. Evaluation of all the concerned factors led to the conclusion that the site in Chuchang was found to be far more suitable than the previous location in Tial Medan. Possible suitable alternatives situated within a reasonable distance were not available. On basis of these facts it was decided to prepare the detailed design for the Colony in Chuchang. 4.12. Alternatives in Operation and Management About 200 million ton of sediment passes every year at the dam site. Without any mechanism for flushing of sediments the LLO’s and power intake will be filled within 20-25 years. The feasibility study was prepared on the assumption that the Basha dam would be constructed earlier then DHP. Most sediments would then be trapped into the Basha reservoir. Flushing of Dasu would only be required after 50 year. But with Basha now likely to be completed after Dasu, the question is what flushing regime is required during the first few years of Dasu operation, before Basha is commissioned. If there is no flushing of sediments it is expected that the inlets for LLO and power intake of DHP will be filled within 20 to 25 years. After studying various options, the design team finally considered following three feasible options.  Option-1: Without Basha, first 15 years no flushing and after this annual flushing;  Option-2: Without Basha, after impounding every year flushing;  Option-3: Basha commissioned in year 15, no flushing under Pre-Basha” and Post- Basha conditions In Table 4.12, a comparison of energy production under these three options is presented. Table 4.12: Annual Energy Production for three O&M Options Annual energy production (in GWh) Year after commissioning 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 Units operating 3 6 9 12 Option 1 Without Basha No flushing Flushing 8,058 12,225 15,544 13,584 Option 2 Without Basha Every year flushing after impounding 4-24 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Annual energy production (in GWh) Year after commissioning 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 Units operating 3 6 9 12 6,561 9,371 11,631 13,584 Option 3 "Pre-Basha' "Post-Basha" No flushing 8,058 12,225 18,730 21,485 Source: DHP Detailed Engineering Design, 2012 In case Basha is not constructed the flushing regime of Option 1 (annual flushing starting in year 15) is recommended since more energy is produced annually, than in option 2. This is because the turbines will not work for a period of about 60 days during flushing. After 15 years the energy production is equal in both options. When Basha is built the option 3 will generate more power and eventually flushing may not be required for a period of 40 to 50 years, since most sediments do not reach the Dasu reservoir. The table shows the effect on annual energy production in DHP after completion of the Diamer-Basha dam. Hydrological, environmental and ecological effects of sedimentation, flushing and the different possible scenario’s (base load or peak load production) will be discussed in Chapter 7. The potential impacts during flushing operations on the downstream aquatic habitat are turbulent flows, sediment load and altered water quality. Option 3 has advantage of delaying these potential impacts associated with flushing by 35 years. Option 3 will also ensure higher power generation during these 35 years and hence ensure positive socioeconomic development in the country. 4-25 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5. Baseline Description This Chapter describes the existing, pre-project environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the project area. Where not otherwise mentioned, data and information presented in this Chapter have been taken from the various volumes of the EMAP (see Table 1.2). The details including the data collection methodologies, sample questionnaires, and monitoring results are available in those volumes. The baseline description associated with the 500kV transmission line will be included in the ESA of that component. 5.1. Physical Environment 5.1.1. Project Area The direct impact area of the project covers the left and right bank of the Indus from the riverbed up to contour 1500 m amsl. The impact area extends from the upstream end of the reservoir along the Indus (few km downstream of the proposed site for the Diamer- Basha dam) to a point some 10 km downstream of Dasu Bridge where the influence of the tailrace tunnels of the project ends and the flow is expected to be “normalized”. The potential impact area of DHP includes:  all areas to be acquired permanently for the reservoir and for construction works, housing areas, offices, and other project facilities including borrow and disposal areas, and quarries;  all sections to be acquired permanently for realignment of KKH and a 500 m wide corridor along it to be used during the construction phase;  all areas between Dasu and Basha to be acquired on a temporary basis for construction camps and storage of material;  all areas to be acquired on a temporary basis as borrow areas for construction materials;  the 45 km long and 200 m wide corridor of 132 kV transmission line to be constructed providing electricity to project during construction, connecting Dubair grid station with the project; and  the 250 km long and 500 m wide corridor of 500 kV transmission line from Dasu hydropower to village Pathar Garh in District Attock (to be covered in detail in the ESA to be carried out for this component of the project). The area that will be influenced indirectly by the project is much larger and covers the Indus River between Dasu and the Tarbela Reservoir and the KKH between Khunjerab pass and Hassanabdal as well as some of the higher mountain areas above 1500 m altitude. 5.1.2. Physiography The area of Indus-Kohistan belongs to the lower Himalayas and consists (in the project area) of mountains between 2,000 and 4,000 m amsl. At some distance higher mountains can be found (> 5,000 m amsl). On the western side there is a watershed between the catchments of the Indus and the Swat rivers, whereas on the eastern side there is a watershed between the catchments of the Indus and the Jhelum rivers. The Indus River originates from a spring called Singikabad near Manasarovar lake on the north side of the Himalayan Range (Kailas Parbat) in Tibet at an altitude of 5,500 m amsl. The distance 5-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project from here to the project site at Dasu is about 1,024 km. The Indus has cut out a deep valley in the mountain piedmont plain. The river enters the impact area in western direction near Diamer, flowing through a relatively wide valley for some distance towards Shatial. Near Lootar the valley bends southward and forms a narrow gorge-like valley. The valley has steep rocky slopes and stony foothills and is sparsely vegetated. The slopes on both sides show gradients of some 40-60 percent. The altitude of the riverbed is around 930 m amsl near Diamer and drops to 890 m amsl near Lootar, with a gradient of 0.3 percent. In Dasu the elevation of the riverbed is 765 m amsl. From the mountainous hinterland small lateral tributaries and nullahs (small streams) are discharging water originating from rainfall and melting snow into the main river. The Indus here is fast flowing and full of sediment. The area is characterized by low population density. In total there are 34 small villages or hamlets, 17 on the left bank (along the KKH) and 17 on the right bank of the Indus. Dasu–Komila is the only somewhat larger town with about 7,150 inhabitants. Most of the area is heavy sloping and very rocky. There is hardly any level or gently sloping land. Along some of the nullahs agricultural cultivation is found, usually on terraced soils on alluvial fans and old river terraces. 5.1.3. Climate The project area is characterized by a large variation in climatic conditions, strongly varying with altitude. Commonly, the climate in the zones lower than 1,500 m is classified as “dry subtropical”, whereas the higher elevated zones have a “temperate” climate. Annual rainfall generally is low with figures between 200 mm and 300 mm. There is a strong increase in rainfall with altitude. It is not unusual that rainfall (often in the form of snow) amounts to values of 1,000 mm at altitudes of 3,000-5,000 m. The summers are usually hot in the valleys (average maximum temperature of 35°C in August) and winters are cold (average minimum temperature of 5° C in January). The area is not influenced by the monsoon and is lying in the rainfall shadow of the higher mountains, including the Nanga Parbat (over 8,000 m high). During winter the precipitation falls as snow. Generally the areas between 1,500 m and 5,000 m in the Upper Indus Basin are snow-covered during most of the winter months. The areas above 5,000 m are permanently snow covered. Although annual precipitation is low at the valley floor there can be occasional but intense rainfall events, often with significant hydrological and geomorphological significance (erosion). Winds can be very variable in the project area; the dominant wind directions depend largely on the local topography. 5.1.4. Geology Geologically, the northern Pakistan region is divided into three blocks, from north to south: Karakoram Block, Kohistan Island Arc and Indian plate. The project area is located in the southern part of the Kohistan Island Arc bounded by the Main Karakoram Thrust in the north and west (Northern Suture) and by the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) to the south and east (Southern Suture) as shown in Figure 5.1. The Kohistan Arc Complex is an area of igneous and sedimentary rocks that was formed during the mid-Cretaceous period. The area lies near to the area where the Asian and Indian continental plates meet, resulting in considerable thrusting, uplifting, tilting and plutonic activity. In the project area mainly granulites and amphibolites can be found on both sides of the Indus. These rock formations both date from Cretaceous period. At places the geological conditions are quite complex, with major faults, volcanic intrusions, batholites and thrusts requiring detailed investigations and testing. Near the main 5-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project structure and powerhouses there is a major geological fault in the project area, which is not active any more: the Khoshe fault. This fault, running for 300 m from east to west, forms the contact zone between the granulites and the amphibolites and this fault plays an important role in the final layout of the underground rock chambers housing the powerhouses and the final design and type of construction of the tailrace tunnels. All tunnels will encounter granulite only and do not cross any faults. The underground powerhouse complex is located in coarsely crystalline dioritic granulite. These granulite rocks are generally massive to blocky, slightly foliated and strong to very strong. Figure 5.1: Geological and Tectonic Sketch of Northern Pakistan and Surrounding Regions (after Zanchi et al., 2000) The foundation of the main hydraulic structure will be on massive to blocky granulite. The lithology at this site is moderately to coarsely crystalline, strong to very strong, and generally fresh to slightly weathered. In most outcrops the rock has a primary homogeneous, medium to crystalline igneous texture. The rock mass is considered to be favorable for the construction of a large structure. The riverbed itself consists of a mixture of glacio-fluvial deposits, terrace material and land slide materials. Higher on the slopes some terrace remnants are found with unconsolidated moraine (glacial) deposits and landslide materials. Thickness and character of the deposits are highly variable, depending on location and origin. 5.1.5. Seismology The Project area is located in an active seismic and earth quake zone. No earthquake monitoring was done in the country prior to last century. However, based on some historical documentation, it was evident that the region was subjected to severe earthquakes. The epicenters of three well-studied earthquakes of magnitude 5.9 or above have been recorded near the project site in respectively Pattan (1974), Hamran (1972) and Darel (1981). Another smaller concentration of epicenters of recent earthquakes (2002- 2003) is located in the Raikot area on the western flank of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh structure. The strongest of these earthquakes had a magnitude of 5.9 on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the heavy Kashmir earthquake of October 2005 (magnitude 7.6) was 5-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project located at a distance of 90-100 km from the project area. The event struck the northern part of Pakistan, causing widespread damage and casualties in Azad Kashmir and adjoining areas of KP. For detailed design, the instrumental records of earthquakes within a 150-km-radius of the project were obtained from the International Seismological Centre in England, the National Earthquake Information Centre of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Centre in Quetta and the Tarbela Seismic Observatory of WAPDA. A composite catalogue of instrumentally recorded earthquakes was prepared by combining these earthquake listings comprising 2,115 events having magnitude greater than 3.0. For seismic data to be used in seismic hazard analysis, the magnitudes given in different scales were converted into a uniform magnitude-scale. 5.1.6. Rock Stability and Landslides The project area is characterized by steep and moderately steep slopes. The granulite and amphibolite rock slopes are susceptible to rock fall and block toppling along steeply inclined foliation, discontinuities and occasional wedge sliding along various combinations of inclined joints and shears. The stability of rock slopes depends largely on rock mass properties, structural discontinuities, groundwater and earthquakes. Frequent landslides are not very common in the area. However, huge moraine deposits occur on nearly vertical slopes on either side of the Indus River. In the Project area these deposits occur near Kandia, Seo and Tial Medan. These deposits are loose and during heavy rainfall landslides and road blockage may happen. A few incidents with landslides were reported from the Kandia valley. 5.1.7. Sedimentation The Indus River carries a heavy sediment load due to the ruggedness of the catchment area and the strong erosional forces in the upper catchment area caused by deforestation and lack of protective vegetation cover. Another factor is the great variation between day and night temperatures. This may cause cracking and disintegration of rocks, erosion, and landslides on unstable slopes. Erosion materials in side valleys will be transported by melted snow towards the tributaries and will finally discharge as mud flows into the Indus. The river also derives sediments from vast alluvial fields and moraine deposits formed along its banks more upstream. Moraine deposits (silty sand with gravel and boulders from glacial origin are embedded) can be found on both embankments of the Indus River, sometimes characterized by nearly vertical slopes. The sediments in the river water comprise of suspended solid and moving bed load. The annual runoff is estimated at 67 BCM and 79 percent of the flow occurs between June and September. The annual sediment load at Dasu is estimated at 221 million ton. It has been assumed that particle size distribution entering Dasu reservoir will be the same as observed at Partab/Bunji Bridge, shown in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Particle Size Distribution of Total Sediment Load at the Project Site Percentage Total Sediment Type Sand Silt Clay ( percent) Suspended 40.0 44.0 16.0 100 Unmeasured (bed load) 10.6 0.2 0.0 10.8 Total 50.6 44.2 16.0 110.8 Percentage 45.7 39.9 14.4 100 Source: DHC EMAP 5-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5.1.8. Soils Geomorphologically the project area consists of mountain terraces and piedmont plains. The mountains are rugged with high relief and steep slopes. Geological erosion in these mountain areas is substantial. Rock debris is generally found at the toe of the highlands. Accessible slopes with a soil cover are terraced by the population for arable farming. The gravelly fans and terraces are of limited extent and mostly located at the bottom of mountain slopes. These are characterized by gravelly moderately coarse to medium textured soils. Most soils consist of sandy loam and silt loam. In general, the infiltration rate in these soils is moderately rapid. Water holding and nutrient holding capacity is low. Cultivated areas are usually developed on alluvial fans and to the lesser extent by reclamation of old river terraces. The soils are generally low in clay and high in silt and sand with low organic matter content. These soils are used for the cultivation of wheat, maize, fodder and some vegetables. The soils are generally poor in plant nutrients. Soil samples (virgin soil, not used for agriculture) were collected along the valley and were analyzed for mercury. The concentration of mercury at all locations was found to be within the standard limits. 5.1.9. Hydrology The Indus flows from the Tibetan Plateau (elevation 5,500) m in westerly direction through India and is joined in Pakistan by four major tributaries: the Shigar and Shyok rivers in Baltistan and the Gilgit and the Astor rivers before reaching Dasu. The catchment of Indus River at Dasu covers some 158,800 km2. During the last stretch before Dasu the Indus flows in a deep narrow channel with a steep gradient of 3 m/km and bends near Kandia in southern direction. The side slopes of the river are often without any vegetation and very rocky. Several lateral river valleys are found between Basha and Dasu, including the valleys of the Darel, Tangir and Kandia rivers. These lateral rivers drain the hinterland and bring snow melt water throughout the year and with it comes fine to coarse sandy sediment. After rainfall the water of the tributaries becomes very turbid. Apart from these rivers there are some 14 nullahs flowing into the main river in the project area, see Table 5.2. Table 5.2: Main Streams and Nullahs Flowing into the Indus in the Project Area Stream/ Elevation Catchment Area Length Mean Annual Nullahs (m) (km²) (km) Flow (m³/s) Streams located at left bank (upstream of dam site) Uchar 814 70.6 - 2.57 Barseen 834 15.3 2.9 0.59 Kaigah 875 43.0 13.1 1.65 Lutter 957 9.5 8.7 0.36 Summar 957 82.6 22.6 2.21 Shatial 991 9.2 7.7 0.35 Streams located at right bank (upstream of dam site) Duga 892 - 13.0 - Kandia River 841 2,242 84.3 79.92 Uttar 814 28.0 10.8 1.08 5-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Stream/ Elevation Catchment Area Length Mean Annual Nullahs (m) (km²) (km) Flow (m³/s) Tangir 1,073 62.5 46.8 2.39 Darel 980 95.6 37.6 2.56 Streams and nullahs at left and right bank (downstream of dam site) Sieglo 776 4.6 12.4 1.73 Jalkot 797 247.7 30.4 - Goshali River 753 1491.5 81.0 53.17 Palas River 700 1238 75.2 44.12 Keyal 715 15.1 22.7 4.09 Dubair 647 514 35.7 18.32 The flow rate of the Indus is characterized by a high flow (or summer) season from May to September (1,015 to 6,580 m3/s) and a low flow (or winter) season from October to April (380 to 620 m3/s). Unlike other major rivers originating in the Himalaya (e.g. Ganges, Brahmaputra) by far the largest share (about 60 percent) of the Indus water originates from melting of snow and ice from the glaciers and ice fields of the Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindu Kush mountains. The total annual mean flow of the Indus at Dasu is slightly over 2,000 m3/s (Figure 5.2) and the total annual run off is estimated at 66.7 BCM, of which 78 percent flows between June and September. The summer flow carries the greatest load of sediments towards the Tarbela reservoir (Tarbela dam is the first downstream barrier in the Indus). Figure 5.2: Mean Annual Flows of the Indus River at Project Site (1962-2008) Source: Main Design Report, DHC, 2012. According to climate change studies in Indus basin (further discussed in Section 6.4), the glacier melting in the Himalayas is expected to increase flows of Indus and its tributaries for the next three to five decades which will be followed by decreased river flows as the glaciers recede. It is expected that the river flows will start decreasing after a few decades 5-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project due to reduced glacier mass to a level that would be determined by the precipitation input at that time. A recent simulation modeling conducted by GCISC5 on Indus flows for a scenario, where the temperature will rise by 3˚C and the glaciers to shrink to half their present size, not only the overall annual flow would reduce by about 15 percent, the monthly flow pattern would also change considerably, with more water coming in spring and early summer and less water in the later part of the summer. This scenario is considered in planning and design of the DHP. One of the criteria considered in the selection of the size of turbines of DHP is to accommodate any future low flows due to climate change. 5.1.10. Flooding In the upper Indus catchment area floods occur due to natural dam formation and their subsequent breakdown. Natural dam formations are either caused by landslides, or by bursting or overtopping of an ice dam, resulting in a sudden discharge of the lake behind the glacier. Dams created by massive landslides are rare but glacier dams are numerous; nearly 60 of such events have been reported since 1830. Dam break floods are characterized by a very rapid flood rise. Other causes of floods are heavy and prolonged storm runoff and intensive and extreme glacier and snow melting. A number of historic floods are known from the upper Indus catchment area. The most recent one happened in 2010 in the Hunza Valley, when the Hunza River was blocked by an ice dam. After overtopping a considerable length of KKH near Ata-Abad was eroded away. The event created a lake which is still existing and affecting the trade with China. In February 2012 the blockage was blasted to release some 1,416 m3/s) to lower down the lake water level and ease the situation to some extent. This resulted in a sudden raise in water level of the Indus at Dasu of about 2.5 m. 5.1.11. Groundwater The groundwater table in the river valley is deep and limited to deeper aquifers. Groundwater was not even noticed in some of the test wells. No confining layers are expected. The ground water depth near the main structure varies between 48 m and 68 m. Groundwater level along the tunnel alignments is generally above the level of the tunnel invert; some groundwater inflow would be expected during tunneling. However, according to seepage measurements carried out during excavations the inflow will be limited to around 200 l/min. Groundwater levels in the vicinity of the underground power house complex are 250 to 300 m deep below ground surface, but probably above the level of the power house cavern, which might give some limited inflow (200 l/min) during tunneling operations. 5.1.12. Water Quality The quality of the water of the Indus and its small tributaries has been investigated during the high flow and low flow season at 20 sampling sites in order to establish a baseline for the project. Generally the water quality parameters are good to excellent and are in compliance with the national standards for drinking water quality from Pak-EPA, (NEQS) and WHO drinking-water standards, Also they were compared with the National Surface Water Classification criteria as proposed by WWF-2007. The water quality is characterized by slight alkalinity, high oxygen levels, low conductivity and very high 5 GCISC (2009): Ali, G., S. Hasson, and A.M. Khan, Climate Change: Implications and Adaptation of Water Resources in Pakistan, Research Report No.GCISC-RR-13, Global Change Impact Studies Centre, Islamabad 5-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project turbidity and water temperatures varying between 6 and 21°C. Turbidity exceeds both Pak-EPA’s and WHO drinking water standard limits at several locations in the project area. However, turbidity in the tributaries was generally below recommended levels. The iron concentration exceeded the (Pak-EPA’s drinking-water standard i.e. 0.01 to 1.4 mg/l at few places, which is probably caused by iron ore deposits in the neighboring areas. The concentration of boron also exceeded US-EPA’s fresh-water standard limit i.e. 0.007 to 0.5 mg/l at 4 out of 15 sampling sites. This raised boron content could be due to various causes, but since the water is neither used for drinking (people and livestock) nor for irrigation, this has no direct impact on human health. The water quality of the Indus and its tributaries are characterized by:  Considerable variations in physico-chemical conditions in high flow and low flow seasons  high water temperatures in high flow season (15 to 21°C) and low temperatures in low flow season (6 to 15°C);  alkaline, with pH above 7;  high dissolved oxygen (above 6.5 mg/l)  high turbidity up to 70 NTU in high flow season; and up to 32 NTU in low flow season;  low total dissolved solids (less than 150 mg/l) and low conductivity (325 µS/cm);  Nitrate concentrations varying from 0.6 to 3.5 mg/l; and  Nickel concentration which is slightly exceeding the national drinking water standards. 5.1.13. Air Quality Along the project area 24 hour air quality monitoring was conducted during summer and winter of 2012 at 18 locations in the project area. The parameters for fine dust such as PM10 (24 hours) were found to be within the Pak-EPA(NEQS) limit, however fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 50 percent of the investigated sites (in residential areas mainly along KKH) was found to exceed the Pak-EPA’s prescribed limits slightly. The possible reason could be fuel burning (coal, wood, and fuel oil), incineration (house and municipal garbage) or other causes (construction, traffic along KKH). The ambient gases (CO2, SO2, NOx, and CO2) concentrations were found to be within the standard limits of Pak -EPA at all sampling sites. 5.1.14. Noise Noise quality monitoring was carried out 18 locations along the project area. Noise levels are high along the valley and in most cases exceeded the Pakistan EPA standard limits. The noise levels at different locations were found to be in the range of 45-67 dB. 5.2. Aquatic Environment 5.2.1. Field Surveys Field investigations on aquatic ecology were conducted during April and August of 2012 in the project area by Dr. William George (a former Director of WAPDA Fisheries Unit, who introduced fisheries in Pakistan) and Prof. Tahir Omer. Investigations were also carried out in January 2013 by researchers from Department of Zoology of University of 5-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Punjab. The survey area extended from the Tarbela Dam to the upper limit of the planned Diamer Basha project reservoir. Locations of sampling sites are shown in Figure 5.3. Field data included biological data, fishing techniques and practices. In addition to field observations and sampling, fish, plants and plankton were investigated in laboratories (taxonomy, morphometry, gut contents, reproduction status). In addition to the field data, other sources of information include interviews with local fishermen and KP Fishery Department, international and national literature on the snow carp (also known as snow trout) fish species, and EIA reports of other hydropower projects in the trans-Himalayan region of Pakistan, Nepal and India. The ESMP (Chapter 9) also provides for further studies to be carried out to collect additional baseline data during the pre- construction/construction phase (see Annex B for ToRs for the studies). Procurement of consultants for these studies is yet to be finalized. Suitable organizations to carry out these studies include WWF-Pakistan and IUCN-Pakistan, where essential technical know-how is available. Figure 5.3: Aquatic Biological Sampling Sites 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecosystems The Indus originates in Mansorawar Lake in Tibet, is approximately 3,058 km long and drains an area of 963,480 km² before discharging into the Arabian Sea. Physical geological, meteorological and hydro-biological conditions vary substantially along the river as do corresponding important human uses of the river and dependent economic 5-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project conditions. The uppermost section of the river flows east-west in the mountain peak zone for about 950 km before it reaches the Dasu Project area. The catchment in that area is mountainous and characterized by towering peaks covered with snow and glaciers. The river is mainly fed by melting of mountain snow; flow is high during summer and contribution from rainfall is very small. The mean annual flow and annual runoff at Dasu amounts to 2,100 m³/s and 68 BCM respectively, but differences between summer and winter are large: 80 percent of the water flows between June and October. Physico-chemical conditions of river water changes between the summer and winter seasons. During summer, river water is very turbid and carries a high sediment load. Annual sediment inflow at DHP dam site is about 200 million tons and 97 percent of it occurs during high flow season of June to October. During the 2012 April surveys the ranges of physico-chemical parameters were: water temperature 15-24°C; conductivity 63-149 µS/cm; calcium carbonate hardness 30-110 mg/l; dissolved oxygen 4.8-7.4; and NO3 0.20-1.20 mg/l. Low concentrations of NO3 suggest mainly low nutrient levels and oligotrophic conditions. There were rather large differences in chemical parameters between sample stations, mainly related to close-by human residences. Several river tributaries join the Indus between Basha and Tarbela. Catchment areas vary greatly. All streams pass along steep gradients through rocky areas of high mountains, exhibiting variable cascades. At confluences with other tributaries and the Indus River they discharge gravel and sand from river bed erosion. Water quality in the main tributaries was also surveyed during the summer of 2012. The water in these nullahs/streams was generally colorless, odorless, transparent and cool. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 5.0 to 10.0 mg/l and conductivity ranged from 28 to 105 µS/cm, indicating variable but generally low concentrations of dissolved solids. During winter months temperatures were reported to be substantially lower: data averaged around 8°C, against some 20°C during summer. The banks of some tributaries show patches of vegetation. 5.2.3. Fish Fish diversity in the Indus is low compared to other major rivers. 177 fish species are reported from the Indus River system, including 12 exotic species. This is substantially lower than in other major rivers in Asia; the Ganges houses 350 fish species, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong around 400, and the Hwang 320. Fish species of Northern Pakistan is given in Annex C. Five species of fish are recorded in the project area. The first of two sampling trips carried out in early summer and late summer seasons of 2012 (6 persons, 10 days) yielded only 25 fish, and the second only 50, belonging to four species: three carps and one catfish. The distribution of sexes was equal. The fish sampling carried out in winter 2013/2014 also yielded about 60 fish (24 hour fishing using gill/cast nets at 16 locations). Nearly all fish were captured in small riffles and pools of tributaries; fish caught in the Indus River were mostly from confluence areas, close to the tributaries. The main reasons for poor fish diversity and density are the long torrential upper courses in the Himalayas, glacier fed water and high sediment load or low mean discharge rate of water. Fish sampling for the Diamer Basha Hydropower Project (2006) yielded 14 species, but also this can be considered low, probably due to high-altitude tributaries, low water temperature, high water velocity, low benthic productivity and long stretches of gorges. 5-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Most species in the project area are members of the carp family (Cyprinidae) and loach family (Noemachcilidae). The piscifauna is dominated by endemic genera of the cyprinid sub-family Schizothoricinae (snow carps or snow trouts: Schizothorax, Esocinus and Labitusspp.) and one genus of the Noemachcilidae family (Triplophysa sp.) and one species of the Sisoridae family (the catfish Glyptosternum reticulatum). These genera inhabit torrential and swift streams and rivers of the mountain region and have evolved morphologic features adapted to these habitat conditions. In order to enhance fish production two species of Salmonidae (brown trout and rainbow trout) were introduced in the upper part of Indus in Gilgit river and adjoining streams during the early nineties. No brown/rainbow trout was observed in any of the samples. Downstream of the project site the number of species increases. From the area between Dasu and Pattan seven species are reported by fisheries authorities, especially from the tributaries. Prior to construction of the Tarbela dam, 35 fish species were recorded in the Indus River and tributaries around Tarbela. Snow carp and Mahaseer are the two important fish species of cold waters of Himalayan waters. Snow carps are the major fish species in the Indus and as one moves to south to transitional or semi-cold waters, snow carps are joined by mahaseers. Further south and at lower altitude warm water fish species prevail6. The snow carp species and the two Mahaseer species (Tor putitora and Tor tor) were common and utilized as food fish. The other native fish species are resident species and have no commercial value. No cave species are present in the Indus. 5.2.4. Snow Carps Habitat, Migration and Spawning Schizothoracines (genera Schizothorax and Schizopyge) are the major fish of cold water streams and rivers of Himalayan regions, with the dominant species being Schizothorax plagiostomus. In Dasu project area three species of scizothorax (plagiostomus, esocinus and labitus) are present. Plagiostomus is the dominant fish species in Dasu area representing more than 75 percent of total fish catch and other two species represent about 15 percent of total fish catch. None of these species are listed in IUCN Red List. Based on the review of available literature and the surveys carried out by the Project, the habitat, spawning and migration conditions of snow carps are established and presented below. Habitat. Snow carps thrive in the snow fed river habitat of clear, shallow water of stony substratum with an average depth from 0.5 to 3 meters, and river flows with low to high velocities (0.5 to 1.5 m/s) 7,8. Average temperature requirements are 4 to 20 oC and dissolved oxygen requirements are 8 to 12 mg/l. Snow carps are bottom feeders and mainly feed on peryphyitic algae and diatoms. 6 T. Petr. 2002 Cold Water Fish And Fisheries In Countries Of The High Mountain Arc Of Asia (Hindu Kush-Pamir-Karakoram-Himalayas). (Cold water fisheries in the trans-Himalayan countries. Edited by T. Petr and S.B. Swar) FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 431. 7 S.N.Bahuguna, R.S.Negi, P.Bahuguna and M. K. Upadhyay. Ex-situ Developmental study of Schizothorax Plagiostomus from pre to post hatching. 2008. J. Env. Bio-sci. Vol. 22 (1) : 67-76, 2008. 8 Rajvanshi, Asha; Roshni Arora; Vinod B. Mathur; K. Sivakumar; S. Sathyakumar; G.S. Rawat; J.A. Johnson; K. Ramesh; NandKishor Dimri and Ajay Maletha (2012) Assessment of Cumulative Impacts of Hydroelectric Projects on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins, Uttarakhand. Wildlife Institute of India, Technical Report. Pp 203 plus Appendices. 5-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project During fish surveys, in the Indus and its tributaries in the Project area, fish found mainly in the tributaries, while in the main stem they are found near the confluences. Tributaries with snow carp fish habitat on the upstream side of the dam site are Kandia, Tangir, Darel, Kaigah, Summar, and Goshali. While tributaries on the downstream side with snow carp fish habitat are Sieglo, and Jalkot. Migration: Snow carps are short distant migrants. In the project area, they migrate within the tributaries, not along the main stem Indus. During April to September (spring and summer, high flows), they prefer upstream head waters habitat at higher elevations. During September to April (low flows and winter), they prefer lower elevations and confluence zone with Indus. The triggers for migrations are high flows, high sediment load and low temperatures. During spring, when flows started increasing in the rivers due to melting of snow, the fish migrate upstream from April and May (within tributaries) due to high flows and turbidity at lower elevations. During autumn, when the temperatures start to drop at higher elevations, the fish migrate downstream from September and October. Spawning: Female fishes spawn in two seasons, one in September-October and other in March - April. Sexually matured snow carp (when they reach 18-24 cm length, at the age of 2-3 years) spawn in tributaries in clear water (along stream banks, backwater pools and near confluences of other tributaries and Indus) on gravelly/stony ground or on fine pebbles at 10-30 cm depth. Low water currents of 0.5- 1.5 m/sec, pH 7.5, dissolved oxygen concentration of 8-12 mg/L and gravel sizes of 50-60 mm are the optimum conditions for spawning. 5.2.5. Mahaseer Golden Mahaseer (Tor Putitora) is a long distant migratory and endangered fish species of Indus. Mahaseers join snow carps in Indus when one moves to south to transitional or semi-cold waters. Mahaseer habitat starts about 70 to 80 km downstream of the DHP dam site. Mahaseer species habituated in slow moving streams and rivers of the foothill regions and bred in gravels and sandy beds. Mahaseer is reported to ascend the Indus River to Besham Qila and above and to spawn in Allai Khwar which has been described as the last upstream safe-haven for the species. The Golden Mahaseer was the primary quality food fish in the region and an attractive fish for anglers. Its economic significance was substantial. However, due to permanent deep submergence of many natural breeding grounds of Mahaseer in the Tarbela reservoir, natural propagation of the species drastically declined. Mahaseer migrated into upstream tributaries where breeders were indiscriminately fished; enforcement of protective regulations proved to be ineffective. During fish sampling in the Dasu project area no Mahaseer specimen could be caught; local people confirmed its absence from the area. 5.2.6. Fisheries Fishing activity is very limited in the project area. Fishing in the project area is not supported or assisted by government or non-government agencies. Local people fish as a part time activity (about 12 percent of households), not as commercial fishermen: fish density (and thus yields) is too low to support full-time jobs. In order to catch fish in the rivers, a fishing permit must be obtained from the KP Fishery Department on payment of a nominal fee, but regularly people practice illegal fishing. There is no fish farming and no regular fisheries management in the Dasu area, although officially the KP Fishery Department is expected to plan and execute sector development strategies and promotion programs. 5-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Both active and passive fishing techniques are being applied; due to their weak financial situation fishermen prefer to use cast nets which are handy and relatively cheap. Illegal fishing though the use of dynamite or poison is relatively common, especially in winter time, when fish hide under rocks. Application of hook and rods are also in practice. Some locals in remote areas use simple sieve cloths in shallow nullahs. Interviews of local people revealed that catches in the project area included mainly snow carp of moderate size (100-300 g). Reported catch quantities are relatively small: a three-hours fishing effort with cast nets typically yields 2-7 kg of snow carps. Gill nets are set for a whole night, catching 7-10 kg. Fish caught are brought home in sacks moistened with frequent water sprays. There are no fish processing or storing centers in the project area. There are also no fish shops or fish markets. Some owners of roadside truck-driver hotels catch fish and fry them directly on customer’s demand. All these occasional fishermen expressed the desire to apply their fishing skill if more opportunities arise in the future reservoir. The success of Tarbela fisheries development, even though still at a lower production levels than in Mangla or Chashma reservoirs due to the oligotrophic water quality, may well serve as a potential example for fisheries management in the future Dasu reservoir. In Tarbela reservoir, commercial fishing activities dominate; recreation fishing is rare. Fishing in the Tarbela reservoir is properly organized; fishing rights are being leased out annually or for maximum three year period through open auctions. Fisheries control was transferred to the provincial fishery department in 2006; since 2007 the Government of KP province was managing and developing the Tarbela reservoir fisheries further. From 2008 fishing rights have been auctioned to contractors on three year lease agreements. The fishing contractors are fishing themselves and they are responsible for stocking of fingerlings in the reservoir. Some fishing contractors engage local fishermen on daily wages basis (PKR 20/kg in 2012). Some of the skilled fishermen possess their own fishing boats and nets; others hire gear from the contractors. In the Tarbela reservoir, gillnet, set nets and cast nets are applied. Yield and catches are supervised, monitored and transported to the market by contractors’ manpower. Catches are being sorted out and auctioned in Rawalpindi and Islamabad and at Peshawar fish markets. 5.2.7. Other Aquatic Biota Macro-vegetation is scarce; only the banks of some nullahs show patches of vegetation (herbs, shrubs and trees). Fifty-nine species of phytoplankton were identified in plankton samples from stations upstream of the proposed dam site, and thirty-five in samples from downstream stations. Phytoplankton was dominated by Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta, indicative of oligotrophic to low-mesotrophic water. Phytoplankton identified from samples collected during field surveys are shown in Annex C. Zooplankton and macrobenthos sampling revealed small numbers of species of protozoans, crustaceans (rotifers, cladocerans and decapods), insects (damselfly larvae) and mollusks (snails). The sampling intensity was too limited to allow conclusions. Detail of zooplankton is given in Annex C. Sixteen species of aquatic birds were observed during surveys, while 39 species of aquatic birds are reported in Kohistan area. Only Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) in this list is the near threatened, while other species are of least concern. Detailed information is available in Annex C. No aquatic mammals are reported or sited in the project area. 5-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5.3. Terrestrial Environment 5.3.1. Field Surveys The studies for terrestrial ecology were carried out over a period of 4 months with field investigations during July to September 2012. A series of biological sampling stations was selected, so that all these different geomorphological, soil and vegetation elements were covered. Plant specimens were collected, dried, pressed and mounted on herbarium sheets and identified; their habitat was noted. Wildlife surveys were conducted at selected vantage points, point counts and line transects for representative bird species and photography. Data from the surveys and observations at those stations were complemented by data from recent literature and from local enquiries. The field investigations were conducted by Dr. Kashif Sheikh (a terrestrial ecologist and a former Pakistan IUCN Biodiversity Expert), Dr. Sajid Nadeem (wildlife expert) and Dr. Rahmatullah Qureshi (vegetation expert and associate professor at Arid Agriculture University, Islamabad). The field investigations also covered surrounding mountains (up to 4000 m amsl) along the project area. Further studies will be carried out to collect additional baseline data during the pre-construction/construction phase (see Annex B for ToRs for the studies). 5.3.2. General Biodiversity The mountain areas of Pakistan are home to unique wildlife and wilderness areas. Also the montane landscape at higher altitudes above the Dasu Hydropower Project area has a large biodiversity; but the Indus valley bottom (including the project area proper and the future reservoir area) is hardly vegetated. The available plant cover can be characterized as “scrub vegetation” with its typical low biodiversity. Trees are mainly found near human dwellings along the river and on widely dispersed plots along the nullahs. On cultivable terraces commonly maize and wheat are grown, accompanied by common weeds. From the study area, which could be defined as the major habitats in the area up to 2,000 m amsl in total 232 species of plants, 199 species of avifauna, 31 species of mammals and 18 species of reptiles and amphibians are recorded. None of the plants are endemic or threatened; from the animal species the only threatened one sometimes visiting close to the border of project area is the Markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri). The Indus Valley's wetlands are a major wintering ground for many central and northern Asian species, but these are not present in the project area. 5.3.3. Terrestrial Ecosystems of Project Area and Beyond A vegetation ecology map from Dasu to Diamer Basha area and surrounding mountains (up to 4000 m amsl), prepared based on field investigations, literature review, and interpretation of satellite images, is given in Figure 5.4. On the basis of the vegetation patterns a number of ecological zones were identified. Most of the project area falls mainly in the “montane dry sub-tropical scrub zone”, characterized by barren hills with steep slopes. This zone is typical for foothills and areas between 800 and 1,500 m amsl. At lower altitudes, up to 950 m amsl, the shrub cover is dominated by Artemisia maritima and grasses. On intermediate slopes plots of mixed forest are encountered. Wildlife does not reside here, but is reported to visit the area during winter in search of food when higher areas are snow laden. 5-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 5.4: Vegetation Ecology Map of Project Area and Surrounding Mountains 5-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Above 1,500 m amsl, in the indirect impact zone of the project, a large variety of vegetation is found, characterized as “Sub-tropical pine forests”, which consists of thorny and small-leaved evergreen species. Typical are the Artemisia steppes (Artemisia maritima). Himalayan temperate forest starts above 2,000 m amsl and is mainly dominated by conifers especially Deodar (Cedrusdeodara) and Pine-nut (Pinusgerardiana) interspersed with some Oak (Quercus ilex) and various deciduous broad-leaved trees. At even higher mountainous ranges alpine vegetation types are found, including “Sub- alpine forests”, “Alpine shrub”, and “Alpine meadows”. Especially the Alpine meadows are ecologically important: situated between high valleys and permanently snow covered mountain areas at altitudes between 3,500 and 3,800 m amsl they present lush green pockets surrounding the mountainous watercourses. They are rich in wildlife. These higher areas were surveyed since they play an important role in the summer livelihood (grazing, forestry, hunting, firewood) of the affected population of the project area occupying the lower slopes of the valley. These higher areas are particularly ecologically very sensitive. The details of protected and sensitive areas in the project area are given in Section 5.3.7. The alpine vegetation zones are relatively low in canopy cover. The forest plots are characterized by evergreen conifers and evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Betulautilis along with a deciduous shrubby undergrowth of Viburnum grandiflorum, Berberis spp., Rhododendron hypenanthemum, Salix spp., and others. The alpine shrubs show formations of up to 2 m high, typically consisting of Salix, Lonicera spp., Berberis spp., and Cotoneaster spp. Here and there Juniperusmaropoda and Rhododendron or Ephedra spp. are found. The vegetation composition of the alpine meadows includes mainly Poa spp., sedges, Artemisia spp., Trifoliumrepens, Drabatrinervia, Polygonum affine, Saxifragasibirica and Euphorbia kanaorica. At lower levels, along some nullahs, small alluvial ecosystems are found on the sandy soils, intermixed with gravels. This kind of alluvial zone is also a preferable area for breeding/nesting of insects, birds, amphibians and reptiles. The biodiversity of this habitat will be characterized through further studies (Annex B) before filling of the reservoir. 5.3.4. Terrestrial Flora and Habitat of Project Area The project area is located along the Indus River, which is flanked by desolate valleys and high mountain ranges. The terrain is rocky and barren in nature with scattered vegetation. Due to high wind velocity, white sandy particles are deposited on the valley bottoms and adjacent mountain slopes. The river beds are characterized by rocky outcrops with stony cliffs, large boulders and washed gravels. There is no littoral zone outside the tributaries (nullahs). There is extensive soil erosion along the steep slopes. The perennial flow of water from springs/streams and nullahs maintain the lifeline of the Indus River. In the valleys near the human settlements, there is frequent irrigation and cultivation along with deep soil depositions. Land use types of the reservoir submergence zone and its buffer area up to 1,000 m amsl are analyzed based on satellite imagery and field surveys. The major land use types and their area of coverage are given in Table 5.3. About 61 percent of the land is covered by barren slopes and rocks. 5-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 5.3: Landuse Types in Dasu Project Area Land Use Type Total Area (ha) Percentage (up to 1,000 m amsl) River/ Nullah 1067 27.36 Clump of Trees 50 1.28 Cultivated Land 36 0.92 Grazing Land/ Pasture 222 5.69 Barren Slopes/ Rocks 2382 61.06 Exposed Sand 139 3.56 Houses/ Buildings 5 0.13 Total 3901 100% The vegetation cover between the river and 2,000 m amsl can be divided into seven major habitats based on geomorphologic features of the terrain associated with typical vegetation types. These habitats and vegetation types are distributed throughout the project area are shown in Figure 5.5 and are described below. A detailed list of all plant species is provided in Annex C. A total of 232 plant species were identified. These belong to 173 genera and 70 families. None of the recorded 232 floral species are endangered, rare or vulnerable (International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Red-List). Figure 5.5: Major Habitat Types in the Project Area Rocky Cliff Woodlands (12%) Rocky slopes woodlands (31%) Mountain basement/Stony foothills (15%) Riparian zone (9%) 5-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Rocky outcrops and boulders (9%) Spring/waterfall (12%) Valleys/Cultivated Terraces (12%) Rocky Woodlands (12 percent of total area): This habitat is located on higher altitudes such as the mountain peaks, canyons with very steep and rocky slopes. The upper reaches of this habitat has very little and scanty vegetation. This terrain is largely occupied by sparsely distributed woody species such as Quercus baloot, Cotinus coggygria, Olea ferruginea, Rhus mysurnesis and Cotoneaster spp. Rocky Slopes Woodlands (31 percent of total area): This habitat is widely distributed and relatively abundant in the study area with typical steep to moderate slopes on relatively higher elevations characterized by massive rocks. The vegetation consists of woody species with small trees, often with dense shrub layers and many herbs and grasses that are abundantly found in upper slopes. Key vegetation comprised of Olea europaea, Quercus baloot, Pistacia chinensis, Cotoneaster microphyllus, C. affinis, Maytenus royleanus, Cotinus coggygria and Rhus mysurensis. Mountain basement/ Stony foothills Woodlands (15 percent of total area): This habitat is found adjacent to Indus River including its tributaries. It possesses a range of geomorphologic and geological features, mostly composed of rocks and gravels along steep to gentle slopes at lower altitudes. Though this is the most abundant community type in the project area, however, it contains relatively less number of species and has low species richness as well as total vegetation coverage. The representative species of this community include Rumex hastatus, Dodonea viscosa and Maytenus royleanus. Riparian scrublands (9 percent of total area): The riparian habitat is found in the lowland floodplains of Project area. This habitat is scattered in the project area along River Indus and its major tributaries. The habitat possesses sandy soil intermixed with gravels adjacent to the river and nullahs. The most common species found are Dodonaea viscosa, Nerium oleander, Debregeasia salicifolia and Maytenus royleanus. 5-18 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Rocky Outcrops and Boulders Shrubland (9 percent of total area): This habitat type is located in transitional zone between the mountains and riparian habitats on both banks of the river Indus. This habitat possesses sparse vegetation with stunted shrubs and bushes. It is found on intermediate altitudes, where there is mixture of soils and rocky gravel. In this habitat, vegetation cover is very low. The most common species found are Maytenus royleanus, Olea ferruginea, Rumex hastatus, Artemisia maritima, Heliotropium sp. and Periploca aphylla. Spring /Waterfall (12 percent of total area): This is a distinct habitat formed by running water from the mountain tops. In this habitat, there is plenty of water and moisture content and plant species are thriving. The most common plant species include: Debregeasia salicifolia, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Persicaria glabra, Mentha longifolia, Aialnthus altissima, Ficus carica and Themeda anathera. Valleys/ cultivated land terraces (12 percent of total area): Some high altitude plain grounds/valleys/cultivated terraces are located on the higher slopes and often encircled by rocky mountains. These areas are inhabited by human settlements. This kind of habitat is composed of sandy loamy soils with gravels and is best suited especially for the cultivation of maize and wheat. This habitat showed common weeds as well as grasses with potential for foraging. Common weed species include: Amaranthus caudatus, A. ovalifolius, Portulaca oleracea, Physalis peruviana, Euphrasia himalyica, Cleome viscosa, Trianthema portulacastrum, Coronopus didymus, Chenopodium ambrisoides, Euphorbia indica, Bidense chinensis, Oxalis corniculata, Achyranthes aspera, Conyza bonariensis, Oxalis corniculata, Verbena officinale along with grasses such as Brachiaria distachya and Cynodon dactylon. 5.3.5. Use of Vegetation Many of the occurring plant species are utilized by local communities as vegetables or medicines, as animal food or fodder, for timber or fuel wood, and for harvesting their fruits. In addition to the cultivated species, edible parts from a variety of wild plants are cooked for preparing local meals, and 24 species, including 13 wild species, produce fruit. Over 60 species are reported to contain crude medicines. Fuel wood is the major source of energy for cooking and heating; some 78 species of trees and shrubs used as fuel wood source by the local communities. The forests from higher altitudes produce substantial amounts of timber and non-timber forestry products. A large proportion of the harvested forestry products are transported southward; local people indicate to be heavily dependent on the forests and forestry products for their income. Officially, all forests in the project area are classified as “Private Forests”, owned by the local community, but managed by the KP Forest Department. The Department is responsible for overseeing commercial timber extraction and timber sales. The royalty ratio is 80-20: i.e. 80 percent of the financial proceeds go to the community and 20 percent to the government treasury. Previously local communities would sell the timber on standing basis to logging contractors. The Forest Department attempted to regulate the extracted volume through the use of harvesting plans, but unofficial logging is common. 5.3.6. Terrestrial Fauna Mammals: A total of 31 species of mammals were recorded from the region. According to IUCN’s Status and Red List of Pakistan Mammals, two species are Critically Endangered (Common Leopard (Panthera pardus) and Caracal Cat (Felis caracal); three species are Endangered Indian Wolf (Canis lupus), Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus 5-19 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project chrysogaster) and Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis); one Vulnerable (Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus); three Near Threatened (Hill fox - Vulpesvelpesgriffithi), Asiatic jackal (Canisaureus), and Rhesus macaque (Macacamulatta), and one data deficient (Leopard cat - Prionilurus bengalensis). All of these were confined to the mountain tops at higher altitudes (2,000 m amsl) outside the core project area. Some of them visit parts of the riverine habitats in the project area proper occasionally in search of food; Jackals and Caracal Cats are occasionally seen in the area. The more mountainous species are included in the survey results since the summer up-migration of villagers from the project area to the high altitudes for herding of goats, sheep and cattle and for forestry activities has a negative bearing on the vulnerability status of these species. During the surveys only 10 species were recorded from the project area and list of these species are given in Annex C. Birds: Overall, 199 birds species are reported from Indus Kohistan district. During the field surveys 58 species were recorded, belonging to 28 families/subfamilies. The largest family recorded is Turdidae with 11 species followed by Columbidae and Corvidae (five species each). Among the recorded birds about 62 percent species were found to be resident in the area, 24 percent are summer breeder or wintering guests and 14 percent are passing migrants. The status of 72 percent of the bird species is “Abundant and Common”. The Western-horned Tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) is listed as “vulnerable”. This species is found at higher elevations (>2,000 m) only. Local communities stated that Tragopan is found in the upper reaches of Kandia, Lachi and Sazin Kot, but this could not be confirmed by the surveys. The Monal Pheasant (Lophophorus impejanus) and the Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis) are classified as “rare”, and the Grey- necked Bunting (Emberiza buchanani) and White-bellied Redstart (Hodgsonius phoenicuroides) as “scarce”. Analysis of interview data showed that 30-40 percent of the populations of Monal and Tragopan have decreased in the last 20-30 years. Most frequently encountered species during the surveys were White-cheeked Bulbul, Shrikes, Tits, Wagtails, Jungle Crow, Common Myna, House Sparrow, Thrushes, and Blue Rock Pigeon. The least encountered species were Marsh Harrier, Indian Roller, Common Kingfisher, White-bellied Redstart and Eagle Owl. The IUCN listed species reported in the area are Egyptian vulture (endangered) and Pallid harrier (near threatened). Reptiles and amphibians: Eighteen species of amphibians and reptiles are reported from the project area, but only five of them were observed during the field surveys. These included two types of common lizards (Agama species Agama agrorensisand Laudakia pakistanica) and one toad (Green Toad, Bufo viridis). Two killed snakes were found (Blunt-nosed Viper, Macroviperalebetina and Dhaman, Ptyasmucosus); it is a common practice that locals kill the snakes whenever encountered. Occurrence of the Monitor (Varanus monitor) was not observed, but a common sighting, according to the local people. Invertebrates: In spite of their positive role in pollination, the current state of knowledge about northern Pakistan insect biodiversity and distribution is very inadequate. Various butterfly and beetle studies were carried out in the wider region, showing high variety. Multipedes, centipedes and other soil insects are common. Sand Fly is reported of causing nuisance in the project area. Detailed studies will be conducted during the construction stage to establish baseline data for these biological resources, and to enable identification of any necessary mitigation or management measures for conservation of these species (see Annex B for ToRs). 5-20 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5.3.7. Protected and Sensitive Areas Inside the valley of the Kaigah tributary (nullah) there is a 5,000 ha Community Game Reserve for Markhor sheep (Capra falconeri falconeri), which was established through an act of the NWFP (now KP) government in 2000. The area also provides protection to other mammal and bird species. This area, supported by WWF, was holding the largest population of Markhor in Indus Kohistan during the 2005 census (150 individuals). According to some reports the community program has been rather successful in protecting markhor by allowing a limited extent of trophy hunting and income generation for the community from the auctioning of hunting licenses. The extent of game reserve is located up to 12 km from Indus along the Kaigah valley. Within this game reserve, markhor inhabit lower elevations (located about 3 to 5 km from the proposed reservoir submergence area) in winter and higher elevations during summer. The riparian/nullah habitat can be classified as natural habitat as defined in OP 4.04. In the project area, this type of natural habitat covers about 160 ha (about 9 percent of the terrestrial area to be submerged). There will be no net loss of this type of natural habitat due to development new habitat around the reservoir. However, these habitats will be further evaluated during detailed studies and additional offset measures will be developed if required. There is no critical habitat in the reservoir submergence area that meets the OP 4.04 requirement. The submergence areas of Kaigah game reserve are currently being used by the community for the residential, agricultural and grazing purposes. There is also an existing quarry site in this area. Other sensitive areas near the project boundaries are Laachi nullah and Sazin Kot on the Indus left bank, Kandia Valley (between the villages Thooti and Aliel) and the area opposite to Shori nullah on the right bank. In all these areas, high biodiversity is only found at higher elevations (above 2,000 m amsl); it includes the threatened Markhor and some rare species such as Common Leopard (Panthera pardus), Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster), Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus), Western-horned Tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus), and the Himalayan Monal pheasant (Lophophorus impejanus). Palas Valley The Palas valley supports about 1,000 of Western Tragopan (Tragopanmelanocepahalus - IUCN vulnerable), which is an important pheasant in the Himalayan region. The Palas Valley also supports populations of at least seven other rare bird species, including Phylloscopustytleri that is classified as near vulnerable and the remaining are restricted range. The Palas Valley is listed by Birdlife International as the most important site for bird conservation in this bio-geographical zone. Populations of most if not all of the mammals found in the Western Himalayas are present in Palas. These include Brown and Black Bears, Himalayan Ibex, Markhor, Snow Leopards, and Wolves. Inventories now being undertaken of smaller mammals and especially bats. Total area of the Palas valley is about 1400 km2 with elevations ranging 700 m to 5200 m amsl. Both the winter and summer ranges of much of the wildlife are included within the valley. The biodiversity of these mountainous ecosystems is under heavy stress from deforestation, firewood collection, overgrazing, over-hunting, over- harvesting of medicinal plants, soil erosion, use of pesticides, and weak law enforcement. 5-21 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5.3.8. Bird Migration The Indus flyway is a famous route for migratory birds from Siberia to various destinations in Pakistan over Karakorum, Hindu Kush, and Suleiman Ranges along Indus River down to the delta. This flyway of waterfowl and migratory birds constitutes a famous corridor of international importance, the so-called “Indus Flyway” or “International Green Route” or “International Migratory Bird Route Number 7”. According to some estimates, 700,000 to 1,200,000 birds arrive in Pakistan through Indus Flyway every year. The southward migration begins in November, and the northward migration starts in March. These periods may vary depending upon weather conditions in Siberia and/or Pakistan. The route offers plenty of food and a mild and hospitable climate to the birds. The Indus valley and more particularly the wetlands of southern Sindh are the major wintering grounds of migratory waterfowl. Key species using the flyway include cranes, teals, pintails, mallards, gadwalls, White-headed Duck, Houbara Bustard and Siberian Crane. The 100 km long Tarbela Reservoir is known as a staging ground for migrating birds; the creation of the large and permanent Dasu reservoir will further enhance the habitat availability for wintering and for resting of migratory birds. Some species will favor the deep areas while some will refuge on the new shoreline of the reservoir as noticed in other dam projects and reservoirs of Pakistan and elsewhere in Asia. However, due to the absence of feeding grounds in the vicinity of the Dasu project there will be hardly any winter migrants resting longer than one day in the project area. The ESA study for the 500 KV transmission line will also include Avian Risk Assessment. 5.4. Social and Economic Environment 5.4.1. Kohistan District The word Kohistan literally means land of mountains. The district is one of the most isolated and the least developed districts, not only in Hazara Division but in the entire country. In the past, during the rule of the Wali of Swat, Kohistan was united with the area west of the watershed between Indus and Swat rivers. Swat is situated to its west, Chilas, Darial and Tangir on the northern side and Naran, Kaghan and Alai valley form the southern and eastern border. Dasu is the headquarters of the district. The district consists of three tehsils: Pattan, Palas and Dasu. The Indus flows through Kohistan and divides it socially and culturally in left and right bank. The KKH forms the lifeline between this isolated and remote district and the populated areas down country. Dasu lies at 350 km distance from Islamabad and about halfway between Islamabad to the Chinese border at Khunjerab Pass. The KKH is the main, transportation and trade link between China and Pakistan. 5.4.2. Demography Since ancient times Kohistan is predominantly inhabited by Dardic and Pashtun tribes. In history the region has been invaded and contested by Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Kushans, Turks, Mughals, and the British. The community in the Dasu project is ultra- conservative and not very responsive to the main stream development concepts in communication, health and occupational opportunities. In 2008 the total population of Kohistan amounted to 477,000 people, of which 55 percent were male and 45 percent female (a ratio of 1.24). The entire population is considered to be rural, since there are no major cities in the district. Almost all inhabitants (99.6 percent) are Muslim and belong to the Hanfi Sunni Sect. The population 5-22 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project density is low with 63 persons per km2. The average household in 1998 consisted of 6.4 persons. Population growth is very low: between 1981 and 1998 the average annual growth was below 0.1 percent. The national growth rate over the same period amounted to 2.7 percent. In the project area the habitation is in small villages (nine on the right bank and ten on the left bank) and hamlets (18 on the right bank and 17 on the left bank). An average village consists of 20 to 25 household units. The settlements are administratively combined to Union Councils: six on the right bank and two on the left bank. All settlements are on sloping land. The houses are largely katcha (temporary, made of wood with mud walls). There are also semi-pucca houses and pucca (brick built) houses. Most villages already have a range of civic amenities. Access roads to the villages are fairly common with some having internal roads too. Two or more extended families live in one house. Thus, the basic residential/economic unit is the patrilocal joint family. Typically, this unit includes an elder’s household and his married sons’ families. Married sons generally live in their father’s household with the latter or the eldest brother exercising authority over the extended family. 5.4.3. Education and Literacy The literacy rate in Kohistan (measured over people above 10 year) is low with only 30 percent, compared to the national level of 57 percent. One in every three villages has a school for boys; however, rarely for girls. Low enrollment rates and even lower completion rates of primary schools are assumed to be the prime cause for the low literacy. Gender disparity in education, health and employment is a prominent and widespread feature in Kohistan society. Almost all social indicators show considerable gender gaps. Most obvious is the field of education, with a sizable gender gap in literacy and enrollment rates as compared to national statistics. Tables 5.4 and 5.4 summarize Kohistan education data in comparison with the national situation. Table 5.4: Primary Education (Percentages) Indicator Kohistan District Pakistan Literacy Rate 10+ 30 57 Male 49 69 Female 3 45 Primary net enrolment rate (NER)* 37 57 Male 57 61 Female 11 54 Primary completion rate 15 49 Male 25 59 Female 1 38 *The NER shown here is for ages 5-9 Source: UNDP 2011 Report On the Status of Millennium Development Goals. 5-23 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 5.5: Education Levels in the Project Area Total number of persons Education level Left Right Total Percentage Bank Bank Illiterate 824 1,007 1,831 77.0 Up to Primary 342 53 395 16.6 Up to Matric 79 6 85 3.6 Higher Education 50 2 52 2.2 Professional and Post Graduate 15 0 15 0.6 Total: 1310 1068 2378 Source: Field Surveys, Env.and Soc. Safeguards Study, Detailed Design 2012, DHC. 5.4.4. Health and Sanitation Although reliable health data on Kohistan are rudimentary and/or missing, the health situation in the district can be considered very poor, especially in the remote valleys at some distance from the KKH. There are only a few and Rural Health Centers in the area. Maternal and child mortality rates are very high; around ten percent of the children die before their fifth birthday. The people in the area are particularly vulnerable to diseases due to high mountain conditions and remoteness as well as their poverty and chronic malnourishment. The problem becomes especially pressing during winter. In the cold months the prevalence of respiratory infections and other dangerous communicable diseases tends to increase sharply. This is why interventions are needed especially in winter. The Basic Health Units are situated on union council level and meant to provide basic curative and preventative services with no inpatient facilities and no laboratory. Their main activity is the provision of basic curative services, but on a limited basis, due to lack of staff and due to cultural restrictions. They are expected to play an active role in the polio eradication (immunization) program. Some of the facilities are staffed with social mobilizers/health promoters. They interact with the community (only men) for issues on health awareness such as safe drinking water, hygiene promotion and proper waste disposal. Access to proven clean and safe water for households is limited. The fast flowing and highly turbid Indus is not used as a water source by the population. Instead, they use water from tributaries and nullahs with lower turbidity, as well as springs. About 44 percent of the population of Kohistan’s rural areas has access to proper sanitation facilities (underground, covered or open drains) in 2006/07, but the situation in the Dasu area is worse. In Dasu village is a proper sanitation system available but in other villages and hamlets there is none. Some people discharge their sanitation water into the river and some people dig a pit and discharge there. 5.4.5. Economy and Employment Socio-economic Indicators According to the 1998 Census Kohistan had the country’s lowest scores in terms of socio-economic development indicators. In the Dasu area the per capita income was the 5-24 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project lowest of Kohistan. The proportion of the population that was working and employed was 26.4 percent, equivalent to 70.5 percent of the total labor force. Of those employed, 72 percent were self-employed, 11 percent worked as employees (mainly government) and 17 percent were unpaid family helpers. Still people in the area do not consider themselves poor: they see themselves as a lower middle class agrarian society. Hardly any people are landless or have no share in the forest resources. The proportion of households living under the estimated national poverty line is only 1.56 percent. Secondary income from sales of walnuts and pine nuts (Chilghoza) as well as timber and fire wood from community forests is probably the main factor for the low level of poverty in the area. However, given the social context and the male domination, a large majority-of women live in conditions of poverty. Children are generally working following the traditional family system: they are mostly involved in herding and feeding of animals; some children of 10 years and above are working part-time in automobile workshops, wood factories, shops and hotels. Income and Livelihood The Kohistan district has the lowest per capita income in whole KP province. But it is interesting to note that most of the affected households in the project area has three homes and land for agriculture at three different places. One near the Indus River, one in the middle elevations and one in the very high elevations near the glaciers for extreme summers. They migrate seasonally between the low elevation areas in the valley and the high elevations and their economic activities are spread between low and high elevation areas. Overall the people of Dasu area are lower middle class agrarian society. Economically they look strong but as far as basic facilities are concerned, they are deprived of these basic facilities and are poor. People do not have schools, education, health facilities, safe drinking water and no access to their villages, except on foot. Moreover people have to pay prices for every day needs than in the urban centers of KP. These deprivations classify them as poor. In Table 5.6 the average income per livelihood sector is given of the population affected by the project. Table 5.6: Average Income by Livelihood Sector Livelihood Sectors Persons Involved Average Annual Income (PKR) Agriculture 511 3,269 Forestry and Business 176 24,970 Skilled Work/ Handicrafts 10 17,850 Government Jobs 60 20,344 Private Jobs 27 11,944 Agri. Labor Permanent 1 30,000 Livestock Rearing 81 7,293 Labor 156 10,615 Soniwals (gold extractors) 28 10,417 Others 36 13,447 Overall 1086 9,981 Source: DHC, Socio-economic baseline study 5-25 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Agriculture and Livestock Holding Livestock holding with agriculture (mainly subsistence farming) is the main source of income, together with some income obtained from the sales of forest products. There is hardly any flat or gently sloping cultivable land. Small terraces have to be built on steep slopes to grow one crop per year (mostly wheat) at altitudes above 1,200 m and double cropping (predominantly maize, rice and vegetables) is possible on the lower valley terraces. Livestock holding with goat, sheep, cattle, bullocks and some poultry is the main activity and more important than farming, due to the scarcity of cultivable land. Families are in principle pastoralist and most of them migrate during summer to higher altitudes in search of pastures and a cooler climate. The seasonal migration between the winter residences at the valley bottom and the higher summer residences at elevations between 1,500 m and 3,000 m is typical for the area. Income from Forests Forests, though essentially located on high elevation, are the most important natural resource of the area. Firstly, they meet the fuel wood requirements of the local inhabitants. Secondly, forests are quite significant source of income for communities as private owners; woodchoppers; and timber cutting. Some people are involved in timber business. Another rather common business in the area is sales of sand and gravel. A seasonal source of income is the collection and sale of Pine nut (Chilghoza), walnuts, honey, mushrooms and medicinal plants and other forest products. Tourism The project area has a potential for development of tourism, but supporting tourist facilities are hardly available. Most tourists are passing the project area on their way to popular tourist destination in Gilgit Baltistan. There are a few hotels in Dasu and one smaller PTDA guesthouse to accommodate tourists. There is a need of upgrading tourist and hotel accommodations. The importance of the national tourism industry is growing; there are various interesting spots in the Dasu project area. Important tourist attractions in the area are archaeological remains (rock carvings or petroglyphs) along a section of the Silk Road (ancient KKH) between Shatial (in DHP) and Rajkot bridge (section of 100 km along KKH), and two historically important and beautifully decorated mosques at Seo and Seer Gayal. Several locations along KKH such as the Sammer and Zaid Khwar nullah crossing provide picturesque view of Indus valley. There are restaurants at these locations. Skilled and Unskilled Workers The literacy rate in the project area is very low. The majority of the population is unskilled and working as self-employed worker in agriculture and livestock holding, often with different sources of secondary income coming from the sale of fuelwood, timber and various forest products. There is a lack of vocational education and training in the area. Parents are forced to send their children to work at an early stage instead of sending them to school. Young males usually unmarried are working in other parts of the country, usually in other parts of KP or in Karachi. Most of these jobs include drivers, construction workers, cleaners, cooks and others. Government Employment The Government headquarter in Dasu provide jobs for civil servants, contractual staff and daily-wages support staff. The Educational department is the largest employer in the 5-26 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project entire district and the police department is second in providing job opportunities to all kind of people. Other people are employed through the Forest Department, Agriculture, District Administration, Health, Social Welfare & Women Development Department, Population Welfare, Fisheries, the National Bank of Pakistan, and Archaeology at Shatial and Meteorological point at Kandia. The government jobs contribute the income of the inhabitants to 9 percent of the total affected area. Private Jobs Some employment exists in the area through contractors involved in implementing the National Program for Water Management, National Data Base Registration Authority (NADRA), however, most of the jobs under these contracts are of technical nature with limited scope for locals due to the low illiteracy rate. People of the project area are also doing private jobs. Most of the young educated people of the area are working with some national and international NGOs. These NGOs are working for the development of the local population. Some people are working in schools run by NGOs. Soniwal A special commercial activity is carried out by the Soniwal, which are tribes living in the northern area of Pakistan. They are earning their livelihood through gold extraction from sand which is deposited on the banks of Indus River. The vicinity of the Dasu project area has a number of Soniwal and the project area of Dasu also includes 13 households in the Daril valley just under the Shatial bridge. Soniwal extract some 6-7 tolas (1 tola = 11.78 gram) of gold in one season. All members of the family take part in extraction of gold from river sand. 5.4.6. Land Tenure and Land Use Almost all land in the area is uncultivable and consists of rock outcrop, gravelly scrubland, rock land, steep rocky slopes with boulders, rock fragments and shallow soils and other so-called wastelands. Forests are found at higher altitudes on both sides of the Indus. Some agriculture is found on river terraces, high moraine terraces and on alluvial fans along the small streams (nullahs). On most of these lands small terraces have been built, which form an intricate pattern on the slopes. Because of the scarcity of cultivable land, there are many disputes over land, forests, and even water (streams), some of them long lasting. Traditionally the land was not permanently allotted to any individual or tribe and all the tribes owned all communal land in Kohistan. The tribes used to rotate their lands every five to ten years. However, after 1960 all the tribes decided to allot the lands on a permanent basis. At present all the land is divided among the tribes and most of the land is allocated to individuals. Nonetheless, there is no formal or regular system of land tenure in the entire district. Likewise, there are no land titles or records due to lack of cadastral maps. 5.4.7. Agriculture and Local Irrigation Despite the scarcity of cultivable land in the district, people practice some agriculture where it is possible. Most of the farming is subsistence farming, with the purpose to grow wheat, vegetables and other crops for home consumption and as fodder. Very few crops are grown for the market. The district is by far not self-supporting. Wheat and rice have to be imported from “down country”. The kharif crops are grown in high altitude lateral valleys which remain very cold in winter. Both kharif and rabi crops are grown in the 5-27 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project lower valley slopes and along the banks of the Indus, wherever land is available. Dominant crops grown in the district are maize, wheat and rice. Pulses such as peas, red beans, vegetables and potatoes are grown on a smaller scale. Irrigation is not systematic, but some “wild” irrigation is found at places where mountain streams easily can be tapped and utilized. Almost all the valleys have gushing streams (nullahs). The lands along the banks of streams, which can be commanded, are being irrigated through small channels constructed by the people. In some areas land is also irrigated from springs. 5.4.8. Seasonal Migration Seasonal migration is very common in Kohistan and people practice it for a variety of reasons, livelihood and cultural – being the principal factors. Typically, the people commence migrating to higher elevations in May and start moving back in mid-October. In most cases, people in the Project area thus have two houses at various levels or altitudes of the mountains. The “permanent” houses are on the lower altitudes of the mountains along the river banks. They migrate to temporary houses at higher elevations of the same mountains during summer to avoid the heat and to feed their livestock. At higher elevations, the families own and/or have access to more grazing lands and forests. They prefer housing is at higher elevations but those who have jobs or businesses at lower elevation stay year-round in their lower elevation houses. This cyclical seasonal transhumance is common all over the valleys in Kohistan (see Figure 5.6). Figure 5.6: Seasonal Migration Pattern of People in the Project Area ELEVATION/m amsl AREA OF VALLEY PERIOD OF RESIDENCE Hill Top Areas 2500-3000 May - Oct romulgated 220002222 2000 May - Sep 2000 - 2500 Summer Residence Zone Apr - May Summer Cropping Zone 1500-2000 Less than 1500 Winter Residences Zones Oct - Apr INDUS RIVER 5-28 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project In winter people live near the river; this is where they have their more permanent ‘winter residence’. Below 1,500 m amsl two agricultural crops are possible, but there is little suitable land available for farming. Hence farmers cultivate higher land (2,000- 2,500 m amsl), where only one crop is possible due to climatic reasons. This is where they build their “summer residence”. The pastoralists herd their livestock in summer at higher altitudes (2,500- 3,000 m amsl) and have “temporary shelters”. They come down in winter together with their cattle. Those who are shepherds have a fourth house at the top and move there to graze their livestock. In sum, there are four ecological zones in the mountains that largely define live and livelihoods of the affected populations. The dependence for livelihoods is more on the higher elevations where there are terrace land, forests and grazing fields for the herds. 5.5. Social and Cultural Aspects 5.5.1. Customs and Traditions Kohistan is a deeply conservative society, and religious values prevail. However, due to lack of education and literacy, local interpretation of religious teachings can be inconsistent with the true spirit of Islam. Religious practice is generally confined to prayer and fasting. It is reported that, often more priority is given to tradition than religion. There are no religious tensions within the local population because all people are followers of the Sunni sect. The tribal people of Kohistan have a social structure which is rooted in strong traditions and local customs. People consider themselves different from the majority of Pakistani population, especially, with regard to ancestry. Religious leaders have a large influence. Due to their influence and the remoteness of the area daily information (television, radio, newspapers) is very limited and only available for few people. Information disseminated by imams is considered to be more reliable. Printed material is hardly used, because of the low literacy. There prevails a sense of suspicion that outsiders, particularly NGOs, have a hidden agenda of social change detrimental to their religious and cultural practices and traditions prevailing in the area; outsiders are not always welcome in the area. 5.5.2. Social Structure and Role of Women The social structure is based on the extended family pattern. The family includes the household of the parents (including grandparents, uncles etc) together with the families of the married sons. The authoritative head of the household (usually the father or the eldest brother) has the responsibility and authority to make decisions on behalf of the entire extended family. In joint families all family members pool together their incomes and share collectively their expenses on food, clothing, education, health, births, marriages and funerals. Kohistan has a highly patriarchal society in which women are absent from public life. Girls and women usually have hardly any opportunity for education or work outside their homes. They do not participate in politics and have no say in decision- making, even within the household. Purdah is strictly observed and women are rarely seen outside. They work at home caring for children, men and livestock. Collecting firewood and doing farm work belongs also to their tasks, but this is done within the confines of purdah: only in restricted areas of the farm and the forest, where no men will be allowed. Men still make every effort to prevent women from being influenced by the outside world. Televisions (TV) and dish antennas have become slightly more common, but watching of TV is restricted to rooms with access for men only. The restrictions on women mean that vital positions in the health and education sectors are not filled, with a corresponding negative effect on women’s access to these services. 5-29 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project There are currently around 20 Lady Health Visitors on the payroll of the Health Authorities, but these cannot do any field work because of the strict purdah requirements for women. 5.5.3. Tribal Systems and Leadership Kohistan is divided by the Indus into Indus Kohistan on the right bank and Hazara Kohistan on the left bank. Both parts have their own history, culture and language. In both parts different tribes are living in the valleys of the tributaries of the Indus. Main tribes are the Manzar and Money on the right bank of the Indus, while the Koka Kheil, Manik Kheil and Darram Kheil live on the left bank. Generally a sub-tribe includes the population of two or three villages. A sub- tribe is traditionally headed by a tribal head or “malik”. In every village or sub-tribe there is at least one malik, but often people informally give this title to other respected elderly people as well. The malik takes decisions on behalf of the village community with involvement and consultation of the notables of the village and the tribe. Issues beyond the level of the malik are resolved through the jirgas process described below. 5.5.4. District Administration and Traditional Governance System Kohistan is since 1976 a district administered under the Provincially Administrated Tribal Areas (PATA) in KP province. The district practices the local traditional governance system, which is accepted by the provincial government and in accordance with federal laws. The district administration involves the maliks and conducts “jirgas” for local decision-making and resolution of disputes, as well as project administration. Jirga’s are constituted at different levels and are convened to resolve a particular issue. In the case of a family dispute the jirga will be formed at family level; if the dispute is at village level a village jirga will be formed and for tribal questions a tribal jirga will be formed. Inter-tribal affairs will be including the involvement of maliks from the different tribes. In resolving issues which require legal interpretation, jirgas at tehsil or district level will be convened, which will include the District Coordinating Officer (DCO) or his/her representative. 5.5.5. Land Titles In the specific requirements of the DHP project, given the absence of a cadastral data and land records, the establishment of land tenure and acquisition are completed with the help of the local communities, maliks and the jirga system. With the help of this traditional and accepted system conflicts related to land titling will be resolved. The traditional system will be also useful during the project implementation to organize participatory planning and monitoring and for establishing a grievance redress mechanism process. 5.6. Physical Cultural Resources The field survey of Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) was carried out by two PCR specialists (Prof. Ihsan H. Nadiem and Irshad Ahmad Soomro) together with Dr Bakht Muhammad from the KP Directorate of Archeology and Assistant Curator of the Peshawar Museum, and also with representatives of the local government. In view of the rugged terrain conditions in addition to the field reconnaissance, it was decided that the most effective way of collecting information was using questionnaires and interviewing maliks and elders of the affected villages in the project area. Through the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums background information on the archeological studies carried out in the region was compiled. Most work on archeology in the area has been related to the studies of the Heidelberg University from Germany, who has studied a large field of 5-30 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project petroglyphs in the Indus valley between Dasu and Chilas since 1978. During two EIA workshops in Islamabad and Peshawar the preservation of physical cultural resources has been extensively discussed in the presence of provincial and federal archeological institutions. A request for assistance from the project for the preservation of rock art near Shatial was received from the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums. The Indus valley in pre-historic and historic periods has always been the only connection between China and the subcontinent on the other side of the Himalayan and Karakorum mountains in this part of the world. Traders, armies and caravans have used this road through the dangerous and rugged terrain following the Indus River. The 50,000 rock drawings and inscriptions found over a stretch of more than 100 km west and east of Chilas give evidence. There is proof that part of Alexander the Greats’ Greek army has passed northwards (without Alexander who sailed down the Indus after reaching Attock in 437 BC). The area also witnessed the rise and fall of the Buddhist culture (1st – 9th Century) for which evidence is found at many places in Kohistan (Reference: Rock art in Northern Areas of Pakistan, Heidelberg Academy, 2009) and in the 8th – 12th Century the road was known as Silk Road, the main artery of trade and exchange of culture and goods between China, the Indian Subcontinent, the Middle East and also Europe. A number of PCRs were identified in the study area. They are the following: (i) rock carvings near Shatial, (ii) two about 400 year old historical and beautiful decorated mosques at Seo and Seer Gayal, one of them (Seo) will remain, but is very near to the working area, and the other smaller mosque at Seer Gayal will be submerged by the reservoir, (iii) older and more recent graveyards and (iv) moveable artifacts. Locations of these PCRs are shown in Figure 5.7. Figure 5.7: Location of Identified PCRs 5-31 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project The rock carvings around Shatial will not be submerged, but they are rather unique for the Buddhist period and should be saved. They are unprotected now and endangered by threats by developments related to construction works and other activities of the project. Since another 20,000 of these engravings of often older periods (up to 5000 year BC) will be lost due to submergence from the Diamer- Basha reservoir a joint implementation plan to document and partly save these artifacts and rock art is needed. It is important to realize that after completion of both Basha and Dasu project the rock carving cluster near Shatial is the only site where petroglyphs are found in the original condition without any compromise with their authenticity. Therefore these sites should be preserved. 5.6.1. Rock Carvings at Shatial Shatial is located about 52 km upstream of DHP dam site. Rock carvings located near Shatial between the Indus and the KKH is a designated archaeological site. It consists of 46 major rock boulders with carvings representing a wide variety of images ranging from simple line drawings of humans and animals such as mountain goats, including ibexes and markhors to a very unique and sacred depiction of the life of Buddha (see also Figure 5.8). Most zoomorphic images are characterized by long exaggerated horns. These rock carvings belong to 1st to 7th century AD. These are of interest, in addition to the scholars, to local and foreign tourists particularly the Buddhists for their religious significance. Figure 5.8: Rock Carving Depicting Tale of Sibi Jataka (From Life of Buddha) 5-32 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Rock carvings at Shatial are a part of a large complex of over 30,000 petro glyphs and 5,000 inscriptions, spread over 30 sites stretching over 100 km from Shatial to the Raikot Bridge (located outside the study area). The boulders on which these carvings have been made are presently not in good state of preservation. Many of them have developed cracks while almost all of them bear the adverse weathering effects. The surface of rock at most of the places is eroded and the inscriptions are not readable. The rock carvings are located in a private properly and are not protected with fencing or security, and hence are subjected to vandalism. Some of the carvings had already been deformed by vandals. Assistance from DHP has been requested by the provincial Directorate of Archeology and Museums to purchase about 25 ha of land in this area to do proper fencing, provide some infrastructure and protection of the objects. 5.6.2. Seo Mosque The Seo mosque is a widely revered mosque in the region. The mosque is located in Seo village, about 1.2 km downstream of the Dasu dam and within short distance of 500 m at higher grounds in the village from the proposed disposal site. According to the local tradition the mosque is approximately 400 years old. The mosque is constructed in dressed timber trunks placed one over the other. This religious building is currently in use for prayers and imparting Islamic religious education. Muslim visitors to Dasu visit this mosque in reverence. The building and surroundings also attract common tourists for its ancient style of building and remarkable wood carvings (see also Figure 5.9) and attractive environment. Figure 5.9: Seo Mosque showing Wooden Pillar and Brackets 5-33 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 5.6.3. Seer Gayal Mosque The mosque at the village Seer Gayal like the Seo mosque is over 400 years old. The wooden mosque has the same articulate carved motifs as those found in the Seo mosque, which suggest their origin in the same period. The mosque is also decorated with beautiful carvings on its wooden columns, door or other decorative elements, like brackets. The structure of the Seer Gaya mosque is in good state of preservation. Religiously the mosque has less significance compared to the Seo mosque and is frequented only by the local community. 5.6.4. Moveable Artifacts The area has never been intensely explored by any archaeological study team or survey, with the exception of the area north of Shatial where the University of Heidelberg (Germany) has done research on rock carvings. Since it might be expected that the roads and tracks along the Indus river apart from the already surfaced pre-historic and historic evidence (Silk Road) may feature many other archeological objects and sites, the possibility of unexpected chance-finds will be high. Recent findings of the local community include an iron sword with handle (possibly from period of Sikh rule of Kashmir), which was in good state of preservation and pottery objects, possibly from the Mughal period. 5-34 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 6. Other Relevant Issues 6.1. Risk of Earthquakes The Dasu project site is located in a zone with high seismic activity. According to the Geological Survey of Pakistan the area is part of a larger area which is classified as ‘Serious Seismic Danger Zone’. From historical documentation there is already sufficient evidence of earthquakes in Kohistan in the past. Regular earthquake monitoring started in the first half of the 20th century. The intensity of the earthquakes measured in the epicenter is estimated to be not greater than class VIII on the Modified Mercalli scale. For the design of DHP the records of all earthquakes in a 150-km-radius of the dam were collected from different international and national sources. This resulted in a list of 2115 recorded earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 3.0. The epicenters of three well- studied earthquakes of magnitude 5.9 or above, all situated within 100 km from the dam site were analyzed in detail. All these data were used to prepare a seismic hazard assessment for the project, resulting in a set of safe dam design parameters. The dam design is in accordance with the international standards (ICOLD) for dam construction in an earthquake zone of class VIII. According to these standards the dam is considered to be safe under strong earthquake action. In the seismic hazard assessment also the risk of reservoir-triggered earthquakes was considered. A committee of international panel of experts recruited by WAPDA finally reviewed and approved the dam design (please see Section 1.4.2 and Table 2.1). This was done in accordance with World Bank Policy OP 4.37 Safety of Dams. A seismic monitoring program will be established at the dam site for continuous seismic monitoring. 6.2. Risk of Landslides Landslides are common and natural phenomena in the mountain slopes along the Indus. Natural landslides can occur due to lubrication of rock support structure by rainfall or by water seepage. The use of explosives to break rocks may cause vibrations which easily can trigger a landslide. Earthquakes and tremors can also trigger landslides. Landslide- prone areas near the project site and reservoir have been identified and mapped. Any blasting activities required in these areas should be controlled and contained within a limited area. As much as possible explosives with a low intensity should be used. Extreme care would be exercised to protect workers and the public from the dangers of sudden landslides, which may occur during excavation and blasting works. Particularly during rainy periods there might be increased risk of such incidents. Another critical period might the period of first filling of the reservoir. The risk assessment of the reservoir slopes already revealed that a slow rate of filling is required of max 1-2 m per day in order to saturate and stabilize slopes as much as possible with water from the reservoir. During filling but also in other periods regular monitoring of the high-risk slopes is required. 6.3. Risk of Flooding Although the risk of flooding in the Indus Basin might increase in the coming years due to rising air temperature, shift in rainfall pattern and increased melting of glaciers in the upstream regions the risk of flooding and related damage in the area is low. Large floods as occurred with the unprecedented catastrophic flood events in July 2010 are not very likely to occur, since the Upper Indus Basin is outside the influence of the monsoon rains. Most of the Indus water results from snow and ice melt. Moreover the Indus valley is narrow with steep slopes. The riverbed is always cut into the embankments and therefore 6-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project no flooding will occur. However erosional forces may undermine the embankments occasionally resulting in loss of land and deposition of sediment elsewhere downstream in or along the riverbed. Floods in the northern areas of Pakistan, including the upper part of the Indus catchment are not exclusively associated with extreme rainfall events, but they can also occur after landslides and creation of river-dams and subsequent flood waves. However these flooding events are usually restricted to tributary areas and may have impacts on the upper Indus valley. Formation of river dams can occur through landslides, but these events are rare. More often rivers are blocked by an ice dam from glaciers. A lake is formed behind the glacier and through overtopping or collapse of the natural dam a sudden outburst flood can occur, sometimes with devastating results. About 60 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) have been reported in North Pakistan since 1830. 6.4. Climate Change 6.4.1. Research Done During the last decade substantial research is carried out to study the effects of long-term climate change on precipitation, air temperatures, and droughts. Some of the main conclusions of these studies (GCISC, 20099, Planning Commission, 200910) are:  between 1980 and 2005 the frequency of heat waves (T >40 °C) has been increased in north-western Pakistan. It is expected that there will be more frequent periods with extreme drought;  based on predictions in scenarios of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates have been made by the Pakistan Meteorological Service of the increase in maximum daily temperatures, which ranges from 2.8 °C to 4.2 °C in the year 2080 for northern Pakistan;  more heavy rainfall events during monsoon season will occur over north-western Pakistan instead of over the north-east of the country. Some models calculate 25 percent more rainfall during monsoon. As a result, areas along the western rivers of the country (Indus and Kabul) will be more vulnerable to flood episodes similar to the one experienced during 2010;  water availability might increase considerably (during kharif) but not when it is required for agriculture (rabi season);  a shift has been observed in the rainfall pattern with monsoons starting 1-2 weeks earlier and winter rains confined towards February. The predictions of changes in precipitation however are much less certain than those in temperature. A general conclusion is that precipitation in the form of rainfall and snow is likely to increase in summer (2- 7 percent) and decrease (2-4 percent) in Northern Pakistan in the year 2080 (GCISC, 2009). Other studies (World Bank, 200511, Rees and Collins, 200412) have been concentrated on the effects of glacial melt, especially on the Hindu Kush-Karakorum or the Western part of the Himalaya. Major issues to be investigated are amongst others: 9 GCISC (2009): Ali, G., S. Hasson, and A.M. Khan, Climate Change: Implications and Adaptation of Water Resources in Pakistan, Research Report No.GCISC-RR-13, Global Change Impact Studies Centre, Islamabad. 10 Planning Commission 2009, Pakistan’s Climate Change Policies and Actions, Task Force on Climate Change, Planning Commission, Planning and Development Division, Government of Pakistan. 6-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  the importance of the contribution of snow and glacial melt on the hydrology of the Indus;  the observed changes in the extent of the glaciers;  the effects of climate changes on the amount of melt-water. From these studies it has been concluded that glaciers in the Himalaya and Karakorum are receding faster than happens in any other part of the world. From digital terrain models and satellite observations it might be concluded that the reduction of the thickness of ice in the Western Himalayan glaciers ranges between 0.50 to 0.90 m per year, although in some areas in the Karakorum an extension and increase of glaciers has been reported. A recent study (Immerzeel et al, 2010) suggests that 60 percent of the discharge in the Indus catchment is fed by melting of glaciers and snow. This is a very high percentage as compared to other major rivers originating in the Himalayas, such as Brahmaputra, Ganges and Yellow River. In a likely scenario of global warming based on IPCC predictions the reduction of the share of melt-water in the Indus discharge has been estimated at 8.4 percent. However this could be (over) compensated by an expected increase of precipitation in the downstream areas (in the NW of the country) which are under influence of the monsoon. The relation between climate change and hydrology is extremely complex. This is especially the case, since the high variability in data on climate and hydrology, requiring long time series and proper monitoring. Moreover regional circumstances might vary considerably, especially in high mountain areas. This often leads to conflicting data. More studies and more reliable data should be collected in the coming years. 6.4.2. Support to Glacier Monitoring and Research Centre (WAPDA) Continued monitoring of glaciers is crucial for the water security of the country, and useful for developing the knowledge base for the operation of the dam and for planning future hydropower investments in the Indus Basin. A glacier monitoring program is recommended in DHP. This program would support the Glacier Monitoring and Research Center (GMRC) under the WAPDA General Manager Planning for monitoring and research on the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) glaciers. The program is intended to examine and monitor the characteristics and movements of these glaciers with the help of satellite data and also to provide early warning for glacial lake outbursts. The proposed GMRC would have four sections: (a) a field investigations section responsible for establishing and managing field stations. The office is proposed to be established in the upper catchment of the Indus; (b) a remote sensing and modeling section located in Lahore to carry out remote sensing and modeling studies; (c) a forecasting section; and (d) a data management section to maintain and upgrade data management systems and carry out data analysis and research activities. It would also link up with the high altitude meteorological network, surface water hydrology and WAPDA’s hydro-meteorological network. It is recommended that DHP contributes with USD 4.0 million to support the program of GMRC. 11 World Bank 2005. Pakistan's Water Economy Running Dry 12 Rees, G. and D. N. Collins (2004), An assessment of the Potential Impacts of Deglaciation on the Water Resources of the Himalaya, Technical Report, DFID KAR Project No. R7890: Snow and Glacier Aspects of Water Resources Management in the Himalayas (SAGAR MATHA), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire, UK 6-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 6.4.3. Telemetric Network A flood warning telemetry network is proposed by WAPDA to be developed for the Indus basin. Such a system would strengthen the flood forecasting system in the country and complement the above Glacier Monitoring Program. Floods in Indus basin were worst in the country’s history with large amount of damages in human lives, livestock and agricultural destruction. For safety of public and better management of flood waves and safe operation of DHP and other hydropower projects in the country, it is imperative to have an early warning system for these hydropower catchments. The existing flood telemetry network in the entire Indus basin comprises 45 automatic rain and river level recording stations. There is no existing flood monitoring station in the DHP catchment at this moment and very few in the upper catchments of River Indus and this needs expansion in order to provide realistic and accurate data. At the moment all automatic rainfall and river level recorders are situated at low-level stations. Since rain (snow) fall generally is much higher at higher altitudes and rain- and snow fall are not recorded. Expansion of the telemetric network to strategic locations along the Indus and its main tributaries and possibly higher upstream in the main catchments is therefore essential. WAPDA has proposed the installation of 18 telemetry stations, most of them in the Indus catchment area. Under DHP currently a budget of USD 2.5 million is proposed for the installation and operation (10 year) of these telemetric stations, including the training of staff. The works will be implemented by the Hydrology & Research Directorate under the administrative control of the Chief Engineer, Hydrology & Water Management, WAPDA. Apart from this it is recommended to establish a permanent hydro-meteorological station at the Dasu dam site to monitor the complete set of hydro-metrological parameters such as rainfall, temperature, wind speed/direction, evaporation etc. The budget for the proposed hydro-meteorological station is included in the civil works. 6-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and their Mitigations The potential impacts associated with all components of the project - except the 500 kV transmission line - on environment and people are assessed in this Chapter and appropriate mitigation measures proposed. For the 500 kV transmission line, a separate EARF has been prepared as described in Sections 1.2.4 and 3.2.4, which is briefly introduced at the end of the present Chapter. 7.1. General Most direct and significant negative impacts of the project are caused by the loss of existing physical infrastructure and land that will be flooded by the reservoir and by the need to resettle an estimated number of 6,953 people living in 34 small villages/hamlets in the lower parts of the Indus valley to higher altitudes on the mountain. Much land is needed for the location of project facilities, staff quarters and housing. In total about 4,643 ha of land will have to be acquired for the project, including some 423 ha of agricultural and grazing land. Other adverse impacts will be mainly of temporary nature during the construction of the project. However, the permanent presence of the Dasu hydropower plant, including all its facilities and permanent presence of WAPDA employees and their families will drastically change the life and the social and economic structure of the local communities in the area. The overall positive impacts of the project will be a major contribution in the energy production in Pakistan in an environmental friendly and clean manner with minimal carbon emission. The final installation of 4,320 MW in additional generating capacity will be experienced countrywide. 7.2. Impact Assessment Methodology Potential environmental and social impacts were identified on basis of the earlier feasibility study (2009) and the preliminary EIA carried out during that stage, assessment and judgment of the independent consultants, specialists involved in the present ESA, and IPoE members (see Section 1.4.2), and the focus group discussions as well as stakeholder consultation workshops which were held in Peshawar, Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. The significance of potential impacts was assessed using the criteria and methodology given below. Impact Magnitude The potential impacts of the project have been categorized as major, moderate, minor or nominal based on consideration of the parameters such as: i) duration of the impact; ii) spatial extent of the impact; iii) reversibility; iv) likelihood; and v) legal standards and established professional criteria. The magnitude of potential impacts of the Project has generally been identified according to the categories outlined in Table 7.1. Table 7.1: Parameters for Determining Magnitude Parameter Major Medium Minor Nominal Duration of Long term Medium Term Less than Temporary 7-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Parameter Major Medium Minor Nominal potential (more than 35 Lifespan of the project lifespan with no impact years) project detectable potential (5 to 15 years) impact Spatial extent Widespread far Beyond Within project Specific of the potential beyond project immediate boundary location within impact boundaries project project components, component or site boundaries site boundaries or local area with no detectable potential impact Reversibility of Potential Baseline Baseline Baseline potential impact is requires a year returns remains impacts effectively or so with naturally or constant permanent, some with limited requiring interventions to intervention considerable return to within a few intervention to baseline months return to baseline Legal Breaches Complies with Meets Not applicable standards and national limits given in minimum established standards and national national professional or international standards but standard limits criteria guidelines/obli breaches or international gations international guidelines lender guidelines in one or more parameters Likelihood of Occurs under Occurs under Occurs under Unlikely to potential typical worst case abnormal, occur impacts operating or (negative exceptional or occurring construction impact) or best emergency conditions case (positive conditions impact) (occasional) (Certain) operating conditions (Likely) 7-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Sensitivity of Receptor The sensitivity of a receptor has been determined based on review of the population (including proximity / numbers / vulnerability) and presence of features on the site or the surrounding area. Each detailed assessment has defined sensitivity in relation to the topic. Criteria for determining receptor sensitivity of the Project’s potential impacts are outlined in Table 7.2. Table 7.2: Criteria for Determining Sensitivity Sensitivity Definition Determination Very Severe Vulnerable receptor with little or no capacity to absorb proposed changes or minimal opportunities for mitigation. Severe Vulnerable receptor with little or no capacity to absorb proposed changes or limited opportunities for mitigation. Mild Vulnerable receptor with some capacity to absorb proposed changes or moderate opportunities for mitigation Low Vulnerable receptor with good capacity to absorb proposed changes or/and good opportunities for mitigation Assigning Significance. Following the assessment of magnitude, the quality and sensitivity of the receiving environment or potential receptor has been determined and the significance of each potential impact established using the impact significance matrix shown below in Table 7.3. Table 7.3: Significance of Impact Criteria Sensitivity of Receptors Magnitude of Impact Very Severe Severe Mild Low Major Critical High Moderate Minimal Medium High High Moderate Minimal Minor Moderate Moderate Low Minimal Nominal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal 7.3. Summary of Assessed Impacts The project’s potential impacts and their significance have been assessed using the methodology described in Section 7.2 above. These impacts are discussed in the following Sections; a summary of these impacts and their significance is presented in Table 7.4. 7-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 7.4: Potential Impacts and their Significance Significance Prior Residual Impact Phase Sensitivity Magnitude Mitigation and Enhancement Measure to Mitigation Significance Environmental impacts due to Project siting: Changes in physiographic and landform All phases Mild Major Moderate Adverse  Develop and Implement a landscape and plantation Low Adverse plan in the project footprint areas Loss of natural vegetation and trees Pre- Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Planting of native trees near resettlement villages and Low to construction, along roads Moderate Construction  Promote the use of alternatives for fuelwood Adverse  Plan for rejuvenation of forests at higher altitudes Inundation of 400 year old mosque in Seer Pre- Severe Medium High adverse  Disassembling and rebuilding of mosque at higher Minimal Gayal construction, resettlement village Construction Impact of increased traffic and All phases Severe Medium High adverse  Traffic Management Plan, including awareness Low to transportation on KKH raising and safety measures moderate adverse Inundation of 52 km of KKH - All phases Very Major Critical  Realignment and construction of 62 km of new KKH Minimal Severe at higher level Loss of bridges and access roads connecting All phases Severe Major High adverse  Building of a new suspension bridges over the Minimal villages on right bank reservoir and construction of new access roads along the right bank Adverse impacts on natural habitat All phases Severe Major High adverse  Study, selection and implementation of minimum Moderate two community-led conservation activities in the adverse DHP sub-catchment areas  Supporting and promoting conservation activities in Kaigah game reserve  Compensation of community for any losses from sales of hunting permits during construction stage Social impacts due to Project Siting: Land acquisition of 4,643 ha for the project Pre- Severe Major High adverse  Prepare and implement Resettlement Action Plan; Low to construction temporary lease of land needed for construction moderate and facilities adverse construction Resettlement of 767 households, totaling Pre- Severe Major High adverse  Compensation, resettlement and livelihood restoration Low to 6,953 people construction of affected households/persons according to moderate 7-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Significance Prior Residual Impact Phase Sensitivity Magnitude Mitigation and Enhancement Measure to Mitigation Significance and Resettlement Action Plan adverse construction Relocation of shops/commercial Pre- Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Compensation for lost assets and commercial Low to establishments construction, enterprises. moderate Construction  Assistance and livelihood restoration of affected adverse persons according to RAP Loss of civic amenities - Pre- Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Rebuilding of civic amenities by project Minimal construction, Construction Loss of 143 ha agricultural land and 280 ha Pre- Severe Medium Moderate adverse  Compensation for lost land, crops and fruit trees Low to grazing land construction, according to Resettlement Action Plan moderate Construction  Agricultural, Livestock and Fisheries Development adverse Plan Increased pressure on high altitude forests All phases Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Forest Management Plan, including forest Moderate and grazing areas rejuvenation adverse Impacts of construction of 132 kV power Pre- Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Compensation of owners of land; Minimal supply line for Project and Colony construction  Avoiding residential and agricultural areas and dense Construction forest  Reduction of health hazards for community and workers Generation of sustainable employment Construction Mild Medium Moderate beneficial  Fixed quota for local workers and technicians Major and Operation  Vocational training; Monitoring of labor rights, beneficial workforce composition, working and living conditions Increased economic activity All phases Mild Medium Moderate beneficial  Establishment of new businesses and commercial Moderate enterprises; Local employment beneficial Environmental impacts during Construction: Increased traffic on KKH and Local Access Construction Severe Medium High adverse  Traffic Management Plan, including awareness Low adverse roads raising and safety measures Impacts on Kaigah Community-managed Construction Severe Medium High adverse  Monitor noise levels during the quarry operation; Moderate Game Reserve  Reduction of duration, timing and strength of blasting adverse operations and vibrations according to internationally recognized standards;  Use the Kaigah quarry only for borrowing material for dam construction and construction of the new KKH section (limited period); 7-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Significance Prior Residual Impact Phase Sensitivity Magnitude Mitigation and Enhancement Measure to Mitigation Significance  Control of access to the reserve area for workers and public in cooperation with the community;  Awareness raising of workers, employees and general public regarding the importance of this area. Impact on river habitat due to construction Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Control of waste water and sediment releases to river Low adverse activities and drying of river section  Water quality management protocols in ECPs between two coffer dams  Studies to improve aquatic baseline data; monitoring Fish entrainment and mortality Construction Mild Minor Low adverse  Protection measures at inlets of tunnels to deter Low adverse and Operation movement of fish Potential risk of pollution of air, noise, soil Construction Medium Medium Moderate adverse  Pollution Prevention Plans to be prepared by Minimal and water resources by construction works - Contractor  ECP plan by contractor Risk of pollution from solid waste and waste Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Waste Management and Effluent Management Plan Minimal effluents  ECP by contractor Loss of land in disposal areas Construction Low Minor Minimal  Re-use plan for rock material Minimal  Disposal Area Restoration Plan Impacts of noise and dust from construction, Construction Severe Medium High adverse  No blasting during night time Minimal traffic and use of explosives  Awareness raising and grievance mechanism Increased risk of landslides Construction Severe Medium High adverse  Permanent monitoring in construction areas Low to and Operation  Preventive measures in high alert areas moderate  Emergency Preparedness Plan adverse Impacts from increased human activities on All phases Mild Minor Moderate adverse  Use of non-wood fuel for cooking and heating; Moderate flora and fauna  Improvements to community forestry management adverse  Code of conduct for workers and employees  Awareness raising to workers and protection of flora and fauna Risk of water pollution of storage tanks in Construction Mild Minor Low adverse  Removal of oil tanks and other potential sources of Minimal reservoir area pollution from reservoir area Shortages in local water supply and Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Plan to be Minimal sanitation in residential areas prepared by Contractor independent from local domestic services Disturbance of visual landscape and natural Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Landscaping plan; Establishing nurseries; Minimal habitats and Operation  Plantation of trees Social Impacts during Construction: 7-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Significance Prior Residual Impact Phase Sensitivity Magnitude Mitigation and Enhancement Measure to Mitigation Significance Safety hazards due to increased traffic Construction Severe Medium High adverse  Traffic management plan addressing general access Low adverse especially for children and elderly people; and Operation  Safety and security actions and procedures to protect Increased risk of accidents, unsafe local community working conditions and health risks for  OHS Plan to be implemented workforce  Emergency Preparedness Plan; Contractor follows IFC Performance; Standards on Labor and Working Conditions;  Safety training for workers Social unrest due to influx of about 12,000 Construction Severe Major High adverse  Awareness campaign Minimal in-migrants and Operation  Develop Migration Management Plan  Grievance mechanisms to address complaints Lack of respect of cultural norms and values Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Awareness campaign; Code of conduct for workers; Minimal by work force and Operation  Grievance mechanism Reduced safety and health risks by Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Public Health and Safety Plan Minimal interaction workforce with local residents and Operation  Safeguards and awareness raising against communicable diseases. Increased load on local services and supplies Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Contractor to procure camp supplies in a manner not Minimal affecting availability of essential commodities. Environmental impacts during Operation & Maintenance: Impact on 571 ha of aquatic habitat along Operation Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Developing of fish hatchery with native snow carps Low to Indus and its tributaries in reservoir area for stocking fish in the affected tributaries and moderate reservoir adverse  Monitoring of spawning areas  Monitoring programs Impacts of first filling of reservoir on safety Operation Severe Major High adverse  Awareness campaign and warning signs; Minimal of people and livestock and stability of  Slow rate (1 m/day); slopes  Permanent monitoring of slopes Barrier effect to fish migration Operation Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Compensatory fish hatchery Low to  Study fish migration; establish baseline data; moderate adverse Reduced water flows between dam and Operation Very Major Critical  Release of 20 m3/s of environmental flow from dam Low to tailrace (4.4 km) during low flow season Severe and 222 m3/s from tail race moderate  Downstream monitoring and adjustment of flows if adverse required. 7-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Significance Prior Residual Impact Phase Sensitivity Magnitude Mitigation and Enhancement Measure to Mitigation Significance Impact on downstream and aquatic habitats Operation Mild Minor Low adverse  Monitoring of downstream water quality and aquatic Minimal and fish due to changes in water flows and habitats quality (temperature, DO, sedimentation) Impact of sedimentation on reservoir area Operation Severe Medium High adverse  Yearly flushing after 10-15 years of operation Low adverse  Will be reduced after completion of Basha dam Impact of daily reservoir operations during Operation Mild Moderate Moderate adverse  Fisheries Management Plan Low adverse base load operation  Monitoring and study Impact on downstream fish and fisheries Operation Severe Major High adverse  Flushing during high flow season (not in low Low to during flushing operation flow/winter) moderate  Develop ramp down criteria (5-10 cm/hr) adverse  Monitoring DO and temperature in reservoir and de- stratification or simultaneous release of water from low-level outlets and spillways if required.  Downstream monitoring of fish, habitats and sediments Impact on downstream fish and fisheries due Operation Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Continuous operation of one turbine Low adverse to changes in hydrological flows due to (Post Basha)  Using remaining flow for peak operation peaking operations Risk of bird collision and electrocution with Construction Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Carry out Avian risk assessment Low adverse transmission cables and Operation  Maintaining 1.5 meter spacing between energized components and grounded hardware; covering energized parts and hardware;  Installing visibility enhancement objects such as marker balls, bird deterrents, or diverters Social impacts during Operation & Maintenance: Loss of employment for construction Operation Mild Medium Moderate adverse  Vocational training for operational and maintenance Low adverse workers  Preference for local construction workers in other WAPDA Upper Indus projects Reservoir fisheries will create large number Operation Severe Major High beneficial  Fisheries Management Plan Beneficial of employment opportunities  Employment of local people 7-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7.4. Environmental Impacts related to Project Siting 7.4.1. Change in Physiography and Landform The physiography and landform of the Indus Valley will change gradually during all phases. During pre-construction phase the transition will be moderate only. Villages in the entire reservoir area will be dismantled and new ones rebuilt at higher elevations, trees will be cut. Priority work on KKH will be in full swing and preparation and construction of the WAPDA Colony and offices will start. Other preparations for establishing temporary facilities for workshops, labor camps and other facilities will continue until the mobilization of the main contractor. Once the main contractor starts major excavation and construction works, the character of the Indus valley bottom and lower slopes will change in the area between the dam and the town of Dasu-Komila. This will continue during the entire construction period and once the dam and tunnels have been constructed and the reservoir is filled there will be a major change of the entire valley. The character of the Indus River and its valley bottom will change from a fast flowing uncontrolled sediment-laden river with steep rocky slopes into a narrow controlled slowly flowing water reservoir with an average width of 365 m and extending for about 73 km upstream at full supply level (fsl) (see Figure 7.1). The flow velocities in the reservoir are medium to slow, ranging between 0.56 and 3.08 m/sec at the head of the reservoir to between 0.02 and 0.14 m/sec near to the dam. In lateral valleys where tributaries and nullahs meet the main Indus valley the reservoir penetrates several km inland to form new natural hot-spots at the confluence of snow-fed small streams with the main water body. The reservoir is expected to rapidly decrease in size due to siltation from 73 km length towards 8-9 km in 15 year after commissioning of the Dasu dam (provided Basha dam is not commissioned in that period). During high flow season most of the reservoir bottom will be inundated for most of the period, providing opportunities for spawning of fish (e.g. carp). The new KKH follows the left embankment of the reservoir. The reservoir will be deep near to the dam site with initially depths between 100 and 175 m. New villages will be built at selected sites for the affected people. Approaching the dam site, however a completely new landscape will be developed over the next 8 km in the direction of the twin city of Dasu and Komila. At full development an enormous complex of dam and associated hydraulic, mechanical and electrical infrastructure is visible over the next 4-5 km, with on the hill terrace the WAPDA Colony and offices. Part of the hydraulic and electrical infrastructure is underground but transmission lines are now dominating the Indus valley. A new bridge over the Indus is built upstream of Dasu, which is used for the project related traffic. KKH traffic is now following the new winding KKH road above Dasu until the road is connected with the old KKH crossing the Indus at Dasu bridge like before. The impacts of the changes in physiography have been assessed as Moderate Adverse, especially in the 4 km of the project site situated between dam and tailrace outlet. Without mitigation the landscape will be bare and industrial. Mitigation should start therefore with the preparation of an overall landscape plan for this part of the valley. The plan should be worked out in more detail for the areas of the Colony, the Offices and the road infrastructure of the project. 7-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 7-1: Reservoir Area 7-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project In the rest of the areas the impact on physiography and landscape is low adverse to moderately beneficial (development of reed marshes and natural riparian vegetation along reservoir). At other places most of the landscape is expected to return to the baseline condition without major mitigation measures. This impact is characterized as Moderate Adverse as given in Table 7.4. Mitigation For the project area between dam and end of tailrace and for the WAPDA Colony and Offices area a landscape and plantation plan will be prepared by a qualified landscape architect and implemented by a contractor. Residual Impacts With the help the proposed mitigation measures, the significance of the impacts on physiography and land form will be reduced to Low Adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.4.2. Loss of Natural Vegetation and Trees In the area reserved for project facilities including KKH realignment and reservoir a total number of 21,000 trees has been identified, including some 2,982 fruit and medicinal trees. The majority of the trees present in area where the main project facilities will be constructed have been surveyed. Per village the most dominant species are indicated (see Table 7.6). Generally all species present are very common and widely distributed throughout the project area including downstream of dam axis. Table 7.5: Affected Tree Species Village Habitat Types Tree Species 1 Dooga Gah Steep rocky slope Quercus baloot, Olea ferruginea and Cotinus coggygria 2 Chuchang Rocky steep to Olea ferruginea, Quercus baloot, moderate slopes 3 Khoshe Gentle slope Olea ferruginea and Quercus baloot 4 Siglo Gentle slope Olea ferruginea, Quercus baloot and Cotinus coggygria 5 Seer Gayal Rocky steep to Olea ferruginea and Cotinus coggygria intermediate slopes 6 Toothi Rocky steep slopes Qurecus baloot, Cotinus coggygria and Olea ferruginea 7 Seo Rocky gentle slope Olea ferruginea 8 Malyar Rocky steep slope Quercus baloot and Olea ferruginea 9 Panibah Rocky gravelly Olea ferruginea and Quercus baloot Bushy vegetation and shrubs have been developed on the steep slopes of the Indus valley. This vegetation does not represent much natural and commercial value, other than as a source of firewood for the local communities. Trees should be cut prior to the flooding of the reservoir area. Small bushes and other vegetation can be left to be inundated. 7-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Loss of trees and natural vegetation will also have an effect on the collection of firewood. People will move to higher places in order to collect. Selling of fire wood is an important business in the project area and a common practice along KKH mainly in winter season and also partly in summer season. People harvest oak, wild olive and other fuel wood trees from forests and store in the form of wood toll on the main KKH. The daily sales of firewood are very high and people can earn a large amount. The local selling rate of the firewood amounts to PKR 260 (equal to USD 2.50) per 50 Kg. It is expected that the Project will attract in-migrants (construction workers, their families and service providers). This influx will create a huge demand for firewood due to increased energy requirements for cooking and heating during winter. This is expected to increase the pressure on forest resources at higher altitudes even further, which are already under heavy pressure from local communities for commercial logging, firewood and grazing. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation Measures The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Tree plantation (under Landscaping and Plantation Plan): The loss of trees will be compensated by successful plantation of native species. The lost trees will be replaced at a minimum ratio of 5:1 in the buffer area of the reservoir on the right bank, near to resettlement sites, around the DHP offices and residential colony. Suitable species of tree plantation are given in Table 7.7. The losses of the community caused by on the felling of trees will be compensated by allowing the community to cut and use the wood in addition to the monetary compensation. The communities will also play a key role in planting and watering the plantations. Table 7.6: Recommended Species for Tree Plantation Family Tree species Local Name 1. Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scop. Khakoh/Shini 2. Anacardiaceae Pistacia chinensis Bunge Kangar 3. Anacardiaceae Rhus mysurensis Heyne. Kasudur 4. Fagaceae Quercus baloot Griffith Bani/Jaand 5. Oleaceae Olea ferruginea Royle Kao  Alternatives for fuelwood: The Project will support the local government to establish a market for the supply of non-timber fuels such as LPG for cooking and heating to reduce the pressure on firewood. As costs are minimal, this will be funded under WAPDA’s general environmental management budget for the project. Contractors shall also minimize the use of fuel wood and encourage the use of non- wood fuels such as LPG to the construction staff for cooking and heating purposes.  Forest rejuvenation and planting (under Afforestation and Forest Rejuvenation Plan): At higher altitudes (> 1500 m) a number of forest plantations will be established where forest could be rejuvenated. This will be done at selected places in consultation with local communities on both sides (left and right bank) of the reservoir. Communities can play an important role in planting and managing these plantations. There is experience with this type of social forestry elsewhere in the region (a.o Swat Kohistan) (ToRs are presented in Annex B). 7-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with vegetation loss are likely to be partially addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as Low to Moderate Adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.4.3. Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources in Project Area The 400 year old historic mosque in the village Seer Gayal will be flooded by the reservoir, together with the houses of the hamlet. In consultation with the local community it was agreed that the wooden structures will be disassembled, transported and reassembled at a higher altitude at the new location of the village. Also 16 graveyards spread over the valley will be submerged by the reservoir. With the various communities alternative proposals for mitigation were discussed. Most communities preferred to leave the graves at the place of burial, but to protect them against erosional forces of the water. Other cultural resources that will not be submerged but should be protected against adverse impacts from the project are the burial ground in Seo, which is near to the disposal areas. Also the cluster of petro glyphs (rock carvings) near Shatial, which is part of a much larger field of 50,000 rock carvings extending from Shatial over more than 100 km towards the bridge of Raikot should be protected in consultation with the Archeological department. This complex is one of the largest fields of rock art in the world, with carvings dating from Stone Age (9th millennium BC to Buddhist period). The above impacts have been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation Measures The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Archeological survey will be carried out by an archeologist engaged by WAPDA in the project area to identify any PCR sites/artifacts not identified through the investigations carried out during the ESA. This survey will be completed before commencement of any construction activities of each contract. In case of any discovery, a plan will be prepared in consultation with the Archeology Department for their protection and conservation.  The mosque at Seer Gayal will be disassembled and reassembled at a new location in consultation with the community.  The graves will be protected by stone-pitching so that no floating and washing away of the bodies or skeletal remains occur.  DHP will support KP Archaeological Department to (i) procure 25 acres of land for acquisition of land, in which rock carvings are located, (ii) fence the area, (iii) provide fiberglass sheds; (iv) develop tourist facilities and (v) documenting the importance of rock carvings and their translations. The CSC will prepare a detailed plan for this purpose.  In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during construction activities, the works will be stopped in that area, and the Archeological Department will be informed. WAPDA will facilitate the Department in documenting such chance finds and also for whatever actions are possible/feasible for their protection and conservation. Provisions for this will be included in the contracts and a qualified archeologist will be engaged on a retained basis during the entire construction period. 7-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with physical cultural resources are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.4.4. Impacts due to Increased Traffic and Transportation During design stage and during mobilization of the contractor traffic along KKH and in the twin city of Dasu-Komila will increase and this will boost up even further as soon as construction is started. This will lead to congestion at certain places like main streets, central markets and bus stops. Apart from congestion there will be increased air pollution and noise at these places. This might result in friction with shopkeepers, hotel/restaurant owners and general public. Road safety will decrease and risk of accidents will increase. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation Measures The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  The main dam construction contractor will prepare a Traffic Management Plan (TMP) and obtain approval from the supervision consultants. The approved plan will be implemented. All other contractors will also prepare their respective TMPs, which will combined/merged with the main TMP under the guidance of CSC.  WAPDA will facilitate establishment of traffic management committee with the relevant stakeholders (traffic agencies, local governments along KKH, contractors).  WAPDA will hold a one day workshop(s) with the stakeholders to devise a plan for traffic management along KKH during construction period. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with increased vehicular traffic are likely to be mostly addressed. The associated residual impact has been assessed as low to moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.4.5. Inundation of 52 km of KKH Around 52 km of the Karakorum Highway (KKH) will be submerged by the reservoir. This part of the road lies between Dasu and Shatial. About 45 ha of land will have to be acquired for road construction purposes. Loss of habitat because of the construction of realigned KKH is covered later in the Chapter; loss of trees and natural vegetation caused by this activity is covered under Section 7.4.2. This impact has been assessed as Critical, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  A new alignment will be constructed at a higher level on the left bank of the Indus. A total of about 62 km of highway will be constructed including 10 km of bypass road downstream of Dasu and a link road of 3 km. Five new bridges in the KKH will be constructed crossing nullahs and small streams. 7-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  The land required for these road segments will be acquired following the procedure defined in the RAP. The cost of this land acquisition is included in the overall resettlement budget given in Table 7.5. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with inundation of KKH are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.4.6. Loss of Access to Villages Two suspension bridges over the Indus connecting both river banks and some secondary access roads on the right bank will be lost. The existing villages which will not be flooded and the new resettlement sites will need proper access and connectivity to the KKH. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  A new suspension bridge near Kandia will be constructed  A total of 35 km of new access roads will be built, all at a higher level of the right bank of the Indus.  A new jeepable track of 18 km will provide access to the villages in Kandia valley.  All new settlement sites will be provided with good access roads.  Other existing facilities for pedestrians to cross the river, such as foot bridges and cable cars will be replaced by appropriate alternatives. Different options for pedestrians for crossing the 73 km long reservoir will be considered in consultation with local communities since these connections are important assets and a lifeline for the remote communities at the right bank with the rest of the world. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with loss of access to villages are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.4.7. Impact on Natural Habitat The DHP reservoir would cover about 2400 ha of the area, which includes permanent flooding of about 1800 ha of natural terrestrial habitat. Most of the affected terrestrial habitat is covered with barren rocks and slopes with little vegetation. Based on analysis of satellite imagery and field surveys (Table 5.3), the affected land is mostly covered by barren slopes/rocks (61 percent), followed by river/nullah (27 percent), grazing land/pasture (6 percent), exposed sand (3.5 percent), vegetation cover (1.3 percent), cultivated land (0.92 percent), and houses (0.13 percent). The following specific potential impacts have been identified on natural habitat:  Loss of about 82 ha of natural habitat from the Kaigah Community Game Reserve (including the affected area by KKH relocation). Kaigah nullah is the location of a designated (Act of 15 July 2000- Government of NWFP) Wildlife Community 7-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Conservation area (5000 ha) where trophy hunting of markhor sheep is allowed. The area is bordered by the KKH and located at short distance of the proposed quarry site. In the area limited hunting on markhor sheep is allowed within the framework of wildlife management by WWF-Pakistan in cooperation with the KP wildlife department. With the proceeds of the yearly auction of hunting rights a number of community development activities are financed. About 1.6 percent of 5,000 ha area of the game reserve will be permanently affected by the Project due to reservoir submergence and KKH realignment. The affected area is located on the lower elevations of the game reserve, which is mainly inhabited the community of Kaigah village and consists of residential areas, agriculture lands, grazing areas and an existing quarry site. No wildlife habitat will be permanently affected by the project. The construction activities within the game reserve for relocation of KKH and quarrying activities will also affect the natural habitat in the game reserve. The construction related impacts are discussed later in the Chapter.  Loss of about 160 ha natural habitat along the tributaries and about 1550 ha of other natural terrestrial habitat. This affected natural habitat mostly consists of barren rocks, steep slopes and sparse vegetation as stated above, while similar habitat still remains unaffected over a waste area in the region outside the affected area. However, other natural habitats near the project area that are severely under stress are the forests located on higher altitudes such Himalayan Temperate Forests and Alpine Forests. The forest resources are reported to be decreasing by about 2 percent annually. The impacts on natural habitat have been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation and Compensation The permanent impacts such as loss of natural habitat cannot be fully mitigated, but only compensated by other conservation measures. The project is committed to support development of offset areas to compensate the loss of natural habitat and conservation value of Kaigah reserve as well as support the forest management and rejuvenation activities, as described below. Mitigation for Kaigah Game Reserve  The Project will support development of two offset areas for the wildlife conservation. The ESA has identified four feasible sites (Laachi Nullah, Sazin Kot on left bank, Kandia Valley and area opposite to Shori Nullah on right bank of Indus) near the project area that have similar habitat characteristics of the affected habitat to support the key wildlife species particularly markhor. A study will be carried out to further evaluate these sites and finally recommend two sites to develop as offset areas to conserve the natural habitat and wildlife in compliance with the World Bank OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats. The extent of offset areas will be based on sub water sheds and will be determined by the proposed study. The study will be carried out during the first year of project construction (2015). A mechanism will be developed by the study, whereby the local communities will be provided with appropriate incentives to help conserve natural habitat, and wildlife. The detailed ToRs of the study are presented in Annex B.  Renowned agencies such as WWF-Pakistan or IUCN Pakistan will be involved by the project to implement the above ecological conservation activities. WWF Pakistan has 7-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project already shown interest to enter into a partnership with WAPDA to develop such conservation areas for Diamer Basha Dam Project. These conservation areas will be further complemented by ecotourism initiatives, an information centre, and research.  In addition to development of above offset areas, the Project will also support the community of the Kaigah game reserve to strengthen the management of conservation measures in the game reserve.  The community will be consulted and involved in the selection of alternative options to strengthen ecological conservation measures Mitigation for Loss of Natural Habitat  To compensate for the loss of natural habitat, the Project will support afforestation and forest rejuvenation programs in the higher altitudes for the conservation and sustainable development of forest ecosystems in compliance with World Bank Policy OP 4.36 on Forests.  This will be done at selected places in consultation with local communities and relevant departments on both sides (left and right bank) of the reservoir. Communities can play an important role in planning and undertaking these activities. There is experience with this type of social forestry elsewhere in the region (a.o Swat Kohistan).  The project will also support development of natural habitat and natural vegetation in the above proposed wildlife conservation areas and reservoir buffer areas  The study proposed for habitat conservation and offset development mentioned earlier will also include forestry assessment survey in Kohistan and development of action plans for forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The ToRs of the study are given in Annex B. Residual Impacts With the help of the above described mitigation measures the potential impacts of the project on natural habitat are likely to be partially addressed and hence the residual impacts on the reserve are estimated to be moderately adverse (Table 7.4). 7.5. Social Impacts Related to Project Siting 7.5.1. Land Acquisition for the Project A total of 4,643 ha of land have to be acquired for the project. This includes 2,778 ha of land below the 1,000 m contour that will be covered by the reservoir and its fringes, 174 ha to be used by physical project infrastructure and 205 ha for construction of roads (KKH and access roads). The area to be acquired consists of natural wastelands and some 425 ha of agricultural land such as farm land, grazing areas and orchards. Family income from land in terms of crops, fodder and forest products will be lost. This will require proper compensation measures for the people affected and their resettlement at higher altitudes including assistance and livelihood restoration. According to inventory surveys and a census, a total of 767 households consisting of some 6,953 persons, more or less equally divided over both river banks will be affected by the project and will have to be resettled above 1,000 m. Natural and semi-natural habitats, mainly consisting of steep rocky slopes and some farmland and grassland on river terraces and alluvial fans along the Indus will be 7-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project inundated and changed into a lake with generally very steep slopes. The total area covered by the reservoir is about 2,400 ha in size. Around 425 ha of farmland on terraces, grazing areas and some orchards will be flooded and disappear into the reservoir. The loss of natural and semi-natural habitats, both with limited biodiversity is relatively minor and will be partly compensated by the creation of a lacustrine environment with potential for fisheries and some tourism development. Livelihood restoration for those affected by loss of land is a major issue. Some more land might be (temporary) needed during construction for installing of construction facilities such as batching plant, workshops, labor camps and borrow areas. Also for storage of materials much space is needed. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been prepared to address and mitigate the impacts on the affected households. The objective of the plan is to improve or at least restore the income and livelihood conditions of the people to at least pre-project level. The households affected will not only receive cash compensation for land and other assets at prevailing rates for full replacement cost, but also additional assistance will be given for relocation, re-employment and livelihood restoration. A program of livelihood development will be implemented that consists of both short-term and long-term interventions to support sustainable livelihood development. The RAP also includes programs to improve the general quality of life of people in the project area through area development plan involving social, community, health and educational infrastructure development activities. Overall, the RAP presents (a) socio-economic profile of the affected settlements; (b) type and extent of loss of assets; including land, structures and trees; (c) principles and legal framework applicable for mitigation of these losses; (d) the entitlement matrix; (e) income and livelihood restoration program; (f) relocation and resettlement budget; (g) institutional framework for the implementation of the plan, including monitoring and evaluation  Table 7.7 presents the cost estimates for RAP implementation including land acquisition. Table 7.7: Summary Land Acquisition and Resettlement Budget Unit Rate Total Cost Total Cost COST ITEMS Unit Quantity (PKR) (m PKR) (m US$) 1 - Compensation and Allowances 1.1 LAND ACQUISITION COMPENSATION (2011 Base Price) 1.1.1 Grazing/ Rakh Kanal* 262,000 6,253 1,638.30 17.25 Barren (Ghair Mumkin Kanal 100,000 47,582 4,758.16 50.09 1.1.2 Stone) Barren (Ghair Mumkin ) Kanal 190,000 21,652 4,113.96 43.30 1.1.3 Agriculture Kanal 760,000 3,138 2,385.11 25.11 1.1.4 Residential Kanal 325,000 603.834 196.25 2.07 1.1.5 Commercial Kanal 325,000 112.2 36.47 0.38 Subtotal (Basic Compensation) 13,128.23 138.19 7-18 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Unit Rate Total Cost Total Cost COST ITEMS Unit Quantity (PKR) (m PKR) (m US$) Escalation of 2 Years at 1,762.14 18.55 6.5% for 2013 Rates Tax (2%) 262.56 2.76 Service Charges (15%) 1,969.24 20.73 Subtotal (1.1) 17,122.17 180.23 1.2 Structures 1.2.1 Katcha Sq. ft 1,500 740,526 1,110.79 11.69 1.2.2 Pacca Sq. ft 2,500 87,659 219.15 2.31 1.2.3 Semi Pacca Sq. ft 2,000 481,413 962.83 10.14 1.2.4 Wood Sq. ft 1,500 11,326 16.99 0.18 Subtotal (1.2) 2,309.75 24.31 1.3 Trees 1.3.1 Non Fruit Tree No. 20,000 18,317 366.34 3.86 1.3.2 Fruit Tree No. 57,000 2,982 169.97 1.79 Subtotal (1.3) 536.31 5.65 1.4 Crops 1.4.1 Maize Per 40 kg 1,500 22,724 34.09 0.36 1.4.2 Wheat Per 40 kg 1,600 18,592 29.75 0.31 Subtotal (1.4) 63.83 0.67 1.5 Relocation Cost (Based on Entitlement Matrix) Dislocation Allowance 1.5.1 Kanal 20,000 2,827 56.54 0.60 against loss of agri. Land Reconstruction Grant for 1.5.2 m2 250 127,906 31.98 0.34 Residential Structure Subtotal (1.5) 88.52 0.93 1.6 Rehabilitation Assistance 1.6.1 Special Assistance For Vulnerable HHs Soniwals No. 200,000 13 2.60 0.03 Others No. 150,000 42 6.30 0.07 Assistance against income loss by owners operated 1.6.2 Person 30,000 76 2.28 0.02 commercial setups for three months. Assistance for affected wage APs for 3 1.6.3 27,000 137 3.70 0.04 earners months Transfer Grant for relocation 1.6.4 m2 100 7113.8 0.71 0.01 of business structures Subtotal (1.6) 15.59 0.16 Sum of Sub-totals of 1 20,136.18 211.96 2 - Resettlement Sites Development 2.1 Land 2.1.1 Land Leveling Kanal 350,000 2070 724.50 7.63 Subtotal (2.1) 724.50 7.63 2.2 Resettlement sites Infrastructure development 7-19 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Unit Rate Total Cost Total Cost COST ITEMS Unit Quantity (PKR) (m PKR) (m US$) Access Roads construction 2.2.1 Km 10,000,000 51 510.00 5.37 and land compensation 2.2.2 Mosque No. 7,360,000 4 29.44 0.31 Water supply Tank(30 2.2.3 Cu. ft 2,850 57,120 162.79 1.71 Village) Water Supply Channel(30 2.2.4 per km 695,000 100 69.50 0.73 Village) School (Middle) No. 12,720,000 2 25.44 0.27 2.2.5 School(Primary) No. 6,360,000 4 25.44 0.27 Boundary Wall for per 2.2.6 1,170,000 30 35.10 0.37 Graveyard Graveyard per 2.2.7 Dispensary(3 Structures) 920,000 3 2.76 0.03 structure Subtotal (2.2) 860.47 9.06 Sum of Subtotals of 2 1,584.97 16.68 3 - Livelihood Support Skill Development for 100,000,00 3.1 per year 15 1,500.00 15.79 affected Communities 0 Subtotal of 3 1,500.00 15.79 4 - Local Area Development 4.1 Infrastructure 1,235.00 13.00 Entrepreneur Support 10 4.2 475.00 5.00 Years Capacity Building of Local 4.3 237.50 2.50 Government Training & extension 4.4 support 10 Years (Services Years 47,500,000 10 475.00 5.00 and facilities) Education Fund 10 Years 4.5 (Literacy Promotion, 427.50 4.50 Scholarships, etc.) Subtotal of 4 2,850.00 30.00 5 - Institution and Management 5.1 Building Sq. ft 2,000 8,160 16.32 0.17 5.2 Fixtures and Furnishing Lump sum 20.00 0.21 (a) PMU Staff Salaries Years 36,100,000 10 361.00 3.80 5.3 (b) PMU Costs during O&M Years 45,600,000 5 228.00 2.40 5.4 Vehicles No 4,200,000 10 42.00 0.44 5.5 R&M of vehicles Years 10,000,000 15 150.00 1.58 5.6 Office Equipment Lump Sum 10.00 0.11 Operation & Maintenance 5.7 Years 250,000 15 3.75 0.04 Cost Subtotal of 5 831.07 8.75 6 - Planning and Designing 6.1 Resettlement Lump 28.50 0.30 7-20 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Unit Rate Total Cost Total Cost COST ITEMS Unit Quantity (PKR) (m PKR) (m US$) Implementation Design Sum Resettlement Site Lump 6.2 28.50 0.30 Development Design Sum Livelihood Support Design 6.3 Year 28,500,000 15 427.50 4.50 and Implementation Subtotal of 6 484.50 5.10 7 - Administrative Overheads Administrative Overhead: 7.1 Lump Sum 10.00 0.11 Land Acquisition By DRO Subtotal of 7 10.00 0.11 8 - Monitoring & Evaluation Independent Monitor (2 8.1 Year 30,000,000 8 240.00 2.53 times a year) 8.2 Internal Monitoring month 250,000 84 21.00 0.22 8.3 IPOE Per visit 3,000,000 14 42.00 0.44 Lump 8.4 MIS Development One time cost 2.65 0.03 Sum 8.5 MIS Staff Lump sum 24.78 0.26 Subtotal of 8 330.43 3.48 9 - Training and Capacity Building Consulting Service Cost Lump 9.1 (Sub Projects) / Outsourcing, 25.00 0.26 sum (If any) 9.2 Research Year 15,000,000 10 150.00 1.58 9.2.1 National Year 2,500,000 7 17.50 0.18 9.2.2 International Year 7,000,000 7 49.00 0.52 9.3 Trainings Year 30,000,000 10 300.00 3.16 Subtotal of 9 541.50 5.70 Total (1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9) 28,268.65 297.56 10 - Contingency Physical Contingency 10.1 7,067.16 74.39 (@25%) 10.2 Price Contingency (@9 %) 2,544.18 26.78 Subtotal of 10 9,611.34 101.17 GRAND TOTAL 37,879.99 398.74 2 * 1 Kanal = one eighth of an acre or 506m or 0.05ha, 1$=95 PKR as per 2012 rate Residual Impacts Despite the implementation of the very elaborate measures included in the RAP, the impacts associated with land acquisition cannot be fully mitigated. The residual impacts of land use change have therefore been assessed as low to moderate; see Table 7.4. 7-21 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7.5.2. Relocation of Inhabitants of 34 Hamlets The footprint of the project will affect 34 hamlets and villages, each of them often consisting of not more than 25 to 30 houses. Seventeen villages are situated on the right bank and seventeen villages on the left bank. A total of 923 houses and residential structures will be lost. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Compensation and assistance in resettlement, including development of identified resettlement sites and provision of infrastructure. The associated cost estimates are included in the overall resettlement budget (Table 7.7).  Consultations with the inhabitants have revealed that most of them do not want to move away from the valley, where their present abodes are located and most of the lands remain. The main reason is that most of them are predominantly livestock holders and pastoralist used to seasonal migration to higher altitudes in the valley, where they already have one or more summer residences near to some farmlands and extensive grazing areas. The project identified 13 potential resettlement sites at higher locations. Most of the people prefer to move with their small community to a self- selected and self-managed site at a higher location in the same valley. About 10 percent have opted for relocation “down country” in more populated areas on their own. Residual Impacts Despite the implementation of the very elaborate measures included in the RAP, the impacts associated with relocation of hamlets cannot be fully mitigated. The residual adverse impacts of land use change have therefore been assessed as low to moderate, as shown in Table 7.4. 7.5.3. Relocation of 50 Shops and Commercial Establishments Most of the commercial enterprises affected by the project are located on the left bank of the Indus, near to the KKH. The commercial enterprises on the right bank usually consist of residential houses with a small shop as annex. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Compensation and/or resettlement assistance is worked out in details in the RAP.  The associated costs are included in the overall resettlement budget given in Table 7.7. Residual Impacts Despite the implementation of the very elaborate measures included in the RAP, the impacts associated with relocation of shops cannot be fully mitigated. The residual adverse impacts of land use change have therefore been assessed as low to moderate, as shown in Table 7.4. 7-22 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7.5.4. Loss of Civic Amenities The civic amenities that will be affected in 34 villages include 31 existing mosques, seven schools, two basic health units, three community centers and 17 graveyards, facilities for drinking water supply and irrigation, and latrines. Most of the affected villages have direct access roads from KKH (left bank) or internal access roads (right bank). This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  The lost amenities with similar or better condition/capacity will be constructed at the resettlement sites.  The associated costs are included in the overall resettlement budget given in Table 7.7. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with loss of amenities are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.5.5. Loss of 423 ha of Farm Land, Grazing Area and Crops About 600 families that are presently involved in agriculture will lose their cropping areas (double cropping) in the lower valleys and along the banks of the Indus, wherever land is available. In high-altitude lateral valleys only one crop per year is grown during the warmer summer season. The combination of summer and valley crops is sufficient for family consumption requirements (there is no local market). Submergence of the most productive agriculture on the relatively flat areas along the river will result in severe shortage of both family employment and food. Although farmer families indicated their preference to continue with the same livelihood, the opportunities are very limited. Over 95 percent of the land is uncultivable, and the remaining small plots (terraces) are fully in use already. Adding pressure on the use of these plots by additional farmers will increase the already common land disputes. The food situation of some 300 other families, practicing part-time agriculture in and around the villages, will also weaken. Livestock herding on higher altitudes during summer may continue, but the winter part of this activity, along the river embankments, will cease, resulting in loss of the livelihood of those herders that cannot find low areas downstream of the main structure. The total loss of income from all the sources (including grazing and cultivation) of the affected households is estimated to be 5 percent of their total income. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  A livelihood restoration program will be implemented as part of RAP in order to sustain and improve agriculture and livestock herding. Simultaneously, new potential opportunities will be developed such as reservoir fisheries development, a forestry management program and provision of temporary employment and additional income in clearing of vegetation and trees in the reservoir area. These programs will be 7-23 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project introduced at an early start of the project in order to prevent further malnutrition, unemployment and impoverishment of the local pastoralist families.  The cost associated with the above initiatives is included in the overall resettlement budget given in Table 7.7. Residual Impacts Despite the implementation of the very elaborate measures included in the RAP, the impacts associated with loss of agriculture land and grazing areas cannot be fully mitigated. The residual adverse impacts of land use change have therefore been assessed as low to moderate, as shown in Table 7.4. 7.5.6. Increased Pressure on High Altitude Grazing Area and Forests Resettlement of about 3,200 people above 1,000 m altitude will mean that pressure on the mountain zone between 1,000 and 1,500 m and higher will increase. Especially the grazing areas and forests around 2,000 m are currently already under pressure, resulting in deforestation, erosion and decrease of flora and fauna. The pressure will certainly increase as a consequence of the project. Deforestation and increasing erosion will have serious consequences and will lead to further land degradation and possible flash floods after heavy rainfall. The high biodiversity of vegetation and wildlife will be under stress from agricultural use, firewood collection, overgrazing, over-harvesting of medicinal plants and forest products, poaching and poor law enforcement. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  An Afforestation and Forest Rejuvenation Plan will be prepared, with the objective of regeneration of forest and grazing areas at higher altitudes.  Regeneration, rejuvenation and protection of natural forest, through a mixture of different measures including watershed management, erosion control, tree planting, improved (certified) forest exploitation. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with increased pressure on forests could be partly mitigated. The residual impact however will remain moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.5.7. Impacts of the Construction of the 132 kV Power Supply Line to Project and Colony The area of the new 45 km long alignment of the power supply line from Dubair Khwar (4 km downtown of Pattan) to Dasu (Chuchang area) leads through an almost barren area, with only few small hamlets or small villages with 25- 35 households on average. The alignment follows the KKH at the right bank on the side of the mountain for almost 35 km. Near to the village Jalkot the line crosses the Indus and continues further towards Chuchang along the left bank of the Indus. In this way the residential areas at Komila and Dasu are avoided. It has been estimated that the power line will have 233 towers, each about 32 m high. 7-24 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Construction of the transmission line will have the following social and environmental impacts: Land Acquisition and ROW: The land needed for the footprint of each tower (6 x 6 m) has to be acquired from the owners of the land. The total land acquisition is low (about 1 ha is needed). No resettlement is required. However agreements have to be signed with the owners for the use by PESCO of the Right of Way (ROW) needed for operation and maintenance of the transmission line. The ROW is the corridor of 60 m wide, where land use and vegetation is restricted for reasons of safety. Tall and fast growing trees should be cut and dense vegetation removed in order to prevent the possibility of contact with the lines and the risks associated with forest or bush fires. The total area needed for maintenance is 270 ha. No acquisition of land is required for the ROW, but an adequate compensation has to be paid by PESCO for the restrictions in the land use and the utilization by the company of the ROW corridor for maintenance and repair work. Community Health and Safety Hazards: There is a potential danger for electrocution, from direct contact with high voltage electricity or from contact with tools, vehicles, ladders that are in contact met high voltage transmission. There could be some electro-magnetic interference in radio and communication devices, especially during periods of rain, sleet or snow and hail. This could affect radio reception. However it is not expected that electromagnetic fields will be much of a problem since the strength of magnetic fields is relatively low due to the low voltage of the lines and the low population density in the area. Also the exposure of the public to electric fields will be low, since the transmission lines avoid as much as possible the residential areas and buildings, especially schools. If required in residential areas cable shielding technique could be used to minimize electro-magnetic interference. During installation, but also during maintenance there can be some hinder and nuisance from noise and dust resulting from transportation of materials, the installation of equipment and use of machinery. Occupational Health Hazards of the Workers: This is an important problem since workers could be exposed to contact with live power lines during construction, maintenance and operation activities. Moreover they are working often at high altitudes in poles and structures and therefore exposed to considerable risks. Electric utility workers also have a higher exposure to EMF (electric and magnetic fields) since they are working in the proximity to electric power lines. Impacts on Natural Habitats: There could be environmental impacts from construction work on watercourses and nullahs. About 20 nullahs have to be crossed and these sites are usually ecological hotspots. Impacts of ROW Maintenance on Natural Vegetation: The vegetation of the ROW should regularly be monitored. Timely thinning, slashing and cutting of vegetation can prevent the outbreak of forest fire. The above impacts have been characterized as Moderate Adverse as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Compensation will be paid for any private land that needs to be acquired in accordance with the Resettlement Framework prepared for the DHP as part of SRMP (see Table 1.3). 7-25 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Safety hazards can be mitigated by installing warning signs, barriers, steel posts surrounding transmission towers to create barriers for people to climb in masts. Raising awareness of residents and an education program aimed at schoolchildren providing information of possible hazards and risks can help to prevent such problems.  Only trained and certified workers should be allowed to install, maintain and repair electrical equipment. Strict safety and insulation standards should be maintained, as well as minimum approach distances for people not directly associated with power transmission. Safety belts, fall protection devices and specific tools and equipment for working at high altitudes should be used by workers working in towers. EMF levels should be continuously monitored and exposure levels recorded in order to remain within the international accepted limits of exposure.  Aquatic habitats should be spared, since these are usually important spawning and breeding places for fish. Riparian vegetation spared. Water courses should not be blocked. Temporary roads and tracks used for construction should be provided with single span bridges or open-bottom culverts or other methods (to avoid obstruction of flows) at nullah crossings.  Maintenance should be based on ecological principles, avoiding the introduction of non-native plant species and to encourage the restoration of the natural habitat with herb vegetation (e.g. Artemisia sp.) and some low shrubs. This is possible by removing fast growing trees and dense bushes. Herbicides should not be used and there should be no planting or sowing of seeds in natural habitats. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with the construction and operation of the 132 KV transmission line are likely to be adequately mitigated. The residual impact will therefore be quite minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.5.8. Generation of Employment in the Region Currently only 26 percent of the population is employed, most of them are self-employed in agriculture or livestock holding or as small shopkeeper. From those working about 17 percent works as unpaid family helper. Only 12 percent of them are working as employee. The project offers good opportunities for local residents to apply for employment as unskilled and skilled construction worker. Within the construction contracts the contractor(s) would have to attract local workers and technicians on basis of agreed quota. Construction works could offer at least for a period of 10 years many opportunities for unskilled workers and technicians. There will also be employment opportunities for office staff, administrative and logistic functions and in transportation. Important for sustainable livelihood restoration is that sufficient vocational training and skill development is provided. A pro-active program to this end is already started by WAPDA: local youths are receiving a six-month vocational training in various lines of work to prepare them for guaranteed jobs in the project construction work. The graduates may also obtain jobs elsewhere, if they choose to. Establishment of vocational training centers for men and women will be part and parcel of the project resettlement plans. After the construction phase there will be other opportunities for more permanent functions within the project operation and maintenance. All these new opportunities for work for local residents could boost employment and improve the social and economic position of 7-26 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project the population. This will be a major and significant positive impact of the project. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Beneficial, as shown in Table 7.4. 7.5.9. Increased Economic Activity The considerable influx of people during all phases of the project (up to 7,000 during construction) will considerably stimulate the local economy, by involving local businesses and village level enterprises. New opportunities for local businesses, suppliers, hotel owners, shopkeepers and the transportation sector will be created. All these developments will considerably stimulate the local economy in the district. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Beneficial, as shown in Table 7.4. 7.6. Environmental Impacts during Construction Stage 7.6.1. Increased Traffic on KKH and Local Access Roads The KKH is the life line of northern areas and it is the only highway connecting China and the north of Pakistan with the rest of the country. About 2,590 vehicles per day including 200 heavily loaded trucks are currently using the KKH for transportation of goods. During construction of the project it is estimated that daily 200 - 300 extra trucks, needed for the supply of construction materials, will make use of the KKH. Additional project vehicles using the KKH and exceptional heavy transports of turbine sections may cause traffic congestions and safety hazards. The access road to the project along the busy Komila bazaar and those from borrow areas and to deposition sites are also expected to create traffic problems and safety hazards. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  WAPDA will establish a traffic management committee with the relevant stakeholders (traffic agencies, local governments along KKH, contractor).  WAPDA will hold a one day workshop with the stakeholders to devise a plan for traffic management along KKH during construction period.  A traffic unit at Dasu is proposed to control the construction related traffic inflow and outflow with sub offices along KKH at Hassanabdal, Haripur, Abbottabad, Chatter Plain, Thakot, Besham, Pattan, Komila, dam site, quarry site Kaigah. These offices will be connected with telephone, fax, mobile phone and internet.  The movement of traffic carrying cement or steel to be register at Hassanabdal (junction of KKH and GT Road). These will travel in small lots of 10 trucks. Hassanabdal sub-office will inform the next stations by phone, fax or internet.  The weather conditions must be known before the start of the journey from Met office and drivers must be briefed before the start of the journey so that cargo may be protected from rain damage and driver may plan the journey accordingly.  The receiving stores must be notified, who must prepare for offloading the goods. This preparation includes the location of offloading, laborers for offloading together with crane or low lift fork lifters.  Traffic facilities, such as speed limits and signal lights, are to be strengthened from Hassanabdal to Dasu 7-27 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Support to be provided to the local traffic authorities to engage traffic police at the busy junctions.  All contractors will be required to prepare their respective Traffic Management Plans in close cooperation with the Project Management Unit (PMU) and the local authorities. CSC will coordinate the integration of these plans into a single TMP. This plan will include safety measures, traffic control measures, provision of by- passes at busy places and provisions for repair of damage caused by project vehicles. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with increased traffic on KKH are likely to be mostly addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.6.2. Impacts on Kaigah Community-managed Game Reserve The potential issues relating to the project siting on KCGR have already been discussed under Section 7.4.7. The construction activities may potentially cause the following additional impacts on the KCGR:  Noise and vibrations from blasting and excavation operations from the quarry (duration estimated at 2.75 year) along with 5.5 km of KKH construction within the game reserve (duration estimated at 7-8 months) may have negative impacts on the presence of the wildlife. However, wildlife habitat in the reserve are primarily located from 3 to 12 km from the construction activities while the impacts will mostly be limited to lower altitudes - areas that are likely to be avoided by the wildlife;  Reduction of community income for conservation management during the above years of construction. This income forms a share of the sale of hunting permits (trophy hunting);  Increased population pressure from the nearby construction activities at the main dam site and its vicinity. This might lead to frequent disturbance of wildlife, increased poaching and hunting activities, deforestation and degradation by collection of firewood, medicinal plants and other forest products. The above impacts have been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation Part of the construction related impacts can be reduced by suitable mitigation measures such as controlling access to the reserve and by limiting and reducing blasting operations below stringent international threshold values. The following mitigation measures will be adopted:  Monitor noise levels during the quarry operation;  Reduction of duration, timing and strength of blasting operations and vibrations according to internationally recognized standards (e.g. Australian standards – more details are available in Section 7.4.3.2, Volume 2 of EMAP);  Use the Kaigah quarry only for borrowing material for dam construction and construction of the new KKH section (limited period);  Control of access to the reserve area for workers and public in cooperation with the community; 7-28 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Awareness raising of workers, employees and general public regarding the importance of this area. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts on the Kaigah Reserve are likely to be partially addressed, and hence the associated residual impacts have been assessed as moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.6.3. Impact on River Habitat due to Construction Activities in the River At the dam site coffer dams will be placed upstream and downstream of the work areas to keep the river bed dry for about 980 m length to facilitate construction of the dam. Aquatic biological production will be eliminated from approximately 980m of stream length, part of which (the dam footprint) will be removed for the life of the dam. Pre- construction and construction activities have potential to adversely affect aquatic biota by release of high concentrations of sediment, fuels/oils and other toxic compounds, and solid waste and use of explosives. High sediment loads will be produced during placement of the coffer dams and again when water first passes through the work area after completion of dam and plunge pool construction. Sediment concentrations above natural levels can cause mortality of biota directly; for fish, damaged gills and sediment clogging of gill chambers eventually leads to death. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented to address the potential impacts described above:  Control of waste water and sediment releases to river particularly in the section between coffer dams  Contractor will be required to implement the water quality management protocols given in ECPs  WAPDA will commission a study to collect additional aquatic baseline data and to prepare management plan for the aquatic resources of the area (Study ToRs are presented in Annex B).  A monitoring program will be initiated for the impact of the construction activities on the aquatic habitat and key species. Residual Impacts Despite the implementation of the above mitigation measures, the potential impacts associated with the construction activities in the river bed are not likely to be completely mitigated. Hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.6.4. Entrainment and Mortality of Fish The construction of Indus water diversion tunnels where high water velocities may develop will have impact on fish. Fish trying to move downstream in water conduits such as diversion tunnels, powerhouse intake tunnels, lower level outlets and spillways will 7-29 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project potentially be subjected to high levels of mortality and injury. This impact has been assessed as Low Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation Inlets should be protected either by entrainment screens or by acoustic and or electric methods in order to prevent fish to be caught by the inflow and be killed in the turbines. Under the local circumstances it is not easy to find a suitable technical solution and this should be subject of more detailed study (described in Section 7.6.2 above) by the design team together with a fishery specialist. On basis of these studies the most feasible solution for mitigation should be determined. Residual Impacts Despite the implementation of the above mitigation measures, the potential impacts associated with the construction activities in the river bed are not likely to be completely mitigated. The associated residual impacts therefore have been assessed as Low Adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.6.5. Potential Risk of Air, Soil and Water Pollution During construction there is a high risk of accidental spills and leakages that may occur from fuel and oil tanks, vehicles and machinery and storage of chemicals used in construction areas, yards, batching plants, quarry areas, worker camps, and residential areas and from storage sites. These spills can pollute soils and contaminate surface water and groundwater in the area. Waste effluents from temporary facilities such as camps and offices can also contaminate soil and surface run off. Air pollution may occur by emissions from construction related traffic and machinery. These impacts have been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  The contractor will prepare and implement a Pollution Prevention Plan prior to the start of the work. Proper baseline data will be collected.  The contractor(s) will be required to implement the measures prescribed in the Environmental Code of Practices (ECP), which will be included in the contracts. Detailed ECPs are included in the Annex D.  Contractor(s) will be required to take appropriate measures to avoid and contain any spillage and pollution of the soil and water resources both upstream and downstream of the dam.  Construction equipment and vehicles will need to be well maintained, so that emissions are minimal.  Dust generation from construction sites will be restricted as much as possible and water sprinkling would be carried out as appropriate, especially at those places where earthmoving, excavation and blasting will be carried out.  Air quality will be properly monitored, especially near the population centers and WAPDA colonies. Protocols and measures for the use of relevant equipment and machines should be prescribed in the ECPs (Annex D).  Permanent and regular monitoring will be carried out. 7-30 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with air, soil and water pollution are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.6.6. Risk of Pollution from Solid Waste and Waste Effluents Large construction works generate large quantities of excess materials from construction sites (concrete, steel cuttings, discarded material) and wastes from field camps and construction yards, including garbage, recyclable waste, food waste, and other debris. In addition small quantities of hazardous waste will be generated from maintenance activities, contaminated soil, oil filters and other waste products. The offices, residential colonies and contractor camps at the peak time of construction are estimated to produce about 1821 kg of solid waste per day (0.3 kg/capita/day). A large part of this waste is bio- degradable. In addition small quantities of hazardous waste will also be generated mainly from the vehicle maintenance activities (liquid fuels; lubricants, hydraulic oils; chemicals, such as anti-freeze; contaminated soil; spillage control materials used to absorb oil and chemical spillages; machine/engine filter cartridges; oily rags, spent filters, contaminated soil, etc). It is imperative that such waste is responsibly disposed to avoid adverse environmental, human health and aesthetic impacts. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Contractor will prepare and implement pollution prevention plan  The contractor will identify suitable sites for disposal of hazardous and non- hazardous waste. The selection will be done in consultation with the PMU and the local municipal authorities.  Protocols and measures will be prescribed in the ECPs to be included in the contracts with the contractors.  Siting of any fuel and hazardous material storage sites, including refueling facilities, asphalt plants and construction yards are to be located minimal 100 m from the banks of any streams and at least 500 m away from any residential areas, cultural or archaeological sites. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with waste generation and disposal are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.6.7. Potential Loss of Land in Disposal Areas With the construction of tunnels and underground chambers for housing the powerhouse and switch yard facilities huge quantities of rock will have to be excavated and brought to the surface. It is estimated that the quantity of rock to be excavated will be 10.25 million m3, excluding the excavations from KKH. Around 7.2 million m³ will be generated in the first phase. Part of the excavated rock can be used as concrete aggregate provided the fragmented rock meets the quality standards needed for the work. Mixing with fresh quarried rock is possible. In order to reduce the amount of rock to be disposed, excavated 7-31 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project rock can be used in the project for different types of infrastructural works, including road construction. The remaining spoil will be disposed in designated and safe disposal areas. These impacts have been assessed as minimal, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Minimize the generation of spoils by recycling the excavated rock to the maximum extent possible by using them as aggregate material in the concrete works;  A re-use plan for the disposal areas will be prepared in advance.  A Spoil disposal plan will be prepared and implemented  The disposal area will be re-contoured to minimize changes in topography  Dispose excess rock material in the designated disposal site in an orderly manner (different spots to different size rocks); soil erosion control measures through bio- engineering techniques.  Potential risks of acid drainage will be assessed during construction (though it is not identified as a concern during geotechnical and geochemical investigations during design) by the contractor and necessary treatment measures will be adapted. 7.6.8. Noise and Dust Generated by Construction Works, Increased Traffic and Use of Explosives It has been estimated that at least 20,000 ton explosives will be used for excavation of tunnels and rock chambers and for construction of the main structure and the road. Apart from noise produced by blasting and drilling operations a lot of noise and dust will be produced by excavation equipment, other machinery, concrete mixing, and traffic from trucks and vehicles. The town of Dasu-Komila and the village of Seo are very vulnerable for increased noise and dust from traffic. Noise levels may exceed the national standards. The village Seo and nearby hamlets are close to the project and the disposal areas. These villages will be exposed to high noise levels from the project. The V-shape of the Indus valley will reinforce the noise levels. Noise of explosions and ground vibrations will be common during excavations. At low to medium levels, ground vibrations and air blasts can result in community annoyance. At higher levels this could lead even to structural damage on buildings. The noise and vibrations levels from construction activities near Kaigah will also have potential to affect the wildlife in the game reserve. The impacts on wildlife are discussed in Section 7.4.8. These impacts have been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Continuous monitoring of noise and dust levels will be carried out,  Continued consultations with the affected communities will be carried out  Blasting and drilling during night time and on during Friday prayers will not be carried out.  Dust prevention measures by contractor, e.g. regular watering of roads and tracks near to residential areas 7-32 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Measures to protect workers for excessive noise and dust  NEQS compliance will be ensured. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with noise and dust generation are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.6.9. Increased Risk of Landslides During construction there is an increased risk of landslides and collapse of slopes. Landslides are natural and common phenomena in the project area and along the KKH. Landslides in freshly-cut slopes can occur due to lubrication or saturation of rock support structure by rainfall or by water seepage. The use of explosives to break the rock will have the capacity to generate vibrations which can trigger a landslide. Landslide- prone areas in the project area have been identified and classified on basis of potential risks. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Any blasting activities in these areas will be controlled and contained within defined limits.  Pro-active measures will be implemented to stabilize and protect slopes and to protect workers safety. Early warning systems will be introduced that will indicate when cracks appear and allow any widening to be monitored. Access would be restricted during the periods that slope stability is not yet entirely secured and guaranteed by proper safety measures such as rock bolts, anchors, safety nets and gabion structures.  Permanent monitoring by the contractor will be required. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with landslides are likely to be partially addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low to moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.6.10. Impacts of Increased Human Activities on Flora and Fauna Human activities during construction will strongly increase in the area with the influx of 7,000 construction workers and technicians, some of them with their families, suppliers and business men and followers. The population increase will exert a strong pressure on the local environment by increased pollution, noise, disturbance, hunting, poaching and fishing. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  WAPDA will maintain liaison with the concerned departments and local community for the protection of the forest and wildlife of the area; 7-33 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  WAPDA will commission a study for the management of forest, wildlife, and ecological resources of the area; the ToRs of this study are presented in Annex B of this ESA. The management plan prepared during this study will be implemented during the construction and O&M phases of the project.  Contractors will promote the usage of the non-wood fuel for cooking and heating.  WAPDA will coordinate with the local administration for the enhanced availability of LPG in the area.  Include information on wildlife protection in all construction related tool-box orientation briefings for new construction staff.  A public education program (under the Afforestation and Forest Rejuvenation Plan) will be designed and implemented to discourage cutting of trees, poaching of wildlife  No tree-cutting, hunting, poaching, trapping, or catching of wildlife by the construction workers will be allowed.  Contractor will enforce ECP for flora, fauna, and other natural resources. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts on flora, fauna, and other natural resources are likely to be partially addressed, and hence the associated residual impacts have been assessed as moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.6.11. Risk of Water Pollution from Storage Tanks Through the conversion of the Indus valley into a reservoir oil tanks and underground storage containers (such as chemicals, lubricants, and pest control agents) will be submerged, with the risk of serious pollution of the water of the reservoir. This impact has been assessed as Low Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The potential sources of pollution will be identified and removed during the construction period and prior to the first filling of the reservoir. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts associated with reservoir water pollution are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.6.12. Shortages and/or Negative Effects on Local Water Supply and Sanitation The influx of large numbers of workers, technicians and staff employees and their families will require well-organized drinking water supply and sanitation facilities. Various stakeholders might draw from the same available water resources. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation A Drinking Water Management Plan, based on separate water supply and sanitation for the work force, will have to be prepared by the contractor. In designing such a plan it is 7-34 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project important to maintain and safeguard the water supply and sanitation facilities for the local population. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, the adverse impacts on water supply and sanitation are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.6.13. Disturbance of Visual Landscape The project will drastically change the visual landscape at the site of project and especially at places where slopes have been excavated for construction of roads and project infrastructure, at disposal sites and in borrow areas. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation and Enhancement The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Proper landscaping will have to be done and an overall Landscape Plan will have to be prepared, that will be worked out in more detail for the area where the project infrastructure is located.  Landscape plans for the residential areas and the offices will be developed to create a good living and working environment.  Tree planting will be well organized and where possible vegetation and natural habitats will have to be restored or newly created.  For the disposal and borrow areas, restoration plans will be prepared (under the Landscaping and Plantation Plan) to restore original landscape and vegetation. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, adverse impacts associated with visual landscape are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.7. Social Impacts during Construction Stage 7.7.1. Safety Hazards for Communities and Workers The construction activities can potentially impact the residents of Dasu-Komila and along KKH, particularly the movement and safety of school children. In addition, due to increased use of trucks and other vehicles on the narrow roads in the project area and the access roads pedestrians, particularly elderly people and children will be more exposed to dangerous situations, which may lead to traffic accidents. Construction activities also pose safety hazards for the site staff. The rough terrain and difficult work conditions in some parts of the area will need extra attention from contactors and project management for the increased risk of accidents, unsafe working conditions and health risks. This is especially true for underground work in tunnels and caverns, but also during excavation and construction work. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. 7-35 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Occupational health and safety procedures will be enforced at site. Each contractor will be required to prepare, obtain approval of, and implement an occupational health and safety (OHS) plan. These plans will be prepared in compliance with the ECPs (Annex D) and World Bank Group’s Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. 13  A Traffic Management Plan will be implemented that will aim at ensuring access to residential areas, and preventing of unsafe situations, especially near schools, housing areas, construction areas, camps and offices.  Construction activities such as blasting and excavation particularly at the borrow areas may pose safety risks to the nearby population.  Appropriate procedures will be maintained for such activities, including cordoning off the area, prior information to nearby population and liaison with the community.  There will be appropriate medical services and a facility with the capacity to treat emergency cases and trauma patients.  Special attention should be focused on safety training for workers to prevent and restrict accidents and on the knowledge how to deal with emergencies.  Road signage will be fixed at appropriate locations to reduce safety hazard associated with project-related vehicular traffic.  Liaison with traffic police will be maintained  Project drivers will be trained on defensive driving.  Vehicle speeds near / within the communities will be kept low, to avoid safety hazards.  ECP-15 and ECP-18 will be implemented. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, any adverse impacts associated with safety hazards are likely to be mostly addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.7.2. Social Conflict due to the Influx of Workers and In-migrants The project construction will bring significant changes in the lives and livelihoods, including new opportunities for employment and income for the local people. The development also attracts thousands of new in-migrants to the project area. Through the influx of workers, business people and followers the population of Dasu-Komila will increase more than three times within a few years. Unless properly managed this sudden influx of people could create negative aspects such as an increased crime rate, tensions and social conflicts between the various groups. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. 13 EHS Guidelines available at: http://www.gcgf.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 7-36 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Project has developed a pro-active approach by working out an In-Migration Management Plan. In this plan detailed solutions for a number of key issues have been proposed including issues regarding housing and accommodation, food security, local infrastructure, community health, labor contracts, employment and business opportunities, security, integration and cultural understanding and community and area development. In accordance with this Plan procedures and rules will be worked out by the PMU in close cooperation with the contractors and local authorities.  Responsibilities for the implementation of the plan will rest with the local authorities, the line departments, WAPDA and the contractors. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, any adverse impacts associated with influx of workers and in-migrants are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.7.3. Respect of Local Cultural Norms and Values by Work Force Workers coming from different parts of Pakistan may have norms and values in social behavior and religion that differ from those of the resident population. This can potentially cause tension and conflicts between outside workers and local community. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  This situation will be addressed by an awareness campaign implemented under the Public Consultation and Participation Plan (see Table 1.3)  The contractors would be aware of the possibility and risks of miscommunications between local residents and workers, a situation which easily could lead to social unrest. This would be prevented by raising awareness and implementation of a Code of Conduct for the workers.  Complaints from the local community will be addressed by the grievance redress mechanism. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, adverse impacts associated with lack of respect of local values and norms are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.7.4. Reduced Safety and Adverse Effects on Health Situation The influx and accommodation of a large work force will result in increased concerns for the health and safety of local population particularly women and children. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented: 7-37 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  These concerns would be addressed by raising awareness of the associated risks for the local population.  The awareness campaign will also be aimed at the risk of interaction between the resident population and the construction work force, including the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS.  The medical health facilities in the project area will be facilitated to deal with such incidences.  Measures to this end are included in a Public Health Action Plan that will be implemented. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with safety and health risks of the local population are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.7.5. Increased Load on Local Services and Supplies The project area is situated in a remote area far from the main population centers of the country. Especially in the beginning of the project there will be a limited presence of shops, markets, service providers and suppliers of commodities. With the presence of a considerable work force in the area there could be shortage of supplies for the resident population. The in-migrants may also create additional stress on local services / infrastructure (such as schools, health clinics, housing, and roads). This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  This potential impact would be mitigated by requesting the contractors to procure their supplies in a manner not significantly affecting the availability of essential commodities in the area for the residents.  Grievance redress mechanism will be established to address community complaints and grievances. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with increased load on local service are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.8. Environmental Impacts during Operation and Maintenance 7.8.1. Impact on Aquatic Habitat of the Indus and its Tributaries through the Creation of Reservoir The character of the river Indus and its valley bottom will change from a fast flowing uncontrolled sediment-laden river with steep rocky slopes into a narrow controlled water reservoir (average width 365 m) and extending for about 73 km up stream at full supply level of 950m. In lateral valleys of tributaries the reservoir penetrates several kilometers inland. About 570 ha of river and tributaries will be subject of biotic and abiotic changes 7-38 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project caused by the reservoir. Reservoir ecology will not be typical of a natural lake environment and will undergo rapid reduction in size caused by rapid sedimentation. Water velocities along the length of the reservoir will generally be lower than in pre- reservoir river conditions. Although reservoir features will be lake-like, surface water velocities will be high compared to most lakes and storage reservoirs. The relatively high water velocities suggest that conditions may be mainly compatible for riverine fish species, particularly along the reservoir shoreline. Spawning areas in the in the tributaries will be submerged and it is expected that new natural spawning areas will be developed at the confluence of tributaries with the main water body. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Maintenance of spawning areas and developing of new spawning areas in the tributaries near the reservoir confluence areas,  Developing fish hatchery for production of native snow carps (snow carp hatcheries are already established in India and Nepal) and stocking of snow carp in the tributaries and reservoirs is recommended to compensate the loss of habitat and reservoir fishery production.  Further studies will be carried out (see Section 7.6.3) during pre-construction stage to establish detailed baseline data on aquatic ecology to develop additional offset measures for loss of habitat and research on hatchery development. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with aquatic habitat are likely to be somewhat addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low to moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.8.2. Impact of First Filling of Reservoir The first filling of the reservoir is expected to start mid- June and about 1.4 BCM water will be stored in the reservoir. About 2 m/day rate of filling will be followed to control the risk of landslides in the reservoir submergence area. About 215 m3/s of flow is required to achieve this filling rate, and the remaining flows (above 4,000 m 3/s) will be released through LLOs. However, the filling can also be done at any time of year without causing significant reduction in downstream flows, even in the months of February or March, when the Indus is at its lowest. The entire first-filling operation will take about two months. After the filling the reservoir will reach a maximum depth of approximately 185 m (the deepest part of the reservoir will be adjacent to the dam). As physical changes take place chemical and biological conditions also will be altered. With reduced water velocities as water depth increases, a sedimentation process will commence, whereby larger sediment fractions will sequentially settle along the reservoir length. Habitat upstream of the dam will be changed from current riverine habitat to lake-like habitat commencing with first-filling of the reservoir once dam construction has been completed. Physical, chemical and biological conditions along the Indus River will be altered from current conditions. However, river-like attributes, notably high water velocity in upstream segments of the reservoir will be retained. Habitat in lower portions of tributaries will be submerged and 7-39 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project replaced in some locations by small embayments. Overall reservoir habitat, including newly formed embayments in tributary valleys, will rapidly be reduced due to sedimentation. Reservoir taxa will reflect the mixed river-like and lake-like habitat features and changes that occur as the reservoir decreases in size over the initial operating period. Current small-scale fishing activity in tributaries and the Indus River will be replaced by tributary and reservoir fishing activity adapted to natural changes in species composition and abundance. The reservoir fishery will be enhanced with a flexible fisheries management program that will reflect expected habitat resulting from progressive decrease in reservoir size and development of wetland conditions in the remaining part, with rich natural riparian vegetation in the upstream part of the reservoir. Other potential impacts of the first filling of the reservoir are the following:  The first filling of the reservoir may potentially induce landslides along the water line. Careful filling at a low rate of inflow therefore is required;  Rising water may also pose safety risk for the local population and they may be caught unaware. Reptiles and terrestrial fauna may also be at risk. This means that proper communication of timing and potential risks of the filling is important. These impacts have been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The water level rise during filling is expected to be around 2 m per day. This slow rate is maintained in order not to destabilize the slopes of the valley and to prevent landslides, which may occur when soil/rock is getting wet causing collapse of slopes. In periods with more inflow in the reservoir then needed the water level rise will be controlled by opening the LLOs in the main structure. Maintaining a relatively slow rate of filling will also help to reduce the potential hazards for people living or herding cattle in the area and for livestock. Public awareness campaign will be implemented to inform the communities about the reservoir filling and associated risk of accidents. People in the area will be warned timely for the risks and there should be a ban on entering the future reservoir area. During the filling, a terrestrial fauna monitoring program will be implemented to rescue any trapped fauna. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with first filling of reservoir are likely to be adequately addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.8.3. Impacts on Fish Migration By constructing the main structure in the Indus a barrier in the river will be created, which will impair the ecological connectivity in the river, including the movement of biota and the migration of fish. Fish production in the Indus River within the project area is low, the main reasons being the fast torrential stream, the cold, glacier-fed water, the high sediment load, and the low trophic level of the water. No long distance migratory fishes are present in the project that could be affected by the dam. Snow carp migration is within the tributaries and hence will not be affected by the dam. This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. 7-40 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Mitigation The following mitigation measures will be implemented:  The aquatic study described in Section 7.6.2 will also include fish migration;  WAPDA will develop fish hatchery through which tributaries and reservoir will be restocked. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with fish migration are likely to be somewhat addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low to moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.8.4. Impact of Reduced Water Flows between Dam and Tailrace The river reach between dam-axis to tailrace discharge point is about 4.8 km long (Zones A and B in Figure 7.2). Figure 7-2: River Profile and Water Levels on the Downstream of the Damsite From June to September, when the average river flow is higher than 2600 m3/s (the flow required to run all turbines), the excess water will be discharged through the spillways/LLOs thus maintaining (a minimum of 165 m3/s) flow through the Zones A and B. However, from October to May, when the average flow is less than 2,600 m3/s, there will be no water released downstream of the dam and all the water will be diverted to the power house and will be released to the river through tailrace outlet. A small tributary - Sieglo stream - joins the Indus in this reach (about 1.2 km downstream of dam). The average annual runoff from Sieglo stream is 1.7 m3/s with average runoffs less than 0.5 m3/s during low flow season, which indicates most part of this section will be dry during low flow season. Nearly 0.4 km of this section covers the dam structure and plunge pool. Thus the distance between the plunge pool to tailrace is about 4.4km. The reduced water inflow in this river section of 4.4 km length can potentially cause significant impacts on the aquatic fauna and overall ecology of the river in this reach. 7-41 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project However due to a favorable profile of the riverbed (Figure 7.214), a section of 3.2 km length (Zone B) upstream of the tailrace could permanently receive water from backwater flow from the tailrace during run of river base load operations. Only 1.2 km of river below the main dam (Zone A) is critical for drying up during the low flow season. However, in case of peaking operations in low flow season (in Stage 2), Zone B is also affected during reservoir storage period of 18 to 20 hours. Need for Environmental Flow: Environmental flows are the water that is released into it, for the specific purpose of managing the condition of that ecosystem. Generally requirements of environmental flows are assessed based on the impact of specific ecosystem component such as aquatic animals, flood plains, river sand, estuaries, groundwater aquifers, recreational and cultural features, irrigation and drinking, etc. There is no human use of water (e.g. drinking, irrigation, cultural use, etc.) in the river section between dam and tailrace. All the affected villages in the project area depend on tributaries for drinking water and irrigation requirements. Lower Seo village is located on the right bank of Indus in this section and it also draws water for irrigation and drinking requirements from Sieglo stream. The only ecosystem that is likely to be affected in this river section due to reduced flows are the low flow season (wintering) habitat of snow carps, especially near confluence with Sieglo. Maintaining an environmental flow downstream of the dam could mitigate potential impacts on this habitat of snow carps. This impact has been assessed as Critical, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation Environmental flows of 20 m³/sec from the dam and 222 m³/sec from the tailrace (releases from operation of one turbine) are recommended for DHP. Two approaches were followed in developing these environmental flows – one on the experience of Ghazi Barotha hydropower project located on Indus on the downstream of Tarbela and other on hydraulic modeling method to measure the required water flows to meet the requirement of snow carps habitat. Ghazi Barotha hydropower project is located on Indus about 200 km downstream of Dasu (the barrage of Ghazi Barotha is located about 7 km downstream of Tarbela dam). It has a 54 km of river section between barrage and tailrace and it is being compensated by 28 m3/s (about 7 percent of lowest 10 day mean flow) to meet the requirement of aquatic habitat (snow carps and Mahaseer), drinking water and irrigation requirements in this section. These environmental flows of 28 m3/s are found to be adequate through a 5-year monitoring program conducted by WAPDA Environmental Cell (WEC 2009 Social and Environmental Monitoring assessment of Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project). The 28 m3/s of flows at Ghazi Barotha will be equivalent to about 20 m3/s at DHP and can be used as environmental flows for DHP. 14 The river profile on the downstream of the damsite and river water levels for lowest recorded flows (291 m3/s), average winter flows (550 m3/s) and high flows (5,000 m3/s) are presented in Figure 7.2. The river between dam and tailrace can be divided in to 10 cross sections. The river profile can be divided in to two zones based on the extent of backwater flows from tailrace: 1.2 km long Zone A, from cross sections 1 to 3 (excluding 0.4 km dam structure and plunge pool), which is located at an elevation above tailrace level (750m); and 3.2 km long Zone B, from cross sections 3 to 10, which is located at an elevation below tailrace water level. Thus, out of 4.4 km section between plunge pool and tail race, the 3.2 km section (Zone B) upstream of tailrace will receive water from backwater flows of tailrace. 7-42 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project A hydraulic modeling study was also conducted to assess the environmental flows of 20 m3/s from dam and 222 m3/s from tailrace with respect to the hydrological features of Indus (wetted perimeter, water depth and water velocities) at various locations in the river section between dam and tail race (Zones A and B in Figure 7.2) and the requirement of snow carp habitat, especially at confluence with Siego nullah. Average hydrological features of Indus between dam and tail race during pre-dam scenario for low flow season and post dam scenario with the release of environmental flows as determined with the help of this hydraulic modeling are shown in Table 7.8. At the Siego confluence (between cross sections 2 and 3 in Table 7.8), the flows will maintain adequate depths (0.5 to 0.6 m) and velocities (1 to 2 m/s) to support the winter habitat of snow carps (see Section 5.2.4 for snow carp habitat requirements). Hence environmental flows of 20 m3/s from dam and 222 m3/s from tailrace are recommended for the DHP. During peaking operations in Stage 2, one turbine will always be operated to release the environmental flows of 222 m3/s from tailrace, in addition to 20 m3/s through the dam. These environmental flows will maintain about 44 percent of average winter flows and 72 to 95 percent average winter wetted perimeter in Zone B (3.2 km long). In Zone A (1.2 km long), they represent 4 percent of average winter flows, 20 to 25 percent of average winter depth, 34 to 45 percent average winter wetted perimeter. During peaking operations in Stage 2, these environmental flows also represent about 44 percent of average winter flows on the downstream of tailrace (see Section 7.8.10 on impacts during peaking operation). A downstream environmental effects monitoring program will be put in place to enable assessment of changes in ecological components and adjust the environmental flows if required. Review of the IPOE on the recommended environmental flows: The international panel of experts (IPOE), during its third mission in November 2013, has carefully reviewed the above approach to assess the environmental flows and approved the recommended environmental flows. Table 7.8: Hydrological Characteristics between Dam and Tailrace for Average Winter Flows and Recommended Environmental Flows Post-Dam Scenario with 20 m³/s from dam and Pre-Dam Scenario for an average winter flow backwater from tailrace (with one turbine flow of Cross Distance of 550 m³/s 222 m³/s) section from Remarks River Average Wetted Average Wetted Number Dam, m Velocity River Velocity width water depth Perimeter water depth Perimeter (m/s) width (m) (m/s) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 1 (Dam This section mostly consists 0 68.84 axis) of dam structure and plunge 2 508 73.31 2.59 75.37 2.9 34.01 0.59 34.41 0.99 pool (412m) No backwater flows from tail 3 1,598 50.67 2.29 51.37 20.37 0.46 20.49 2.14 4.75 race. Includes baclwater flows 4 2,107 93.94 4.84 100.74 76.07 3.25 79.71 0.8 1.21 from tailrace 5 2,780 57.24 4.76 63.16 2.02 48.14 3.27 51.21 1.2 do. 6 3,750 69.74 4.77 74.79 1.65 65.9 3.69 69.54 0.8 do. 7 4,120 78.44 5.04 84.59 1.39 64.08 4.91 68.83 0.6 do. 8 4,633 85.66 5.3 95.54 1.21 79.42 4.74 86.42 0.5 do. 9 4,733 68.98 6.11 73.5 1.3 66.59 5.36 69.93 0.6 do. 10 4,833 96.62 5.1 100.59 1.12 97.02 5.15 94.72 0.5 do. (Tailrace) Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with reduced water flows are likely to be somewhat addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low to moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7-43 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7.8.5. Impact on Downstream Fish due to Changes in Water Flows and Quality Generally water quality in reservoirs will be deteriorated to thermal stratification and depletion of dissolved oxygen at deeper levels. Average water retention time (residence time) in the reservoir (volume/flow per unit time) is an important determinant of the extent of the change in water quality. Generally, long retention times in the reservoir will affect the reservoir water quality through changes in dissolved oxygen, eutrophication and thermal stratification. Average water retention time in Dasu reservoir will be very short varying from 1 to 6 days during high flow season, and about 19 days during low flow season. The impacts on water quality are estimated to be minor due to these short retention times. The changes may occur over short distances downstream of the dam, but are not expected to have significant adverse effects. Changes in downstream sediment quantities are not expected to negatively affect downstream aquatic resources and may favor species that will benefit from reduced amounts of sand and gravel in seasonal deposition and scouring cycles. About 97 percent of the sediments occur in Indus basin during months of high flows of June to September during which water passes through spillways, low level outlets and turbines and hence some of the fine sediment will be continued to carry out downstream and sediments will continue to enter through tributaries located downstream of the dam. Major tributaries immediately below the dam site are Sieglo at 1.5 km and Jalkot at 9 km distance. This impact has been assessed as Low Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation A downstream environmental effects monitoring program will be put in place to enable assessment of changes in ecological components. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with downstream fish are likely to be somewhat addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as minimal (see Table 7.4). 7.8.6. Impact of Sedimentation on Reservoir Area Annually some 200 million ton of sediment enters the reservoir area. After completion of the Dasu structure the reservoir will be filled and flow velocities in the reservoir will be greatly reduced causing most of the sediment to be deposited in the reservoir. The coarser sandy sediments will settle near the upper reach of the reservoir and the finer sediments will settle in the middle and lower reaches. This sedimentation will reduce the reservoir storage capacity over the years to come. It is expected that the inlets for LLO and power intake will be filled within 20 to 25 years if there will be no flushing of sediments. Longitudinal sediment profiles after every 5 years of impoundment are show in Figure 7.3. The sedimentation will occur over the entire 73 km length of the reservoir. Heavy bed load will settle near the head reach and the finer material will settle in middle and lower reaches of the reservoir. The reduction of the storage volume after dam construction is shown in the Figure 7.4. From the figure it might be concluded that the storage volume of the reservoir will be reduced by more than 80 percent and the length of the reservoir is then about 10 km (at fsl). Habitat conditions along the 73 km length of the reservoir (at fsl) will be characterized by along transition along the former river gradient featuring river-like fast-moving water in 7-44 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project the upstream end and deep slower moving water in the downstream end. Reservoir ecology will not be typical of a natural lake environment and will undergo rapid reduction in size caused by sedimentation and changes associated with flushing operations (after 15 year) and possible transition of reservoir operation from run-of-river to peaking (notably, drawdown during cycle of water storage and release for power generation). Relatively high water velocities and narrow width will maintain river-like features along much of the reservoir. Figure 7-3: Expected Sedimentation Profiles Over Time -without Flushing Source: DHP Engineering Design, 2012 Figure 7-4: Reduction of Reservoir Storage after Impounding (without flushing) Source: DHP Engineering Design, 2012 Water velocities along the length of the reservoir will generally be less than pre-reservoir river conditions. Although reservoir features will be lake-like surface water velocities will be high compared to most lakes and storage reservoirs. The relatively high water 7-45 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project velocities suggest that conditions may be mainly compatible for riverine fish species, particularly along the reservoir shoreline. Water velocities along the length of the reservoir would be relatively high, ranging from 0.56 to 3.08 m/sec at the head of the reservoir and 0.02 to 0.14 m/sec at the dam. Water velocities in deeper areas close to the dam will be mainly influenced by facility operation:  900-950m – relatively high water velocity; determined by intake/spillway use  875-900m – relatively high water velocity; determined by intake use  810-875m – relatively low water velocity except during periodic flushing; mainly stagnant water upstream - annual/periodic flushing will rejuvenate  724-810m – low water velocity; mainly stagnant water upstream Based on the hydraulic and engineering studies DHC concluded that flushing of sediments will not be required until 15th year of operation. If Basha dam is constructed by that time, flushing operations are not required for another 30 years, since Basha dam having enough storage capacity would act as sediment trap. After construction of Basha dam, annual sedimentation inflow will be reduced to 46 million tons (which will also include sediment outflow from Basha dam). Without Basha annual flushing operations will be carried out for a period of one month. During flushing operations power generation will be stopped. This impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation To prolong the life of the reservoir (at least to 40 years) it is estimated that annual flushing should start after 15 years. This assumption is based on the use of the reservoir to generate base load electricity. For the first 15 year period the impact of sedimentation on potential development of commercial fisheries will be minimal, provided that stocking of the reservoir is carried out with suitable non-migrating fish species adapted to the circumstances in the reservoir. The situation can be compared with the situation at the Tarbela reservoir. When flushing would start after 15 years this would mean that the size of the reservoir will be reduced to 7 km instead of the 9-10 km length of the reservoir after 15 year. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with sedimentation in reservoir are likely to be mostly addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.8.7. Impact of Reservoir Operation during Base Load Operation of Plant The current plan is to use the reservoir for base load generation during the first stage of the project, estimated at 15 years. During this period there will be minimal impacts on fish production, with the exception that the volume of water in the reservoir will decrease with about 80 percent. After this period the reservoir will be flushed annually during one month (mid May-mid June) when discharges of the Indus are high. Flushing is most effective in the high flood season. During flushing operation the water level in the reservoir will be lowered from 950 m amsl to 830 m (level of the low level outlets).This 7-46 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project will be achieved at an estimated rate of 3 m/day and takes about 40 days. Drawdown will be kept at this low rate in order to minimize the risk of landslides. After this lowering period the flushing of sediment will be carried out during 30 days. When the gates in the dam are closed the water level in the reservoir will start to rise with an average of 4 m/day and will reach fsl 30 days later. The whole operation will take about 100 days (1 April -10 July). Fish stocks will be compressed in a reduced volume during flushing operations. There will be impacts on fish stock. There will be losses of fish during flushing operation. An unknown percentage of fish will be trapped or injured during the extreme drawdown during flushing. For mitigating these impacts the technical feasibility of protecting the inlets should be determined, either by screening of inlets or by other methods. A certain percentage of fish (to be determined) will have to be restocked annually. The impacts have been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation In the above-mentioned period of flushing it is expected that specific fisheries management is required to sustain the population of fish in the reduced reservoir area during flushing, and possibly followed by re-stocking afterwards. There are considerable uncertainties with respect to expected losses of fish harvest during flushing and the appropriate mitigating measures. These issues have to be studied into more detail in the Fisheries Development and Management Program. Flow releases during reservoir flushing are not likely to have a sustained negative effect on the downstream ecosystem, as long as peak flows occur within the normal period of seasonal high flows. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with flushing of reservoir are likely to be mostly addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.8.8. Impact on Downstream Fish during Flushing Operation The potential impacts on the downstream during flushing operations are turbulent habitat conditions, release of high sediment load and altered water quality from the reservoir. Flushing events should not occur earlier than the planned early summer period to prevent possible adverse effects outside the intended timing window especially during the winter low-flow period. Release flows during flushing should be within limits of historical flows for the season over which flows will be released (currently planned for mid-May to mid-June). As explained earlier, the impacts on water quality in the reservoir are estimated to be minor due to these short retention times. However, if low oxygen conditions are evident during monitoring prior to flushing a lead-in period may be required whereby the lower-level outlets are used to draw out low oxygen-concentration lower-elevation water in combination with spillway releases to provide adequate oxygen concentrations in water downstream of the plunge pool. The impact has been assessed as High Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation The following measures will be implemented to address the potential impacts associated with flushing:  WAPDA to carry out flushing during high flow season (not in low flow/winter) 7-47 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  WAPDA to develop ramp down criteria (5-10 cm/hr)  WAPDA will conduct monitoring of dissolved oxygen and temperature in reservoir and de-stratification or simultaneous release of water from low level outlets and spillways if required.  WAPDA will carry out downstream monitoring of fish, habitats and sediments. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with flushing of reservoir are likely to be mostly addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low to moderate adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.8.9. Impact of Daily Reservoir Operations during Peak Production After commissioning of the Diamer-Basha project (expected in 2037) DHP will depend on the guaranteed water releases from the Basha reservoir. During this stage it has been recommended to operate the Dasu plant as a peaking facility during 4 - 6 hours per day to cover the peak demand for electricity in the country. There will be a daily storage-release cycle during the winter low-flow period, with strong fluctuating water levels. Operation of DHP as a run-of-river facility will not change the hydrology downstream of the tailrace outlet during the low flow season, as has been discussed in the previous section. However, during storage/peaking operations (in Stage 2) the situation will be totally different. During the low flow season there could be periods potentially of no inflow into the segment of the river below the tailrace outlet. Downstream habitat and biota will be significantly adversely affected when flow is reduced due to the daily retention of water in the reservoir, in order to cover the needs for peak power generation. Potential effects on aquatic resources and fishing activity could extend downstream for a substantial distance (depending on minimum environmental flows adopted) until the major tributaries join Indus. However it appears doubtful that potential effects would extend to the south end of Tarbela Reservoir (approximately 200 km downstream) where the commercial fishery is located. Risk of Tail Race Flow Surges A period of no inflow could be followed by a sudden pulse of water during peak operation. Peaking will thus cause daily fluctuations in flow and water levels in the river section downstream of the tailrace outlet. Repeated daily surges will affect the aquatic ecology. The magnitude of water level fluctuation will vary along the river, depending on the river cross section downstream. In addition, the daily water level variations depend on the number of turbines working during that day. Just at the tailrace discharge point, the water level will change quite suddenly after a start or stop of the turbine. Following examples give an indication of the expected changes in water level:  If the power generation from one turbine is increased to three turbines, the water level at tailrace is expected to rise 2.8 m. During power generation with twelve units (in phase 4), the rise of water level will be 6.4 m. However, instantaneous power operation with twelve units is not practical, due to constrained load control in the power grid connected to other power plants in the country. This scenario is therefore very unlikely. A more likely scenario is that three turbines operate simultaneously. The time needed for the sequential start of three turbine units is estimated to take at 7-48 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project least 15 minutes. The rising rate of the water level at the tail end would then be 0.8 m/minute. Therefore it is expected that a sudden surge wave may not occur in the river section downstream of the tailrace outlet.  In case of the use of one turbine the total time before a sudden water surge reaches the tailrace outfall is estimated at minimal 23 minutes. The water level then will rise with an estimated 0.27 m/minute. The water level fluctuations will continue further downstream for longer distance. However, the fluctuations become smaller when major tributaries join the Indus. The above impacts have been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation During peaking operation of the plant, it will be required to operate at least one turbine and the additional flows can then be used for peaking operation. Operation of one turbine will release 222.5 m3/s and the total flow at tailrace, including an environmental flow of 20 m3/s from dam, will then be 242.5 m3/s. This discharge is equal to about 44 percent of average winter flow of Indus at Dasu. This amount can be adjusted based on the monitoring of impacts on aquatic ecology. Release of 44 percent of average monthly flows generally exceeds the recommendations set by other hydropower projects in the region. For example, Wildlife Institute of India has recommended 20 percent of winter monthly flow for sustaining river ecology with special reference to snow carps in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins, Uttarakhand, India (source: Wildlife Institute of India, 2012 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts of Hydroelectric Projects on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins, Uttarakhand). Residual impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with peak production are likely to be mostly addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low adverse (see Table 7.4). 7.8.10. Risk of Bird Collisions with Transmission Cables The Indus valley is a major fly-way for bird migration. Huge flocks of migrating birds follow the Indus valley fly-way with south ward migration starting from November and northward migration starting from March. Fatal collisions occur mostly with cables hanging perpendicular to the flight direction particularly with the top neutral conductor because of its poor visibility. The 132 kV transmission line from Dubair to Dasu will mainly be located along the lower altitude slopes of the Indus valley, not perpendicular to the flight direction of the birds. At one location, near Jalkot, the 132 kV transmission line would cross the Indus river from right bank to left bank and hence this location could be potential for bird collision. Power line structures (towers) provide perching, roosting, and nesting substrates for some avian species especially for birds of prey (raptors). Due to their large wingspans, the raptors may simultaneously come in contact with two energized parts or one energized and one neutral/grounded part of the transmission lines/their towers, potentially resulting in electrocution. Although raptors are most often considered when addressing electrocution risk, other birds such as crows, ravens, magpies, small flocking birds and wading birds can also be electrocuted. Closely-spaced exposed equipment, such as jumper wires on transformers, poses an electrocution risk to small birds. 7-49 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project This impact has been assessed as Moderate Adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation Visibility enhancement objects such as marker balls, bird deterrents, or diverters will be attached to the 132 kV transmission line at the Indus crossing to avoid any bird collision. The electrical design factor most crucial to avian electrocutions is the physical separation between energized and/or grounded structures, conductors, hardware, or equipment that can be bridged by birds to complete a circuit. As a general rule, electrocution can occur on structures with the following characteristics: • Phase conductors separated by less than the wrist-to-wrist or head-to-toe (flesh-to- flesh) dimensions of a bird. The wrist is the joint toward the middle of the leading edge of a bird’s wing. The skin covering the wrist is the outermost fleshy part on the wing. • Distance between grounded hardware (e.g., grounded wires, metal braces) and any energized phase conductor that is less than the wrist-to-wrist or head-to-toe (flesh-to-flesh) distance of a bird. Avian risk assessment is a prerequisite for designing the transmission line. The assessment includes development of a database for morphological features (wrist-to-wrist or head-to-toe) for all the large birds, raptors and threatened species. Morphological features, in terms of length of the birds and wingspan of all large birds, raptors and threatened species of the project area are presented in Annex C. Maximum length and wingspan of these birds are summarized below.  maximum length is 1 m and maximum wingspan is 1.8 m for large water birds and waders (Black stork, Bar-headed goose, Demoiselle crane, etc.)  maximum length is 1.5 and maximum wingspan is 3 m for birds of prey (vultures: Lammergeyer, Himalayan, Egyptian; and eagles: Short toed, Golden)  length is 0.65 and wingspan is 1.8 m for Egyptian vulture (endangered)  length is 0.5 and wingspan is 1.2 m for Pallid harrier (near threatened). The maximum length and wingspan of all the above birds are within 1.5 m and 3 m, respectively. Hence, mitigation to prevent or reduce the bird electrocution is possible by maintaining a minimum vertical distance of 1.5 m and horizontal distance of 3 m between the energized parts of the transmission line. However, in the proposed design of the 132 kV transmission line, the distance between vertical conductors is 4.1 m and horizontal conductors is 6.8 m, much higher than the morphometric features of the birds. Hence no bird electrocution is expected with 132 kV transmission line through touching of two conductors. In addition, the exposed coverings and parts of the structure will be insulated to avoid any electrocution of birds. Residual Impacts With the help of the above listed mitigation measures, concerns associated with bird collision are likely to be mostly addressed, and hence the associated residual impact has been assessed as low adverse (see Table 7.4). 7-50 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 7.9. Social Issues during Operation and Maintenance 7.9.1. Loss of Employment for Construction Workers Local construction workers and technicians may lose their jobs at the end of the construction works and this may lead to increasing unemployment for local residents with negative consequences. The impact of the loss of employment has been estimated as moderate adverse, as shown in Table 7.4. Mitigation There are good opportunities for follow-up projects which are: (a) the successive follow up projects under stage 2 of DHP (phase 3 and 4), (b) the construction of the Diamer- Basha dam and (c) possible other major works further upstream. WAPDA could develop a preferential system for local workers with good qualifications and experience at the end of the construction of stage 1. Construction workers could also qualify for positions in maintenance and operational activities. Also important is that the vocational training program for the various categories of workers will be continued together with the implementation of the Social Assistance Program. Residual Impacts With the help of the above measures the impact of the loss of employment opportunities could be largely mitigated and hence the residual impacts have been assessed as low adverse. 7.9.2. Reservoir Fisheries (Enhancement Opportunity) Development of reservoir fisheries could create employment: based on experience from Tarbela, it is estimated that there could be potential for development of reservoir fisheries in the Dasu reservoir. A well designed fisheries management program is an essential condition for such an enterprise, including the provision of the required infrastructure, such as hatchery, landing facilities, ice factory, craft and gear, laboratory and training facilities. Implementation of such a program would substantially increase the employment opportunities in the area as well as the nutritional status of the population. The project would support collecting detailed baseline data for aquatic resources in the area (see Annex B for the ToRs for this study), which would be a pre-requisite for preparing such a program. 7.10. Potential Impacts of 500 KV Transmission Line As described earlier, the present ESA does not cover the impacts associated with the 500- kV transmission line since the detailed design of this component is yet to be carried out. In order to carry out a preliminary assessment and to define the extent and scope of the detailed ESA to be carried out once the detail design is available, the National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) has prepared a separate EARF for this component. As a next step, a detailed ESA will be carried out during the detailed design of this component, in accordance with the WB requirements. A summary of this EARF is presented below. Summary of EARF for the Construction of 500 kV Transmission Line The EARF, which is available for review under separate cover, includes initial screening of potential impacts. The key findings of this screening are listed below. 7-51 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  No permanent land will be acquired for the erection of towers. Only for grid station, about 100 acres of private land will be acquired.  Temporary land will be acquired for contractor’s camp(s) and other facilities like storage, workshop, machinery parking, washing, aggregate quarries and access roads/paths.  The construction activities can potentially have some impacts on crops. As the construction activities will continue throughout the year, people will potentially lose their crop for two seasons i.e. winter and summer. About 5000 ha of agriculture land, 5000 ha of barren/grazing land and 2500 ha of forest land is likely to fall within the corridor of impact of the transmission line.  The transmission line will cross several local roads, a railway line, and also the existing transmission lines. Clearance will be maintained throughout the route of the transmission line in accordance with the relevant safety standards.  The construction activities can potentially have impacts on the air quality due to the dust and exhaust emissions from the construction machinery as well as vehicles. Similarly, the noise generated by the construction machinery may have impacts on the sensitive receptors such as communities, schools, and hospitals.  No major tree cutting is likely to be needed for the transmission line construction.  The construction activities may have some impacts on the terrestrial fauna of the area, however these impacts will be minimized during the operation phase of this component.  The transmission lines may cause fatal injuries to birds due to electrocution and collision. In particular large birds such as raptors and storks are susceptible to such impacts.  The construction activities may potentially have some impacts on the local communities due to the movement of labor in that area and use of their local resources such as water.  As the transmission line route would mostly be passing through the rural areas and as a result, women activities and mobility in the field will potentially be impacted during the construction activities.  The transmission line route will not cross any area inhabited by indigenous people as defined in the WB OP 4.10.  No documented/officially notified cultural and archeological sites are known to exist within the transmission line corridor. The EARF has identified the possible crossing of the transmission line through Palas Valley as a potential environmental impact, to be studied in greater detail during the transmission line ESA. The transmission line route identified in the EARF is about 250 km long and begins at the Dasu Hydropower plant. The route runs parallel to the Indus River till Pattan. From there, the proposed corridor would proceed through the lower Palas valley and pass the districts of Battagram, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur passing east of Tarbela Dam towards Pathar Garh, situated near Hassanabdal in District Attock, Punjab. Out of total 250 km, about 200 km is mountainous terrain with rocks covered with natural and planted forests. Only the last 50 km towards Pathar Garh is relatively flat or slightly sloping terrain with cultivated lands and barren areas. The crossing through 7-52 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Palas valley could be environmentally sensitive, since this area is an IBA (Important Bird Area) declared by BirdLife International. Palas valley is also known by its rich biodiversity and is considered to be an environmental hotspot. The EARF has identified as another possible major impact the interference of the selected transmission line- corridor with the well-known Indus Flyway, or Bird Migration route no. 7 along the Indus. Part of the line follows the Indus valley between Dasu and Pattan, in an area where the Indus valley is rather narrow with steep mountains on both sides reaching 2,500 – 3,000m amsl. The Indus Flyway follows the narrow valley and especially large flocks of waterfowl, geese and ducks, cranes and herons are passing there twice a year on their way from Siberia towards their wintering grounds situated in Sindh, Indus Delta and along the coastline of the Arabian Sea, and vice-versa. ESA Study and Alternative Routes of Transmission Line The EARF also includes the ToRs of the detailed ESA to be carried out during the design of this component. There are potential alternatives available for routing of the transmission line, including completely bypassing of the Palas valley. The study will compare the various alternatives and assess their impacts on the biodiversity of the area including Palas valley. One important issue to note here is that the Palas valley is not included in some 150 long list of protected and conservation areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and hence no monetary support is available from the government to strengthen the conservation measures in the Palas valley. The biodiversity in the Palas valley is reported to be currently under heavy stress from deforestation, firewood collection, overgrazing, over-hunting, over-harvesting of medicinal plants, soil erosion, use of pesticides, and weak law enforcement. Considering these issues, the ESA study will also assess the merits of passing transmission line through Palas valley besides evaluating environmental enhancement opportunities (e.g. funding of conservation measures by the project). The study will also identify and evaluate various alternatives available during the design and construction phase of the transmission line including siting and design of towers, access paths, and construction methodology. The ESA will cover the potential impacts associated with the construction and operation of the transmission line and related ancillaries, as well as all temporary and permanent facilities and resources required (e.g., including access routes, helipads if required, workshops, and equipment yards) during the construction and operation phases. The ESA will also include an avian risk assessment, addressing the potential impacts of the transmission line on birds. The study will also cover the cumulative impacts of this component and any other project in the area. The ESA will also include environmental management and mitigation plans which will be embedded into the bidding documents for the construction of transmission line. World Bank will provide funding for detailed design and ESA study of the transmission line. The ESA will be reviewed and cleared by the Bank before any construction on this component can be commenced. 7-53 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 8. Cumulative Impacts 8.1. Introduction Mangla and Tarbela dam are the only existing major dam projects that have been constructed in Pakistan, both about 40-45 years ago. After this, Pakistan has not constructed any major dams for irrigation or hydropower purposes. In order to harness the hydropower potential of the Indus River, WAPDA has proposed to build a cascade of projects in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Under the Vision 2025 DHP and Diamer-Basha (DB) are the first of a series of hydropower projects planned by WAPDA in the Indus river section upstream of Tarbela until Raikot bridge (near Astor), see Figure 1.2. DHP in combination with Diamer- Basha and several minor hydropower projects along Indus tributaries have the potential to cause significant cumulative impacts on physical, ecological and social resources in the basin. Strategic Sectoral Environmental and Social Assessment (SSESA) Meanwhile, the Ministry of Water and Power of GOP, through the World Bank-funded the Water Sector Development Project (WCAP), awarded a study titled “Strategic Sector Environmental and Social Assessment” (SSESA) to an international consortium of consultants. SSESA has been launched to look at the whole Indus Basin for sector wide environmental and social considerations including cumulative impacts to help prioritize the investments in hydropower and storage development options. The study would provide recommendations on programmatic mechanism for monitoring and evaluating environmental and social performance in the management of storage and hydropower projects in Pakistan. The study considers WAPDA Water Resources and Hydropower Development Vision 2025 document as the reference document, besides Government policies on Power and Energy Conservation. It is expected that the recommendations of the study will help the Government in making strategic choices in the water resources and hydropower development, which have positive environmental and social impacts and conserve the overall natural resource base. The study is at an advanced stage of completion. Spatial and Temporal Boundaries of Cumulative Assessment For the present ESA a preliminary cumulative impact assessment has been prepared by the design consultant’s team based on “Vision 2025”. The spatial and temporal boundaries for the cumulative impact assessment have been defined according to an expected and realistic timeline, as discussed with WAPDA and the World Bank. DHP is the first structure upstream of Tarbela to be constructed to be followed by DB. The latter dam (DB) will be constructed at a site a few km from the upstream end of the DHP reservoir. The assessment framework as presented here is spatially limited to the Indus valley downstream of the confluence of Gilgit/Hunza river with the Indus (some 15 km upstream of Raikot bridge (at the upper end of the Basha reservoir), until the Tarbela dam, where the Indus water is distributed over the entire Indus Basin Water System (IBWS) see Figure 8.1. As temporal boundaries the time between now and the year 2035 (DHP and DB expected to be in full operation) have been taken. 8-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 8.1: The Indus Basin Water System 8-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Potential cumulative impacts arising out of the water resources and hydropower projects likely to be developed within the next twenty years (both on Indus main stem and its tributaries) have been assessed for this part of the river. Other developments outside the water sector have not been considered, since there are very few infrastructural and other developments foreseen in this mountainous and rugged terrain belonging to the Himalayan and Karakorum mountain ranges. The assessment has been concentrated on possible cumulative effects of projects on: (a) river hydrology, (b) sedimentation (c) water releases downstream of Tarbela, (d) water supply for irrigation and drink water, (e) management of floods, (f) changes in habitat from river to lake type, (g) barriers for fish movement, (h) social impacts due to resettlement, loss of livelihood and income (i) damage to physical cultural resources, and (j) need for realignment of the KKH. These valued environmental components (VECs) identified and discussed through a ‘CIA Stakeholder Consultation Workshop’ held at Islamabad (2 October 2012), which was attended by federal (Ministry of Climate Change, Planning Commission and National Highway Authority, Dept. of Archeology) and relevant provincial government stakeholders (EPA, wildlife, fisheries, archaeology) from the provinces of Baluchistan, Sindh, Punjab and KP; international financial institutions (ADB, World Bank and JICA), Indus River System Authority, university teachers and NGOs. The key cumulative impacts and their mitigations and concerns are discussed in the sections below. 8.2. The Indus Basin Water System To meet the increasing food production demands, Pakistan has been expanding the surface water supplies to the Indus Basin Water System (IBWS) over time by capturing more water from the Indus and its other rivers. The Tarbela Dam was developed during the seventies of the last century in the framework of the Indus Basin Water Master Plan. Initially the main purpose of the dam was to supply irrigation water to the densely populated agricultural areas in Punjab and Sindh. For the project 120 villages along the Indus were submerged and a total of 96,000 persons had to be resettled and 33,200 ha of land to be acquired. At present the Tarbela dam is the most upstream constructed hydraulic structure controlling the Indus waters, its main functions are to supply irrigation water to the IBWS as well as generate power. Post Tarbela, canal diversions in the past reached as high as 105 million acre feet (MAF). However, they have declined in recent years due to reduced storage of Tarbela reservoir because of sedimentation and several other factors such as the state of the infrastructure and a sequence of dry years. The 2001-2010 average canal diversions have now been reduced to 94.5 MAF, and the reduction is primarily in the rabi (winter: October-March) season by about 8.6 MAF. 8.2.1. Indus-water related Impacts downstream from Tarbela From 1900 onwards, as development of the IBWS proceeded and extraction from the river steadily increased, the delta and coastal zone began to receive lower volumes of water, thus changing the characteristics and ecology of the area. Decreased water flows in the Indus River have caused serious adverse environmental and social impacts on the delta and coastal zone. These impacts include the loss of mangrove forests, decreased fisheries, deteriorated water quality, and sea intrusion. All of these factors have direct bearings on the livelihood and wellbeing of the local population. 8-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project The other source of water Pakistan has tapped is groundwater, which is recharged by the surface water system. Since the 1980s, the groundwater aquifers have supplied increasing amounts of water for irrigation in areas underlain by fresh groundwater. In Punjab, about an equal amount of irrigation water comes from the groundwater wells. This resource is now reaching its limit and further withdrawals are not possible without serious groundwater mining and extraordinary costs for pumping. 8.2.2. Mitigation Measures Taken The described impacts have been mitigated through implementation of various programs aimed at improving water management in the delta area, provision of drainage and revival of some of the lakes using better quality drainage water and various livelihood programs. Some of these programs are supported by the Bank. Under the mitigation measures taken by the Government of Sindh province the following major projects were undertaken: a) The interprovincial Water Accord of 1991. This Accord has a provision for ecological flows to be released downstream from Kotri Barrage. b) Preparation of a Master Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone. Under the Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project the World Bank is assisting the Government of Sindh to prepare a regional master plan to address the flooding issues and provide proper drainage to the area on the left bank of the Indus River. c) Sediment Management Plan for the Basin and Tarbela. Under the Water Capacity Building Project (WCAP) the World Bank is also assisting the GoP and WAPDA to understand the sediment management issues for the basin and at Tarbela Dam. d) Improving Irrigation Efficiencies. With increasing population and development, water demand is expected to continue to increase in the Indus Basin, which is the main food production area for the country. In the past Pakistan has been increasing surface water diversions and also tapping groundwater, both of which are reaching their limits now. In future, substantial quantities of water can only come from reducing losses in the irrigation system (now about 35-40 percent). The Bank is assisting the Government to start an irrigated agriculture productivity improvement program under which watercourses (Punjab, Sindh to be followed by other provinces) would be improved to reduce delivery losses and introduce high efficiency irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation. e) Plans for Storage Reservoirs in IBWS. Pakistan has already raised the level of the Mangla dam on the Jhelum River. This provides about 2.9 MAF of additional storage, however, this is much less than the combined storage lost to sedimentation of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs. f) Sind Coastal Area Development. The Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund through its partner organizations has been implementing the Sindh Coastal Area Development program (WB funded) to address the spatial and economic isolation and poverty of the population of the coastal areas following natural/man-made disasters seawater intrusion, floods, and climate change specifically in districts of Thatta and Badin. 8-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 8.3. Expected Developments in the Upper Indus Basin 8.3.1. Shift in Focus of Water Policy Planning The development of the Indus River system as envisioned under the Vision 2025 Program has the potential to provide the long term solution for the water and electricity sector and growth of the Pakistani economy. However, the aim of developing the Indus River needs to be shifted from merely storing and increasing water supplies towards developing sustainable water and hydropower resources also in view of the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the country and the increase in demand for energy. The focus therefore is now moving to the main Indus River with its large untapped water resources potential, especially since the waters of the other rivers (Chenab and Jhelum) are fully utilized and other sources provide lesser amount of water and power. On the Indus River the same water can be utilized through a cascade to maximize benefits of storage and hydropower generation. 8.3.2. Indus Cascade Development from Tarbela to Diamer- Basha The first step in this long term plan is to develop the segment of Indus Cascade between the Tarbela Dam up to Diamer-Basha (DB) and to exploit all water and hydropower resources in this segment, followed by investments further upstream. This segment has an annual water flow of about 60 billion cubic meters (BCM) and an elevation drop of about 700 meters between upstream of DB to the Tarbela reservoirs. At this stage, this segment is planned to be developed by four major structures on the Indus River going upwards from Tarbela Dam, Thakot, Pattan, Dasu and Diamer-Basha (see Figure 1.2). Two of these projects (DHP and DB) will be developed in the next 20 years, providing about 8,800 MW of newly installed capacity. Two other projects from this cascade: Thakot and Pattan Hydropower Project are currently under consideration and feasibility studies are still underway. These projects have not been included in this assessment. 8.3.3. Overview of Expected Development until 2035 Hydropower Development The proposed developments in Indus cascade are shown in Figure 8.2. In this cascade, DHP and Basha are ready for implementation with detailed designs in hand. Other two projects of vision 2025, Pattan and Thakot, are still in the planning stage. Considering that only two major dam projects have been completed in last 50 years in Pakistan and amount of finances required to develop these mega projects, it can be safely assumed that only Basha and DHP are the only major projects that could be completed in next 20 years or so. In addition, six hydropower projects are located in the tributaries, of which two are under construction.. A list of these hydropower projects currently designed or under construction is given in Table 8.1. From the table it can be seen that DHP (Run of River) and Basha (storage) are major hydropower projects, whereas the projects along the tributaries are much smaller and often also ‘Run of River’ projects with small storage dams. DHP has a limited reservoir (24 km² only) with the only objective to generate hydropower (base-load, possibly peak-load in the far future), whereas Basha has the objective to improve the storage capacity in the IBWS and to alleviate flood damage of the Indus River next to generating electricity. 8-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 8.2: Location of Tarbela and other Planned Hydropower Projects in UIB Non Hydropower Development Non hydropower developments have not been considered in this assessment since there are no major developments are planned in this region. A major limitation for any economic development is the poor condition of the KKH between Thakot and Raikot bridge (the only lifeline with the outside world), which situation is prohibitive for any further economic development in the area. So far there are no plans to reconstruct this road section (with the exception of the relocated stretch of KKH inside the future DHP reservoir area, to be constructed as part of the DHP project), which is in difficult terrain and is frequently blocked for days. Table 8.1: Hydropower Development in the Upper Indus Basin (under Vision 2025) Installed Expected Name of Storage River Location Capacity Completion Project (BCM) (MW) Date Major Hydropower projects 1. Diamer Basha Indus Diamer 7.90 4500 2030 3) 2. Dasu 3) Indus Dasu RoR 4320 2022 (0.67) 3. Minor Hydropower projects 3.1 Keyal Khwar Indus tributary Besham RoR 122 2018 4) 3.2 Dubair Khwar Indus tributary Besham RoR 130 2013 2) 8-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Installed Expected Name of Storage River Location Capacity Completion Project (BCM) (MW) Date 3.3 Khan Khwar Indus tributary Besham RoR 72 2012 1) 3.4 Allai Khwar 1) Indus tributary Besham RoR 121 2013 3.5 Lower Spat Indus tributary Kohistan RoR 496 2025 Gah 4) 3.6 Lower Palas Indus tributary Pattan RoR 665 2025 Valley 4) Status: 1) Existing; 2) Under construction; 3) Ready for construction; 4) Under Planning (expected completion date is uncertain) 8.3.4. Brief Description of Diamer Basha Project Primary objective of DB is to improve significantly the storage capacity in the stressed Indus Basin Water System (to alleviate water shortages for agriculture and environmental flow) and to generate relatively cheap and clean (due to the renewable nature) energy to be transported and distributed by the National Power Grid. Main national benefits of the project will comprise:  Enhanced water storage capability of the Indus River System by adding about 7.9 BCM of live storage at a time when the on-line storages will have lost over one- third of original capacity of about 19 BCM;  Increased useful life of downstream Tarbela reservoir by about 50 years (together with development of DHP) through trapping large amount of sediments;  Optimization of water and power benefits through conjunctive operation with Tarbela reservoir;  Alleviation of flood damage of the Indus River, particularly in the reach Kalabagh to Guddu.  Providing about 18,100 GWh of energy per annum from its installed capacity of 4,500 MW;  Enabling about 1100 GWh of additional generation at Tarbela due to conjunctive operation of the reservoirs of Tarbela and Basha. Sizeable addition to other two existing hydropower projects of Ghazi-Barotha and Chashma due to routing of additional water provided by storage at Diamer Basha will be possible in future. Besides the above national benefits, a major ‘trickle-down effect’ of the project will be significant improvement in socio-economic conditions in Gilgit- Baltistan. Salient features of the project are given in Table 8.2. Table 8.2: Salient features of Diamer Basha Project Element Details / feature Description Catchment Area 153,200 km² Mean Annual Inflow 62 BCM Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) 49,4170 m3/s Location On Indus river near Chilas (Gilgit Baltistan & K.P), 300 km upstream from 8-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Element Details / feature Description Tarbela dam and about 40 km downstream of Chilas town Dam and Type Roller compacted concrete (RCC) Reservoir Crest Level 1,170 m amsl Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 1,160 m amsl Minimum Operation Level (MOL) 1,060 m amsl Length of Reservoir 102 km Surface Area 115.2 km² Storage Capacity 13 % of Inflow Height 272 meters Length 939 meters Spillway Type Ogee Type with Flip Bucket and Plunge Pool 11.5 m x 16.24 m (14 Nos.) Radial gates Outlets Low level 2 Sluicing 5 Reservoir Gross Storage 8.10 MAF (10 BCM) Live Storage 6.40 MAF (7.9 BCM) Power House Installed Capacity 4,500 MW Location and Type Underground, one each on right and left side No. of units 12, each of 375 MW (4500 MW) Annual Energy 18,500 GWh Project  Generation of Hydropower Benefits  Employment generation during construction and O&M of the project.  Uplift of socio-economic conditions.  Development of fisheries (reservoir) People 28,650 persons affected Project Cost Rs 894.000 billion (US$ 11.18 billion) Executing WAPDA Agency Source: DBC, 2009 8.3.5. Baseline Conditions The baseline conditions in Basha project and DHP are largely comparable. Both projects are situated in the same agro-ecological zone along the Indus valley at few km distances of each other. Near Chilas the Indus is at about 1000 m and the mountain along the Indus valley rises up to 4,000- 5,000 m elevation. Near Dasu the Indus bed is about 760 m amsl, whereas the mountains bordering the valley are somewhat lower with elevations between 3000 – 4000 m. The smaller hydropower projects along the Indus tributaries are also found in the same zone, but at some 35 – 60 km distance downstream of Dasu. The projects downstream from Pattan are situated in an area which receives some more rainfall and has well developed vegetation and natural forests along the tributaries and on the slopes. The area forms a transitional zone towards the zone downstream from Besham-Thakot where the influence of the monsoon begins (Battagram-Mansehra) with more rainfall and more agricultural development. 8-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 8.4. Cumulative Impacts and Trends to be Expected 8.4.1. General DHP in combination with other proposed hydropower and storage projects has the potential to cause significant cumulative and induced impacts on physical, ecological and social resources in the UIB. Most of the expected cumulative impacts relate to hydropower development, since this is the only major structural development in the area. Influx of workers and migrants will be restricted in Dasu since there is hardly any suitable place to find to accommodate large numbers of people and commercial business. In the Basha project there will be more influx of in-migrants since there is more free physical space for small industries and commercial establishments to develop. The tributary projects will also attract influx of migrants to nearby urban centers. The impacts on biodiversity and wildlife of DHP have been described in Chapter 7 and the trends and concern identified in DHP and other hydropower projects are similar, since the areas are as far as natural forests and vegetation and ecology is concerned almost identical, especially at the higher altitudes. 8.4.2. Impacts on River Hydrology Cumulative Impacts Among the hydropower projects, Basha is a storage project and others are run of river projects. DHP is planned as a baseload run of river project and other tributary projects are planned as peaking run of river projects. River flows in Indus and its tributaries could be affected due to seasonal storage in the Basha and daily storage in tributary projects (for peaking operation). The objective of Basha project is different from DHP and this consequently may lead to other environmental impacts. With construction of Basha, which has a gross storage volume of 7.9 BCM, the storage capability in the Tarbela reservoir could considerably be increased. The change in river hydrology for different scenarios has been determined in a hydrological study for Basha dam carried out by WAPDA in 2012. It has been estimated that by optimizing the operations of Tarbela, Basha and DHP about 42 percent more flow during the low flow season could be released from Tarbela and about 19 percent in early kharif period (see Table 8.3). The changes in the river flows above Tarbela will have a positive benefit on the downstream of Tarbela through alleviation of water shortages for irrigation especially in the beginning of the kharif season, which is a crucial period for development of the summer crops in Punjab and Sindh. The impact of these extra releases will be very beneficial for irrigated agriculture in the plains. This extra flow could also mitigate the reductions in the ecological flow, which is often compromised and reduced by overconsumption in agriculture. Table 8.3: Percent of Change in River Hydrology (Flow Volume) Downstream of Tarbela under Different Hydropower and Storage Scenarios Hydropower / Storage development scenarios Low flow Early kharif High flow (Oct - March) (Apr-May) (Jun-Sep) 1. Dasu + Tarbela 0 +10 -1 2. Basha + Tarbela +42 +9 -11 3. Basha + Dasu + Tarbela*) +42 +19 -12 Note: *) Through optimizing the operation of the three dams 8-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Incremental Effects by DHP Alone The contribution of DHP to the cumulative impacts on the hydrological regime of the Indus is minimal since it is run of river facility used for based load power generation. There will be minor changes in the flow, during first filling and during flushing which will start 15 years after commissioning of DHP. During base-load operation all water entering the reservoir will pass either through the tailrace tunnels, via the LLOs, or spillway. The downstream flow will only slightly be reduced during the first-filling of the reservoir. Even if this happens in the low flow season (February – March) there will be sufficient water discharged through the low level outlets and diversion tunnels to downstream areas. Dasu is likely to contribute to improvement in Tarbela storage by 10 percent. As long as DHP is operating as Run-of River project there will be minimal impacts on the flow. However this will change when DHP is operated as a peaking plant. The impacts of peaking operations is a daily cycle of low flow (during reservoir filling) and of high flow during power generation. The impacts of peaking operations have been described as moderately adverse, and discussed in Chapter 7. Mitigation of the impacts can be done by releasing sufficient environmental flow to downstream area and through operational measures in running the turbines to prevent sudden surges. 8.4.3. Impact on Sedimentation Cumulative Impacts Indus and tributaries carry most of their sediment (nearly 97 percent) during high flow season. All hydropower projects will retain these sediments to some extent behind the dams. Thus the sediment content on the downstream flows of the dams will be reduced. This could increase the erosive capacity of the river flows. However sedimentation in the reservoirs of cascades will have positive impacts on the downstream dams through increased storage. The construction of Basha will have a considerable beneficial impact on both Dasu and Tarbela reservoir in extending the life of both reservoirs. The Basha reservoir with a large storage volume will then act as a sediment trap and the inflow in Dasu reservoir will be reduced to 46 million ton of sediment (mainly fine fraction). The cumulative impacts on sediment transport of both Dasu and Basha together will have a considerable positive impact on water quality and aquatic ecology in downstream areas and on sediment deposition in the Tarbela reservoir. The strong decrease in sedimentation may extend the life of the reservoir with another 50 years (15 years due to the retention of sediments in Dasu and 35 years due to retention in the Basha reservoir). Incremental Effects by DHP Alone Annually about 200 million ton of sediment would be flowing into the DHP reservoir. Sand would be trapped, but most of the suspended silt would pass through the turbines and the spillways/LLOs. Sedimentation trap efficiency of DHP is estimated to be 60 percent. Without flushing it is expected that the Dasu reservoir will be filled in 20-25 year. Once the flushing commences after 15 year (assuming Basha is not completed) about 27 percent of the annual sediment inflow would be trapped and 73 percent would be flushed through the flushing tunnels and LLO. This will have an impact on the composition of the sediments (relatively more fine fraction) reaching downstream areas, with possibly some changes in the aquatic ecology. The reduction of the sediment quantity and composition as a result of the construction of DHP is however not likely to have an impact on the water quality of the Tarbela reservoir. 8-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 8.4.4. Impacts on Downstream Water Releases Cumulative Impacts A system integrated study conducted by WAPDA showed that impacts from the completion of DHP and DB and optimized management of Tarbela could even be felt downstream of Kotri barrage, which is the last barrier before the Indus delta. Especially during low flow season the ecological flow at Kotri would increase with 14 percent and in early kharif with 2 percent as shown in the Table 8.4. Table 8.4: Impact in percentages of water availability and ecological releases downstream Kotri under different hydropower/storage scenarios Hydropower / Storage Development Scenarios Low Flow Early Kharif (Oct - March) (Apr-May) 1. Dasu + Tarbela 0 1 2. Basha + Tarbela 14 1 3. Basha + Dasu + Tarbela 14 2 Incremental Effects of DHP Alone DHP alone will have no effect on water availability for use downstream of Kotri during the winter low flow period and will increase water availability slightly during early Kharif in the years when flushing takes place. 8.4.5. Impact on Water supply for irrigation and drinking water Cumulative Impacts Upstream of Tarbela, the changes in river flow will have no influence on irrigation and drinking water, since Indus water is not used for this purpose. Irrigation water and drinking water are usually drawn from the tributary rivers and often from small streams or nullahs. These water resources might be affected by the development of the minor hydropower project planned and currently under construction. These developments are mitigated by constructing pipe lines supplying water to the settlement in these areas. On the downstream of Tarbela, as shown in Table 8.3, there will be increased water availability during the low flow season and transition period of Early Kharif. The enhanced supplies downstream of Tarbela reservoir, in tandem operation with Basha and Dasu reservoirs, in low flow period is expected to increase the irrigation supplies by 42 percent during October to March and by 19 percent during early Kharif. During high flow season the average flow is 11-12 percent lower, which is also beneficial for downstream areas, since irrigation demand is low and the occurrence of floods caused by monsoon rains in the Northwest of the country is high. Incremental Effects of DHP Alone DHP will not generally contribute to the cumulative impacts on water supply and irrigation releases in the Indus. However during the flushing periods (starts after either 15 years or 50 years), DHP will contribute to increase of Tarbela storage by 10 percent. 8.4.6. Impacts on Flood Management Storage of water in the reservoirs will attenuate the floods in downstream areas and save the properties and lives especially of people living in the densely populated areas further downstream of Tarbela (Punjab and Sindh). Combined operation of Basha, Dasu and 8-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Tarbela can reduce average high flow downstream of Tarbela during the summer season, as shown in Table 8.3. With conjunctive operation of Tarbela, Diamer Basha and Dasu reservoirs, combined flood regulating capability of these dams will significantly increase. For individual 10-daily flows it was assessed that a maximum of about 60 percent reduction could be expected downstream of Tarbela. This could be a beneficial impact to mitigate the impacts of severe floods along the lower reaches of the Indus valley in Punjab and Sindh. During the past 40 years the Tarbela dam has shown that this dam could withstand exceptional foods without damage, including the high flood from 2010. Most problems then were caused by floods coming from Indus tributaries in NW Pakistan joining the main Indus river downstream from Tarbela (e.g Kabul and Swat rivers). Sudden waves such as those from Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF’s) could cause damage in the Indus valley section as far as Tarbela. However most of the valley is deeply incised into the mountains and there is few flat area to be found in the riparian areas. However urban centers and built-up infrastructure situated at low terraces along the Indus are at risk. GLOFs are a serious threat and these events should be better managed to protect the hydropower infrastructure and community. In 2010 there was a huge landslide in the Hunza Valley, which blocked Hunza River and eroded away a considerable length of Karakoram Highway (KKH) near Ataabad. This event also created a lake, which is still there blocking the KKH. Currently there is no early flood warning telemetry network available on the upstream of Dasu. Support of DHP and Dasu projects to assist WAPDA in establishing such a flood warning system would help to mitigate the potential impacts of GLOF’s. 8.4.7. Impacts on Water Quality, Aquatic Ecology and Fish Cumulative Impacts Reservoir areas of Basha and DHP. Formation of reservoir changes biotic and abiotic conditions in the submerged Indus and the lowest part of the tributaries. In the reservoir areas the changes in the flow velocity, the water quality (less turbidity, higher temperature, and more light) is expected to change the aquatic ecosystem considerably. The riverine ecosystem will be converted into a more lacustrine aquatic habitat. Deposition of thick layers of sandy and fine silty sediment will alter the bottom conditions and the aquatic habitat will change depending of water depth, penetrating light and water temperature. These changes will affect the fish habitat and spawning sites of the tributaries and Indus. Water quality in the reservoirs will probably decrease due to thermal stratification and a lower oxygen content in the deeper parts of the reservoir. Water released from the reservoirs will be different in water quality due to changes in temperature, oxygen and sediment content. Downstream of DHP. Water quality in the Indus downstream of DHP is expected to be somewhat lower after completion of Basha dam, since the inflow of water from the Basha reservoir which has a much longer storage time, may also influence negatively the oxygen content and temperature of the water in the Dasu reservoir. Also there will be an effect of thermal stratification of water in the deep Basha reservoir, which also may negatively affect the quality downstream. Also there might be some inflow into both reservoirs of untreated waste water coming from settlements along the realigned KKH. The risk of decreasing water quality is much smaller in the DHP reservoir, since the storage time in this 73 km long reservoir is relatively short (a few days). Once the flow has passed the tailrace outlet or spillway of Dasu dam, the flow again is rapid over the next 80 km (with steep gradient) until the river reaches the Tarbela reservoir. Water 8-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project quality will improve and oxygen content and BOD will recover over relatively short distances. With other dams to be developed in this river section the water quality however might decrease more, but since both Pattan and Thakot dam will be Run-of River projects (both with low storage capacity and short storage times) no major decrease in chemical and biological water quality is expected. The fast flowing river and the composition of the riverbed are positive factors to restore the water quality. Fish movement from the tributaries to Indus confluences is common during low flow season in winter. Due to release of high water flows from Basha reservoir in winter, there will be a potential effect on the fish habitat near the confluences and movement patterns between tributaries and the Indus. This will also affect the availability of fish and the fish catches along the tributary waters will drop. This impact will be strengthened once a number of the minor hydropower projects which are currently under construction along the tributaries are becoming operational. Incremental Effects of DHP Alone Water retention time in DHP reservoir is very few days due to large inflow of water and small reservoir area (24 km2). Hence no water quality changes are expected in the Dasu reservoir and hence Dasu will have little contribution to the overall quality changes in Indus. DHP may affect the fish habitat and spawning areas in its reservoir submergence area. A compensation plan through hatchery development and fish stocking in the affected areas is recommended in the ESA. These measures could be extended to the affected areas of other hydropower projects in UIB as well. Opportunities for Reservoir Fishery However, there could be opportunities for development of fisheries in the newly developed reservoirs. Development of a new lacustrine habitat in the reservoir areas of Basha and DHP could be a valuable especially in combination with the presence of the lateral tributaries of the Indus, where melt water streams flow into the reservoir. These places could develop into important spawning areas for fish. The negative impact on loss of fish habitat can be compensated by developing fish hatcheries with suitable species (e.g. snow carp and possibly other native species), including open water stocking in the affected tributaries and reservoirs including maintenance of spawning areas. Fish hatcheries for snow carps are so far not established in Pakistan, but are exist in India and Nepal. However, further studies and investigations are required for detailed understanding of snow carp biology before developing a full scale hatchery. Studies should be implemented to prepare a practical research program to determine the feasibility of hatcheries for native snow carp or for other carp species. 8.4.8. Impact of Barriers for Fish Movement Cumulative Impacts By constructing major structures in the Indus barriers will be created, which will impair the ecological connectivity in the river. This might influence the presence of long distance migrant species, such as the Mahaseer that was very common in the Indus before the construction of the Tarbela dam. The fish is a long distant migratory and endangered fish species of the Indus. Its present habitat starts about 70 to 80 km downstream of the DHP dam. They fish lives in slow moving streams and rivers in the foothill regions and breeds in gravels and sandy river beds. Mahaseer is reported to ascend the Indus River to Besham Qila and above and to spawn in Allai Khwar which has been described as the 8-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project last upstream safe-haven for the species. During fish sampling in DHP, as well as in Basha, no Mahaseer specimen could be caught; local people also confirmed its absence from the area. It might be expected that the construction of both DHP as well as Basha will have no impact on Mahaseer in the Indus. The other migrant fish (over short distance only) is the snow carp or snow trout. This fish is common in the DHP and Basha area (75 percent of catches) and lives in the tributaries and confluence area with Indus. They migrate within the tributaries, not along the main stem Indus, and they migrate from the spawning areas at the confluence towards the upstream area of the tributary, where it lives for a part of the year before returning to the Indus. Its habitat has been discussed in Section 5.2.4 and potential mitigation measures to support the presence of snow carp in the tributaries in the reservoirs of Basha and DHP and further downstream of Dasu are presented in Section 7.8.2. Impacts on Mahaseer and grass carp might be expected from the barrier impact of the small dams constructed in the framework of the development of the Allai Khwar and Khan Khwar minor HP projects and the Dubair and Keyal minor HP projects along Indus tributaries near to Besham. These projects are presently under construction or planned by WAPDA. It is not known if any mitigation to facilitate migration of Mahaseer and snow carp along these tributaries will be carried out and this should be verified by WAPDA in the coming period. Incremental Effects by DHP Alone Incremental contribution by DHP to the fish migration is not expected since there is no fish migration along the Indus at the Dasu. 8.4.9. Impacts on Forestry and Biodiversity The construction of both DHP and the Diamer-Basha project may have a significant cumulative and induced impact on the high-altitude natural forests and wildlife of the area. There will be a large influx of many thousands of people including construction workers, operational staff, and business people together with their dependents over a period of 25 to 30 years. They will settle in the main urban centers in the area around Dasu/Komila and Chilas. The construction of new resettlement sites for both projects at higher altitudes will also increase the population pressure of the rural population at higher elevations particularly on forest resources and wildlife including a whole range of rare and endangered plants and fauna. As a result there will be more collection and commercial trade in fire wood and herbs, illegal deforestation, logging, reclamation of land for agriculture and other activities. Illegal practices such as poaching, trapping and hunting will increase. The impacts and the potential mitigations have been indicated in Chapter 7. 8.4.10. Impacts on Resettlement, Livelihood and Income For Basha Dam project and DHP the nature of the social impacts are largely comparable, although social impacts are larger than in Dasu. DB requires the resettlement of considerably more people than DHP and more land is to be acquired for the project. Impacts on trees felling, loss of land and commercial establishments is larger since the DB project is planned in a part of the Indus valley, which is much wider and more densely populated including more commercial activities than in the Dasu area. The impacts of resettlement, loss of land and assets are shown in Table 8.5. 8-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 8.5: Social and Cultural Impacts of DHP and BD Indicators Basha Dam Project Dasu Hydropower Project Location Diamer and Kohistan District Kohistan District Displaced Population 28,650 people will be directly 6,953 affected persons will be displaced due to project dislocated requiring interventions. relocation Households displaced 4,310 from 31 villages 767 from 34 villages Land needed for Total estimated land acquisition of A total of 4,643 ha of land project construction 15,150 ha, will be affected Trees Loss of estimated 525,775 trees both An estimated 21,000 trees of fruit (283,964) and non-fruit various species and sizes will (241.811) varieties. be lost Commercial activities 453 commercial units/objects 197 commercial structures comprising of public buildings and will be affected due to project sites and services interventions. Vulnerable A total of 100 people socially There are 10 families of vulnerable people Soniwal (nomad) tribe living in project area and several disabled and female-headed households KKH Submergence of about 94 km of Submergence of about 46 km existing Karakorum Highway of existing Karakorum (KKH) on the left bank Highway (KKH) on the left bank Suspension Bridges 7 suspension bridges are being 2 suspension bridges are affected. being affected. Ethnic Minorities There are 500 families of Soniwal There are 13 families of tribe living in project area. They Soniwals living in project migrate along the Indus banks for area. extracting gold Cultural heritage Submergence of 30,367 rock A 400-year old mosque at carvings forming part of the cultural Seer Gayal village on right heritage bank would require relocation In-migrants and Several thousand in-migrants and Deterioration of social and social Issues construction workers will move in community creating cultural conflict and life due to in-migration from disruptions in community life other areas of Pakistan and foreign construction workers Gender impacts Women have lower status, very Women have a lower status limited access to education and and publicly “invisible.” As a health due to seclusion. The poor result, mobility is restricted suffer even more from malnutrition. .The loss of land, houses and Many pregnancy related death; lack forests due to the project will of access to medical centers. have significant impacts on Disruption of life due to loss of land the women. and access to resources. 8.4.11. Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources A large field of pre-historic and historic rock drawings and inscriptions (50,000 rock drawings and 5000 inscriptions) can be found at 30 sites on both sides of the Indus between Shatial and Raikot bridge (near Astor) spread over a distance of more than 100 8-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project km. The rock art dates from Stone Age (8-9th millennium BC) to Buddhist and Islamic periods and is internationally known as the “guest book of the Silk Route”. Most of the 30,000 of these engravings will disappear into the future Diamer Basha reservoir and will be covered by silt. During almost 40 years archeologists of the University of Heidelberg in Germany have worked in the area and studied the rock-art clusters stretching out over the entire distance of 100 km along the Indus. Currently the researchers are involved in a project to document all these engravings and rock-art, which is unique in the world. There are plans to save the most valuable pieces from inundation by the Basha reservoir and to display them (copies or pictures) elsewhere in a safe place. The rock carvings around Shatial will not be submerged by DHP, but these pieces of rock art are not protected and endangered by on-going developments from construction works and other activities along the KKH. Since this part will be the only remaining in-situ part from the entire field of almost 100 km of petroglyphs it is recommended that DHP is assisting in saving the in situ objects from further destruction and vandalism, by assisting the KP Department of Archaeology and Museums to acquire the land, provide proper fencing and protection measures, including some infrastructure for visitors of an information centre in Shatial and possibly a museum in either Chilas or Gilgit. 8.4.12. Transport One of the most critical social impacts of the development of DHP and DB is that both projects draw heavily on the only existing road along the Indus, the Karakorum Highway. Not only the population in Kohistan and Diamer is strongly dependent, but also the population of major towns such as Gilgit, Hunza and in Skardu and the rest of the province of Gilgit-Baltistan (population > 1.2 million). The KKH is the only lifeline with the outside world. The road which was built during the sixties with by the Pakistan Army with Chinese assistance is for most of the sections between Thakot and Raikot bridge in very poor condition. The section runs through very difficult terrain and belongs to a very dynamic and challenging environment for building roads. Average speed for cars is about 20- 30 km/hr over most of this section. The road is narrow and in poor shape. Frequently the road is blocked by landslides after rainfall or minor earthquakes. Closure of the road is common, not only for one or two days, but often for a week or more. Currently the section between Khunjerab pass and Raikot bridge is upgraded to highway standards with the help of Chinese contractor. However with the construction and operation of in mega hydropower projects like Basha and Dasu the status of the current road conditions is absolutely prohibitive for simultaneous or overlapping construction and development of these projects. Population in the rural areas of Kohistan and Gilgit-Baltistan is accustomed to endless delays and has learned to adapt since they have ever lived as self-sufficient farmer or livestock holder. However for the population of the major city centers the delays mean that they are entire isolated from the rest of the world during many days or weeks in the year. Under current plans, reconstruction of roads in DHP and Basha which will be submerged by the reservoirs and about 175 km of new KKH road is foreseen. The new alignment will be improved to a relevant standard, but this will be only for the early phases of development (5-10 years). It is very essential that GOP is preparing plans and seeking assistance for upgrading the KKH to real highway standards. WAPDA could play an intermediary role in these developments and could bring this to the attention of responsible authorities and planning commissions. 8-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Karakorum Highway (KKH) Between 1959 and 1979 Pakistan and China constructed jointly the Karakorum Highway traversing the Himalayan-Hindukush Mountain range via the Khunjerab pass (at elevation 4,690 m). China constructed the section between Kashgar (China) and Khunjerab, whereas Pakistan was responsible for the section between Khunjerab and Hassanabdal (806 km). The road follows mainly the valleys of the Indus, the Gilgit and Hunza River, though very rugged and difficult terrain. The work on Pakistani side was carried out by the Frontiers Work Organization (FWO) together with the Army Corps of Engineers. The work was very challenging and frequently stopped due to landslides and accidents, which cost about 800 lives on Pakistani side and nearly 200 on the Chinese side. In 1979 the work was completed and the road could be opened. Until that year the North of the country had been largely isolated from the rest of Pakistan. Most of the northern areas had for long times been completely cut off from the areas down-country (Punjab and Sindh). There were mainly pony tracks, some suspension bridges and a handful of hospitals and schools in the entire area. For supplies one was often dependent from trade with China or Afghanistan. The opening of the road marked an important step forward for the districts situated along the KKH (Kohistan, Gilgit-Baltistan and Hunza). In this period there was an unprecedented influx of developers, immigrants and tourists. Probably the KKH has been the most important factor for social and economic development of this part of the country, next to the strategic and economic significance of the road. Nowadays there are an estimated 2.5 millions of people dependent from this only lifeline with the rest of the country (including 1.2 million people in Gilgit-Baltistan, 0.5 million in Kohistan and 0.8 million elsewhere along the KHH). Although the KKH is an important asset for the people in the region, the road itself has deteriorated over time. The present alignment is narrow and susceptible for frequent blockages by landslides and rock falls, which often last several days. In 2006 a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Pakistan Highway Administration and the Chines state owned organization to rebuild and upgrade the KKH. However a major disaster happened in 2010 when a major landslide at Attabad blocked 22 km of road by creating a 100 m deep lake and creating havoc and loss of life. Currently China started rebuilding part of the section between Khunjerab and Raikot bridge. 8.5. Mitigations for Cumulative Effects to be Implemented under DHP 8.5.1. Development and Organization of Regional Knowledge on UIB Since DHP is the first in the row of mega-projects to be developed under WAPDA’s Vision 2025 Program with relatively low environmental and social impacts with a limited number of affected households as compared to other mega-project and with modest resettlement, it is recommended to strengthen the respective data bases on ecology (both aquatic and terrestrial), biodiversity and on fisheries and forestry. Most ecological information in the UIB area dates from the last century and very few reliable field data have been collected in recent years. One of the reasons for this lack in information is the remoteness of the area and the difficult terrain conditions in the absence of access roads and accommodation. However with remote sensing and GIS techniques a lot of recent 8-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project spatial information can be collected and institutions in Pakistan like WWF/IUCN, the Islamabad Herbarium and other institutions have facilities and expertise needed for implementing field studies to verify and collect reliable field data. It is suggested to concentrate under DHP on establishing a reliable data base and information system for the entire Indus Valley, including tributaries between Raikot bridge and Tarbela, which could also be used in detailed planning and preparation of the other hydropower projects along the Indus River. Next to this DHP should concentrate on two major problems facing WAPDA in the Upper Indus Basin, which are measures to improve flood warning through improved watershed management and research on climate change. Watershed management is essential, but this is often difficult since all information on climate is collected from weather stations in the valley of the Indus and its major tributaries. Climatic conditions at higher elevations (3000 – 5000m and higher) are completely different from those in the valley and not recorded. Other main issues are the salvation of part of the collection of famous rock art and petroglyphs on both sides of the Indus; and a district forestry inventory of Kohistan to upgrade GIS information of forestry and deforestation, which is needed to identify suitable areas for reforestation and/or afforestation in the upland areas of the project. This study could also be used to identify suitable areas to compensate for eventual loss of the Kaigah Community-managed Game reserve. WWF-Pakistan and/or IUCN could be involved in this work. Other issues for instance related to water quality research might come up during the first stage of the project. In the environmental mitigation measures a budget for such studies has been included. The ToRs for a forestry and wildlife management study in Kohistan district and a baseline study of aquatic and terrestrial ecology of the Indus valley between Raikot bridge and Thakot bridge are given in Annex B. The other measures to be implemented under DHP to mitigate and reverse negative environmental trends and also for environmental enhancement are described in the following sections. 8.5.2. Early Flood Warning and Climate Monitoring Program For safety of public, improved management of flood waves and safe operation of DHP and other hydropower projects downstream of Dasu, it is imperative to have an early warning system for early flood warning in the major catchment areas of the project. The existing flood telemetry network in the Indus basin comprises 45 automatic rain and river level recording stations. There is no existing flood monitoring station in the DHP catchment. Hence it is recommended that the existing network is extended to the upper catchments of the River Indus including DHP. This component will include installation of River Level sensors (pressure transducers), temperature sensors, and Rain sensors (Tipping Buckets) at flood warning sites and hooking them with reliable telecommunication system, i.e., Meteor burst communication system. In total the installation of 18 telemetry stations is recommended in the upper catchment areas of the Indus. The works will be executed by the Hydrology & Research Directorate, under the administrative control of the Chief Engineer, Hydrology & Water Management, WAPDA. The operation and maintenance of the project will be handed over to Hydrology and Research directorate WAPDA after implementation, which is scheduled to be completed in one year. New staff will be hired and after proper training, they will be used for O&M of augmented network in conjunction with old staff. This is covered under Component E of the project. 8-18 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 8.5.3. Integrated Watershed Development Studies At higher altitudes (> 1500 m amsl) a number of forest plantations will be established where forest could be rejuvenated. This will be done at selected places on both sides (left and right bank) of the reservoir. Communities can play an important role in planting and managing these plantations. There is experience with this type of social forestry elsewhere in the region. In addition, a comprehensive study will be undertaken under DHP, with the objective to determine the forestry status and trends in areas between 1,000 and 2,500 m in the Indus District of Kohistan, Pakistan, to develop a general ecological management plan for sub-catchment areas of DHP, and to develop detailed community-led ecological management plans for at least two sub-catchment areas, focusing on sustainable forest management and conservation management of wildlife. The study will be carried out by a qualified organization (e.g. IUCN or WWF) with experience in ecological and forestry management (ToRs provided in Annex B). 8.5.4. Fish Hatchery and Stocking A fish hatchery for production of native cold water fish species, snow carps and stocking of fish in the tributaries, reservoirs and downstream Indus is recommended to compensate the loss of fish habitat on the downstream and to address potential downstream impacts. This requires maintenance of an onsite fish hatchery of snow carps for the production of the targeted numbers of fingerlings from hatchery and hauling of the fish fingerlings for open water stocking in the river. Fish hatcheries for snow carps are so far not established in Pakistan, but are existing in Uttaranchal, India (Garhwal Himalaya) and Nepal (Kali Gandaki A, Plkhra, Trishuli and Godavari). However, further studies and investigations are required for detailed understanding of snow carp biology before developing a full scale hatchery. The hatchery could be used to stock the fish in the affected areas of other hydropower projects in UIB. In addition, a fisheries development and management plan in cooperation with the KP Fishery Department will be prepared and implemented for the Dasu reservoir (ToRs provided in Annex B). 8.5.5. Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) Protection Plan DHP will support KP Archaeological Department to (i) procure 25 acres of land for acquisition of land, in which rock carvings are located, (ii) fence the area, (iii) provide fiberglass sheds; (iv) develop tourist facilities and (v) documenting the importance of rock carvings and their translations. A detailed plan for this will be worked out together with the various stakeholders, including the Heidelberg University and the KP Department for Archaeology and Museums. 8.5.6. Review of EMPs of Other Hydropower Projects Footprints of other individual projects and their impacts are covered in the EIA reports of respective hydropower projects. It is recommended that WAPDA should review the mitigation measures proposed in the respective EMPs of those projects and strengthen the mitigation measures where necessary. For example, the EIA reports of Khan Khwar and Allai Khwar have identified the impacts on fish migration and downstream fish habitat, but no specific mitigation measures are proposed. It is also recommended that WAPDA should follow best practice approaches to management of cumulative effects in the UIB through collaboration with: knowledgeable specialists in environmental/resource- management agencies, academia and NGOs for addressing broad considerations related to biodiversity, especially aquatic biodiversity and fisheries. (An example of best practice approach is: Columbia Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program - it addresses needs 8-19 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project related to three large and several small HP projects on the Canadian portion of the Columbia River http://www.fwcpcolumbia.ca/). 8.6. Summary of Major Cumulative Environmental and Social Concerns A summary of the main environmental and social concerns is given of the cumulative impacts is given in Table 8.6. The evaluation is based on the assumption that DHP (phase 1 and 2) is implemented in the period 2015- 2022 and that electricity is generated as from 2020. Diamer Basha project is expected to be commissioned after 15 years from now and starts generating electricity. Meanwhile in the period until 2025 all minor hydropower projects in the tributaries have been implemented and are under operation. 8-20 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 8.6: Summary of Major Environmental and Social Concerns regarding Cumulative Impacts VEC Feature Major Concerns/Benefits Mitigation/Management Plans Physical environment River hydrology Positive impact due to increased control and management of Operational Plans for optimization of flow (WAPDA) river flow Improved hydrological data from UIB (telemetric network etc) Sediment - Positive benefits due to prolonged life of Tarbela and Dasu transport - Changes in sediment deposition might affect aquatic ecology Monitoring of sediment deposition and effect on water quality Surface Downstream More water available in downstream areas during low flow Improve water releases downstream (e.g. Kotri) in low water water releases season flow season (WAPDA/Provinces) Water availability - Improved water supply for irrigation (early kharif) Maintaining irrigation demand in early kharif season - More water available for maintaining environmental flow (WAPDA) Maintaining agreed environmental flow downstream of Tarbela (Provinces) Flood Improved flood attenuation and control during high flow season Operational Plans (WAPDA) management Improved control of GLOF events Biological environment Downstream fish Reduced flows and/or increased surges in low flow season; - Maintain recommended environmental flows habitat Changes in downstream water quality (temperature and - Monitoring of water quality downstream of Dasu dissolved oxygen). Aquatic Reservoir habitat - Decrease in water quality is reservoir due to stagnating flow - Study and monitoring of changes in aquatic habitat habitat and and potential risk of pollution by untreated waste water - Feasibility of hatcheries of snow carp/other species fish - Impacts on spawning areas of fish (Indus and tributaries) Barrier effect Migration of snow carp in Indus tributaries - Detailed inventory of aquatic habitats and fish Migration of Mahaseer in area downstream of Allai Khwar - Monitoring of catches Biodiversity Natural forests Pressure on forests (illegal logging) by influx of workers & in- - Awareness raising in-migrants 8-21 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project VEC Feature Major Concerns/Benefits Mitigation/Management Plans and forests migrants - Updated Forest inventories (GIS + field study) - Improved and sustainable forest management by Biodiversity Communities and forests - Forest Rejuvenation and Management Plans Wildlife Increased poaching, hunting and trapping; reduction or - Awareness raising public, schools degradation of aquatic and forest habitats - Expand Community Managed game reserves Natural habitats Flooding of natural habitats, degradation by increased - Inventory of terrestrial flora and fauna of downstream overgrazing, firewood collection, etc. areas until Tarbela - Prepare Management Plans for sensitive areas (eg, Palas) Lack of reliable data on terrestrial and aquatic ecology, wildlife - Implement inventories and studies on aquatic and and forests terrestrial ecology Social/cultural environment PCR Archaeology Loss of more than 31,000 petroglyphs along “Silk Road” by - Prepare a salvage and management plan in inundation of reservoir and/or vandalism from KKH travelers cooperation with national and international archeologists - Establish a museum for display and information Social Influx of Lack of respect for cultural norms and traditions local - Prepare Migration Management Plans behavior migrants population - Awareness raising and Grievance address mechanisms KKH Access to area Frequent blockage and poor maintenance KKH Upgrade KKH to highway standards 8-22 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 9. Environmental and Social Management Plans 9.1. General This Chapter presents the environmental and social management plans for all the project components except the 500 kV transmission line, for which a separate ESA including an ESMP will be prepared. 9.2. Objectives of ESMP The basic objective of the ESMP is to manage adverse impacts of project interventions in a way, which minimizes the adverse impact on the environment and people of the Project area. The specific objectives of the ESMP are to:  Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures identified during the present ESA and discussed earlier in the document.  Maximize potential project benefits and control negative impacts;  Draw responsibilities for project proponent, contractors, consultants, and other members of the Project team for the environmental and social management of the Project;  Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters in order to:  Ensure the complete implementation of all mitigation measures,  Ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures;  Maintain essential ecological process, preserving biodiversity and where possible restoring degraded natural resources; and  Assess environmental training requirements for different stakeholders at various levels. The ESMP will be managed through a number of tasks and activities and site specific management plans. One purpose of the ESMP is to record the procedure and methodology for management of mitigation identified for each negative impacts of the Project. The management will clearly delineate the responsibility of various participants and stakeholders involved in planning, implementation and operation of the Project. 9.3. Inclusion of Relevant Components of ESMP and SRMP in Contract Documents In order to make contractors fully aware and responsible of the implications of the ESMP and SRMP and to ensure compliance, it is recommended that environmental and social management measures are included in the tender documentation. The various contractors must be made accountable to implement the plans and mitigation measures which pertain to them through contract documents and/or other agreements of the obligations and importance of the environmental and social components of the Project. Payment Milestones Payments to contractors would be linked to environmental performance, measured by completion of the prescribed environmental and social mitigation measures. Contractors would be trained how to join forces with the executing agency, project management unit, supervising consultants and local population for the mitigation of adverse impacts of the 9-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project project. For effective implementation of the proposed mitigation and monitoring measures they would attract trained and experienced environmental management staff. 9.4. Institutional Arrangements 9.4.1. Construction Phase The overall responsibility for the implementation of the project rests with the Project Management Unit (PMU), headed by the Project Director (PD). Within the PMU there will be an Environment Unit (EU) - responsible for implementing the ESMP, and a Social and Resettlement Unit (SRU) - responsible for implementing the SRMP. The EU and SRU, headed by the Deputy Project Director-Safeguards, will include representatives of all actors responsible for ESMP/SRMP implementation (see Figure 9.1). The responsibilities of the EU and SRU are: (i) supervising, facilitating and coordinating implementation of environmental and social plans including ESMP and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP); (ii) ensuring that contractors follow KP-EPA regulations, World Bank Safeguard Policies, and other requirements mentioned in the ESMP and SRMP; (iii) identifying any issues of non-compliance and report these; (iv) suggesting mechanisms to link contractor performance in relation to the ESMP to the timing of financial payments, incentives or penalties; and (v) interacting with stakeholders for their concerns about the construction activities. The EU will consist of three sub-units (Environment; Ecology; and Occupational Health and Safety - OHS) with the following staff:  Director - EU  Deputy Director - Environment  Assistant Director - Environment (with two site engineers)  Assistant Director - Ecology (with one fish expert and one plantation expert)  Assistant Director - OHS (with one support specialist)  The Director EU with the assistance of Deputy Director-Environment will endorse and support the implementation of the ESMP and associated policies and documentation. The Director will be responsible to ensure appropriate resources are made available to implement the ESMP and to support established systems, procedures and environmental objectives. 9-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Figure 9.1: DHP Organization Chart for Safeguards Implementation Member (Water) AD Assistant Director CE Chief Engineer WAPDA CEO Chief Executive Officer CH Community Health Comm. Communications GM GM GM/CEO Director DC Deputy Commissioner GRC Dy. Deputy Director Technical WEC LA & R PD-DHP/PMU Communication Eco. Ecology Env. Environment Construction Supervision GM General Manager Consultants (CSC) G&CH Gender and Community Health LA Land Acquisition LAU Land Acquisition Unit Project LA&R Land Acquisition and Resettlement Manager CE DCO Dasu LLG Local Leading Group/Jirga Deputy Project M&E Monitoring and Evaluation Director-Safeguard MM Migration Management Environment Social and DOR Dasu OHS Operation Health and Safety Unit Resettlement Unit R&R Resettlement and Rehabilitation T&L Training and Livelihood Director WEC WAPDA Environment Cell Director Social and LLG Environment Unit Resettlement Unit Dy. Director Dy. Director Dy. Director Dy. Director Dy. Director Dy. Director Environment M&E Resettlement Consultation and Gender &CH Participation Downstream Impacts Management AD Env. AD Eco. AD OHS ADLA AD R&R AD T&L Dy. Director AD G&CH AD MM Livelihood &Community Support Env Team Eco. Team OHS. Team LA Team R&R Team T&L. Team G&CH Team MM Team External Monitoring and Evaluation Contractors Agency 9-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Some specific responsibilities of the EU will include:  Liaising with the Construction Supervision Consultants (CSC), and ensuring that they perform their responsibilities effectively and adequately  Liaising with the SRU and other relevant Project entities for effective safeguard management;  Assist in resolving disputes which may arise in respect to environmental management  Liaising with government agencies and relevant stakeholders regarding environmental matters; overseeing the implementation of ESMP requirements;  Coordinating appropriate responses to environmental related complaints, ensuring complaints are investigated for effective resolution;  Coordinating the involvement of environmental specialists (from the broader project team) as the need arises throughout the construction phase.  Liaising with WEC to update them on the ESMP implementation, and seeking any technical backup  Ensure commissioning of additional studies required/recommended in ESA. Finalizing ToRs for hiring of consultants and contractors  Prepare monthly and quarterly reports on the status of implementation of the ESMP  Conduct monthly meetings with the environmental staff of consultants and contractors on the progress of ESMP implementation, issues associated with implementation, non-compliance issues, and recommended course of action. Document the minutes of the meetings and present them in the monthly reports  Ensure review of ESMP every six months, and ensure its updation it if required  Ensure implementation of various plans to be prepared by the contractors (further discussed later in the Chapter).  The Assistant Director – Environment will be mainly responsible for liaising with CSC on the field level for the implementation of ESMP and preparing weekly compliance reports.  The Assistant Director – Ecology will be responsible for coordinating with district Forest and Fisheries departments (and other relevant agencies) for development of nurseries for plantation in the project area, supervision of aquatic ecology studies and monitoring, participating in landscaping plans for the quarry and spoil disposal areas, identifying needs for environmental enhancement measures in Kaigah Community KCGR, and conducting additional studies recommended in the terrestrial and aquatic ecology reports.  The Assistant Director – OHS will be responsible for liaising with CSC for the implementation and supervision of occupational health and safety issues at the work areas and camp sites. Some specific responsibilities of the SRU will include:  Liaising with the CSC, and ensuring that they perform their responsibilities effectively and adequately 9-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Liaising with the EU and other relevant Project entities for effective safeguard management;  Overall planning, management and monitoring of the land acquisition activities, as well as implementation of other plans included in SRMP (see Table 1.3);  Synchronization of resettlement activities with the construction schedule of the Project;  With the help of CSC, prepare database on loss, entitlement and payment files of individual PAPs to enable effective monitoring and evaluation of RAP implementation;  Ensure that all eligible persons are identified, provided with their respective entitlements and are relocated/resettled as per the implementation schedule, in time, with minimum hardships;  Liaise with the DCO and DRO offices for the timely acquisition of identified land and arrange timely payment of compensation and ensure that these activities are completed as per the proposed schedule;  Ensure that all PAPs are informed about their entitlements and provided with Identification as a proof of their eligibility to resettlement benefits;  Establish Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) and ensure its smooth functioning;  Monitor the effectiveness of entitlement packages and delivery mechanism and, if necessary, propose modifications to Project management;  Prepare monthly and quarterly progress reports for WAPDA and funding agencies;  Develop the preferred resettlement sites for housing and businesses in the identified valleys with civic amenities and services;  Coordinate with contractors for providing preferential employment to PAPs in the construction activities;  Conduct internal monitoring on RAP Implementation and advise PD; and  Study and monitor unforeseen adverse effects during and after construction and recommend necessary mitigation measures to the PD. Construction Supervision Consultants The CSC will be responsible for supervising the contractors for the implementation of ESMP and SRMP. For this purpose, the CSC will appoint dedicated environment and social staff to ensure the ESMP and SRMP implementation during the project. They will supervise the contractor for the ESMP and SRMP implementation, particularly the mitigation measures. They will also be responsible for implementing the monitoring of effects of these measures. CSC will have the following environmental staff:  Team Leader (international environmental specialist)  Environmental Specialists (one international and two national specialists)  Ecologists (one international and one national)  Occupational Health and Safety Specialist (one national) 9-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Environmental Surveyors (four national) The environment staff of CSC will closely supervise the construction team to ensure that all environmental commitments are incorporated into the construction activities and work processes. Specific responsibilities include:  Supervising and supporting contractors in achieving their responsibilities as outlined in the ESMP;  Issuing non-compliance notices to the contractors;  Providing input, advice, and approval on activity specific work plans relating to ESMP;  Supervising the implementation of activity specific work plans;  Regularly reviewing and assessing environmental risks throughout the construction phase;  Identifying and preparing environmental induction and training materials;  conducting environmental trainings;  Assist EU in addressing and resolving environment-related complaints and grievances  Responding to environmental incidents as required;  Managing compliance reporting as it relates to the Project, and preparing quarterly ESMP compliance reports;  Liaise with DHP’s EU for effective environmental management at site;  Liaise with the Resettlement Office and other relevant Project entities;  Reviewing ESMP and revising it if required on six-monthly basis. Contractor Each contractor will be required to appoint adequate number of dedicated Environment/Social Officers at the site for the implementation of ESMP in the field, particularly the mitigation measures. The contractor will also be responsible for communicating with and training of its staff in the environmental/social aspects. The contractor will develop the various plans directed towards health, safety, the environment and social issues (discussed later in the Chapter), and get them approved by the CSC before the commencement of the physical works on site. Appropriate numbers of the following personnel are required in the contractor’s environmental team:  Environmental Specialists  Occupational Health and Safety Specialists  Environmental Technicians (both for lab and field investigations) The construction contract will have appropriate clauses to bind the contractor for the above obligations. 9.4.2. O&M Phase The O&M establishment at the DHP will be responsible for management of the environmental and social aspects of the Project including implementing the ESMP during the operation and maintenance of the facility and dedicated staff will be appointed for this 9-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project purpose at the site, with top supervision and technical backstopping to be provided by WEC. 9.5. Environmental and Social Management The ESMP and SRMP include various categories of mitigation measures and plans tabulated below in and described in the subsequent sections. Table 9.1: Management Plans Responsibility Plan Plan Plan Timing Implementation Preparation Approval Plans under ESMP 1. Environmental WAPDA WAPDA/ WAPDA through Already Codes of Practice WB contractors prepared (ECPs) (Annex D) 2. Mitigation Plans WAPDA WAPDA/ WAPDA through Already WB contractors prepared (Tables 9.2 and 9.3) 3. Landscaping and Contractors CSC and Respective Within six Plantation Plan (main works; PMU contractors months of colony works; mobilization of resettlement the respective sites) contractors 4. Borrow Area Main CSC and Main contractor Within one Management and contractor and PMU and KKH month of Restoration Plan KKH contractor mobilization of contractor the respective contractors. 5. Disposal Area Main CSC and Main contractor Within three Management and contractor and PMU and KKH months of Restoration Plan KKH contractor mobilization of contractor the respective contractors. 6. OHS Plan All CSC and All contractors Before contractors PMU mobilization of each contractor 7. Pollution Prevention All CSC and All contractors Before Plans (related to air, contractors PMU mobilization of noise, soil, water each contractor resources) 8. Waste Disposal and All CSC and All contractors Before Effluent contractors PMU mobilization of Management Plan each contractor 9-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Responsibility Plan Plan Plan Timing Implementation Preparation Approval 9. Drinking Water All CSC and All contractors Before Supply and contractors PMU mobilization of Sanitation Plan each contractor 10. Traffic Management Contractors CSC and Respective Before Plan (Main works PMU contractors mobilization of and KKH) each contractor 11. Construction Camp All CSC and All contractors Before Management Plan contractors PMU mobilization of each contractor 12. Fuels and hazardous All CSC and All contractors Before substances contractors PMU mobilization of management plan each contractor 13. Emergency All CSC and All contractors Before Preparedness Plan contractors PMU mobilization of each contractor 14. Afforestation and WAPDA CSC and WAPDA (the Before the Forest Rejuvenation (consultants to PMU study to provide commencement Plan be hired to the details) of main conduct the construction ecological works (2015) study) 15. Ecological WAPDA CSC and WAPDA (the Before the Conservation Plan (consultants to PMU study to provide commencement be hired to the details) of main conduct the construction ecological works (2015) study) 16. PCR Plan CSC PMU WAPDA and During contractors construction (before first filling of reservoir) 17. Fish Conservation WAPDA CSC and WAPDA (the Before the and Management (consultants to PMU study to provide commencement Plan be hired to the details) of main conduct the construction aquatic study) works (2015) Plans under SRMP (see Table 1.3) 18. Resettlement Action WAPDA WAPDA / WAPDA Already Plan (Volume 5 of WB prepared 9-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Responsibility Plan Plan Plan Timing Implementation Preparation Approval SRMP) 19. Income and WAPDA WAPDA / WAPDA Already livelihood WB prepared restoration program (ILRP) (included in Volume 5 of SRMP) 20. Gender Action Plan WAPDA WAPDA / WAPDA Already (Volume 6 of WB prepared SRMP) 21. Fisheries WAPDA WAPDA / WAPDA Already Development WB prepared management plan (included in Volume 11 of SRMP) 22. Communication and WAPDA WAPDA / WAPDA Already Information Plan WB prepared (included in Volume 10 of SRMP) 23. In-Migration WAPDA WAPDA / WAPDA Already Management Plan WB prepared (included in Volume 8 of SRMP) 24. Public Health WAPDA WAPDA / PMU/WAPDA Already Action Plan WB prepared (Volume 7 of SRMP) 9.5.1. Environmental Codes of Practice The environmental codes of practice (ECPs) are generic, non site-specific and non project-specific measures. The ECPs consist of environmental management guidelines and practices to be followed by the contractors for sustainable management of all environmental issues. The contractor will be required to follow them and also use them to prepare site- specific management plans (discussed later in the Section). The ECPs are presented in Annex D and listed below.  ECP 1: Waste Management  ECP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management  ECP 3: Water Resources Management  ECP 4: Drainage Management  ECP 5: Soil Quality Management  ECP 6: Erosion and Sediment Control 9-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  ECP 7: Top Soil Management  ECP 8: Topography and Landscaping  ECP 9: Quarry Areas Development and Operation  ECP 10: Air Quality Management  ECP 11: Noise and Vibration Management  ECP 12: Protection of Flora  ECP 13: Protection of Fauna  ECP 14: Protection of Fisheries  ECP 15: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management  ECP 16: Construction Camp Management  ECP 17: Cultural and Religious Issues  ECP 18: Workers Health and Safety. 9.5.2. Mitigation Plans These mitigation plans have been prepared on the basis of the detailed impact assessment covered under Chapter 7. These plans (Tables 9.1 and 9.2) are project-specific, and to the extent possible, site-specific, however contractors will be required to carry out further detailing of the key aspects, to prepare site-specific management plans discussed below. 9.5.3. Site Specific Management Plans These plans are site-specific and where applicable, contract-specific and will be prepared by WAPDA and various contractors prior to the commencement of construction activities. The Plans to be prepared by WAPDA include Afforestation and Forest Rejuvenation Plan, Ecological Conservation Plan, Fish Conservation and Management Plan, and PCR Plan. The Plans to be prepared by the contractors for various aspects of the environmental management will mostly include the detailing of the measures included in the ECPs and Mitigation Plans respectively discussed in Sections 9.5.1 and 9.5.2, providing where applicable, location details, layouts and drawings, timelines, roles and responsibilities, methodologies and procedures, and key performance indicators (KPIs). A brief description of each of these plans is provided below. Landscaping and Replanting Plan will be prepared by a qualified landscape architect to replace or compensate the vegetation and trees lost during land acquisition and resettlement of villages, clearing of construction sites and other areas needed for construction activities such as borrow and disposal areas, batching plants, workshops and other facilities. Landscaping, restoration, and plantation methodologies will be included in the Plan. Tree species to be selected would be natural or semi-natural, adapted to the local (micro) climate and predominant soil conditions in the area. Establishment of a nursery will be considered as part of the Forestry Rejuvenation Plan for upland forest resources. The Plan would be approved by the CSC and a landscape architect assigned by WAPDA. Borrow Area Management and Restoration Plan for management and restoration of borrow areas will be prepared by the Contractor on the basis of ECPs 8 and 9 (Annex D) and other requirements described in the mitigation plans (Table 9.2). This Plan would aim at minimizing the environmental and social impacts during borrowing activities and 9-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project restoring as much as possible the original natural situation of these sites by various measures (refill, leveling or smoothening) and removing all non-natural artifacts such as equipment parts, and sheds. Restoration methodologies will be included in the Plan. The Plan would be approved by the CSC and a landscape architect assigned by WAPDA. Disposal Area Management and Restoration Plan for management and restoration of disposal areas will be prepared by the Contractor on the basis of ECP 8 and other requirements described in the mitigation plans (Table 9.2). The Plan will describe the procedures for spoil management, transportation and disposal at the selected site(s). The Plan will also describe the procedures for systematically disposing the spoil at the disposal site. This Plan would aim at minimizing the environmental and social impacts during disposal activities and restoring as much as possible the original natural situation of these sites by various measures (landscaping, leveling or smoothening). The Plan will include measures to avoid land/soil erosion and landslides. Restoration methodologies will be included in the Plan. The Plan would be approved by the CSC and a landscape architect assigned by WAPDA. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Plan will be prepared and implemented by each contractor on the basis of the IFC/WBG EHS Guidelines (1997), ECP 18, mitigation plan (Table 9.2), and other relevant standards. The Plan will be submitted to the CSC for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. Pollution Prevention Plan will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor on the basis of the ECP 1, ECP 2, ECP 11, and IFC/WBG EHS Guidelines (1997), as well as the mitigation plans given in Table 9.2. The Plan will be submitted to the CSC for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. Waste Disposal and Effluent Management Plan will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor on the basis of the ECP 1, ECP 4, and IFC/WBG EHS Guidelines (1997), as well as the mitigation plans (Table 9.2). The Plan will be submitted to the CSC for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Plan: Separate water supply and sanitation provisions will be needed for the temporary facilities including offices, labor camps and workshops in order not to cause shortages and/or contamination. A Plan will be prepared by the Contractor on basis of the ECP 3 and the mitigation plans given in Table 9.2. The Plan will be submitted to the CSC for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be prepared by each contractor on the basis of ECP 15 and also the mitigation plans given in Table 9.2, and after discussion with WAPDA and authorities responsible for roads and traffic. The Plan will be submitted to the CSC/WEC for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. CSC will facilitate the integration and coordination of these plans to prepare an overall TMP. Construction Camp Management Plan: will be prepared by each contractor on the basis of ECP 16 and also the mitigation plans given in Table 9.2. The Plan will include the camp layout, details of various facilities including supplies, storage, and disposal. The Plan will be submitted to the CSC for their review and approval before camp establishment. Fuel and Hazardous Substances Management Plan will be prepared by each contractor on the basis of ECP 2 as well as the mitigation plans given in Table 9.2, and in accordance with the standard operating procedures, relevant guidelines, and where 9-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project applicable, material safety data sheets (MSDS). The Plan will include the procedures for handling the oils and chemical spills. The Plan will be submitted to the CSC for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. An Emergency Preparedness Plan will be prepared by each contractor after assessing potential risks and hazards that could be encountered during construction. The Plan will be submitted to the CSC for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. Afforestation and Forest Rejuvenation Plan: The forest areas above 1,500 m amsl are already being exploited in an unsustainable manner: harvesting only. It can be expected that this type of exploitation will increase since it is one of the few potential sources of income for the increasing population, whereas the project-induced move up mountain will result in additional stress on forest resources as well as on wildlife. In order to maintain a healthy forest ecosystem, modern management will have to be introduced, including planning of felling and rejuvenation (including nursery activities). Preparation of a Forestry Management Program by forestry consultants and in cooperation with the Forestry Department is urgently required. Implementation of such program would also create a relatively large number of jobs for forestry activities proper (including a nursery) and for enforcement of regulations. The Plan needs to be finalized before the commencement of main construction works. The Plan would include sustainable logging systems, rejuvenation schedules, nursery, manpower implications (forestry staff, guards) and a sound financial system to make the Plan self-sufficient. The ToRs of this Plan are presented in Annex B. Ecological Conservation Plan: Under this Plan, two wildlife conservation areas will be developed as offsets to the potential impacts of the project on Kaigah Community Game Reserve. This will be done on the basis of a thorough assessment and community engagements that will be carried out during the first year the preceding study on forestry and wildlife management (ToRs included in Annex B). A mechanism will be included in the Plan, whereby the local communities will be provided with appropriate incentives to help conserve natural habitat, wildlife and forests. These conservation areas will be further complemented by ecotourism initiatives, an information centre and research. PCR Plan. Under this Plan, the mosque in Seer Gayal will be disassembled, transported and reassembled at a higher altitude at the new location of the village, in consultation with the community. Also covered under the Plan will be the activities required (land procurement, fencing, protection of carvings, and tourist facilities) for the protection of rock carvings at Shatial. The Plan will also include archeological survey to be carried out by an archeologist engaged by WAPDA before the commencement of construction activities in the project area to identify any PCR sites/artifacts. Fish Conservation and Management Plan. Under this Plan, specific measures will be identified and planned for the conservation of the aquatic fauna, particularly fish. The key element of this Plan will be the development of a snow carp hatchery with all the allied facilities for the primary objective of restocking the Indus river upstream and downstream of the Dasu dam and also the tributaries (and also other Indus tributaries where smaller hydropower plants are being established/planned). This Plan will be developed on the basis of the aquatic (and terrestrial) baseline study (ToRs provided in Annex B). 9-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 9.5.4. Social Management The following plans – to be implemented during various phases of the project - have already been prepared by WAPDA under SRMP to address various social issues of the project: Resettlement Action Plan (RAP): The Project will require acquire about 4,643 ha of land, affect a total of 767 households as a result of the construction dam and powerhouse, formation of the reservoir, and the relocation of KKH. The social impacts largely include loss of residential and agricultural land, residential, commercial and communal structures, as well as loss of income and livelihoods. To address and mitigate these relocation and resettlement impacts, the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been prepared under the SRMP (see Table 1.3). Income and Livelihood Restoration Program: The income and livelihood restoration program (ILRP) has been developed with the aim of improving or at the least restoring to the earlier level the livelihood of all displaced households/persons. In preparing the program the impact of dislocation on livelihoods and adversely affected income was given due consideration. In addition to income restoration, capacity building and enhancing social capital of the affected communities are major objectives of the ILRP. Hence, training and skills development and measures for income and livelihood restoration of those affected have been included in addition to compensation and resettlement benefits. An approach in two phases has been selected. Phase I (2014-2019) is a short-term program implemented during the construction of the main structure and the relocation of the affected people. Phase II will start in 2019 after completion of the main structure. The RAP has provisions for a Social Development Fund to finance a long-term (10 year) livelihood development program. The detailed planning of livelihood activities will be carried out with participation of the local community. The long-term programs will be designed considering the sustainability of income and livelihood based on local resources, skills, and market opportunities. Gender Action Plan: A gender assessment was conducted under the project. The assessment revealed the lacking development status of women, analyzed the challenging environment and explored potential entry points for gender interventions under the project. .A Gender Action Plan has been developed on the basis of this assessment under the SRMP (see Table 1.3). The action plan recommends a three-prong approach. The first is to educate project staff, including construction forces to raise awareness and increase sensitivity on gender. The second is to educate men, such as maliks, religious leaders and husbands on the importance for women to access project benefits. The third is to identify existing and future entry points and use them as much as possible to benefit women. It is cautioned that, given the sensitivity, all interventions related to women will need to be discussed and agreed with the communities first before putting to implementation. Fisheries Development Program. The Dasu reservoir, measuring about 2,400 ha, could produce a minimum of 500 ton of good quality fish with a value of some PKR 150 million (US$ 1.5 million), provided that a thought-through fisheries management program is introduced, together with its required infrastructure (hatchery, landing facilities, ice factory, craft and gear, laboratory, training facilities). Suitable commercial fisheries could provide at least 1,250 long term livelihood opportunities (based upon an average monthly income of PKR 10,000) and it will improve the nutritional level of the local communities. The Project, in cooperation with the Fishery Department will have to 9-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project engage a reservoir fisheries specialist to prepare the program, preferably before the end of 2014. Communication and Information Plan: A Communication and Information Plan has been developed by WAPDA, as part of the SRMP documents (see Table 1.3). The Plan addresses different target groups including local communities, previously affected persons, local and provincial authorities, general public and press. During the project regular briefings of progress will be organized for public information and for the media. The Communication and Information Centre will also have a section where complaints and grievances can be registered and addressed. A Communication and Information Specialist will be appointed for the project. WAPDA is engaging consultant experts to develop the Communication and Information Plan. This plan is expected to be completed by end 2014. Management Plan for in-migrants: This plan prepared under the SRMP outlines the approach to in-migration management and defines the steps to be taken by the project during construction and operation periods. The objective of the plan is to avoid and mitigate potential adverse impacts of influx of construction workers and other in- migrants on the local communities and the project-affected persons. The plan will also address the social dynamics between the different communities and groups and strengthen inter-cultural understanding. Finally it will help to build an integrated vibrant local community to facilitate better project management and implementation of the project. Public Health Action Plan has been prepared under the SRMP (see Table 1.3). The Plan focuses on mitigation of the health impacts of the construction activities. The interventions address the main target groups: (i) the resettling and residing communities; (ii) population in the surrounding of the construction sites; (iii) people attracted by and interacting with the construction related workforce; and (iv) construction workforce. The Public Health Action Plan envisages activities by health actors to concentrate on prevention and promotion, community work and primary curative care with some support to the secondary care level. 9.6. Mitigation Plans The mitigation plans given in Tables 9.2 and 9.3 are organized around various project activities and include various actions identified under the mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 7, define responsibilities for implementation as well as monitoring of each action, identify key performance indicators, and also indicate the timing of these actions. Should any changes to the Project design or methods of construction and operation take place post this assessment stage, the impacts and monitoring/mitigation measures discussed may need to be revised to reflect such changes to allow the environmental and social implications of these changes to be addressed. Separate mitigation plans have been prepared for the construction and O&M phases of the Project. 9-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 9.2: Mitigation Plan for Construction Stage Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 1. Activity: Design / pre-construction considerations 1.1 Changes in  The RAP will be implemented for WAPDA PMU SRU  Documentary evidence of Before Project land use, loss of permanent land acquisition and loss of RAP implementation construction Component properties, assets/livelihood and other similar  Establishment of E1 cultivated land impacts resettlement sites and grazing land,  Payment of compensation relocation of amounts settlements and amenities  People resettling in new villages  Income levels of displaced households  Number of public grievances re resettlement and compensation  Contractors will lease the land for Contractor SRU  Documentary evidence of Before contractor Included in construction facilities on temporary land leasing for temporary mobilization contractors’ basis. Proper documentation will be facilities costs carried out for this leasing.  Absence of grievances (Components regarding temporary A, B, and C) facilities 1.2 Slope  Disposal Area Management and Design Consultants WEC/  Identification of Disposal Before F1 Instability Restoration Plan to include siting and Environment Area and availability of construction detailed assessment of the suitability of Unit (EU) Disposal Area the proposed excavated materials Management Plan disposal site  Availability of maps  Borrow Area Management and showing land slide prone Restoration Plan to include measures to areas. address slope instability in borrow  Availability of areas contingency plan  Identification of areas prone to land sliding. 9-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  Preparation of emergency response plan. 1.3 Geology and  Foundations for infrastructure would Design Consultants WEC/EU  Compliance to the design Before F1 seismology comply with relevant design standards to be ensured construction for structures in areas at risk of seismic  Emergency Preparedness activity. Plan in place prior to  Foundation design of the towers, commencement of powerhouse, and other structures to construction. consider the probability of earthquake at the earliest design stage.  Emergency Preparedness Plan to address the response to a disaster occurring during each phase of the During Project lifecycle. Monitoring record construction and WAPDA  Seismic monitoring operation 1.4 Disposal of  Identification of re-use of excavated Design Consultants WEC/EU  Availability of plan to Before F1 excavated material material on site, to reduce off site dispose excavated construction effects material.  Maximization of use excavated material in construction. 1.5 Surface Water  Select access roads to avoid run-off to Design Consultants WEC/EU Inclusion of cross and side Before F1 quality river. drainage system in the construction  Design cross- and side drainage design 1.6 Groundwater  Drainage system will be designed so Design Consultants WEC/EU  Monitoring in accordance Before F1 quality that all spills will be drained and with Ground Water construction collected in a sump for further Monitoring Program. appropriate disposal; and  No breaches of Material  Oil and chemical storage and vehicle Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) wash and oil change facilities will be for hazardous substances. on an impermeable surface to avoid percolation 1.7 Traffic A Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will Contractors (with CSC/PMU Approved TMP Before A, B, and C 9-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation Management be prepared in accordance with ECP 15 PMU’s assistance) Plan itself will outline mobilization of appropriate KPIs for its contractor implementation. 1.8 Construction  Site for construction camp will be Contractor CSC Approval from ESMU/ESM Before A, B, and C camp (and other selected with approval from the Plan itself will outline mobilization of temporary Construction Supervision Consultants appropriate KPIs for its contractor facilities) site (CSC). implementation. selection  Areas having thick/dense vegetation will be avoided as far as possible. 1.9 Construction Construction Camp Management Plan Contractor CSC Approved Plan Before A, B, and C camp management will be prepared per ECP 16 and Plan itself will outline mobilization of approval obtained from CSC. appropriate KPIs for its contractor implementation. 1.10 Waste A Waste Management Plan will be Contractor CSC Approved Plan Before A, B, and C management prepared per ECP 1 and approval Plan itself will outline mobilization of obtained from CSC. appropriate KPIs for its contractor implementation. 1.11 Fuels and A fuels and hazardous substances Contractor CSC Approved Plan Before A, B, and C hazardous management plan will be prepared per Plan itself will outline mobilization of substances ECP 2 and approval obtained from CSC. appropriate KPIs for its contractor management implementation. 1.12 Water A Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Contractor CSC Approved Plan Before A, B, and C resource Plan will be prepared per ECP 3 and Plan itself will outline mobilization of management approval obtained from CSC. appropriate KPIs for its contractor implementation. 1.13Occupational An OHS management plan will be Contractor CSC Approved Plan Before A, B, and C Health and Safety prepared per ECP 18 and WBG EHS Plan itself will outline mobilization of (OHS) Guidelines, and approval obtained from appropriate KPIs for its contractor management CSC. implementation. 1.14 Impacts on A detailed fishery study on the WAPDA WEC Presence of Study report 2015 (before E2 aquatic habitat significance of migration will be carried Implementation of drying of out by a team of qualified fishery recommended mitigation riverbed section experts, with appropriate mitigation begins) 9-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation measures outlined. measures 2. Activity: Construction of 132 kV Power supply line from Dubair Khwar to Dasu 2.1 Final design - Design to include all standard safety Contractor CSC Approval from 2014 C alignment of protocols. ESMU/PESCO transmission line - Alignment should avoid residential areas - Alignment should avoid agricultural and dense vegetated and forested areas as much as possible - Alignment should avoid sensitive aquatic habitats - Avoidance of areas prone to landslides 2.2 Land - Acquisition of land for erecting towers WAPDA / CSC  Number of owners 2014-2015 C and E1 acquisition for - Agreements for operation and Contractor compensated owners of land maintenance of ROW corridor  Number of agreements and ROW signed  Number of grievances regarding resettlement 2.3 Protection of - Avoid sensitive habitats and hotspots Contractor CSC/WEC Number of non- During C and E2 nullahs and other - Maintain fish access in nullahs compliances construction vulnerable - ensure no debris or wastes are released habitats in the nullahs - Minimize clearing and disruption of riparian vegetation 2.4 Public Health - implement measures to protect health Contractor CSC  Number of complaints During C and E2 and Safety of and safety of community and workers received construction and communities  Number of incidents afterwards - Raising awareness and information of reported public on safety measures and pre-  Number of awareness cautions. raising events arranged - Warning signs where appropriate - Ensure that community’s drinking 9-18 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation water source is not contaminated. 2.5 Occupational - Prepare and implement OHS Plan Contractor CSC  Monitoring of During C and E2 Health and Safety  Implement fuels and hazardous compliance with Health construction for workers substances management plan and Safety standards -Only allow trained and certified workers (including monthly to install, maintain or repair electrical reporting of accidents). equipment  Availability and usage -conduct regular trainings of PPEs - availability and regular usage of PPEs  Number of accidents - Strict safety measures to avoid contacts and near-miss reported with life power lines and from working  Number of trainings with electric and magnetic fields provided - Strict safety measures for working at great height on poles and structures - Adhere strictly to EHS guidelines and international standards for installation of electric equipment and devices 2.6 Natural  - Maintenance of vegetation of ROW Contractor CSC/ESMU  Seasonal monitoring of During C and E2 habitats and based on ecological principles in order vegetation in the ROW construction and forests to prevent damage to the infrastructure  Number of trees felled afterwards from trees and the outbreak of fires  - Minimize tree cutting and vegetation clearance,  - compensatory tree plantation  - Forest management and rejuvenation at higher altitudes along the reservoir. 2.7 Risk of  Visibility enhancement objects such as Design consultants CSC/ESMU  Presence of visibility During design C and E2 collision and marker balls, bird deterrents, or enhancers and construction electrocution diverters will be attached to the 132 kV  Minimum distances phases transmission line at the Indus crossing maintained to avoid any bird collision  Design transmission line with a minimum vertical separation of 1.5 m 9-19 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation and horizontal separation of 3 m between the energized parts. 2.8 Noise and dust  - implement pollution prevention plan. Contractor CSC/ESMU  Monitoring of noise During C and E2 prevention  - Noise and dust prevention near  Number of grievances construction and residential areas regarding noise and dust afterwards  - Regular watering of access roads and tracks  - Liaison with the local community  - establishing GRM 2.9 Damage to  An archeological survey will be carried Contractor CSC  Number of non- Throughout the C and E2 PCRs out by an archeologist at the compliance reports construction construction sites before any ground  Number of reports of any phase breaking PCR discovery  In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during construction activities, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed. 2.10 Slope  Protection measures such as retaining Contractor CSC  Presence of the Throughout the C and E2 stability and soil walls will be implemented to avoid protection measures construction erosion erosion and land slides phase 3. Activity: Contractor Mobilization and Demobilization 3.1 Traffic  The approved TMP will be followed. Contractors (with CSC/PMU  Number of any non- During A, B, C, and management  Establishment of traffic management PMU’s assistance) compliance reports mobilization and E2 committee with the relevant  Number of complaints / demobilization stakeholders (traffic agencies, local grievances. governments along KKH, contractor).  Number of traffic  Hold a one day workshop with the accidents/incidents stakeholders to devise a plan for traffic involving project vehicles management along KKH during and lorries bringing construction period. materials and supply to 9-20 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  A traffic unit at Dasu is proposed to project control the construction related traffic inflow and outflow with sub offices along KKH at Hassanabdal, Haripur, Abbottabad, Chatter Plain, Thakot, Besham, Pattan, Komila, dam site, quarry site Kaigah. These offices will be connected with telephone, fax, mobile phone and internet.  The movement of traffic carrying cement or steel to be register at Hassanabdal (junction of KKH and GT road). These will travel in small lots of 10 trucks. Hassanabdal sub-office will inform the next stations by phone, fax or internet.  The weather conditions must be known before the start of the journey from Met office and drivers must be briefed before the start of the journey so that cargo may be protected from rain damage and driver may plan the journey accordingly.  The receiving stores must be notified, who must prepare for offloading the goods. This preparation includes the location of offloading, labor for offloading together with crane or low lift fork lifters.  Traffic facilities, such as speed limits and signal lights, are to be strengthened from Hassanabdal to Dasu  Support to be provided to the local traffic authorities to engage traffic police at the busy junctions 9-21 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  Implement the mitigation measures proposed in ECP 15. 3.2 Soil Erosion  Vehicular traffic on unpaved roads will Contractor CSC Number of any non- Throughout A, B, C, and and be avoided as far as possible. compliance reports contractor E2 Contamination Operation of vehicles and machinery mobilization and close to the water channels, water demobilization reservoir will be minimized.  Vehicles and equipment will not be repaired in the field. If unavoidable, impervious sheathing will be used to avoid soil and water contamination.  Waste management plan will be implemented  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP 1, ECP 5, ECP 6, and ECP 7 will be implemented. 3.3 Air Quality  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of non- Throughout A, B, C, and implemented. compliance reports. contractor E2  Construction machinery and vehicles  Number of community mobilization and will be kept in good working condition complaints. demobilization and properly tuned, in order to  Ambient air quality found minimize the exhaust emissions, and in beyond the national compliance with the NEQS. standards (NEQS)  Fugitive dust emissions will be minimized by appropriate methods, such as spraying water on soil, where required and appropriate.  Project vehicles will avoid passing through the communities as far as possible. If unavoidable, speed will be reduced to 15 km/h to avoid excessive dust emissions.  Air quality will be properly monitored, especially near the population centers 9-22 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation and WAPDA colonies. Appropriate actions will be undertaken in case ambient air quality at the population centers deteriorates beyond NEQS limits.  ECP 10 for air quality management will be implemented. 3.4 Noise  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of non- Throughout A, B, C, and implemented. compliance reports; contractor E2  Vehicles will have exhaust mufflers  Noise measurement data mobilization and demobilization (silencers) to minimize noise  Number of community generation. complaints.  Nighttime traffic will be avoided near the communities. Local population will be taken in confidence if such work is unavoidable.  Vehicular traffic through the communities will be avoided as far as possible. Vehicle speeds will be kept low, and horns will not be used while passing through or near the communities.  Compliance with NEQS and WBG’EHS Guidelines will be ensured.  ECP-11 will be enforced.  Continued consultations with the affected communities will be carried out. 3.5 Public Safety  Occupational health and safety Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout A, B, C, and procedures and OHS Plan will be compliance reports; contractor E2 enforced.  Number of any related mobilization and  Implement fuels and hazardous public complaints demobilization substances management plan  Number of accidents,  A Traffic Management Plan will be 9-23 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation implemented that will aim at ensuring incidents and near-misses. access to residential areas, and preventing of unsafe situations, especially near schools, housing areas, construction areas, camps and offices.  OHS Plan will be implemented  Special attention should be focused on safety training for workers to prevent and restrict accidents and on the knowledge how to deal with emergencies.  Road signage will be fixed at appropriate locations to reduce safety hazard associated with project-related vehicular traffic.  Liaison with traffic police will be maintained  Project drivers will be trained on defensive driving.  Vehicle speeds near / within the communities will be kept low, to avoid safety hazards.  ECP-15 and ECP-18 will be implemented. 3.6 Damage to All damaged infrastructure will be Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout A, B, C, and Infrastructure restored to original or better condition. compliance reports; contractor E2  Number of any public mobilization and complaints. demobilization 4. Activity: Construction workers camp establishment and operation 4.1 Soil erosion;  Camp management plan will be Contractor CSC  Compliance to the Camp Before and A, B, C, and soil and water implemented Management Plan, Waste throughout the E2 contamination  location of camp will be selected after Management Plan construction obtaining CSC’s approval and in  Number of any non- phase 9-24 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation consultation with local community compliance reports  Photographs will be taken to record the  Results of soil and water site conditions prior to the quality analysis establishment of the camp.  Number of related  Land clearing, leveling and grading complaints will be minimized, and carried out in a manner to minimize soil erosion.  Camp will have rainwater drainage arrangements  Camps will have protection arrangements against soil erosion and land sliding  Vehicular traffic on unpaved roads will be avoided as far as possible. Operation of vehicles close to the water channels, water reservoirs will be minimized.  Contractors will prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan.  For the domestic sewage, appropriate treatment and disposal system (e.g., septic tank and soaking pits) will be constructed having adequate capacity  Waste oils will be collected in drums and sold to the recycling contractors.  The inert recyclable waste from the site (such as cardboard, drums, and broken/used parts) will be sold to recycling contractors. The hazardous waste will be kept separate and handled according to the nature of the waste.  Domestic sold waste from the camp site will be disposed off in a manner that does not cause soil contamination. 9-25 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  The contractor will identify suitable sites for disposal of hazardous and non- hazardous waste. The selection will be done in consultation with the PMU and the local municipal authorities.  The camp site area will be completely restored after completion of construction works. All temporary structures will be demolished,  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-1, ECP-2, ECP-3, ECP 4, ECP 5, ECP 6, ECP 7, ECP 8, ECP 16, and ECP-18 will be implemented. 4.2 Air Quality  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout the A, B, C, and implemented. compliance reports construction E2  Generators and vehicles will be kept in  Air quality monitoring phase good working condition and properly data tuned, in order to minimize the exhaust  Number of related emissions. grievances  Fugitive dust emissions will be minimized by appropriate methods, such as spraying water on soil, where required and appropriate.  Air quality will be properly monitored, especially near the population centers and WAPDA colonies  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-10 will be implemented. 4.3 Vegetation  Clearing natural vegetation will be Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Before and A, B, C, and loss; threat to avoided as far as possible. compliance reports throughout the E2 wildlife  The camp will be established in a  Number of tree felled construction phase natural clearing, outside forested areas.  Number of sighting of key  Complete record will be maintained for wild species 9-26 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation any tree cutting.  The camp staff will not indulge in any animal shooting, trapping, catching, or killing activities.  The construction crew will be provided with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as cooking (and heating, if required) fuel. Use of fuel wood will be avoided.  Include information on wildlife protection in all tool-box orientation briefings for camp staff  ECP-12, ECP-13, and ECP-14 will be implemented. 4.4 Noise  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout the A, B, C, and implemented. compliance reports construction E2  Generators and vehicles will have  Noise monitoring data phase exhaust mufflers (silencers) to  Number of grievances minimize noise generation. regarding noise  Liaison with the communities will be maintained.  Noise monitoring will be carried out.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-11 will be implemented. 4.5 Health and  OHS plan will be prepared and Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Before and A, B, C, and Safety implemented compliance reports throughout the E2  Implement fuels and hazardous  Number of trainings construction substances management plan conducted phase  Drinking water management plan will  Number of accidents, be implemented incidents, and near misses.  Protective fencing to be installed around the Camp to avoid any accidents.  Contain all fuel tanks in a fully bunded 9-27 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation area with a storage capacity of at least 110 percent of the potential storage volume.  Spill control arrangements to be made for hazardous substances (e.g., fuels)  Firefighting equipment will be made available at the camps.  The camp staff will be provided OHS training.  All safety precautions will be taken to transport, handle and store hazardous substances, such as fuel.  Construction camps will have first aid kits  Camp crew will be provided with awareness for transmissible diseases (HIV, hepatitis B and C).  ECP-2 and ECP-18 will be implemented. 4.6 Social and  Local norms and customs will be Contractor CSC Number of non-compliance Throughout the A, B, C, and Gender Issues respected reports; construction E2  Camp crew will avoid entering the Number of related phase villages complaints  No child labor will be employed in the camps.  Liaison with the community will be maintained.  ECP 17 will be implemented 4.7 Damage to  An archeological survey will be carried Contractor CSC  Number of non- Throughout the A, B, C, and PCRs out by an archeologist at the compliance reports construction E2 construction sites before any ground  Number of reports of any phase breaking PCR discovery  In case any artifact or site of 9-28 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during construction activities, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed. 4.8 Increased  - the contractors to procure their Contractor CSC Number of related public Construction A, B, C, and Load on Local supplies in a manner not significantly grievances phase E2 Services and affecting the availability of essential Supplies commodities in the area for the residents.  Grievance redress mechanism will be established to address community complaints and grievances. 5. Activity: Transportation of Equipment and Construction Material 5.1 Traffic  The approved TMP will be followed. Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout the A, B, C, and management  Establishment of traffic management compliance reports construction E2 committee with the relevant  Number of complaints / phase stakeholders (traffic agencies, local grievances. governments along KKH, contractor).  Number of traffic  Hold a one day workshop with the accidents/incidents stakeholders to devise a plan for traffic involving project vehicles management along KKH during and lorries bringing construction period. materials and supply to  A traffic unit at Dasu is proposed to project control the construction related traffic inflow and outflow with sub offices along KKH at Hassanabdal, Haripur, Abbottabad, Chatter Plain, Thakot, Besham, Pattan, Komila, dam site, quarry site Kaigah. These offices will be connected with telephone, fax, mobile phone and internet.  The movement of traffic carrying 9-29 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation cement or steel to be register at Hassanabdal (junction of KKH and GT road). These will travel in small lots of 10 trucks. Hassanabdal sub-office will inform the next stations by phone, fax or internet.  The weather conditions must be known before the start of the journey from Met office and drivers must be briefed before the start of the journey so that cargo may be protected from rain damage and driver may plan the journey accordingly.  The receiving stores must be notified, who must prepare for offloading the goods. This preparation includes the location of offloading, labor for offloading together with crane or low lift fork lifters.  Traffic facilities, such as speed limits and signal lights, are to be strengthened from Hassanabdal to Dasu  Support to be provided to the local traffic authorities to engage traffic police at the busy junctions  Implement the mitigation measures proposed in ECP 15. 5.2 Soil Erosion  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC Number of any non- Before and A, B, C, and and implemented. compliance reports during E2 Contamination  Vehicular traffic on unpaved roads will construction be avoided as far as possible. Operation of vehicles and machinery close to the water channels, water reservoir will be minimized.  Vehicles and equipment will not be 9-30 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation repaired in the field. If unavoidable, impervious sheathing will be used to avoid soil and water contamination.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP 1, ECP 5, ECP 6, and ECP 7 will be implemented. 5.3 Air Quality  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Before and A, B, C, and implemented. compliance reports during E2  Construction machinery and vehicles  Air quality monitoring construction will be kept in good working condition data and properly tuned, in order to  Number of related minimize the exhaust emissions, and in grievances compliance with the NEQS.  Fugitive dust emissions will be minimized by appropriate methods, such as spraying water on soil, where required and appropriate.  Project vehicles will avoid passing through the communities as far as possible. If unavoidable, speed will be reduced to 15 km/h to avoid excessive dust emissions.  Trucks and conveyor belts carrying construction material and excavated soil will be covered if required to avoid air quality deterioration.  Air quality will be properly monitored, especially near the population centers and WAPDA colonies  ECP 10 for air quality management will be implemented. 5.4 Noise  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Before and A, B, C, and implemented. compliance reports during E2  Vehicles will have exhaust mufflers  Number of related public construction 9-31 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation (silencers) to minimize noise complaints generation.  Noise monitoring data  Nighttime traffic will be avoided near the communities. Local population will be taken in confidence if such work is unavoidable.  Vehicular traffic through the communities will be avoided as far as possible. Vehicle speeds will be kept low, and horns will not be used while passing through or near the communities.  Liaison with the communities will be maintained.  Noise monitoring will be carried out  Compliance with NEQS and WBG’EHS Guidelines will be ensured.  ECP-11 will be enforced. 5.5 Public Safety  OHS plan will be implemented Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Before and A, B, C, and  Implement fuels and hazardous compliance reports during E2 substances management plan  Number of accidents, construction  Road signage will be fixed at incidents and near misses appropriate locations to reduce safety  Number of related public hazard associated with project-related complaints vehicular traffic.  Number of trainings  Liaison with traffic police and provided communities will be maintained  Project drivers will be trained on defensive driving.  Vehicle speeds near / within the communities will be kept low, to avoid safety hazards.  ECP-15 and ECP-18 will be 9-32 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation implemented. 5.6 Damage to All damaged infrastructure will be Contractors CSC Number of any non- Before and A, B, and C Infrastructure restored to original or better condition. compliance reports during construction 6. Activity: Construction of Dam, Powerhouse, and other related structures 6.1 Changes to  Changes to the topography will only Contractor CSC  Volume of spoil extracted Throughout the A, B, and E2 topography occur in designated areas to (monitor against construction accommodate defined project features. predictions). phase  Excavation of material will be kept to a  All excavated materials to minimum. be disposed of in  Excavated material will be managed in designated sites. accordance with the Disposal Area  Number of non- Management and Restoration Plan. compliances  Preparation and implementation of observed/reported landscaping and plantation plan at  Presence of landscaping the key locations (project area between plan dam and end of tailrace and for the  Evidence of WAPDA Colony and Offices area) implementation of the  Implement ECP 8. above plan. 6.2 Landslide  Method Statements and Risk Contractor CSC  Number of blasting Throughout the A, B, and E2 Assessments prepared prior to any events. construction excavation activity  Method Statements and phase  Any blasting activities in these areas Risk Assessments will be controlled and contained within produced for construction defined limits. of each item of  Pro-active measures will be infrastructure. implemented to stabilize and protect  All excavated materials to slopes and to protect workers safety. be disposed of in Early warning systems will be designated sites. introduced that will indicate when  Monitoring of early cracks appear and allow any widening warning systems. to be monitored. Access would be  Number of landslides restricted during the periods that slope reported in the project stability is not yet entirely secured and 9-33 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation guaranteed by proper safety measures area such as rock bolts, anchors, safety nets and gabion structures.  Permanent monitoring by the contractor will be required.  Slope protection measures, such as rock bolts, rock anchors, safety nets and other protection measures will have to be applied including proper terracing to reduce the risk of slope failures.  Stabilize landslide prone areas which may be impacted by construction activities or reservoir formation  Monitor stability of landslide prone areas at identified locations during construction and operational phases  During excavations the concerned slopes will be stabilized and excavation started exacted from the top then gradually working down the slope. After blasting a riser, it will be stabilized by pre-designed support systems such as shotcrete, mesh and rock bolts prior to drilling the next riser for excavation. Where there are confinement issues, cushion blasting will be the method applied. Extreme care will be taken in designing the blasting pattern and blasting will be controlled so as to avoid disturbance of nearby slopes where stability is in a critical condition.  Emergency Preparedness Plan and Early Warning System will set out 9-34 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation response actions in the event of a landslide  Other methods to be considered as alternatives to blasting 6.3 Soil erosion  Areas not used during operation will be Contractor CSC  Number of incidences of Throughout the A, B, and E2 re-vegetated, particularly slopes borrow pits not being construction  Borrow pits/areas to be restored to the covered. phase and prior extent possible/ necessary  Compliance with the to operation  Areas exposed during construction and Landscaping and not used for operation will be re- Plantation Plan. vegetated (‘greened’) immediately  All replanting to be  Adopt measures set out in the commenced prior to Landscaping and Plantation Plan operation.  Road edge buffers will be re-planted  Replanting to occur prior to the commencement of operation, using fast-growing native species; and grasses to assist slope and soil stability.  ECP-6 will be implemented. 6.4 Soil and water  The contractor will prepare and Contractor CSC  Monthly auditing of Throughout the A, B, and E2 contamination implement a Pollution Prevention Plan management of hazardous construction prior to the start of the work. Proper materials against Material phase baseline data will be collected. Safety Data Sheet  Construction materials will be stored,  Soil and water quality used and handled appropriately. monitoring data  Excavated material disposal method to  Number of any non include measures to reduce risk of compliance environmental pollution.  Number of related  Reduce risk of a pollution event complaints through adoption of measures set out in Solid Waste Management Plan and (Drinking Water ) and Sanitation Plan  Hazardous and toxic materials stored 9-35 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation separately  The contractor will identify suitable sites for disposal of hazardous and non- hazardous waste. The selection will be done in consultation with the PMU and the local municipal authorities.  Fuels and hazardous substances management plan will be implemented  Design drainage for the batching plant area to direct runoff into a sump/basin for inspection for pollutants prior to discharge  Design settling basins for the discharges from tunnel construction areas  Establish a laboratory at Dasu with all necessary facilities at the site for chemical analysis of water for key parameters (dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, petroleum products); along with potable conductivity, pH and turbidity meters to assess pollution from construction activities.  Any discharges to the river or streams should have turbidity of less than 2 mg/l to meet the NEQS 2000  Regular waste water streams are to be passed through settling basins.  Undertake pH monitoring of site runoff to ensure alkaline runoff is not leaving the site.  Construct a designated, signposted concrete wash down bay that is fully contained and bunded for all excess 9-36 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation concrete and concrete wash down, e.g. plastic lined.  Regularly maintain the concrete washout bay, treating any water prior to release to natural systems.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-1, ECP-2, ECP-4, ECP-5, and ECP-7 will be implemented. 6.5 Risk of Water The potential sources of pollution will Contractor CSC Documentary evidence of construction A, B, and E2 Pollution from be identified and removed during the removal of storage tanks phase Storage Tanks construction period and prior to the first Number of non- filling of the reservoir. compliances 6.6 Air Quality  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of dust-related Throughout A, B, and E2 implemented. complaints. construction  Air quality in the tunnels should be  Number of air quality- phase maintained in accordance with related complaints, technical specifications  Air quality monitoring  The quantity of fresh air pumping from data outside to inside the tunnel must be  boosted such that a wind velocity of 1 m/s is maintained as the minimum.  Construction materials will be stored in designated areas away from sensitive receptors and covered to minimize dust on site from site construction works  Construction vehicles will be sprayed with water when entering and leaving the site, covered if transporting materials, adhere to speed limits, and engines will be turned off when idling.  Water spraying will be carried out to suppress dust emissions where needed  Batching plants, asphalt plants, and 9-37 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation crushers will have appropriate dust and emission abatement systems (e.g., wet scrubber) as appropriate.  Target zero dust related complaints  Target zero air quality related complaints.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  Monitoring of ambient air quality near settlements and colonies. Appropriate actions to be undertaken in case ambient air quality deteriorates beyond NEQS limits.  ECP-10 will be implemented. 6.7 Health and  Compliance with Occupational Health Contractor CSC  Number of respiratory Throughout A, B, and E2 Safety & Safety standards and OHS Plan protective devices and construction  Implement fuels and hazardous other PPEs issues to phase substances management plan workers.  Use of personal protective equipment  Monitoring of compliance (PPE) with Health & Safety standards (including  Construction sites to be cordoned off to monthly reporting of stop unauthorized access accidents).  Develop controls and standard  Number of accidents, operating procedures for the use of incidents and near misses. fuels and other hazardous substances to prevent spills, accidents, and pilferage  Number of trainings provided.  Handle explosives strictly according to the protocols  Train and designate personnel for various OHS aspects such as spill control procedures, fire fighting  Establish fire fighting system and fire safety (fire extinguishers) at the construction sites where fire is an 9-38 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation hazard  Spill kits and trained personnel are to be made available at the workshops.  Contain all fuel tanks in a fully bunded area with a storage capacity of at least 110 percent of the potential storage volume.  Use auto shut down valves for fuel transfer pipes  Transport of hazardous goods and fuel to be done in closed containers and ISO certified tanks  Provision of respiratory protective devices for workers where needed  Designate agreed routes for traffic (set out in the Traffic Management Plan)  Provision of insurance-backed compensation scheme for major injury or loss of life reflecting settlement sums that are consistent with national/international benchmarks.  Contractor to engage a doctor at the site/camp  Construction sites to have first aid boxes  Site to have ambulance to transfer injured/sick workers to nearest hospital  WBG’s EHS Guidelines to be implemented  Regular OHS trainings to be provided to workers  ECP 2 and ECP-18 will be implemented. 9-39 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 6.8 Noise and  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of blasting events Throughout A, B, and E2 Vibration implemented. recorded. construction  Perform test blasting with various  Evidence of providing phase charges and monitor resultant noise advance warning of and vibration levels at various blasting to communities. distances and to define the sensitive  Record of equipment used areas that will be affected during the on site capable of future blasting activities producing over 85dB and  Blasting activity will be restricted to whether equipment has fixed times; been fitted with mufflers  Communities will be informed in  Number of related advance of planned blasting; community complaints  Construction plant producing sound in  Noise monitoring data excess of 85dB will be fitted with  Number of non- mufflers; compliances  Noise barriers will be provided in areas where significant noise is expected (e.g. during blasting).  Noise monitoring will be conducted  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-11 will be implemented. 6.9 Landscape and  Implementation of the Landscape and Contractor CSC Compliance with Before the A, B, and E2 Visual Intrusion Plantation Plan Landscaping and Plantation completion of the  New planting and landscape restoration Plan construction as soon as practicable at the end of phase construction phase  Replanting of flora/vegetation alongside new access roads  Enhance flora environment by planting fruit trees and ornamental shrubs.  ECP 8 to be implemented 9-40 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 6.10 Vegetation  A nursery will be established with the Contractor CSC  Number of trees felled Throughout A, B, and E2 loss native species with a capacity to  Number of saplings construction produce about 300,000 saplings with an planted phase objective to develop 100,000 trees (5  Survival rate of saplings saplings for each proposed tree). after one year  At higher altitudes (> 1500 m) a number of forest plantations will established where forest could be rejuvenated. This will be done at selected places on both sides (left and right bank) of the reservoir. Communities can play an important role in planting and managing these plantations. There is experience with this type of social forestry elsewhere in the region (a.o Swat Kohistan).  Plantation to be developed in the buffer areas (at suitable sites) of the reservoir on the right bank, in DHPs office and colony, and at the resettlement with a target to develop about 5 trees for each tree cut.  Maintain each sapling for a period of minimum 2 years with the support of local community. Community will be paid for watering and raising the plantation.  A public education program should be designed and implemented to discourage cutting of trees by the construction workers  The Project will support the local government to establish a market for the supply of non-wood fuels such as LPG for cooking and heating to reduce 9-41 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation the pressure on firewood. Contractors also shall provide non wood fuels such as LPG to the construction staff for cooking and heating purposes.  Avoid dumping material in vegetated areas.  Avoid unnecessary loss of vegetation  ECP-12 will be implemented. 6.11 Fauna /  Reduction of duration, timing and Contractor CSC  Number of instances of Throughout A, B, and E2 Wildlife strength of blasting operations and spoil being deposited in construction vibrations according to internationally non-designated areas. phase recognized standards (e.g. Australian  Number of reported standards) incidences of hunting or  The Project will support development poaching on the Project of two offset areas for the wildlife site / in land ownership. conservation.  Number of reports of  A study will be carried out to further sighting of key wild evaluate these sites and finally species recommend two sites to develop as offset areas to conserve the natural habitat and wildlife in compliance with the World Bank OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats. The extent of offset areas will be based on sub water sheds and will be determined by the proposed study. The study will be carried out during the first year of project construction (2015). A mechanism will be developed by the study, whereby the local communities will be provided with appropriate incentives to help conserve natural habitat, and wildlife. The detailed ToRs of the study are presented in Annex B.  Renowned agencies such as WWF- 9-42 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation Pakistan or IUCN Pakistan will be involved by the project to implement the above ecological conservation activities. These conservation areas will be further complemented by ecotourism initiatives, an information centre, and research.  In addition to development of above offset areas, the Project will also support the community of the Kaigah game reserve to strengthen the management of conservation measures in the game reserve.  The community will be consulted and involved in the selection of alternative options to strengthen ecological conservation measures  To compensate for the loss of natural habitat, the Project will support afforestation and forest rejuvenation programs in the higher altitudes for the conservation and sustainable development of forest ecosystems in compliance with World Bank Policy OP 4.36 on Forests.  This will be done at selected places in consultation with local communities and relevant departments on both sides (left and right bank) of the reservoir. Communities can play an important role in planning and undertaking these activities. There is experience with this type of social forestry elsewhere in the region (a.o Swat Kohistan).  The project will also support 9-43 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation development of natural habitat and natural vegetation in the proposed ecological conservation areas and reservoir buffer areas  The study proposed for habitat conservation and offset development mentioned earlier will also include forestry assessment survey in Kohistan and development of action plans for forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The ToRs of the study are given in Annex B.  Establish vantage stations to monitor the presence and movement of Tragopan and migratory birds, breeding birds, small mammals, ungulates and otters.  Include information on wildlife protection in all construction related tool-box orientation briefings for new construction staff  A public education program will be designed and implemented to discourage poaching of wildlife  Avoid positioning spoil in areas used by fauna  No hunting or poaching  Provide corridors for animal movement.  ECP-13 and ECP 14will be implemented. 6.12 Mortality of Inlets will be screened or fitted with Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction A, B, and E2 Fish acoustic fish repellents to prevent inflow compliance reports phase 9-44 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation of unwanted materials; the screening will have to be fine enough to prevent fish passage. 6.13 Impact on  Studies will be commissioned on fish WAPDA WEC  Presence of study report construction E2 Ecological resources in the area, their migration, and management plan phase Connectivity and and their food/economic value  Evidence of Migration of Fish  Fisheries development and implementation of management plan will be prepared and management plans implemented for the Dasu reservoir.  WAPDA will develop fish hatchery through which tributaries and reservoir will be restocked  Maintenance of spawning areas and developing of new spawning areas in the tributaries near the reservoir confluence areas 6.14 Damage to Any damaged infrastructure such as Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction A and B infrastructure roads, bridges and culverts will be compliance reports phase repaired 6.15 Damage to  An archeological survey will be carried Contractor CSC  Number of any non- construction A, B, and E2 PCRs out by an archeologist at the compliance reports phase construction sites before any ground  Number of reports of any breaking. new PCR  The mosque at Seer Gayal will be discovered/reported disassembled and reassembled at a new location.  The graves will be protected by stone- pitching so that no floating and washing away of the bodies or skeletal remains occur.  In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during construction activities, the 9-45 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.  DHP will support KP Archaeological WAPDA WEC  Evidence of construction E2 Department to (i) procure 25 acres of commencement of works phase land for acquisition of land, in which  Report of the rock carvings are located, (ii) fence the archeological survey area, (iii) provide fiberglass sheds; (iv) develop tourist facilities and (v) documenting the importance of rock carvings and their translations.  DHP will commission an archeological study before commencing the construction activities to survey the project area to identify any PCRs (CSC will prepare the ToRs). 6.16 Loss of  A new suspension bridge near Kandia Contractor CSC  Presence of new bridges construction A, B, and C Access to Villages will be constructed and access paths phase  A total of 35 km of new access roads  Number of related will be built, all at a higher level of the community complaints right bank of the Indus.  A new jeepable track of 18 km will provide access to the villages in Kandia valley.  All new settlement sites will be provided with good access roads.  Other existing facilities for pedestrians to cross the river, such as foot bridges and cable cars will be replaced by appropriate alternatives. Different options for pedestrians for crossing the 73 km long reservoir will be considered since these connections are important assets and a lifeline for the remote communities at the right bank with the 9-46 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation rest of the world. 6.17 Disturbance  Proper landscaping will be done and an Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction A, B, and E2 of Visual overall Landscape and Plantation Plan compliance reports phase Landscape and will be implemented in the area where Natural Habitats the project infrastructure is located.  Landscape and plantation plans for the residential areas and the offices will be implemented to create a good living and working environment.  Tree planting will be well organized and where possible vegetation and natural habitats will have to be restored or newly created.  For the disposal and borrow areas a restoration plans will be implemented to restore original landscape and vegetation. 6.18 Social Implementation of the In-Migration PMU WEC Number of public Construction E1 conflict due to the Management Plan. In accordance with grievances relating to in- phase Influx of Workers this Plan procedures and rules will be migrants and In-migrants worked out by the PMU in close cooperation with the contractors and local authorities. 6.19 Respect of  Implementation of awareness campaign PMU and contractor CSC Number of related public Construction A, B, and E2 Local Cultural  The contractors would be aware of the grievances phase Norms and Values possibility and risks of by Work Force miscommunications between local residents and workers, a situation which easily could lead to social unrest. This would be prevented by raising awareness and implementation of a Code of Conduct for the workers.  Complaints from the local community will be addressed by the Grievance 9-47 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation Mechanism that will be developed. 6.20 Adverse  The Public Health Action Plan will be PMU and contractor CSC Number of patients being Construction A, B, and E1 Effects on Health implemented. treated in the local hospitals phase Situation  Raising awareness of the associated risks for the local population.  The awareness campaign will also be aimed at the risk of interaction between the resident population and the construction work force, including the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS.  The medical health facilities in the project area will be facilitated to deal with such incidences.  6.21 Increased  The contractors to procure their Contractor CSC Number of related public Construction A, B, and E2 Load on Local supplies in a manner not significantly grievances phase Services and affecting the availability of essential Supplies commodities in the area for the residents.  Grievance redress mechanism will be established to address community complaints and grievances. 7. Activity: KKH Construction and other related structures 7.1 Changes to  Changes to the topography will only Contractor CSC  Volume of spoil extracted Throughout the C and E2 topography occur in designated areas to (monitor against construction accommodate defined project features. predictions). phase  Excavation of material will be kept to a  All excavated materials to minimum. be disposed of in  Excavated material will be managed in designated sites. accordance with the Disposal Area  Number of non- Management and Restoration Plan. compliances  Preparation and implementation of observed/reported 9-48 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation landscaping and plantation plan at the key locations (project area between dam and end of tailrace and for the WAPDA Colony and Offices area)  Implement ECP 8. 7.2 Landslides  Method Statements and Risk Contractor CSC  Number of blasting Throughout the C and E2 Assessments prepared prior to any events. construction excavation activity  Method Statements and phase  Any blasting activities in these areas Risk Assessments will be controlled and contained within produced for construction defined limits. of each item of  Measures will be taken to ensure that infrastructure. the landslides do not affect the existing  All excavated materials to KKH and its traffic. Road clearing be disposed of in machinery will be deployed along the designated sites. KKH where necessary. Warning signs  Monitoring of early will also be placed along the existing warning systems. KKH.  Number of Landslides  Pro-active measures will be affecting traffic on implemented to stabilize and protect existing KKH slopes and to protect workers safety. Early warning systems will be introduced that will indicate when cracks appear and allow any widening to be monitored. Access would be restricted during the periods that slope stability is not yet entirely secured and guaranteed by proper safety measures such as rock bolts, anchors, safety nets and gabion structures.  Permanent monitoring by the contractor will be required.  Slope protection measures, such as rock bolts, rock anchors, safety nets and other protection measures will 9-49 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation have to be applied including proper terracing to reduce the risk of slope failures.  Stabilize landslide prone areas which may be impacted by construction activities or reservoir formation  Monitor stability of landslide prone areas at identified locations during construction and operational phases  During excavations the concerned slopes will be stabilized and excavation started exacted from the top then gradually working down the slope. After blasting a riser, it will be stabilized by pre-designed support systems such as shotcrete, mesh and rock bolts prior to drilling the next riser for excavation. Where there are confinement issues, cushion blasting will be the method applied. Extreme care will be taken in designing the blasting pattern and blasting will be controlled so as to avoid disturbance of nearby slopes where stability is in a critical condition.  Emergency Preparedness Plan and Early Warning System will set out response actions in the event of a landslide  Other methods to be considered as alternatives to blasting  ECP 6 will be implemented 9-50 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 7.3 Soil erosion  Areas not used during operation will be Contractor CSC Number of incidences of Throughout the C and E2 re-vegetated, particularly slopes borrow pits not being construction  Borrow pits/areas to be restored to the covered. phase and prior extent possible/ necessary Compliance with the to operation  Areas exposed during construction and Landscaping and Plantation not used for operation will be re- Plan. vegetated (‘greened’) immediately All replanting to be  Adopt measures set out in the commenced prior to Landscaping and Plantation Plan operation.  Road edge buffers will be re-planted  Replanting to occur prior to the commencement of operation, using fast-growing native species; and grasses to assist slope and soil stability.  ECP-6 will be implemented. 7.4 Soil and water  The contractor will prepare and Contractor CSC  Monthly auditing of Throughout the C and E2 contamination implement a Pollution Prevention Plan management of hazardous construction prior to the start of the work. Proper materials against Material phase baseline data will be collected. Safety Data Sheet  Construction materials will be stored,  Soil and water quality used and handled appropriately. monitoring data  Excavated material disposal methods to  Number of reports if any include measures to reduce risk of non compliance environmental pollution.  Number of related  Reduce risk of a pollution event complaints through adoption of measures set out in Solid Waste Management Plan and (Drinking Water ) and Sanitation Plan  Hazardous and toxic materials stored separately  The contractor will identify suitable sites for disposal of hazardous and non- hazardous waste. The selection will be 9-51 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation done in consultation with the PMU and the local municipal authorities.  Fuels and hazardous substances management plan will be implemented.  Design drainage for the batching plant area to direct runoff into a sump/basin for inspection for pollutants prior to discharge  Design settling basins for the discharges from tunnel construction areas  Any discharges to the river or streams should have turbidity of less than 2 mg/l to meet the NEQS 2000  Regular waste water streams are to be passed through settling basins.  Undertake pH monitoring of site runoff to ensure alkaline runoff is not leaving the site.  Construct a designated, signposted concrete wash down bay that is fully contained and bunded for all excess concrete and concrete wash down, e.g. plastic lined.  Regularly maintain the concrete washout bay, treating any water prior to release to natural systems.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-1, ECP-2, ECP-4, ECP-5, and ECP-7 will be implemented. 9-52 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 7.5 Air Quality  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of dust-related Throughout C and E2 implemented. complaints. construction  Construction materials will be stored in  Number of air quality- phase designated areas away from sensitive related complaints, receptors and covered to minimize dust  Compliance with Traffic on site from site construction works Management Plan.  Construction vehicles will be sprayed  Air quality monitoring with water when entering and leaving data the site, covered if transporting materials, adhere to speed limits, and engines will be turned off when idling.  Water spraying will be carried out to suppress dust emissions where needed  Batching plants, asphalt plants, and crushers will have appropriate dust and emission abatement systems (e.g., wet scrubber) as appropriate.  Target zero dust related complaints  Target zero air quality related complaints.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  Monitoring of ambient air quality near settlements and colonies. Appropriate actions to be undertaken in case ambient air quality deteriorates beyond NEQS limits.  ECP-10 will be implemented. 7.6 Health and  Compliance with Occupational Health Contractor CSC  Number of respiratory Throughout C and E2 Safety & Safety standards and OHS Plan protective devices and construction  Implement fuels and hazardous other PPEs issues to phase substances management plan workers.  Use of personal protective equipment  Monitoring of compliance (PPE) with Health & Safety standards (including 9-53 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  Construction sites to be cordoned off to monthly reporting of stop unauthorized access accidents).  Develop controls and standard  Number of accidents, operating procedures for the use of incidents and near misses. fuels and other hazardous substances to  Number of trainings prevent spills, accidents, and pilferage provided.  Handle explosives strictly according to the protocols  Train and designate personnel for various OHS aspects such as spill control procedures, fire fighting  Establish fire fighting system and fire safety (fire extinguishers) at the construction sites where fire is an hazard  Spill kits and trained personnel are to be made available at the workshops.  Contain all fuel tanks in a fully bunded area with a storage capacity of at least 110 percent of the potential storage volume.  Use auto shut down valves for fuel transfer pipes  Transport of hazardous goods and fuel to be done in closed containers and ISO certified tanks  Provision of respiratory protective devices for workers where needed  Designate agreed routes for traffic (set out in the Traffic Management Plan)  Provision of insurance-backed compensation scheme for major injury or loss of life reflecting settlement sums that are consistent with 9-54 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation national/international benchmarks.  Contractor to engage a doctor at the site/camp  Construction sites to have first aid boxes  Site to have ambulance to transfer injured/sick workers to nearest hospital  WBG’s EHS Guidelines to be implemented  ECP 2 and ECP-18 will be implemented. 7.7 Noise and  -Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of blasting events Throughout C and E2 Vibration implemented. recorded. construction  Perform test blasting with various  Evidence of providing phase charges and monitor resultant noise advance warning of and vibration levels at various blasting to communities. distances and to define the sensitive  Record of equipment used areas that will be affected during the on site capable of future blasting activities producing over 85dB and  Blasting activity will be restricted to whether equipment has fixed times; been fitted with mufflers  Communities will be informed in  Number of related advance of planned blasting; community complaints  Construction plant producing sound in  Noise monitoring data excess of 85dB will be fitted with  Number of non mufflers; compliances  Noise barriers will be provided in areas where significant noise is expected (e.g. during blasting).  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-11 will be implemented. 9-55 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 7.8 Landscape and  Landscaping and Plantation Plan will Contractor CSC Compliance with Before the C and E2 Visual Intrusion be implemented Landscaping and Plantation completion of the  New planting and landscape restoration Plan construction as soon as practicable at the end of phase construction phase  Replanting of flora/vegetation alongside new access roads  Enhance flora environment by planting fruit trees and ornamental shrubs.  ECP 8 to be implemented 7.9 Vegetation  A nursery will be established with the Contractor CSC  Number of trees felled Throughout E2 loss native species with a capacity to  Number of saplings construction produce about 300,000 saplings with an planted phase objective to develop 100,000 trees (3 Survival rate of saplings saplings for each proposed tree). after one year  At higher altitudes (> 1500 m) a number of forest plantations will established where forest could be rejuvenated. This will be done at selected places on both sides (left and right bank) of the reservoir. Communities can play an important role in planting and managing these plantations. There is experience with this type of social forestry elsewhere in the region (a.o Swat Kohistan).  Plantation to be developed in the buffer areas (at suitable sites) of the reservoir on the right bank, in DHPs office and colony, and at the resettlement with a target to develop about 5 trees for each tree cut.  Maintain each sapling for a period of minimum 2 years with the support of 9-56 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation local community. Community will be paid for watering and raising the plantation.  A public education program should be designed and implemented to discourage cutting of trees by the construction workers  The Project will support the local government to establish a market for the supply of non-wood fuels such as LPG for cooking and heating to reduce the pressure on firewood. Contractors also shall promote the usage of non wood fuels such as LPG to the construction staff for cooking and heating purposes.  Avoid dumping material in vegetated areas.  Avoid unnecessary loss of vegetation  ECP-12 will be implemented. 7.10 Fauna /  Monitor wildlife in the reserve in Contractor CSC  Number of instances of Throughout C and E2 Wildlife cooperation with wildlife and forest spoil being deposited in construction officials; non-designated areas. phase  Reduction of duration, timing and  Number of reported strength of blasting operations and incidences of hunting or vibrations according to internationally poaching on the Project recognized standards (e.g. Australian site / in land ownership. standards);  Number of reports of  Control of access to the project area for sighting of key wild workers and public in cooperation with species the community;  Awareness raising of workers, employees and general public;  Kaigah community will be 9-57 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation compensated for loss of income from wildlife management;  The community will be consulted and involved in the selection of alternative options to strengthen ecological conservation measures;  Studies will be undertaken to identify two alternative wildlife conservation areas elsewhere in the sub-catchments from DHP, possible also at the right bank of the reservoir  Establish vantage stations to monitor the presence and movement of Tragopan and migratory birds, breeding birds, small mammals, ungulates and otters.  Revise, if required, this ESMP or mitigation measures proposed in ECP 12 on Protection of Flora and ECP 13 on Protection of Fauna.  Include information on wildlife protection in all construction related tool-box orientation briefings for new construction staff  A public education program will be designed and implemented to discourage poaching of wildlife  Avoid positioning spoil in areas used by fauna  No hunting or poaching  Provide corridors for animal movement.  ECP-13 and ECP 14will be implemented. 9-58 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 7.11 Mortality of No untreated effluents will be released Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction C and E2 Fish in water bodies. Care will be observed compliance reports phase to minimize sliding of soil and spoil in water bodies. 7.12 Damage to Any damaged infrastructure such as Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction C and E2 infrastructure roads, bridges and culverts will be compliance reports phase repaired 7.13 Damage to  Archeological survey will be carried Contractor CSC  Number of any non- construction E2 PCRs out by an archeologist at the compliance reports phase construction sites before ground  Number of reports of any breaking new PCR  DHP will support KP Archaeological discovered/reported Department to (i) procure 25 acres of land for acquisition of land, in which rock carvings are located, (ii) fence the area, (iii) provide fiberglass sheds; (iv) develop tourist facilities and (v) documenting the importance of rock carvings and their translations.  In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during construction activities, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed. 7.14 Disturbance  Proper landscaping will be done and an Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction C and E2 of Visual overall Landscape and Plantation Plan compliance reports phase Landscape and will be implemented that will be Natural Habitats worked out in more detail for the area where the project infrastructure is located.  Tree planting will be well organized and where possible vegetation and 9-59 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation natural habitats will have to be restored or newly created.  For the disposal and borrow areas restoration plans will be prepared to restore original landscape and vegetation. 7.15 Social Implementation of the In-Migration PMU WEC Number of public Construction E1 conflict due to the Management Plan. In accordance with grievances relating to in- phase Influx of Workers this Plan procedures and rules will be migrants and In-migrants worked out by the PMU in close cooperation with the contractors and local authorities. 7.16 Respect of  Implementation of awareness campaign PMU and contractor CSC Number of related public Construction C and E2 Local Cultural  The contractors would be aware of the grievances phase Norms and Values possibility and risks of by Work Force miscommunications between local residents and workers, a situation which easily could lead to social unrest. This would be prevented by raising awareness and implementation of a Code of Conduct for the workers.  Complaints from the local community will be addressed by the Grievance Mechanism that will be developed. 7.17 Adverse  The Public Health Action Plan will be PMU and contractor CSC Number of patients being Construction C and E1 Effects on Health implemented treated in the local hospitals phase Situation  Raising awareness of the associated risks for the local population.  The awareness campaign will also be aimed at the risk of interaction between the resident population and the construction work force, including the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. 9-60 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  The medical health facilities in the project area will be facilitated to deal with such incidences. 7.18 Increased  The contractors to procure their Contractor CSC Number of related public Construction C and E2 Load on Local supplies in a manner not significantly grievances phase Services and affecting the availability of essential Supplies commodities in the area for the residents.  Grievance redress mechanism will be established to address community complaints and grievances. 8. Activity: Quarry Operation 8.1 Changes to  Borrow Area Management and Contractor CSC Number of any non- Construction A, B, C, and topography Restoration Plan will be implemented compliance reports phase E2  Excavation of quarry areas for Kaigah to start from southern end and to proceed towards northern side.  The excavation should be done in a way that there will be natural berms towards sensitive receptors for noise control.  Implement ECP 7, ECP 8, and ECP 9. 8.2 Landslide  Method Statements and Risk Contractor CSC  Number of blasting construction A, B, C, and Assessments to be prepared prior to events. phase E2 any excavation activity  Method Statements and  Slope protection measures, will be Risk Assessments applied including proper terracing to produced for construction reduce the risk of slope failures. of each item of  Stabilize landslide prone areas which infrastructure. may be impacted by quarrying  All excavated materials to activities be disposed of in  During excavations the concerned designated sites. slopes will be stabilized and excavation  Monitoring of early 9-61 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation started exacted from the top then warning systems. gradually working down the slope.  Number of landslides After blasting a riser, it will be reported stabilized by pre-designed support systems such as shotcrete, mesh and rock bolts prior to drilling the next riser for excavation. Where there are confinement issues, cushion blasting will be the method applied. Extreme care will be taken in designing the blasting pattern and blasting will be controlled so as to avoid disturbance of nearby slopes where stability is in a critical condition.  Emergency Preparedness Plan and Early Warning System will set out response actions in the event of a landslide  ECP 6 will be implemented 8.3 Soil erosion  Borrow pits/areas to be restored to the Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction A, B, C, and extent possible/ necessary compliance reports phase E2  Road edge buffers will be re-planted  Replanting to be carried out after completing the quarrying, using fast- growing native species; and grasses to assist slope and soil stability.  ECP-6 will be implemented. 8.4 Soil and water  Pollution prevention plan and waste Contractor CSC  Monthly auditing of construction A, B, C, and contamination disposal plan will be implemented. management of hazardous phase E2  Any discharges to the river or streams materials against Material should have turbidity of less than 2 Safety Data Sheet mg/l to meet the NEQS 2000  Soil and water quality  Regular waste water streams are to be monitoring data passed through settling basins.  Number of reports if any 9-62 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  Undertake pH monitoring of site runoff non compliance to ensure alkaline runoff is not leaving  Number of related the site. complaints  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-1, ECP-2, ECP-4, ECP-5, and ECP-7 will be implemented. 8.5 Air Quality  Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of dust-related construction A, B, C, and implemented. complaints. phase E2  Exhaust from construction vehicles and  Number of air quality- equipment will comply with NEQS related complaints,  Construction materials will be stored in  Air quality monitoring designated areas away from sensitive data receptors and covered to minimize dust  Compliance with Traffic on site from site construction works Management Plan.  Water spraying will be carried out to suppress dust emissions where needed  Wet scrubbers to be used where necessary to minimize dust emissions  Construction vehicles will be sprayed with water when entering and leaving the site, covered if transporting materials, adhere to speed limits, and engines will be turned off when idling.  Target zero dust related complaints  Target zero air quality related complaints.  ECP-10 will be implemented. 8.6 Health and  Compliance with Occupational Health Contractor CSC  Number of respiratory construction A, B, C, and Safety & Safety standards and OHS Plan protective devices and phase E2  Implement Fuels and hazardous other PPEs issues to substances management plan workers.  Quarry sites to be cordoned off to stop  Monitoring of compliance unauthorized access with Health & Safety 9-63 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  Develop controls and standard standards (including operating procedures for the use of monthly reporting of fuels and other hazardous substances to accidents). prevent spills, accidents  Number of accidents,  Handle explosives strictly according to incidents and near misses. the protocols  Number of trainings  Train and designate personnel for provided. various HSE aspects such as spill control procedures, fire fighting  Establish fire fighting system and fire safety (fire extinguishers) at the construction sites where fire is an hazard  Transport of hazardous goods and fuel to be done in closed containers and ISO certified tanks  Provision of respiratory protective devices for workers where needed  Designate agreed routes for traffic (set out in the Traffic Management Plan)  Quarry sites to have first aid boxes  WBG’s EHS Guidelines to be implemented  ECP 2 and ECP-18 will be implemented. 8.7 Noise and  Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of blasting events construction A, B, C, and Vibration implemented. recorded. phase E2  Perform test blasting with various  Evidence of providing charges and monitor resultant noise advance warning of and vibration levels at various blasting to communities. distances and to define the sensitive  Number of record of areas that will be affected during the equipment used on site future blasting activities capable of producing over  Blasting activity will be restricted to 85dB and whether 9-64 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation fixed times; equipment has been fitted  Communities will be informed in with mufflers advance of planned blasting;  Number of related  Construction plant producing sound in community complaints excess of 85dB will be fitted with  Noise monitoring data mufflers;  Noise barriers will be provided in areas where significant noise is expected (e.g. during blasting).  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-11 will be implemented. 8.8 Landscape and  Landscaping and Plantation Plan will Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction E2 Visual Intrusion be implemented compliance reports phase  New planting and landscape restoration as soon as practicable at the end of construction phase  Replanting of flora/vegetation alongside new access roads  Enhance flora environment by planting fruit trees and ornamental shrubs.  ECP 8 to be implemented 8.9 Vegetation  Determine the need of re-vegetation CSC EU Number of any non- construction E2 loss and tree plantation after completing the compliance reports phase quarrying operation CSC EU  Contractor CSC 8.10 Fauna /  Kaigah community will be WAPDA / CSC  Number of reported construction E2 Wildlife compensated for loss of income from Contractor incidences of hunting or phase wildlife management; poaching on the Project  The community will be consulted and site / in land ownership. involved in the selection of alternative  Number of reports of options to strengthen ecological sighting of key wild 9-65 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation conservation measures; species  Studies will be undertaken to identify two alternative wildlife conservation areas elsewhere in the sub-catchments from DHP, possible also at the right bank of the reservoir  Establish vantage stations to monitor the presence and movement of Tragopan and migratory birds, breeding birds, small mammals, ungulates and otters.  Revise, if required, this ESMP or mitigation measures proposed in ECP 12 on Protection of Flora and ECP 13 on Protection of Fauna.  Include information on wildlife protection in all construction related tool-box orientation briefings for new construction staff  A public education program will be designed and implemented to discourage poaching of wildlife  Avoid positioning spoil in areas used by fauna  No hunting or poaching  Provide corridors for animal movement.  ECP-13 and ECP 14will be implemented. 8.11 Damage to Any damaged infrastructure such as Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction A, B, and C infrastructure roads, bridges and culverts will be compliance reports phase repaired 8.12 Damage to  An archeological survey will be carried Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout the A, B, C, and PCRs out by an archeologist at the quarry site construction E2 9-66 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation before any ground breaking compliance reports phase  In case any artifact or site of  Number of reports of any archeological, cultural, historical, or new PCR religious significance are discovered discovered/reported during construction activities, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed. 9. Activity: Spoil disposal area management 9.1 Changes to  Disposal Area Management and Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction A, B, C, and topography Restoration Plan will be implemented compliance reports phase E2  Area will be re-contoured to minimize changes in topography  Dispose excess rock material in the designated disposal site in an orderly manner (different spots to different size rocks) 9.2 Landslide  Slope protection measures will be Contractor CSC  Number of any non- construction A, B, C, and applied including proper terracing to compliance reports phase E2 reduce the risk of slope failures.  Number of landslides  Measures will be implemented to avoid reported in the disposal slipping of the spoil in the river area  Emergency Preparedness Plan and Early Warning System will set out response actions in the event of a landslide  ECP 6 will be implemented 9.3 Soil erosion  Disposal areas to be restored to the Contractor CSC  Number of any non- construction A, B, C, and extent possible/ necessary compliance reports phase E2  Replanting to be carried out after  Number of saplings completing the spoil disposal, using planted fast-growing native species; and  Survival rate of saplings grasses to assist slope and soil after one year 9-67 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation stability.  ECP-6 will be implemented. 9.4 Air Quality  Pollution prevention plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of dust-related construction A, B, C, and implemented. complaints. phase E2  Water spraying and compaction will be  Number of air quality- carried out to suppress dust emissions related complaints, where needed  Air quality monitoring  ECP-10 will be implemented. data 9.5 Landscape and  Landscaping and Plantation Plan will WAPDA / CSC Number of any non- construction E2 Visual Intrusion be implemented Contractor compliance reports phase  New planting and landscape restoration as soon as practicable at the end of construction phase  Enhance flora environment by planting fruit trees and ornamental shrubs.  ECP 8 to be implemented 9.6 Vegetation  Determine the need of re-vegetation CSC EU Number of any non- construction E2 loss and tree plantation after completing the compliance reports phase spoil disposal CSC EU  Prepare the Landscaping and Plantation Plan Contractor CSC  Implement the above plans 10. Activity: Construction of Colony 10.1 Change in  Changes to the topography will only Contractor CSC  Volume of spoil extracted Throughout the C and E2 topography occur in designated areas to (monitor against construction accommodate defined project features. predictions). phase  Excavation of material will be kept to a  All excavated materials to minimum. be disposed of in  Excavated material will be managed in designated sites. accordance with the Disposal Area  Any non-compliances Management and Restoration Plan observed/reported 9-68 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  Implement ECP 8 10.2 Landslide  Method Statements and Risk Contractor, CSC  Method Statements and Throughout the C and E2 Assessments prepared prior to any Risk Assessments construction excavation activity produced for construction phase  Slope protection measures, will have to of each item of be applied including proper terracing to infrastructure. reduce the risk of slope failures.  All excavated materials to  Stabilize landslide prone areas which be disposed of in may be impacted by construction designated sites. activities or reservoir formation  Monitoring of early  During excavations the concerned warning systems. slopes will be stabilized and excavation  Number of landslides started exacted from the top then reported in the area gradually working down the slope.  Emergency Preparedness Plan and Early Warning System will set out response actions in the event of a landslide 10.3 Soil erosion  Areas not used during operation will be Contractor CSC Number of incidences of Throughout the C and E2 re-vegetated, particularly slopes borrow pits not being construction  Areas exposed during construction and covered. phase and prior not used for operation will be re- Compliance with the to operation vegetated (‘greened’) immediately Landscaping and Plantation  Adopt measures set out in the Plan. Landscaping and Plantation Plan All replanting to be  Road edge buffers will be re-planted commenced prior to operation.  Replanting to occur prior to the commencement of operation, using fast-growing native species; and grasses to assist slope and soil stability.  ECP-6 will be implemented. 10.4 Soil and  Pollution prevention plan and waste Contractor CSC  Monthly auditing of Throughout the C and E2 water disposal plan will be implemented. management of hazardous construction 9-69 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation contamination  Construction materials will be stored, materials against Material phase used and handled appropriately. Safety Data Sheet  Excavated material disposal methods to  Soil and water quality include measures to reduce risk of monitoring data environmental pollution.  Number of non  Reduce risk of a pollution event compliance through adoption of measures set out in  Number of related Solid Waste Management Plan and complaints (Drinking Water ) and Sanitation Plan  Hazardous and toxic materials stored separately  Fuels and hazardous substances management plan will be implemented  Design drainage for the batching plant area to direct runoff into a sump/basin for inspection for pollutants prior to discharge  Design settling basins for the discharges from tunnel construction areas  Any discharges to the river or streams should have turbidity of less than 2 mg/l to meet the NEQS 2000  Regular waste water streams are to be passed through settling basins.  The contractor will identify suitable sites for disposal of hazardous and non- hazardous waste. The selection will be done in consultation with the PMU and the local municipal authorities.  Undertake pH monitoring of site runoff to ensure alkaline runoff is not leaving the site.  Construct a designated, signposted 9-70 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation concrete wash down bay that is fully contained and bunded for all excess concrete and concrete wash down, e.g. plastic lined.  Regularly maintain the concrete washout bay, treating any water prior to release to natural systems.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-1, ECP-2, ECP-4, ECP-5, and ECP-7 will be implemented. 10.5 Air Quality  The Pollution Prevention Plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of dust-related Throughout C and E2 implemented complaints. construction  Construction materials will be stored in  Number of air quality- phase designated areas away from sensitive related complaints, receptors and covered to minimize dust  Compliance with Traffic on site from site construction works Management Plan.  Construction vehicles will be sprayed  Air quality monitoring with water when entering and leaving data the site, covered if transporting materials, adhere to speed limits, and engines will be turned off when idling.  Water spraying will be carried out to suppress dust emissions where needed  Batching plants and asphalt plants will have dust and emissions abatement systems.  Monitor ambient air quality near communities.  Target zero dust related complaints  Target zero air quality related complaints.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-10 will be implemented. 9-71 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 10.6 Health and  Compliance with Occupational Health Contractor CSC  Number of respiratory Throughout C and E2 Safety & Safety standards and OHS Plan protective devices and construction  Implement fuels and hazardous other PPEs issues to phase substances management plan workers.  Construction sites to be cordoned off to  Monitoring of compliance stop unauthorized access with Health & Safety standards (including  Develop controls and standard monthly reporting of operating procedures for the use of accidents). fuels and other hazardous substances to prevent spills, accidents  Number of accidents, incidents and near misses.  Train and designate personnel for various OHS aspects such as spill  Number of trainings control procedures, fire fighting provided.  Establish fire fighting system and fire safety (fire extinguishers) at the construction sites where fire is an hazard  Spill kits and trained personnel are to be made available at the workshops.  Transport of hazardous goods and fuel to be done in closed containers and ISO certified tanks  Provision of respiratory protective devices for workers where needed  Designate agreed routes for traffic (set out in the Traffic Management Plan)  Provision of insurance-backed compensation scheme for major injury or loss of life reflecting settlement sums that are consistent with national/international benchmarks.  Construction sites to have first aid boxes  Site to have ambulance to transfer 9-72 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation injured/sick workers to nearest hospital  WBG’s EHS Guidelines to be implemented  ECP 2 and ECP-18 will be implemented. 10.7 Noise and  The Pollution Prevention Plan will be Contractor CSC  Record of equipment used Throughout C and E2 Vibration implemented on site capable of construction  Construction plant producing sound in producing over 85dB and phase excess of 85dB will be fitted with whether equipment has mufflers; been fitted with mufflers  Noise barriers will be provided in areas  Number of related where significant noise is expected community complaints (e.g. during blasting).  Noise monitoring data  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  Number of non-  Community liaison will be maintained. compliances  ECP-11 will be implemented. 10.8 Landscape  Landscaping and Plantation Plan will WAPDA / CSC Compliance with Before the E2 and Visual be implemented Contractor Landscaping and Plantation completion of the Intrusion  New planting and landscape restoration Plan construction as soon as practicable at the end of phase construction phase  Replanting of flora/vegetation alongside new access roads  Enhance flora environment by planting fruit trees and ornamental shrubs.  ECP 8 to be implemented 10.9 Vegetation  Plantation to be developed in the buffer Contractor CSC  Number of trees felled Throughout E2 loss areas (at suitable sites) with a target to  Number of saplings construction develop about 5 trees for each tree cut. planted phase  Maintain each sapling for a period of  Survival rate of saplings minimum 2 years with the support of after one year local community. Community will be 9-73 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation paid for watering and raising the plantation.  A public education program should be designed and implemented to discourage cutting of trees by the construction workers  Avoid dumping material in vegetated areas.  Avoid unnecessary loss of vegetation  ECP-12 will be implemented. 10.10 Fauna /  Include information on wildlife Contractor CSC  Number of instances of Throughout C and E2 Wildlife protection in all construction related spoil being deposited in construction tool-box orientation briefings for new non-designated areas. phase construction staff  Number of reported  A public education program will be incidences of hunting or designed and implemented to poaching on the Project discourage poaching of wildlife site / in land ownership.  Avoid positioning spoil in areas used  Number of reports of by fauna sighting of key wild  No hunting or poaching species  Provide corridors for animal movement.  ECP-13 and ECP 14will be implemented. 10.11 Damage to Any damaged infrastructure such as Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction C infrastructure roads, bridges and culverts will be compliance reports phase repaired 10.12 Damage to  An archeological survey will be carried Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout the C and E2 PCRs out by an archeologist at the compliance reports construction construction sites before any ground  Reports of any new PCR phase breaking. discovered/reported  In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or 9-74 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation religious significance are discovered during construction activities, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed. 10.13 Access The Colony will be provided with access Contractor CSC Presence of access road construction C road connecting it with the KKH Number of related phase complaints 11. Activity: Construction of Resettlement Sites 11.1 Change in  Changes to the topography will only Contractor CSC  Volume of spoil extracted Throughout the C and E2 topography occur in designated areas to (monitor against construction accommodate defined project features. predictions). phase  Excavation of material will be kept to a  All excavated materials to minimum. be disposed of in  Excavated material will be managed in designated sites. accordance with the Disposal Area  Any non-compliances Management and Restoration Plan observed/reported  Implement ECP 8 11.2 Landslide  Method Statements and Risk Contractor, CSC  Method Statements and Throughout the C and E2 Assessments prepared prior to any Risk Assessments construction excavation activity produced for construction phase  Slope protection measures, will have to of each item of be applied including proper terracing to infrastructure. reduce the risk of slope failures.  All excavated materials to  Stabilize landslide prone areas which be disposed of in may be impacted by construction designated sites. activities or reservoir formation  Monitoring of early  During excavations the concerned warning systems. slopes will be stabilized and excavation  Number of landslides started exacted from the top then reported in the area gradually working down the slope.  Emergency Preparedness Plan and Early Warning System will set out 9-75 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation response actions in the event of a landslide 11.3 Soil erosion  Areas not used during operation will be Contractor CSC  Number of incidences of Throughout the C and E2 re-vegetated, particularly slopes borrow pits not being construction  Areas exposed during construction and covered. phase and prior not used for operation will be re-  Compliance with the to operation vegetated (‘greened’) immediately Landscaping and  Adopt measures set out in the Plantation Plan. Landscaping and Plantation Plan  All replanting to be  Road edge buffers will be re-planted commenced prior to operation.  Replanting to occur prior to the commencement of operation, using fast-growing native species; and grasses to assist slope and soil stability.  ECP-6 will be implemented. 11.4 Soil and  The Pollution Prevention Plan and Contractor CSC  Monthly auditing of Throughout the C and E2 water Waste Management Plan will be management of hazardous construction contamination implemented materials against Material phase  Construction materials will be stored, Safety Data Sheet used and handled appropriately.  Soil and water quality  Excavated material disposal methods to monitoring data include measures to reduce risk of  Number of non environmental pollution. compliance  Reduce risk of a pollution event  Number of related through adoption of measures set out in complaints Solid Waste Management Plan and Wastewater Treatment Plan  Hazardous and toxic materials stored separately  Fuels and hazardous substances management plan will be implemented  Design drainage for the batching plant area to direct runoff into a sump/basin 9-76 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation for inspection for pollutants prior to discharge  Design settling basins for the discharges from tunnel construction areas  Any discharges to the river or streams should have turbidity of less than 2 mg/l to meet the NEQS 2000  Regular waste water streams are to be passed through settling basins.  The contractor will identify suitable sites for disposal of hazardous and non- hazardous waste. The selection will be done in consultation with the PMU and the local municipal authorities.  Undertake pH monitoring of site runoff to ensure alkaline runoff is not leaving the site.  Construct a designated, signposted concrete wash down bay that is fully contained and bunded for all excess concrete and concrete wash down, e.g. plastic lined.  Regularly maintain the concrete washout bay, treating any water prior to release to natural systems.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-1, ECP-2, ECP-4, ECP-5, and ECP-7 will be implemented. 9-77 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 11.5 Air Quality  The Pollution Prevention Plan will be Contractor CSC  Number of dust-related Throughout C and E2 implemented complaints. construction  Construction materials will be stored in  Number of air quality- phase designated areas away from sensitive related complaints, receptors and covered to minimize dust  Air quality monitoring on site from site construction works data  Construction vehicles will be sprayed  Number of non with water when entering and leaving compliances the site, covered if transporting  materials, adhere to speed limits, and engines will be turned off when idling.  Water spraying will be carried out to suppress dust emissions where needed  Batching plants and asphalt plants will have dust and emissions abatement systems.  Monitor ambient air quality near communities.  Target zero dust related complaints  Target zero air quality related complaints.  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-10 will be implemented. 11.6 Health and  Compliance with Occupational Health Contractor CSC  Number of respiratory Throughout C and E2 Safety & Safety standards and OHS Plan protective devices and construction  Implement fuels and hazardous other PPEs issues to phase substances management plan workers.  Construction sites to be cordoned off to  Monitoring of compliance stop unauthorized access with Health & Safety standards (including  Develop controls and standard monthly reporting of operating procedures for the use of accidents). fuels and other hazardous substances to prevent spills, accidents  Number of accidents, 9-78 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  Train and designate personnel for incidents and near misses. various OHS aspects such as spill  Number of trainings control procedures, fire fighting provided.  Establish fire fighting system and fire  Number of non safety (fire extinguishers) at the compliances construction sites where fire is an hazard  Spill kits and trained personnel are to be made available at the workshops.  Transport of hazardous goods and fuel to be done in closed containers and ISO certified tanks  Provision of respiratory protective devices for workers where needed  Designate agreed routes for traffic (set out in the Traffic Management Plan)  Provision of insurance-backed compensation scheme for major injury or loss of life reflecting settlement sums that are consistent with national/international benchmarks.  Construction sites to have first aid boxes  Site to have ambulance to transfer injured/sick workers to nearest hospital  WBG’s EHS Guidelines to be implemented  ECP 2 and ECP-18 will be implemented. 11.7 Noise and  The Pollution Prevention Plan will be Contractor CSC  Record of equipment used Throughout C and E2 Vibration implemented on site capable of construction  Construction plant producing sound in producing over 85dB and phase excess of 85dB will be fitted with whether equipment has been fitted with mufflers 9-79 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation mufflers;  Number of related  Noise barriers will be provided in areas community complaints where significant noise is expected  Noise monitoring data (e.g. during blasting).  Maintain liaison with the communities  NEQS compliance will be ensured.  ECP-11 will be implemented. 11.8 Landscape  Landscaping and Plantation Plan will Contractor CSC Compliance with Before the E2 and Visual be implemented Landscaping and Plantation completion of the Intrusion  New planting and landscape restoration Plan construction as soon as practicable at the end of phase construction phase  Replanting of flora/vegetation alongside new access roads  Enhance flora environment by planting fruit trees and ornamental shrubs.  ECP 8 to be implemented 11.9 Vegetation  Plantation to be developed in the buffer Contractor CSC  Number of trees felled Throughout E2 loss areas (at suitable sites) with a target to  Number of saplings construction develop about 5 trees for each tree cut. planted phase  Maintain each sapling for a period of  Survival rate of saplings minimum 2 years with the support of after one year local community. Community will be paid for watering and raising the plantation.  A public education program should be designed and implemented to discourage cutting of trees by the construction workers  Avoid dumping material in vegetated areas.  Avoid unnecessary loss of vegetation 9-80 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation  ECP-12 will be implemented. 11.10 Fauna /  Include information on wildlife Contractor CSC  Number of instances of Throughout C and E2 Wildlife protection in all construction related spoil being deposited in construction tool-box orientation briefings for new non-designated areas. phase construction staff  Number of reported  A public education program will be incidences of hunting or designed and implemented to poaching on the Project discourage poaching of wildlife site / in land ownership.  Avoid positioning spoil in areas used  Number of reports of by fauna sighting of key wild  No hunting or poaching species  Provide corridors for animal movement.  ECP-13 and ECP 14will be implemented. 11.11 Damage to Any damaged infrastructure such as Contractor CSC Number of any non- construction C infrastructure roads, bridges and culverts will be compliance reports phase repaired 11.12 Damage to An archeological survey by an Contractor CSC  Number of any non- Throughout the C and E2 PCRs archeologist will be carried out at the compliance reports construction construction site before any ground  Reports of any new PCR phase breaking. discovered/reported In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during construction activities, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed. 11.13 Access The Resettlement Sites will be provided Contractor CSC  Presence of access roads construction C with access roads connecting it with the  Number of related phase KKH community complaints 9-81 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 12. Activity: Waste management 12.1 Soil and  Contractors will implement the Waste Contractor CSC  Monthly auditing of construction A, B, C, and water Management Plan. management of hazardous phase E2 contamination  Appropriate hazardous, industrial and materials against Material domestic waste disposal facilities must Safety Data Sheet be established  Soil and water quality  For the domestic sewage, appropriate monitoring data treatment and disposal system (e.g.,  Reports if any non septic tanks and soaking pits) will be compliance constructed having adequate capacity  Number of related  Waste oils will be collected in drums complaints and sold to the recycling contractors.  The inert recyclable waste from the site (such as cardboard, drums, and broken/used parts) will be sold to recycling contractors.  The hazardous waste will be kept separate and handled according to the nature of the waste.  Domestic solid waste will be disposed off in a manner that does not cause soil contamination.  Awareness raising for minimizing use of non-biodegradable substances  Regular maintenance of waste management facilities will be undertaken  Implement ECP 1 12.2 Odor  Waste disposal sites will be located Contractor CSC Number of related construction A, B, C, and away from the communities complaints phase E2  Regular maintenance of waste management facilities will be undertaken 9-82 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Cost Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Allocation 13. Activity: De-commissioning 13.1 Soil erosion As part of decommissioning, all Contractor CSC Audit areas of site that were During - disturbed areas would be contoured and disturbed and remain decommissioning re-vegetated without vegetation. 13.2 Surface Disturbed areas will be contoured and Contractor CSC Upon completion - Water Quality; air re-vegetated to minimize the potential Monitoring data for air of contamination; for soil erosion and water quality related quality, water and other decommissioning noise; and other impacts. environmental parameters environmental ECP-1, ECP-2, ECP-3, ECP-4, ECP-5, Number of related impacts. ECP 6, ECP 7, ECP-8, ECP-10, ECP- community complaints 11, ECP-12, ECP-13, ECP-14, ECP-15, and ECP-16, ECP 17, and ECP 18 will be implemented. Table 9.3: Mitigation Plan for O&M Stage Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator 1 General  - An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) needs to EU/WEC WEC Presence of Plan and Before O&M be prepared demonstrating the manner in which the associated strategies phase Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in ESA (Chapter 7).  - The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations:  - Dam specific security and public access control strategy;  - Dam specific greenhouse gases (GHG) abatement strategy;  - Dam specific waste management strategy;  - Dam specific air and noise control strategy;  - Dam specific traffic control strategy;  - Reservoir specific sediment and erosion, and landslides control strategy;  - Recycling strategy; 9-83 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator  - Environmental releases strategy; 2 Inundation or  Planting of native trees in reservoir buffer areas WAPDA WEC - Number of trees planted terrestrial habitat  Promotion of conservation of natural habitat in Kaigah and other - Survival rate of trees suitable areas (Kandia, Laachi, Sazin kot) after one year  Further studies on terrestrial baseline during pre- - Presence of study report construction/construction and design of additional offset measures if required  Implementation of monitoring programs 3 Loss of aquatic  Maintenance of spawning areas and developing fish hatchery for WAPDA WEC - Presence of study report habitat production of native snow carps (snow carp hatcheries are - Presence of fish already established in India and Nepal) and stocking of fish in hatcheries the tributaries and reservoirs is recommended to compensate the - Amount of restocking in loss of habitat and reservoir fishery production. a year  Further studies will be carried out during construction and operation stage to establish detailed baseline data on aquatic ecology to develop additional offset measures and research on hatchery development 4 First filling of  The water level rise during filling to be around 1-2 m per day Contractor/P Number of public Before/during reservoir  Public awareness campaign will be implemented to inform the MU awareness actions first filling of communities about the reservoir filling and associated risk of reservoir accidents 5 Fish migration  The aquatic study described in Section 7.6.2 will also include WAPDA WEC Presence of study report fish migration;  - WAPDA will develop fish hatchery through which tributaries and reservoir will be restocked. 6 Land slides  - Monitor stability of landslide prone areas during operational EU WEC Number of landslides in Operation phases. the area  - Monitor stability of landslide prone areas at 18 identified locations  - First filling of reservoir should be done at a slow pace of 1 m/day 7 Impact of Reduced  Release a minimum of 20 m3/s of environmental flow from dam WAPDA WEC  9-84 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator Water Flows and 222 m3/s from tail race between Dam and  WAPDA will conduct downstream monitoring and adjustment of Tailrace flows if required. 8 Fisheries and other  Start a reservoir fishery management program and monitor EU WEC  Evidence of initiation Operation aquatic fauna reservoir fishery production of fishery management  Maintain environmental flows downstream of the dam program  Evidence of maintaining environmental flow through the dam 5 Loss of active dam  Integrated watershed management of UIB is critical for control Dam WEC Initiation of water shed Operation storage due to of sedimentation in to the Indus. Detailed studies are Control management program sediment deposition recommended for planning, design and implementation of Office in the reservoirs integrated watershed management for control of erosion and sedimentation in the UIB 6  - Monitoring of seismicity in the project area Dam Presence of Operation Dam safety due to Control instrumentation earth quakes  - Installation of dams safety monitoring equipment Office 7 Changes in Natural  - Operate the dam as a true run of river by allowing the whatever Dam WEC Initiation of regular Operation river flows of the flow received will be returned in the Stage 1 (pre-Basha) Control monitoring of water downstream  - Maintain a minimum environmental flow of 20 m3/s during Office flow, water quality and low flow season fish in river downstream of dam  - Always run one turbine during Stage 2 (post-Basha) if the dam is operated as peaking plant. 8 Degradation of Dam WEC Initiation of sediment Operation  Implement a sediment monitoring and management program in downstream erosion Control monitoring program the reservoir systems to minimize sedimentation. and ecosystems Office 9 Changes in  Vertical monitoring of DO and temperature in the reservoir Dam WEC Initiation of regular Operation downstream water  Operational protocol to release simultaneous release of waters Control monitoring of water quality due to from LLOs and spillways for missing of surface and deep waters Office flow, water quality and thermal stratification in the reservoir fish in river downstream and changes in of dam sediment load and 9-85 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Environmental Responsibility Key Performance Actions Timing Impact/Issue Execution Monitoring Indicator dissolved oxygen in the reservoir 10 Impacts on migratory  Manage reservoirs and surrounding areas to improve the quality Consultants EU Initiation of monitoring Operation birds of aquatic habitats for water birds (e.g. WWF) program  Monitor the migratory birds migration to the reservoir 11 Potential for  Native fish species (snow carp) are recommended for reservoir Consultants/ EU Initiation of fisheries Operation reservoir fish fisheries development. However further following studies are KP Fisheries development program development required to assess the potential for reservoir fisheries development:  A hatchery is recommended to undertake applied research on snow carp focusing on need to increase biological knowledge related to wild fish and fish habitat management and culture.  Fish, fish habitat and fisheries in reservoir; 12 Reservoir  To prolong the life of the reservoir (at least to 40 years) it is Dam WEC Initiation of monitoring Operation sedimentation estimated that annual flushing should start after 15 years. Control program Office 13 Impact of Flushing  Implement Fisheries Development and Management Program Dam WEC Initiation of monitoring Operation of Reservoir on Fish  WAPDA to carry out flushing during high flow season (not in Control program Production during low flow/winter) Office Base Load Operation  WAPADA to develop ramp down criteria (5-10 cm/hr) of Plant  WAPDA will conduct monitoring of dissolved oxygen and temperature in reservoir and de-stratification or simultaneous release of water from low level outlets and spillways if required.  WAPDA will carry out downstream monitoring of fish, habitats and sediments. 14 Safety hazards along  Road signage to be placed at appropriate locations NHA/ -  Number of awareness O&M KKH  Community awareness programs will be implemented campaigns conducted  Number of traffic accidents in the area 9-86 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 9.7. Monitoring Plan The monitoring program has a dual purpose. It is designed (i) to monitor the contractor’s work during project implementation in order to check contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures, and subsequently (ii) to assess the actual environmental and social impacts of the project over the years following completion of the various project components. The first type of monitoring will be carried out by the Engineering Consultant and supervised by an independent environmental management consultant. The second type of monitoring will be commissioned and carried out by a local organization or consultant with sufficient experience in environmental, ecological and social monitoring. The total cost of monitoring has been estimated at US$ 0.50 m for the construction phase. Monitoring indicators and frequency are shown in Table 9.4. Table 9.4: Effects Monitoring Plan Responsible Agency Parameter Means of Monitoring Frequency Implementation Supervision During Construction Landslides Visual Inspection on Monthly Contractor CSC, DHP stability of landslide areas Top Soil Visual inspection on Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- stripping, storage and DHP reuse of top soil Erosion Visual inspection of Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- erosion prevention DHP measures and occurrence of erosion Operation of Visual inspection of Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- quarry sites quarry sites DHP Surface water Sampling and analysis Quarterly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- quality of river water quality DHP and waste water discharges for the parameters given in Annually External Monitor EU-CSC, EU- NEQS (DHP through a DHP nationally recognized Laboratory) Spot measurements of Monthly EU-CSC EU-CSC, EU- pH, conductivity, DHP turbidity. Visual 9-87 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Responsible Agency Parameter Means of Monitoring Frequency Implementation Supervision inspection on presence of petroleum products. Air Quality Visual inspection to Weekly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- (dust, smoke) ensure good standard DHP equipment is in use and dust suppression measures (spraying of waters) are in place. Visual inspection to Weekly Contractor EU EU-CSC, ensure dust suppression EU-DHP work plan is being implemented Air Quality in Spot measurements for Monthly EU-CSC EU-DHP tunnels CO and O2 (and other gases as defined in the WBG EHS Guidelines) levels in the tunnels Air Quality Air quality monitoring Quarterly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- (PM10, NO2, for 24 hours for the DHP SO2, CO2, CO) parameters specified in NEQS (at/near Annually External Monitor EU-CSC, EU- construction sites, camp (DHP through a DHP sites, offices, colony, nationally communities, quarry recognized area, transportation laboratory) routes) Emissions from Visual Inspection Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- plant and DHP equipment Noise and 24 hour noise Quarterly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- vibration monitoring DHP (at/near construction sites, camp sites, offices, colony, communities, quarry area, transportation routes) 24 hour noise Annually External Monitor EU-CSC, EU- (DHP through a 9-88 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Responsible Agency Parameter Means of Monitoring Frequency Implementation Supervision monitoring nationally DHP recognized laboratory) Spot measurements Monthly CSC EU-DHP Waste Visual inspection on Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- Management spoil disposal DHP Visual inspection that Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- solid waste is disposed DHP at designated sites Spills from Visual Inspection for Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- hydrocarbon leaks and spills DHP and chemical storage Wild life Surveys for wildlife and Half yearly DHP through EU-CSC, EU- (including migratory birds nationally DHP migratory bird) recognized institute Fish Surveys for Half yearly DHP through EU-CSC, EU- nationally DHP, recognized institute External Monitor Traffic Safety Visual inspection to see Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- whether Traffic DHP, Management Plan is implemented; record of accidents and near misses Local Roads Visual inspection to Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- ensure local roads are DHP, not damaged Cultural and Visual observation for Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- archeological Physical Cultural DHP,, Sites Resources External Monitor Drinking water Ensure the construction Weekly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- workers are provided 9-89 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Responsible Agency Parameter Means of Monitoring Frequency Implementation Supervision and sanitation with safe water and DHP, sanitation facilities in the site Safety of Usage of Personal Monthly Contractor EU-CSC, EU- workers Protective equipment DHP, Reinstatement Visual Inspection After Contractor EU-CSC, EU- of Work Sites completion DHP, of all works Plantation Visual inspection to Monthly District Forest EU-CSC, EU- ensure plantations are Office with support DHP,, growing well. of civil society External Monitor During Operation (details to be worked out as part of studies to be carried out before construction phase) Surface Water Sampling and analysis Half Yearly DHP through CSC, External Quality for sediment load, DO nationally Monitor and temperature recognized (upstream and laboratory downstream of dam, on tributaries joining the reservoir) In situ measurements on Quarterly DHP through CSC, External DO and temperature at nationally Monitor different depths in the recognized reservoir laboratory Downstream Measurements of Monthly DHP External river flows discharges to the Monitor downstream Migratory birds Surveys for migratory Half Yearly DHP through EU-DHP, birds nationally External recognized institute Monitor Fish Surveys for fish (in the Half yearly DHP through EU-DHP, river upstream and nationally External downstream of dam, recognized institute Monitor reservoir, tributaries) Monthly data on fish Monthly Fisheries Contractor EU-DHP, 9-90 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Responsible Agency Parameter Means of Monitoring Frequency Implementation Supervision catches Dam Safety Monitoring of data from Quarterly DHP Dam Safety dam safety equipment Organization of WAPDA Survey, inspection and Yearly Dam Safety DHP testing Organization of WAPDA Survey, inspection and Once in External Monitor DHP testing three years (DHP through an internationally recognized institute) The role of WAPDA is to select consultants and organizations needed for implementing the ESMP and the SRMP They will supervise progress and quality of ESMP and SRMP and take over regular monitoring activities during O&M phase. Result of monitoring of impacts will have to be reviewed and evaluated from time to time by the M&E consultants. Findings might be used to revise the operational rules of the project. Third Party Monitoring. WAPDA will engage qualified consultants to conduct third party monitoring initially on a six-monthly basis. The purpose of this monitoring will be to carry out an independent assessment and validation of the ESMP and SRMP implementation, including the OHS aspects. 9.8. Capacity Building and Training Capacity building will be aimed at strengthening the WAPDA organization in Dasu in the field of environmental management and social development. Members of the environmental/social unit responsible for supervision of environmental and social mitigation measures would be trained in environmental management, environmental quality control, ecology, environmental awareness, participatory approach and social development. Training would not be restricted to WAPDA staff, but selected project staff involved in construction and operation of the project would also be trained. The contractor will also be required to impart environmental and social trainings to its staff, to ensure effective implementation of the ESMP and SRMP. A budget of US$ 0.6 million has been earmarked for capacity building and training. In addition to the project-specific capacity building described above, WEC will be strengthened to actively partake in the environmental and social management of the WAPDA projects, particularly towards the effective ESMP implementation of the DHP, as well as the ESA studies and ESMP and SRMP implementation of the forthcoming hydropower projects such as the Basha dam. Additional funds of US$ 0.3 million have been allocated to build capacity in WAPDA to effectively implement the project, O&M of the structures it manages and fully carrying out its mandated functions. This would include: (i) enhancing WAPDA’s capacity in planning and programming, engineering and O&M of the project facilities, financial 9-91 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project management, procurement, and management of the environment and social issues; (ii) technical assistance and training in such areas as engineering designs, river training works, hydraulics, detailed designs of structures, contract administration and construction supervision, procurement, operations and management planning, asset management plans, financial management, and legal issues; and (iii) an independent panel of experts for design and construction quality and safety enhancement or any other issues that may have to be addressed during project implementation. 9.9. Panel of Experts WAPDA has engaged an independent panel of environment and social experts to advise the design team during the detailed design phase. This panel will be retained during the construction phase also to advise ESMU and other project entities on all environmental and social matters including effective implementation of ESMP and SRMP, particularly on unanticipated situations, impacts, and their mitigation. The Panel will review on a regular basis the various reports and documents produced by EMU, Supervision Consultants and contractors; periodically visit the site to have first-hand information on the environmental and social impacts and ESMP/SRMP implementation; and provide report to WAPDA on the overall environmental and social performance of the project. An amount of US$ 0.43 million has been included in the Project cost for this purpose. 9.10. Audits Internal Environmental Audits will be held once during construction phase and once at the end of the construction activities. The objective of the audits is to review the effectiveness of environmental management. It is proposed that WEC would carry out these audits on six-monthly basis. External audits on the implementation of the ESMP and SRMP will be made by an independent environmental management specialist on a six monthly basis. These audits would be used to re-examine the continued appropriateness of the ESMP and SRMP and to provide advice on any up-dates required. 9.11. Reporting and Grievances Reporting. Proper arrangements are necessary for recording, disseminating and responding to information which emerges from the various environmental monitoring and management programs. They are also necessary for rendering the environmental management system “auditable”. However, the primary focus must remain on the pragmatic control of impacts, not the creation of complex bureaucratic procedures. The CSC will prepare monthly and quarterly reports covering various aspects of the ESMP implementation including compliance and effects monitoring, capacity building, and grievance redressal (discussed below). Grievances. Grievances are actual or perceived problems that might give grounds for complaints. As a general policy, WAPDA will work proactively towards preventing grievances through the implementation of impact mitigation measures and community liaison activities that anticipate and address potential issues before they become grievances. Grievances recorded will be reviewed and investigated by Project staff and outside authorities as appropriate. The investigations will aim to identify whether the incident leading to the grievance is a singular occurrence or likely to reoccur. Possible remedial measures or actions will be identified and implemented when justified. The responsibility for addressing grievances will rest with a committee including Project Manager, the Contractor’s Site Manager and a person designated to be responsible for stakeholder liaison. 9-92 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 9.12. Cost of ESMP/SRMP The cost estimate of the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (ESMP) is presented in Table 9.5. The total cost of the Social Resettlement Management Plan (SRMP) is presented in Table 9.6. Table 9.5: Cost Estimate of Implementation of ESMP 15 Estimated Cost Sub Total Description (m USD) (m USD) E2. Environmental Management Plan Contractor's budget for implementation of ESMP, establishing laboratory 19.30 and equipment for monitoring (air, noise and water quality) Contractors implementation of ESMP & 1 1.1 18.32 Environmental Staff of Contractors 1.2 Water Quality Laboratory 0.54 Air, Noise, Vibration and Potable Water 1.3 0.44 Quality Equipment Aquatic ecology management plans 6.22 Baseline studies on aquatic ecology from Raikot to Tarbela and preparation of plans 2.1 1.00 for hatchery development and stocking (Annex B : Baseline studies) Long term monitoring of fish during 2.2 construction and operation stages of the 1.35 Project 2 2.3 Fish Hatchery and R&D facility 2.04 Facilities for brood stock capture and juveniles 2.4 0.75 stocking Installation of screens (or deterrent devices) to 2.5 avoid injury to fish at tunnel portals and 0.68 various dam outlets. 2.6 Fish habitat improvement of the tributaries 0.30 Capacity building of local Fisheries 2.7 0.10 Departments Terrestrial ecology management plans 6.75 3.1 Tree Plantation 1.63 Study, preparation and implementation of ecological conservation plan for wildlife 3.2 and afforestation and forest rejuvenation 4.12 3 programs (Annex B: Forestry and Wildlife Management) Baseline studies on terrestrial ecology in 3.3 UIB from Raikot to Tarbela (Annex B, 1.00 Baseline Studies) 15 Detailed breakdown of the costs is available in Annex 9.2 of EIA (Volume 2 of EMAP; see Table 1.2). 9-93 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Estimated Cost Sub Total Description (m USD) (m USD) Physical cultural resources management plan 1.74 4.1 Protection of Shatial Rock Carvings 1.52 4.2 Relocation of historical mosque at Seer Gayal 0.03 Protection of Graveyards that will be 4 4.3 0.01 submerged in reservoir 4.4 Enhancement of Seo Mosque 0.03 Chance finds and archeological survey in 4.5 0.14 project area 5 Traffic management 1.54 1.54 6 Weather Station at Dasu Colony 0.15 0.15 Environmental management and enhancement of 7 2.10 2.10 resettlement villages Provisional budget for implementation of 8 additional offset measures if required and 7.00 7.00 management plans for 500 kV transmission line Subtotal E2 44.80 44.80 E 3. Glacier, Watershed Monitoring 9 Glacier Monitoring Program 4.00 4.00 Flood warning and climate monitoring (Telemetry 10 2.50 2.50 Network) Integrated Watershed Development of Upper Indus 11 4.00 .00 Basin (Tarbela Catchment) Subtotal E3 10.50 10.50 F1. Construction Supervision Consulting Services 12 Environment staff in CSC 4.33 4.33 Subtotal F1 4.33 4.33 G. PMU Support Environment staff in PMU (including equipment, 13 2.18 2.18 vehicles, maintenance) 14 Internal auditing 0.20 0.20 15 External monitoring 0.50 0.50 16 Panel of Experts 0.43 0.43 17 Capacity building 0.90 0.90 9-94 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Estimated Cost Sub Total Description (m USD) (m USD) Capacity Building of environmental staff of 0.60 17.1 DHP and WAPDA Environmental Cell (WEC) Establishment of GIS/MIS 0.10 17.2 Institutional strengthening of WEC 0.20 17.3 Subtotal G 4.21 4.21 Grand Total 63.84 63.84 Table 9.6: Cost Estimate SRMP COST ITEM Total (m US$) 1 Public Consultation and Participation Plan 0.71 2 Resettlement Action Plan 398.74 3 Public Health Action Plan 20.10 4 Grievance Redress Plan 2.68 5 Communications Plan 0.54 7 Downstream Fishing Communities Support Plan 6.70 8 Safeguard Implementation & Monitoring Plan 5.29 Total Estimated Cost 434.76 9-95 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 16 10. Stakeholder Consultations and Disclosure 10.1. Overview Extensive consultations were carried out during the detailed design phase of the project, primarily through community consultations, jirgas and stakeholder consultation workshops. Community consultations involved multiple methods – for example, household level interviews, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), community meetings, and focus group discussions (FGD). Given the cultural context, key issues were largely addressed by community elders at jirga meetings. In some sense, standard participatory tools such as PRA and FGD and small group meetings are constrained by the tribal political and decision-making systems. Therefore, jirga meetings are the predominant modes for disclosure and decision-making in the project area. Objectives of the consultation process are:  Analyze household and community level issues and draw early attention for mitigations and/or resolution of the same issues  Promote participation of the local people, local level government stakeholders, elected representatives and other community representatives to create opportunity to play a role and express their views  Acquire suggestions of the community for mitigating any anticipated adverse environmental and social impacts and expected benefits of the Project;  Obtain the views of various categories of vulnerable groups, discuss project impacts and benefits on these groups, and ascertain their expectations regarding project benefits  Develop strategies to minimize potential social and environmental adverse impacts in conjunction with government stakeholders  Promote pro-people and community-based resettlement and development strategies  Socially prepare the community with confidence and capacity to deal with displacement, environmental and resettlement management. During the consultations with the communities, salient features of the project, potential social and environmental impacts of the project, and proposed scope of ESA study were explained to the participants. Similarly, during the consultation workshops, booklets were distributed to the participants containing information on the project, scoping of impacts, mitigation frameworks, and ToRs of the ESA study. A total of 2,392 persons were involved in various consultation meetings at the project sites and consultation workshops (Table 10.1) between April 2012 and October 2012. Table 10.1: Number of Participants in Various Consultation Meetings Activities No. of participants 1. Social environmental surveys and inventory survey 1,435 2. Jirga meetings, consultation meetings 718 16 Details of consultations are available in the Public Consultation and Participation Plan, Volume 3 of SRMP – see Table 1.3. 10-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3. National consultative workshops 239 Total 2,392 10.2. Community Consultations Community consultations were held during the feasibility study in 2007. A summary of consultations undertaken during feasibility study is given in Table 10.2. Table 10.2: Summary of consultations undertaken during Feasibility Study No. of Date Objectives Person/agency consulted participants Social survey conducted in the reservoir area only 1 2007 Social economic survey 602 households 602 2 2007 Business survey 25 business activities 25 Group discussions at scoping sessions To share the perceptions Representatives, 11 2 Apr. 29, 2007 and develop a better Village Seo understanding and contribution towards Representatives, 15 3 Jun. 24, 2007 preparation of the Village Segal Feasibility Study Report Representatives, 22 4 Nov. 3, 2007 Village Seglo and Commercial Activities Representatives, 25 5 Nov. 3, 2007 Village Seo Representatives, 21 6 Nov. 4, 2007 Village Khashai and Chuchang Representatives, 14 7 Nov. 4, 2007 Village Kaigah Representatives, 10 8 Nov. 6, 2007 Village Sazin Representatives, 15 9 Nov. 6, 2007 Village Shatial 10-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project No. of Date Objectives Person/agency consulted participants Representatives, 10 10 Nov. 6, 2007 Village Darel Bridge Representatives, 18 11 Nov. 6, 2007 Village Samar Nullah Total 788 Source: Feasibility Study EIA, 2009 During detailed design phase, consultation meetings were conducted in 34 villages in the month of June 2012. Details of the consultations are given in Table 10.3. Table 10.3: Consultations with Community Representatives No. of Date Side of the River Name of Village Participants 1 27-06-2012 Right Bank Kass 9 2 24-06-2012 Right Bank Rango 10 3 24-06-2012 Right Bank Seo 13 4 11-06-2012 Right Bank Siglo 6 5 02-06-2012 Right Bank Melar 12 6 03-06-2012 Right Bank Kuz Kai 2 7 03-06-2012 Right Bank Kai Dogha 4 8 04-06-2012 Right Bank Seer Gayal 8 9 05-06-2012 Right Bank Kot Gal 11 10 06-06-2012 Right Bank Not Bail 13 11 06-06-2012 Right Bank Sluch 12 12 10-06-2012 Right Bank Thuti 16 13 08-06-2012 Right Bank Warisabad 8 14 25-06-2012 Right Bank Doonder 12 15 17-06-2012 Right Bank Gummo 9 10-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project No. of Date Side of the River Name of Village Participants 16 09-07-2012 Right Bank Cheer Chial 12 17 12-06-2012 Right Bank Khaliqabad 7 18 26-06-2012 Left Bank Chuchang 12 19 24-06-2012 Left Bank Khoshi 25 20 23-06-2012 Left Bank Logro 27 21 10-06-2012 Left Bank Uchar Nallah 6 22 09-06-2012 Left Bank Barseen 10 23 10-06-2012 Left Bank Largani 10 24 08-06-2012 Left Bank GulBagh/Maidan 12 25 06-06-2012 Left Bank Kaigah 15 26 12-06-2012 Left Bank Pani Bagh 12 27 09-06-2012 Left Bank Gadeer 2 28 29-06-2012 Left Bank Chalash 9 29 21-06-2012 Left Bank Looter 14 30 19-06-2012 Left Bank Shori Nallah 14 31 15-06-2012 Left Bank Summar Nallah 15 32 18-06-2012 Left Bank Lachi Nallah 7 33 14-06-2012 Left Bank Sazeen Camp 5 34 20-06-2012 Left Bank Shatial 26 Total 385 In addition to the consultation meetings, one on one consultation was held with 1,487 people during environmental and social surveys. Details of these consultations are given in Table 10.4. 10-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 10.4: Summary of the Consultations undertaken during Detailed Design Date Objectives Person/agency consulted 1 Social economic survey 319 households Resettlement Inventory 763 households 2 May-July, 2012 survey Environmental baseline 63 households 3 survey Gender survey 250 women respondents interviewed at 4 Aug. 2012 Basic Health Unit (BHU) and Rural Health Center (RHC), Ecological Survey Focus group discussions on fish and 5 July.-Sep. 2012 wildlife. With 40 persons Consultation on availability 26 over 35 sub-tribes consulted (52 6 Aug-Sep. 2012 of relocation sites village leaders participated) Total 1,487 Jirga Meetings The Jirga is like a local “workshop”, in which the tribal elders deliberate on important political, legal and development issues. As an important political instrument and political process, the Jirga system plays a vital role in the social, economic and political spheres. Local jirgas in a tribal setup is called by an elder of a tribe for settling local affairs within the family, clan, sub-tribe and tribe. The jirga exercises both judicial and executive roles to settle all disputes pertaining to the distribution of land, properties, blood feuds, blood money and other important inter-tribal affairs on the basis of tribal conventions, traditions and principles of justice. Often grand jirgas are convened to resolve issues of regional and national interests. Prior to starting of detailed design, a grand Jirga meeting was held on 28th July 2011, in which a list of demands (Charter of Demands) were submitted to the Project Director, DHP on behalf of the affected people of the Project. The list was signed by Abdul Sattar Khan, Member of Province Assembly, KP. Three Jirga meetings were conducted during detailed design to inform the community leaders about the project, its details and potential impacts, and seek their participation in social and environmental assessment. Details of Jirga meetings are given in Table 10.5. In the first Jirga meeting held in March 2012, a committee of ‘List of Notables’ was formed by the Jirga to assist in environmental assessment. A new committee of ‘Affectees of Dasu’ was formed during the Jirga meeting in September 2012. Table 10.5: Details of Jirga Meetings Date Details of Participants 10-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Date Details of Participants Members of Grand Jirga (35 members) 1 28 Jul. 2011 Abdul Sattar Khan, Member of Province Assembly, KP; Total participants: 114 persons 1. Project affected tribes/sub-tribes; 2 2 Mar. 2012 2. Jirga members 3. Relevant governmental agencies 3 8 June, 2012 20 participants (Jirga members) 4 27 September 2012 112 participants (Jirga members and community) Issues Discussed The main issues discussed with affected persons and communities are listed in Table 10.6 and how these issues are addressed and incorporated is also shown in this table. Table 10.6: Key Issues Raised in Community Consultations Issues Description Action Point Compensation The compensation issues and rates are of RAP has been prepared for land and importance both to APs and WAPDA. The by WAPDA. other assets local demands have been for the rate applied in the case of Basha Diamer Dam upstream. LA notification has not been set yet by Dasu DRO. In view of the absence of cadastral surveys/maps, it is important to prepare the maps and records first with community and jirgas inputs. However, the affected communities want WAPDA to fix the rate prior to Section 4 notification. A recent jirga formed a committee to discuss this with WAPDA Project Office. Resettlement Affected communities want to relocate to Resettlement sites will be Site higher elevations, to sites of their own developed with all basic development choosing in the hills with basic amenities to amenities and access roads. be built at project costs. People expressed Provisions for land their concerns regarding access roads to new development for terrace sites at upper elevations, water, power and cultivation and irrigation irrigation systems for terrace cultivation. are included in the resettlement sites design. Job and The affected communities/sub-tribes demand WAPDA has also taken Employment full employment in the project during initiatives to conduct pilot construction and in post-construction periods. training for candidates In one of the jirga meetings, a request was selected in batches from 10-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Issues Description Action Point made for vocational schools for boys and girls project affected households. to prepare the affected persons for employment in the project. Accordingly, In addition, some outside employment or overseas employment opportunities are also expected by local APs. Livelihoods The traditional terrace cultivation by the sub- A long term livelihood tribes will be affected due to relocation and restoration plan is lack of terraced land in upper elevations. developed. Thus, alternative livelihood after relocation must be explored since the vocational training mainly focuses on the limited scope of APs, namely, youth with at least completed primary education. Environmental Despite community-based preferred A long term livelihood and Social relocation, it will bring some disruptions- for restoration plan is Issues example schooling, access to market and developed. health clinic. Two suggestions were made at meetings: (i) reforestation as an alternative livelihood after relocation, and (ii) the agro- ecosystem of the affected area and need for new irrigation support. Health and The health and safety issues during dam ESA includes issues safety issues construction were discussed. Local people are relating to traffic concerned about migrant workers for dam management, community construction, noise and air quality issues, and health as well as safety heavy traffic on KKH during the construction period. It was claimed that the dam will affect community health and well-being and will impact on their limited and fragile social infrastructure. In-migrants and This has been flagged in the community level A plan on In-Migrant Outsiders meeting as a very big concern by the affected Management is prepared. communities. The “outsiders” – for example, construction workers, construction material suppliers and service providers (such as chefs, grocers, barbers, etc.) are required, in addition to local human resources. However, local villagers have “mixed” feeling about the outsiders moving in to work, including potential cultural and social conflict. 10.3. Consultation Workshops A summary of comments and suggestions received in the consultation workshops held in Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, and Karachi is given in Table 10.7. 10-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Table 10.7: Summary of Discussions in Consultation Workshops Comments and suggestions Action Point/Response Development of an agricultural terrace Agricultural terraces will be developed in the in the hilly areas will take several years resettlement sites. of effort and hard work. Development of agricultural terraces to be considered for the affected households in their new resettlement areas. Physical cultural resources in the area ESA addresses issues relating to PCR and proposes are to be properly documented. mitigation as well as enhancement measures. The people in Kohistan have unique The social structure of the affected people will not be social culture, which may be affected disturbed and will remain same. Relocation of the by resettlement. affected people will be still within their winter migration range. It is apprehended that existing health A public health action plan (Volume 7 of SRMP) has facilities will not be enough to meet been developed. Public health issues such as safe local and inward migrant workers’ drinking water, safe disposal of sewage, safe collection need. How the Project will address and disposal of solid waste, protection against dust and these health needs? community health are considered as part of ESMP. Protection of aquatic flora and fauna Environmental flows have been designed for the should be considered in project design. Project. Requirement of environmental flows for the sustainability of downstream habitat is to be assessed. KKH is life line of northern areas as it A traffic management plan will be prepared to address is only highway connecting northern the traffic related issues along KKH and along the areas with reset of the Pakistan. Impact access roads to the Project sites. of construction traffic on KKH to be assessed. Impacts during demobilization of Contractors’ demobilization is considered in the ESMP contractors are to be considered in the and ECPs. EIA WAPDA shall have an Environmental An Environmental Unit will be established for both Monitoring Unit at Project Site for DHP (WAPDA) and supervision consultants. supervision of ESMP implementation. Initial filling of reservoir may affect The first water filling of reservoir will be carried out the downstream release of water to slowly at the rate of 2 m/day. The rest of the river water Rabi crops will be allowed to flow downstream of the dam through LLO. No impact on Rabi crop will be expected. Low flow season operation of the dam The reservoir will be operated as full runoff river (base and its impact on aquatic life to be load plant). Whatever water comes to the reservoir, the considered. same will be released through the power house. Further, environmental flows will be released to maintain the downstream habitat. 10-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Comments and suggestions Action Point/Response Project design shall consider The Project is designed complying with guidelines of geohazards (landslides and earth International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) to quakes) in the area. deal with geological and geomorphological hazards. State of art engineering modeling was carried out for design of dam. Floods from GLOFs will be a serious Design flood (Probable Maximum Flood) of the Project risk to the Project. Early warning considered extreme flood events from GLOFs and system for flood forecasting is extreme rainfall events. A flood telemetry network will necessary for the safe operation of the be established in the upstream of Dasu for early Project. warning system and better management of floods. Security issues are to be considered Security situation in the Project area is assessed and a during implementation of the Project. plan is prepared to address these issues in one of the SRMP volume on ‘Hydropower Development, Conflict and Security Issues: A Perspective’ Historical and archeological sites are to The ESMP considers the protection of Shatial rock be protected. DHP should support the carvings. Archeology Department of Peshawar for protection of Shatial rock carvings, a designated archeological site. Impact on the community and their A livelihood restoration program is proposed in RAP livelihood due to relocation to higher with both short term and long term goals to mitigate elevation. any impacts on livelihood. Community based conservations The Project identified a suitable site in the Project area should be promoted. The conservancy (Kandia valley) for development of similar community at Kaigah where Markhor is protected based conservation. The development and by private arrangement and an annual implementation of the ecological conservation plan, hunting license is auctioned for about following completion of additional forestry and wildlife $20,000 is a good example. management study, will be done with community participation. Traffic on KKH requires careful Currently there is no confirmed schedule available on planning if construction of Basha and construction of Bash and Bunji. This issue is further Bunji projects start along with Dasu. studied as part of the ESA. There are no proper health facilities in A public health action plan (Volume 7 of SRMP) has Kohistan. Health and safety of been prepared to address these issues. construction workers and host community need to be planned. Indus valley is a flyway for migratory Bird collision and electrocution are potential threats on birds from Siberia to Sub Continent. migratory birds. These issues will be addressed in the Impact of transmission line on birds’ Transmission line EIA migration to be assessed. Electromagnetic waves from These issues will be addressed in the Transmission line transmission lines and their impact on EIA human health to be assessed. Cumulative impacts of hydropower The present assessment limits its scope of Upper Indus development on Upper Indus Basin on Basin (Tarbela Catchment). A detailed study is in 10-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Comments and suggestions Action Point/Response Lower Indus Basin should be pipeline from WCAP on ‘Strategic/Sectoral monitored. Environmental and Social Assessment of Indus Basin’ Impact on migratory birds and DHP will have a positive impact on the migratory birds. important bird areas (IBA) to be Impacts related to the transmission line will be studied assessed. in the transmission line EIA. Indus river ecology should be Detailed studies on terrestrial and aquatic ecology were protected. Feasibility of fish ladders under taken as part of environmental assessment of the should be studied. Project. Further studies are planned to be carried out before construction phase. The Project design should consider The Project is designed complying with guidelines of geological hazards (seismic activity International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) to and faults) in the Project area. deal with seismicity and faults. State of art engineering modeling was carried out for design of dam. Climate change impacts may trigger A climate change assessment study was under taken as GLOFs, high erosion and part of ESA and the expected changes to flows on the sedimentation; and finally may affect Indus, as well as risk of GLOFs, was taken into account the Project. in designing the dam. Habitat management plan for A community conservation area is proposed for endangered species is to be proposed. protection of important fauna in the project area such Markhor, musk deer, monal pheasant and Tragopan peasant. Lost community facilities in the All basic amenities like roads, water supply, irrigation, affected villages are to be restored in sanitation, schools and any other facilities that were lost the new resettled villages. will be built in the new resettlement areas. Involvement of local community in Consultation meeting were carried out in all the project planning and development process is villages through PRA techniques. very important. Ensure timely and frequently WAPDA has established a full time office at Dasu stakeholders meetings for suggestion which is constantly providing a forum to consult on any and feedback. and all issues. An Executive Engineer of WAPDA heads the office. DCO is also involved. A Public Consultation and Participation Plan and a Grievances Redress Plan have been prepared to be implemented during the construction phase. Proper compensation of affected Recommended in RAP. community is needed, to make it more transparent & clear; affected persons be given proper guidance. Capacity of WAPDA in term of human Field level social and environmental units will be resources needs to be increased to established in DHP. address social and environmental issues. Potential livelihood and income Short term and long term livelihood restoration plans generation activities to start are recommended in RAP 10-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Comments and suggestions Action Point/Response Education sector is very important in Education and heath will be considered in the social this area. Focus on Education & Health development plan and benefit sharing of the Project sector. Involvement of women is very A Gender Action Plan is prepared. important. Design livelihood livestock related activities for women. Mobilization of women for capacity A Gender Action Plan is prepared. building related to income generation activities need to be more focused Invertebrate fauna/aquatic flora should These are part of aquatic ecology assessment be addressed Establishment of fish hatchery Fish hatchery will be established, initially for R&D, and then later for full scale development if the farming of snow trout is feasible in the reservoir. Motivate local people for terrace Recommended in RAP farming. Livestock farming through providing Recommended in RAP quality animals breeds 10.4. Disclosure The updated ESA was submitted to KP- EPA on 16 December 2013. A consultation and disclosure meeting was held in Dasu during February 2014, and was participated by the local community, district officials, and media representatives. Similar meetings were held in Peshawar and Islamabad also during the same month. The ESA summary has been translated in Urdu. Both the Urdu and the English version have been distributed to local communities and relevant stakeholders. The Summary and the ESA document have also been published on the website of WAPDA and also sent to the WB InfoShop. 10-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Annex A: Terms of Reference (ToRs) for Panel of Experts and Independent Consultants International Technical and Safeguard Panel of Experts Employer, Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) through General Manager (Hydro) Planning, Sunny View, Kashmir Road, Lahore coordinate with POE members. The Water and Power Development Authority is planning to implement the Dasu Hydropower Project that has entered the stage of Detailed Engineering Design. The project is one of several hydropower projects of a cascade development of upper Indus River, planned upstream of existing Tarbela Dam Project. The Dasu Hydropower project is located about 350 Km from Islamabad and about 7km upstream of the Town of Dasu District headquarter of District Kohistan in the Province of Kohistan Pakistan. Project Consultants On 19th September 2011, WAPDA signed Consultancy Contract with JV for providing services for Assignment: A Preparation Detailed Engineering Design, Tender Documents and support to Client in Tender and Contracting and Assignment: B for Construction Design, Contract Management and Construction Supervision. Joint Venture consist of two foreign consultancy firms in association with three local firms such as i. Nippon Koei, Japan, Lead Firm ii. Dolsar, Turkey In association with i. Development Management Consultants (DMC), Pakistan. ii. National Development Consultants (NDC), Pakistan iii. Pakistan Engineering Services (PES), Pakistan At present are preparing detailed engineering design, tender documents and PC-1 under Assignment-A which will last by end of February 2013 and tender and contracting required further 11 months. Consultants Scope of Services The feasibility study of the project was prepared under post Diamer-Basha Dam Project and construction of whole project in one go. The construction period was estimated 8 years after mobilization of contractors at site. The detailed engineering studies is being sponsored through World Bank Capacity Building Project (WCAP), the World Bank desired that project should be constructed in stages because arrangement of full project finance is difficult under present International finance market and suggested that the project should be studied for four stages construction such as: i. Stage I: Construction of Dam to a certain height and installation of 1080 MW power Units ii. Stage II: Construction of Dam to full height and installation of another 1080 MW power Units iii. Stage III: Installation of additional units perhaps 1080 MW iv. Stage IV: Installation of additional units perhaps 1080 MW The optimal phasing of the project would be basis for development of the project detailed engineering Design. The modifications and improvements as a result of review, staged development and further studies should be incorporated in the detailed engineering design. Main Features of Project Layout. - River diversion system comprising of u/s and d/s cofferdams, two (2) tunnels. A-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project - RCC gravity dam with small arch, maximum height 233 m above bedrock foundation, FSL=950 m amsl. - Gated spillway (7) with chute over the dam to release design floods of about 24,360 m3/s and in combination with eight (8) low level outlets (LLO) for catastrophic floods 50,360 m3/s. - Underground Powerhouse, equipped with 12 x 360MW power units totaling 4320 MW. - Underground transformer cavern and four surge chamber at the end of draft tube of three turbine units - Four intake with intake tower and Power tunnel each supplying three turbine unit, draft tube of each turbine be connected to circular surge chamber - Four Tailrace tunnel having average length of 2.1 Km. - Four Outlet structures - Access tunnels, ventilation tunnels, cable tunnels, seepage control galleries and cut-off curtain - Transmission and switchyard with 500 MVA capacity Challenges of the Project: - The height and dimension of the RCC gravity dam, in an area of high seismicity and with features of ongoing tectonic changes. - The river diversion scheme and floods handling during construction of the project. - Dealing with the high sediment load of the reservoir inflow which required state of the art studies on sediment trapping and on options for reservoir flushing to keep the reservoir capacity up to maximum all the time and years to come. - Performing environmental and social investigations to assure that negative effects by creating the reservoir can be adequately mitigated. - Operation and maintenance of hydro-turbine at partial head - Excavation of powerhouse cavern, transformer cavern, headrace tunnel and other underground structure with turbines units in operation. - Underground excavation when reservoir is full up to normal operation level - Safe and trouble free excavation through the fault area. - Use of natural pozzolan material which is available at more than 100 km of distance, at the same time import and availability of fly ash is difficult from India and China. PoE Terms of Reference The fields and disciplines in which WAPDA wishes PoE to conduct, review, render advice, guidance and actions for WAPDA are: - Hydrology and Sediments: The PoE shall reasonably assess the methodology used for the estimation of design flows, design floods and PMF and recommend any changes if found necessary. The PoEs should carry out flow duration analysis taking care of reservoir simulation and sediment flushing to keep the live reservoir volume available for full year and years to come. POE should review and advise on flood frequency analysis carried for safety check flood, diversion flood during construction and annual flood. POE should verify the average annual sediments inflow estimated. Reservoir trap efficiency would be checked in order to assess the efforts needed for sediment flushing through bottom outlets. POE should comments on the develop sediment management system to keep the live storage volume available for full life of the project. A-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project - Geology and Geo-techniques: The PoE shall reasonably assess the site conditions, especially of the tectonic features at the dam site and in the reservoir area, which have to be taken into consideration by the Engineer in designing and planning the execution of the project works. Field and laboratory works necessary to obtain relevant design parameters need to be indicated and reviewed. The implications of faulting, shearing and stress relief joints at proposed dam axis shall be stated/reviewed and realignment of the tails race channels. Methods to determine the sources of seismic events and of their relevance to the project design, including the applicable design parameters shall be reviewed. The program prepared for trial mix should also be commented. To control water inflow in excavated area under full reservoir condition is another field to be commented. The type and quantum of geo-technical investigation planned to be executed be reviewed and any action required may be recommended. - Project Layout and Design of Components: Assessment of various project layout schemes including the proposals at axis 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 in the area of axis 5, Dam and Diversion Works layout, necessary excavation works, sequence and methods of construction, appropriate separation of concrete works in roller compacted and conventionally built in mass concrete and reinforced concrete works, upstream seal of dam, joint design, Assessment of movement due to the effect of khoshe fault in the tailrace tunnel. The PoE shall review and recommend the optimized layout. - Stability and Stress: Assessment of dam safety aspects with the construction of RCC and conventional concrete construction. Dam stability dam stress/deformation behavior and analysis and its seismic engineering and analyzing the newly installed seismic stations at the site. Dam Safety Assessment Study would also include the study of Safety of Dam against the extreme loading conditions imposed, through penstocks/headrace tunnels, by water hammer resulting from assumed catastrophic conditions upon sudden load (electrical) rejection by the Power House units. Safety of temporary and permanent excavations and rock slope stability / stabilization measures, cofferdam foundations and sealing method, stability of rock slope u/s of cofferdam shall be reviewed. Safety of dam against thermal stress and method to control thermal stress in such a way that placing progress of RCC should be affected. - Location of Power House: Risks involved in underground power house.. The panel may please recommend a safe, sustainable layout of various components of the powerhouse, which includes stability design of large size of caverns - Construction Methods: The latest technology to be applied for the construction of very high RCC dam with particular attention to the construction joints and its integrated components of conventional concrete. Construction planning of the Power house with its penstock and tailrace channels to be reviewed as all these components are very near to each other. Concrete production, placement and testing methods, hydration control, application of the shutters and application of reinforcement within the stressed zones of the RCC works shall be reviewed considering the construction of the project in stages. Availability and use of natural Pozzolon found locally is also a matter of concern for the PoEs. - Seepage, Cut-off and Drainage: Seepage control and reduction in dam, foundations and abutments, particularly for the case of thick riverbed deposits. Seepage control of temporary works. Reservoir slopes stability measures, considering reservoir draw down during normal and exceptional operations. Drainage of works. - Hydraulics: Hydraulic design and operation of waterways for flood evacuation, other releases and hydropower operation (peaking). Principal requirements for hydraulic steel A-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project works. Effect on tail water, plunge pool, etc. Reservoir sediment handling of the combined storage at Basha and Dasu and Without Diamer Basha. - Electrical & Mechanical: Review of layout and design of electrical-mechanical equipment. Design should be checked in such a way that quality contractor and manufacturers of the world could participate in International competitive bidding. The layout and design of turbine should be such that it is easy in maintenance and erection. The selection of equipment should be such that a robust operation of the project is achieved. PoE recommendations for quality control during manufacturing, testing, commissioning and operation are welcomed. Review and comment to design of mechanical equipment against abrasion due to hard minerals contained in Indus River - Social and Environment: The POE should review and guide the consultants about preparation of Social Action Plan and Environmental Management Plan as per World Bank guideline given in its operational policies. Further, the prepared document should also meet the requirement of other funding agencies such JICA, Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, IFC, etc. A-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project TOR for Independent Consultants for Environmental and Social Assessment (a) Background WAPDA is planning to construct the Dasu Hydropower (run of the river) Project on the Indus River near Dasu, in Kohistan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The key components of the Project include a 233 m high dam, a powerhouse having a capacity of 4,320 MW, eight 260-m long power tunnels, eight 2,625 m long tailrace tunnels, two 878 long diversion tunnels, substation, and other ancillaries. The Project also includes re-routing of about 46 km section of Karakoram Highway (KKH) and transmission line for power evacuation. Detailed engineering and design studies are now awarded. The studies include investigations, technical and engineering studies, detailed design, economic and financial evaluation, the preparation of tender documents, as well as environmental and social studies. As part of the project the Design Consultants will also update existing reservoir sedimentation studies and examine the provision of a raised intake to reduce the possibility of inundation from sediment that has been deposited in the reservoir during the life of the scheme. Safeguard activities related to environmental and social issues are also being taken into account for the preparation of detailed designs. A draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) including an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), Social Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be prepared by the Design Consultants. As per World Bank requirements, an independent assessment and audit of the above Safeguard reports has to be carried out by independent consultants to assess the adequacy and compliance of these reports with the World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines. (b) Objective The objective of the Independent Consultants is to provide an independent opinion on approach, adequacy and quality of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in order to ensure that the activities carried out under the proposed Dasu Hydropower Project are (i) environmentally sound and sustainable in the long run, and (ii) consistent with the environmental and safeguard guidelines, rules and regulations of the Government of Pakistan, as well as those of the World Bank. The Consultants will carry out an independent assessment of the environmental and social impacts in compliance with World Bank policies and guidelines. (c) Scope of Services To achieve the above objectives, the Consultant will carry out the tasks including, but not limited to, the following: (i) Review available data, baseline studies and results of scoping sessions and also take into account the legal and administrative framework and national policies in the country and detailed Safeguard Policies of World Bank on Environment, Natural Habitats, Physical Cultural Resources, Involuntary Resettlement and Public Disclosure of Information; (ii) Carry out field visits on the project area as required and if relevant prepare brief report highlighting major findings; and participate in consultation activities; (iii) Review various interim reports prepared by the Design Consultant, such as draft ESIA and EMP/RAP, at different stages of the project as requested by WAPDA and provide independent professional views on the quality and adequacy of the report and underlying analysis; (iv) Guide WAPDA for ensuring that the project ESIA being prepared by the Design Consultant A-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project addresses all potential environmental direct and indirect impacts of the project during pre- construction, construction and operation phases in the project area of influence; (v) If necessary advise WAPDA how to collect missing information or data required for a proper assessment of expected impacts, mitigation or compensation measures required under the Safeguard Policies in order to ensure that relevant environmental and social concerns are addressed at all levels of planning, design, construction and operation of the project. This will include recommendations for necessary actions to analyze alternatives optimizing environmental and economic aspects of the project; (vi) Provide an independent opinion on approach and adequacy to integrate appropriate environmental management measures with related costs into the detailed design, specifications, and project contract documents; (vii) Review the consultation and disclosure procedure; (viii) Recommend (additional, if required) institutional and capacity building measures for WAPDA to identify, manage, and eventually mainstream environmental aspects of the project activities through the entire project cycle - conceptualization, preparation, implementation, and operation; (ix) Carry out independent assessment of the project impacts and prepare final Environmental and Social Assessment Report and a Summary document (both in English and Urdu) to be submitted by WAPDA to World Bank. (d) Staffing Two independent consultants will be hired (one international expert and one national expert) for carrying out these studies. These consultants can hire experts from other fields if required with the approval of WAPDA. A-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Annex B: Terms of Reference for Studies FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 1 Objective The project is committed to compensate the loss of natural habitat (about 1800 ha), including loss of about 80 ha in Kaigah community game reserve, by the Project through development of (i) two offset areas for wildlife conservation though community involvement and (ii) afforestation and forest rejuvenation in minimum two degraded watersheds in the project area. The offset areas will be called as Ecological Conservation Areas. For conservation of wildlife, The ESA has identified four feasible sites (Thoti near Kandia, Sazin, Laachi and opposite Shori nullah) in the project area that have similar habitat characteristics of the affected habitat. The proposed study will further evaluate these sites and finally recommend two sites to develop as offset areas in compliance with the World Bank OP 4.04 Natural Habitats. Similarly the proposed study also identify degraded forest areas in the project area and develop an afforestation and forest rejuvenation plan for two degraded watersheds for conservation and sustainable development of forest ecosystems in compliance with World Bank Policy OP 4.36 Forests. The study will be carried out during the first year of implementation (2015-2016) and the implementation will be carried out from second year onwards over a period of nine years (2016-2025). Renowned Agencies such as WWF-Pakistan or IUCN Pakistan will be involved by the project to implement the ecological conservation plans. WWF Pakistan has already shown interest to enter into a partnership with WAPDA to design and implement such measures for Diamer Basha Dam Project. 2 Justification The Dasu hydropower project affects about 1800 ha of natural habitat, including some 80 ha in Kaigah Community Game Reserve and 160 ha riparian/nullah habitat, due to reservoir formation and construction activities. The Kaigah tributary (nullah) is a 5,000 ha Community Conservation Area (private game reserve) for Markhor, but will also provide protection to other mammal and bird species. The Project is committed to compensate these losses through development of two offset community managed wildlife areas and afforestation/forest rejuvenation programs. The forest cover of North Pakistan is estimated at 29%, but is reported to decrease by 2% annually. A reversion of this deforestation trend is highly needed, since both the unique mountain fauna and human settlements are highly dependent on forestry resources. The mountain fauna includes a number of rare and endangered species, some of them restricted to the mountain range concerned and protected under Pakistani law. The human population around the valleys of the Indus River and its tributaries is dependent on forestry resources for their livelihood. Fire wood is an essential commodity, not only for home cooking and heating, but also for trading; no clear alternatives are available as yet. The construction of the project will also have some indirect impact on the forest resources and its ecosystem due to increased demand by the immigrants. Development of B-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project a forestry and wildlife management system, therefore, is meant to counteract or reverse these negative pressures on forest resources and wildlife. 3 Study Methodology 3.1 Wildlife Conservation Important sites near the Project Area, from an ecological perspective and the areas comparable to Kaigah habitat, are upper valleys of Laachi Nullah, Sazin Kot on left bank, Kandia Valley and area opposite to Shori Nullah on right bank of Indus. These valleys include the habitat of important flagship and endangered wildlife species, Astor Markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri). In all these areas high biodiversity is reported to be under heavy stress from deforestation, firewood collection, overgrazing, over-hunting, weak law enforcement, and combinations of these factors. Locations of these sites are given in Figure B. 1. These areas will be studied further and finally two high priority valleys will be selected on the basis of a thorough assessment and community engagements that will be carried out during the first year. A mechanism will be developed by the study, whereby the local communities will be provided with appropriate incentives to help conserve natural habitat, wildlife and forests. These conservation areas will be further complemented by ecotourism initiatives, an information centre and research. Figure B.1: Potential Feasible Sites to Develop as Off Set Areas for Loss of Natural Habitat and Part of Kaigah Community Conservation Area Note: The extent of the offset areas will be determined by the proposed study B-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project 3.2 Afforestation and Forest Rejuvenation The present forestry situation will be determined through a GIS on medium resolution satellite data. In comparison with earlier data, the GIS will provide a baseline to select high degradation areas (catchments of small rivers and nullahs) for development of forestry management and it will provide a baseline for monitoring future negative and positive changes in the region. The GIS will be accompanied by field truthing, during which common distinctions will be used to characterize forest stands. Characterization will be assessed on the basis of commonness of species (indicative of biodiversity value and sensitivity for disturbance) and usefulness for humans or animals (wood and non- wood forest products). On the basis of common forestry practice and experiences in comparable areas elsewhere (including e.g. Nepal), the study will identify opportunities for relatively undisturbed sub-catchments, and for restoration of already degraded areas, all at higher altitudes. For conservation management sufficient tools are available within Pakistani laws and regulations; a main additional requirement is the provision of information and training to potential human users of these areas on sustainable forestry activities and alternative livelihoods. As far as degraded sub-catchments are concerned, tools include afforestation, rejuvenation, and plantation forestry, combined with agroforestry and horticultural activities. Also here information and training of local communities will be required. Forestry activities will be certified under an independent forest certification system. 3.3 Activities to be carried out in Inception Phase (One year/2015-2016) During this phase, ecological baseline studies conducted at a coarser level in the entire project area and at finer level in the proposed four feasible sites to select two high priority areas for conservation initiatives to be initiated during the implementation phase. This phase will help in developing an understanding of the ecology and short listing high priority valleys for conservation. The project team will also have discussions with the communities to gauge the feasibility of initiating the proposed activities of the implementation phase. GIS surveys will be carried out to identify four sub-catchments: two with relative healthy forestry stands and two with already high human pressure on forestry resources. The identified management opportunities will be worked out in detail for these areas, keeping up with needs shown in livelihood analyses for these areas. The study will develop plans for development of nurseries and the plantation of indigenous species as well as suitable species with economic benefits for livelihood sustenance and support such as fruit trees, flowering plants, etc. The plans will also develop a mechanism to ensure local community participation in restoration efforts, as direct involvement may inspire better stewardship and a keener sense of project ownership by local communities. 3.4 Activities to be carried out in Implementation Phase (9 years/2016-2025) This implementation phase will organize local communities into Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in their respective valley/sub-watershed and build their capacity to conserve and manage the natural resources within their respective valleys. Moreover, during this phase communities will be empowered to develop and implement their valley B-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project specific conservation projects. This will add sustainability to this Ecological Conservation Plan beyond its implementation phase. These conservation areas will be supported by ecotourism and education and awareness initiatives. The planned interventions will include; Wildlife Conservation  Mitigation of identified anthropogenic pressures that adversely affect keystone species in the area, community based wildlife guards will be engaged to monitor and protect wildlife species.  A species action plan for each identified keystone species will be developed considering the threats and conservation needs. Communities will be trained to monitor their populations and accordingly management will be done, for example markhor and ibex may be considered for a trophy hunting program, and black bear valleys may be considered for rehabilitation of rescued bears or ecotourism.  The project will steer the development of agreements between communities and government, where trophy hunting programs are initiated to share the benefits to support conservation and community development. The rules of which will be clearly defined and strictly managed based on the regular monitoring and census of the wildlife species involved (e.g. markhor)  Review the existing practices of conservation and management measures in Kaigah game reserve and strengthen these measures in consultations with the community Forestry Programs  Implementation of afforestation and forest rejuvenation plans prepared during the inception phase  Establishment of nurseries and the plantation of indigenous species as well as suitable species with economic benefits for livelihood sustenance and support such as, fruit trees, flowering plants, etc.  Ensure local community participation in restoration efforts, as direct involvement may inspire better stewardship and a keener sense of project ownership by local communities  Training opportunities in forest management and engage community based forest guards  Incorporate habitat conservation into the initial stages of land use planning. This will be carried out in consultation with communities whereby their use of natural resources will be understood. On the basis of this needs assessment, a GIS map will be developed in order to define areas for land use after which a plan of action for the sustainable use of natural vegetation will be marked out. Further Tools for Conservation  Development of an Information and Conservation Centre at an appropriate site near the reservoir. This centre will have education officer(s) and will also liaison with ecotourism guides from communities. It will have interactive displays and will disseminate information material to promote information about the ecology and also provide information about the Dasu Hydropower B-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project. This material will also help in promoting ecotourism to the area and will support livelihoods of local communities. This centre will also have basic research equipment and a small water quality testing laboratory, which will support conservation and facilitate research students.  Trainings will be organized for the community based ecotourism guides.  Develop an understanding of pasture use, their importance, carrying capacity, seasonal variation and patterns; and develop rangelands management plan for improved management  Linking livelihood sustenance interventions to ecosystem conservation (pine nuts, honey, etc.) and integrating a conservation plan for medicinal plants and endangered plant species.  Introduce alternate energy units for space heating and cooking (solar water heaters, solar stoves, etc.) and energy efficient wood stoves in the selected valleys based on the need assessment. 3.5 Funding The study will be financed under the Environmental Management Plan of DHP (Item 3.2 of Table 9.5). A budget of US$ 4.12 million is proposed in EMP for carrying out studies and implementation of conservation activities and forestry management activities for the first 10 years. The budget is proposed based on quotation submitted by WWF Pakistan to WAPDA to carry out similar activities in Diamer Basha Project. The study will develop a mechanism for revenue generation (e.g. ecotourism, trophy hunting opportunities, etc.) for continued sustainability. A solid system for monitoring and evaluation of progress will be prepared. Time frame The following time frame is foreseen for the study: First year  Site office established and core study team in place; (2015, before construction  Survey team deployed for GIS based forest cover assessment; of main civil  Survey team deployed for analysis of forestry management works): opportunities and livelihood dependency on natural resources;  GIS produced, including forest cover, change analysis and location of critical (sub)catchments;  Four (sub)catchments selected and forestry management activities planned;  (At least two) community conservation areas selected and wildlife management activities planned.  Forestry activities are certified under an independent forest certification system Second year  Field team in place for education and information activities and onwards execution of pilot schemes; B-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project (2016 –  Community-based resources management organizations mobilized; 2025):  Training and guidance in forestry and wildlife management techniques;  Pilot schemes operational;  Compensation areas for Kaigah Community Game Reserve operational;  Future field activities planned;  Detailed monitoring and evaluation scheme prepared, including impacts on forestry, wildlife and socio-economics of communities concerned.  Developing action plans (with meaningful participation of local communities) for afforestation and forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality in compliance with OP 4.36  Implementation of forest rejuvenation plan 5 Manpower for proposed study The study requires GIS specialists, forestry experts and community workers. Organizations with relevant experience should be requested to prepare a detailed proposal. A suitable organization is WWF-Pakistan, where both GIS facilities and technical know-how are available. B-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Aquatic and Terrestrial Baseline Study 1 Objective During the DHP environmental impact assessment the lack of readily available and reliable baseline data on flora and fauna was seriously felt. The purpose of the study is to develop a sound ecological baseline for the Indus Corridor between Basha and Tarbela (from Raikot bridge towards Tarbela dam), in order to better interpret, monitor and mitigate actual impacts of DHP and to be able to prepare a more advanced management plans for fish (hatchery, restocking, etc.) and future activities in the area, including construction of the Diamer-Basha dam. 2 Justification The mountain areas of Pakistan are home to exceptional wildlife and wilderness areas with high biodiversity: 232 species of plants, 199 species of avifauna, 31 mammals and 18 species of reptiles and amphibians species are recorded in (often rather old) literature. The area contains the full extent of the Western Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (BirdLife International, 2013). The Indus valley bottom is largely covered with scrub vegetation with a typical low biodiversity, but the higher elevations contains high biodiversity including rare and threatened species. Higher altitudes in the valley support a number of critical biotopes for Markhor, Musk deer, Black bear, Tragopan, Monal pheasant as well as other rare species. However, firm recent data are absent on the species distribution and threats on these habitats. River and its tributaries are reported to contain indigenous cold water aquatic fauna, including mahaseers and snow carps. No detailed and long term studies are carried out in Indus basin in Pakistan on the native cold water species to understand their biological characteristics of snow carps and other native fish species. Development of fish hatchery and stocking of fingerlings in the affected tributaries and Indus is recommended as one of the mitigation measure to address the impact on fish. However, further studies are required to develop the detailed management plan for development of full scale snow carp hatcheries and a small scale R&D hatchery. The study should consider the experience of snow carps hatcheries established in Nepal and India. In order to be able to improve conservation and protection activities in the Indus valley and its watersheds, and in order to be able to accurately assess impacts of development projects in the widest sense, establishment of an ecological baseline is highly required, covering flora and fauna species and associations, biotopes and hotspots of threatened species, and seasonal effects. 3 Study components 3.1 Scope of Study  Develop baseline data for all types of terrestrial and aquatic macro and micro fauna, including invertebrates, including information on presence, seasonal behavior and biotope characteristics of selected species at selected locations  Characterization and delineation of natural and critical habitats as defined by OP 4.04, including study of nullah habitats, which are considered to be important areas for breeding and nesting of insects, birds, amphibians and reptiles. B-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project  Breeding, spawning, migration and other biological characterization of indigenous cold water fish species  Study on migratory birds including avian risk assessment  Review the impacts and mitigation measures proposed in ESA, and develop additional mitigation measures (based on enhanced understanding) to offset potential impacts if required.  Develop detailed plans on development of hatchery for snow carps, and maintenance of fish spawning areas  Ensure all mitigation measures will result in to no net loss in the natural habitat in compliance with World Bank Policy OP 4.04 and recommend proactive measures to improve the aquatic and terrestrial habitat. 3.1 Consolidation of existing data Existing information will be collected and consolidated through completion of a full literature and internet review. The review should not be limited to the Indus region, but should include relevant data from comparable areas and resource centers in Pakistan, India and Nepal. The resulting list of species and list of conservation activities will be annotated as much as possible (number, location, year, season, other relevant remarks). When available, physico-chemical data will be added. Subsequently, this quantitative information will be turned more qualified by comparison of data over time. This exercise is expected to show the relative value of data and, especially, gaps in information. 3.2 Preparation of survey plan Realistically, it will not be possible to implement a full survey of all biota and ecosystems in this both horizontally and vertically divers area. For a practical plan of field surveys choices (species, areas) will have to be made, using the (at least) the following criteria:  The above analysis of existing and missing data. This will show what information needs updating, what species or ecosystems might be used as indicators of change, and what biological phenomena will require additional attention (reproduction success, food chains, migration of fish and birds);  A division of the large area in ecologically different sections, e.g.: o Section 1 - Raikot bridge to Diamer Basha dam (the future BHP storage reservoir); information from this section will provide basic information for the Diamer-Basha EIA and especially for the future of aquatic fauna in the complete river valley; o Section 2 - Diamer Basha dam to Dasu dam: this is the future DHP reservoir (73 km); information from this section will provide basic information for environmental activities under DHP; o Section 3 - Dasu dam to Besham: natural river section with potential impacts on hydrology, sedimentation, and aquatic ecology from BHP and/or DHP; major tributaries flowing into Indus in this section, a.o Palas en Dubair river; o Section 4 - Besham - upper end Tarbela reservoir, few or no impacts likely on this natural river section - low gradient; and B-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project o Section 5 - Tarbela reservoir (c100 km); information from this section will provide information to better predict ecological changes behind the Dasu and Diamer-Basha dams. Section 3 might have to be subdivided further, e.g. in an Indus river sub-sections and a nullah sub-section. All sections will have a riverine and a mountainous component.  Availability of experienced staff and suitable equipment for field sampling at different stations in different seasons. 3.3 Actual field surveys Collection of information on presence, seasonal behavior and biotope characteristics of selected species at selected locations. Depending on the above analysis, a group of experts will be required. In order to obtain fully comparable data, the same survey team should do sampling in all selected locations. There could be different survey teams for the riverine and the mountainous areas; as far as observations are done in both areas (e.g. birds) they should use the same sampling protocols. Surveys of terrestrial fauna (including invertebrates) might include direct observations (survey team) and indirect observations, carried out by instructed community members. Aquatic macro- and micro-fauna will require expert sampling techniques, including mark and recapture for fish species. Surveys of macro- and micro-flora should be carried out following commonly used survey techniques, that reveal both qualitative (species composition) and quantitative (spread, density) data. As far as collection of physico-chemical data in river and nullahs is concerned: care should be taken that only those data are collected that might lead to interpretation of ecological phenomena and that they are collected in a way that allows conclusions. Too often parameters like O2, pH, BOD and temperature of water bodies are collected once a season, whereas these parameters might change substantially over time in one day. At the same time, ecologically relevant data like riverbed status, sediment load, hiding places, presence of food sources are often not noted. Since ecological data on riverine fish are urgently needed to be able to mitigate environmental impacts of dam projects, sampling should result in knowledge on migration behavior and reproduction needs (physiological data (stomachs, ovaries); locations for overwintering pools; locations for spawning and nursing). 3.3 Reporting and Action Plans for Additional Mitigation Measures All collected information should be worked up in reports immediately, so that further sampling may be adapted to results obtained so far. Based on the enhanced understanding of the baseline data, the impacts and mitigation measures proposed in the ESA will be reviewed and additional offset measures will be proposed in compliance with OP 4.04. 4 Time frame and budget The studies will be carried out during the first two years of project implementation. A budget of US$ 2 million is proposed in EMP (items 2.1 and 3.3 of Table 9.5) for carrying out these studies. The budget to cover proposed management plans on fish and any B-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project additional offset measures if required are also included in EMP. The following time frame is foreseen for the study: First year:  Site office established and core study team in place;  Literature/internet review completed;  Ecological survey teams deployed for aquatic and terrestrial biota assessment;  Selection of five-six ecologically representative valley areas between Basha and Tarbela;  Selection of survey techniques (indicator species, sampling/observation techniques);  Survey activities commenced (one season). Second year:  Survey activities continued (other seasons);  Analyses of findings;  Reporting;  Additional management plans for offsetting impacts on natural habitat, flora and fauna based on the enhanced understanding of the baseline data  Detailed plans to address the impacts on native fish (development of hatchery and fish stocking; maintenance of spawning areas) 5 Manpower for proposed study The study requires specialists in floristic and faunistic surveys. Organizations with relevant experience should be requested to prepare a detailed proposal. Suitable organizations are WWF-Pakistan and IUCN-Pakistan, where essential technical know- how is available. Cooperation with universities (provision of specialists) will be required. B-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Annex C: Baseline Data of Biological Environment Fish species of Northern Pakistan Family / Species Local Name A – Indigenous species 1. Family – Cyprinidae Sub family – Schizothoracinae 1. Schizothorax plagiostomus Gahi, Cheemo 2. Schizothorax labiatus Chochan 3. Schizothorax esocinus Chakhat 4. Schizothorax skarduensis Khaduk 5. Schizothorax intermedius Khaduk 6. Schizothorax longipinnis Khaduk 7. Schizopygopsis stoliczkai - 8. Schizocypris curviforms - 9. Ptychobarbus conirostris - 10. Diptychus maculatus - 11. Racoma labiata Snowcarp 2. Family – Sisoridae 12. Glyptosternum reticulatum - 3. Family – Noemacheilidae 13. Triplophysa stoliczkai - 14. Triplophysa gracilius - 15. Triplophysa yaseenis - 16. Triplophysa trawovasea - 17. Triplophysa tenuicauda - 18. Triplophysa microps - B – Exotic species 4. Family – Salmonidae 19. Salmo trutta faria Brown Trout 20. Oncorhynchus Mysis Rainbow Trout 5. Family – Cyprinidae 21. Cyprinus carpio Chinese carp / Gulfam Source: M. Rafique (2000) Pak. Museum of National History, Islamabad. Phytoplankton Identification of Project Area River Mainstem Tributaries Algae Groups Left hand Right hand Upstream Down-stream streams streams Cyanophyceae - Anabanea spp + + + + - Oscillatoria spp + + + + - Phormidium spp - + + + - Spirulina spp - - + + - Johanneslaptista spp - - + - - Cylindrospernum spp - - + + C-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project River Mainstem Tributaries Algae Groups Left hand Right hand Upstream Down-stream streams streams Chlorophyceae - Closteriopsis sp + + - + - Oedogonium spp + + + + - Ulothorix spp - - + + - Cladophora spp - - + + - Nitzschia spp - - + - - Fragilario spp - - + + - Synedra spp - - + - - Tabellari spp - - + + Chrysophyceae - Navicula spp + + - + - Pinnularia spp + + + + - Cymbella spp + + - - - Diatoma spp - - + + Xanthophyceae - Tribonema spp - - + + Source: Sampling during August / September 2012 Trip at Project site. Zooplankton Identification of Project Area River Mainstem Tributaries Groups Left hand Right hand Upstream Down-stream streams streams Protozoa - Paramecium spp + + + + Rotifera - Karetella sp - - + + - Euchlanus spp + - - - - Branchionus spp + + + + - Tansignus spp - - + + Cladocera - Bosmina spp - + + + - Daphnia spp - - + + - Ceriodaphnia spp - - + + Decapods - Cyclops spp + - + + - Diaptomus spp - - + + Insecta - Damsel Nymph spp + + + - - Caddish fly Larva - - + + Mollusca - Limnaea spp - - + - - Valvata spp - - + + Source: Sampling during August / September 2012 Trip at Project site. C-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Floral Biodiversity Recorded In Dasu Project Area (None of the species are included in the Red List) Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span Abelmoschus 1 esculentus (L.) Malvaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Bhindi Moench. 2 Abies pindrow Royle. Pinaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Chur Amaranthacea 3 Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Annual Chamaephyte Malkuni e Adiantum capillus- 4 Adiantaceae Herb Perennial Chamaephyte veneris L. Adiantum venustum D. 5 Adiantaceae Don Herb Perennial Chamaephyte Jathoori Ailanthus altissima 6 Simarubaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Darawa (Mill.) Swingle Ajuga bracteosa Wall. 7 Lamiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte ex Bth. 8 Ajuga parviflora Bth. Lamiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte 9 Alnus nitida Endl. Betulaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Alternanthera Hemicryptophyt 10 pachyacantha Aizoaceae Herb Perennial e Alternanthera Amaranthacea 11 Herb Annual Chamaephyte pungens Kunth. e Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthacea 12 Herb Annual Therophyte Ghanar L. e Amaranthus Amaranthacea 13 Herb Annual Therophyte graecizense L. e Amaranthus oleraceus Amaranthacea 14 Herb Annual Therophyte Kas ghanar L. e Amaranthacea 15 Amaranthus viridis L. Herb Annual Therophyte Ghanar e 16 Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Arabidopsis himalaica 17 Brassicaceae Herb Annual Therophyte (Edgew.) O.E.S. Aristida cyanatha Hemicryptophyt 18 Poaceae Grass Perennial Nees ex Steud. e 19 Artemesia maritima L. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Daroon Asparagus filicinus 20 Buch.-Ham. ex D. Hemicryptophyt Zao Don Asparagaceae Shrub Perennial e Aster aitchisonii 21 Boiss. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Astragalus 22 candolleanus Royle Perennial ex Benth. Fabaceae Shrub Phanerophyte Chioo Atriplex lasiantha Chenopodiace Kiklohukbur 23 Annual Boiss. ae Herb Therophyte sa Barleria acanthoides 24 Acanthaceae Subshrub Perennial Chamaephyte Vahl. 25 Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae Herbs Perennial Chamaephyte Caesalpiniacea 26 Bauhinia variegata L. Tree Perennial Phanerophyte e Bergenia ciliata Hemicryptophyt 27 Annual (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae Herb e Korat Bidens biternata 28 (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Surbul C-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span Boerhavia 29 procumbens Banks ex Nyctaginaceae Herb Perennial Cryptophyte Roxb. Bothriochloa bladhii Hemicryptophyt 30 Perennial (Retz.) S.T Blake Poaceae Grass e Lhash Bothriochloa Hemicryptophyt 31 Perennial ischaemum (L.) Keng Poaceae Grass e Lhash Brachiaria distachya 32 Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte (L.) Stapf Brachiaria reptans 33 (L.) Gard. & C.E. Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte Hubb. Brousonetia 34 Perennial papyrifera (L.) Vent. Moraceae Tree Phanerophyte Jangal murt Calamintha umbrosa 35 (M. Bieb.) Fisch. & Annual Mey. Lamiaceae Herb Therophyte Bheroo rang Calotropis procera Asclepiadacea 36 Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte (Willd.) R. Br. e 37 Cannabis sativa L. Cannabinaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Hemicryptophyt 38 Capparis spinosa L. Capparidaceae Shrub Perennial Kurr e Capsella bursa- 39 Brassicaceae Herb Annual Therophyte pastoris (L.) Medik Carex chitralensis Hemicryptophyt 40 Annual Nelmes Mag. Cyperaceae Sedge e Zatch 41 Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Zeera Cedrus deodara 42 (Roxb. Ex Lamb. ) G. Don Pinaceae tree Perennial Phanerophyte Beesh 43 Celtis australis L. Ulmaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Makosh Centella asiatica (L.) 44 Urban Apiaceae Herb Annual Cryptophyte Tikroo Cheilanthus farinosa 45 (Forssk.) Kaulf. Pteridaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Chenopodium album Chenopodiace 46 Herb Annual Therophyte Kanwan L. ae Chenopodium Chenopodiace Hemicryptophyt 47 Subshrub Biennial Tahoo ambrosioides L. ae e Chenopodium botrys Chenopodiace 48 L. ae Herb Annual Therophyte Kunwan Chenopodium cf. 49 opulifolium Schrad. ex Chenopodiace Koch & Ziz. ae Herb Annual Therophyte Chrozophora tinctoria 50 Euphorbiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte (L.)Juss. Chrysopogon aucheri Hemicryptophyt 51 Poaceae Grass Perennial (Boiss.) Stapf e Cirsium falconerii 52 (Hk.f.) Petrak Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Jocho Citrullus colocynthis Hemicryptophyt 53 (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Subshrub Perennial e Clematis montana 54 Ranunculaceae Climber Perennial Phanerophyte Buch. Clematis nepalensis 55 Ranunculaceae Climber Perennial Phanerophyte Royle 56 Cleome viscosa L. Capparidaceae Herb Annual Therophyte C-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span Commelina paludosa 57 Bl. Enum. Commelineace Herb Annual therophyte Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulacea Hemicryptophyt 58 Climber Perennial Halor L. e e 59 Conyza aegyptica Ait. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte 60 Conyza bonariensis L. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Phuljoo 61 Conyza canadensis L. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Panar tahoor Coronopus didymus 62 Annual (L.) Sm. Brassicaceae Herb Cryptophyte Marchaki Cotinus coggygria Khakoh/Shin 63 Scop. Anacardiaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte i Cotoneaster affinins 64 var. bacillaris (Lindl.) Schneider Rosaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Luni Cotoneaster 65 microphylla Wall. ex Lindl. Rosaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Kiur Cotoneaster 66 nummularia Fisher & Dudul/Mago Meyer Rosaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte sh Cousinia thomsonii 67 Clarke Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Cucumis melo var. 68 Cucurbitaceae Herb Annual Cryptophyte agrestis Naud. Cucurbita maxima 69 Cucurbitaceae Climber Annual Cryptophyte Duch. ex Lam. 70 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae Parasite Annual Therophyte Zhoo Cymbopogon distans Hemicryptophyt 71 Perennial (Nees) W. Wats. Poaceae Grass e Kattal Cynodon dactylon (L.) Hemicryptophyt 72 Poaceae Grass Perennial Kabal Pers. e Cynoglossum 73 Boraginaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Chiroo lanceolatum Forssk. Hemicryptophyt 74 Cyperus niveus Retz. Cyperaceae Sedge Perennial e Hemicryptophyt 75 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Sedge Perennial e Dactyloctenium Hemicryptophyt 76 Poaceae Grass Annual Sarkhoo gha aegyptium L. e Dalbergia sissoo 77 Fabaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Roxb. 78 Datura innoxia Mill. Solanaceae Shrub Perennial Chamaephyte 79 Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Debregeasia 80 salicifolia (D. Don) Urticaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Chiroo Rendle Caryophyllace 81 Herb Annual Therophyte Dianthus crinitus Sm. ae Dichanthium Hemicryptophyt 82 annulatum (Forssk.) Poaceae Grass Perennial e Stapf Dicliptera 83 Acanthaceae Herb Annual Cryptophyte roxburghiana Nees Digera muricata (L.) Amaranthacea 84 Herb Annual Therophyte Mart. e Digitaria sanguinalis Hemicryptophyt 85 Poaceae Grass Annual (L.) Scop. e C-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span 86 Diospyros lotus L. Ebenaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Amlok Dodonaea viscosa (L.) 87 Sapindaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Shounth/Bajj Jacq. Duchesnea indica 88 (Andr.) Focke Rosaceae Herb Annual Cryptophyte Echinochloa colona 89 Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte (L.) Link Echinops cornigerus 90 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Kuro/Ziach DC. Eclipta prostrata (L.) 91 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte L. Ephedra ciliata Fisch. Hemicryptophyt 92 Ephederaceae Shrub Ragaal & Mey. ex C.A. Mey. e Ephedra intermedia 93 Ephederaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Schrenk Suo Eragrostis aterovirens 94 Poaceae Herb Annual Therophyte (Desf.) Trin. ex Nees Eragrostis cilianensis 95 Poaceae Herb Annual Therophyte (All.) Vig. Eragrostis minor 96 Poaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Host. Eucalyptus 97 Myrtaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte lanceolatus Euonymus pendulus 98 Celastraceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Wall. Euphorbia granulata 99 Forssk. Euphorbiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte 100 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Euphorbia indica 101 Euphorbiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Ispatre Lam. Euphorbia kanorica Hemicryptophyt 102 Euphorbiaceae herb Perennial Boiss. e Euphorbia prostrata 103 Euphorbiaceae Herb Perennial Cryptophyte (L.) Ait Euphrasia himalayica Scrophulariace 104 Herb Annual Therophyte Wettst. ae 105 Ficus carica L. Moraceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Pha Fumaria indica 106 (Hausskn.) H.N. Fumariaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Pugsley 107 Gallium aparine L. Rubiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Gentiana capitata 108 Herb Annual Therophyte Ham. ex D. Don Gentianaceae Salaloo Geranium 109 Herb Annual Therophyte rotundifolium L. Geraniaceae Geranium 110 Herb Annual Therophyte willichianum D. Don Geraniaceae Ratajot Grewia optiva Drum. 111 Tiliaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte ex Burret. Heliotropium 112 Boraginaceae Herb Annual Therophyte europaeum L. 113 Heliotropium spp. Boraginaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Dodosulo Heteropogon Hemicryptophyt 114 contortus (L.) P. Poaceae Grass Perennial e Beauv. Impatiens edgeworthii Scrophulariace 115 Hook.f. ae Herb Annual Cryptophyte C-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span Indigofera heterantha 116 Fabaceae Shrub Kachhi Wall. Ex Brand Perennial Phanerophyte 117 Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte chhoe Hemicryptophyt 118 Juncus spp. Juncaceae Herb Perennial e Kickxia ramosissima Scrophulariace 119 Herb Annual Therophyte (Wall.) Janchen ae Lactuca auriculata 120 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte (Wall. ex Dc.) Lactuca dissecta D. 121 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Don. 122 Lactuca serriola L. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Harool Lagenaria siceraria 123 Cucurbitaceae Climber Annual Cryptophyte (Molina) Standley Launaea procumbens 124 (Roxb.) Ram. & Asteraceae Herb Annual Chamaephyte Rajgo. Lepidium pinnitifidum 125 Annual Ledeb. Brassicaceae Herb Therophyte Makoch Lespedeza elegans 126 Cambess. Fabaceae Herb Annual Cryptophyte Leucaena 127 leucocephala (Lam.) de-Wit Mimosaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Luffa cylindrica (L.) 128 Cucurbitaceae Climber Annual Cryptophyte Roem. Malva neglecta 129 Malvaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Shani Waller. Zarooshal/M 130 Malva parviflora L. Malvaceae Herb Annual Therophyte asha Malvastrum 131 Malvaceae Herb Perennial Cryptophyte coromendelianum L. Maytenus royleanus 132 (Wall. ex Lawson) Celastraceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Phaikar Cufodontis 133 Medicago lupulina L. Fabaceae Herb Annual Therophyte 134 Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Mentha longifolia (L.) Hemicryptophyt 135 Lamiaceae Herb Perennial Feeru Huds. e Micromeria biflora Hemicryptophyt 136 Lamiaceae Herb Perennial Kaldajar (Ham.) Bth. e 137 Morus alba L. Moraceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Marath 138 Morus nigra L. Moraceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Amboo/Lach 139 Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte i Nasturtium officinale Hemicryptophyt 140 Brassicaceae Herb Biennial Zalzaal R. Br. e 141 Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte 142 Olea ferruginea Royle Oleaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Onopordum 143 acanthium L. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Zehech Otostegia limbata 144 Lamiaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte (Benth.) Boiss. Hemicryptophyt 145 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Herb Perennial Chukoo e Parthenium 146 Asteraceae Herb annual Therophyte hytserophorus L. C-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span Paspalidium flavidum Hemicryptophyt 147 Poaceae Grass Perennial (Retz.) A. Camus e Paspalum paspalodes 148 Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte (Michx.) Scribner Pennesitum orientale Hemicryptophyt 149 Poaceae Grass Perennial L. e Periploca aphylla Asclepiadacea 150 Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Sui Decne. e Persicaria barbata 151 Polygonaceae Herb Perennial Cryptophyte Danduni (L.) Hara 152 Phalaris minor Retz. Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte Phragmites australis Hemicryptophyt 153 Poaceae Shrub Perennial Nai (Cav.) Trin.ex Steud. e Phyla nodiflora (L.) 154 Verbenaceae Herb Biennial Phanerophyte Greene 155 Physalis peruviana L. Solanaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Manakach Pinus gerardiana 156 Wall. non Lamb. Pinaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Thulesh Pinus roxburghii 157 Pinaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Chugi Sargent Pinus wallichiana 158 A.B. Jackson Pinaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Chhar Pistacia chinensis 159 Anacardiaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Kangar Bunge Plantago aitchisonii 160 Plantginaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Shileet Pilger Plantago lanceolata 161 Plantginaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Shileet L. Plantago ovata 162 Plantginaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Shileet Frossk. Plectranthus rugosus 163 Wall. ex Bth. Lamiaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Salal 164 Poa annua L. Poaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Polygonum affine D. Hemicryptophyt 165 Polygonaceae Herb Annual Banke Don e Polygonum effusum Hemicryptophyt 166 Polygonaceae Herb Annual Banke Meirsn. e Hemicryptophyt 167 Bistorta capitata Polygonaceae Herb Annual e Mana kash Polypogon fugax Nees 168 Poaceae Herb Annual Therophyte ex Steud. Polypogon 169 monspeliensis (L.) Poaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Desf. Populus deltoides 170 Salicaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Sufaida Bartram ex Marsh. 171 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Pishil Prunus amygdalus 172 Batsch Rosaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte 173 Prunus armeniaca L. Rosaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Ashae 174 Prunus domestica L. Rosaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Aroo Pteridium aquilinum Hemicryptophyt 175 (L.) Kuhn. Pteridaceae Herb Perennial e Hemicryptophyt 176 Pteris crerica L. Pteridaceae Herb Perennial e Kuenz Hemicryptophyt 177 Pteris vittata L. Pteridaceae Herb Perennial e Kuenz C-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span 178 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Dangoo 179 Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Taango 180 Pyrus mallus L. Rosaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Bhaap Quercus baloot 181 Griffith Fagaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Bani/Jaand Quercus dilatata Kagani/Zhar 182 Lindl. ex Royle Fagaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte yun Rananculus scleratus 183 Rananculaceae Herb Annual Therophyte L. Rhus mysurensis 184 Heyne ex Wight & Arn. Anacardiaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Kasudur Ribes alpestre Dcne. 185 ex Jacq. Rosaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Shigay 186 Ricinis communis L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Robinia pseudoacacia 187 Fabaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte L. 188 Rubus ellipticus Smith Rubiaceae shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Gorash 189 Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae Herb Perennial Chamaephyte Rumex hastatus D. 190 Polygonaceae Subshrub Perennial Phanerophyte Don Rumex nepalensis 191 Polygonaceae Herb Perennial Chamaephyte Hababil Spreng Saccharum ravennae Hemicryptophyt 192 Poaceae Grass Perennial Swar phuroo (L.) Murray e Salix acmophylla 193 Salicaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Chhubi Boiss. Salvia moorcroftiana 194 Lamiaceae Herb Annual Cryptophyte Wall. ex Bth. Saussurea albescens 195 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte (DC.) Schr. Bip. Saussurea atkinsonii 196 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Clarke Saussurea 197 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte heteromalla DC. Scorzonera virgata 198 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte DC. Setaria glauca (L.) P. 199 Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte Beauv Setaria viridis (L.). P. 200 Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte Pashtili Beauv. Caryophyllace 201 Silene conoidea L. Herb Annual Therophyte ae 202 Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Herb annual Therophyte Shuroo Solanum surattense 203 Solanaceae Herb Perennial Phanerophyte gae/mano Burm.f. gae Solanum villosum (L.) 204 Solanaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Moench Sonchus arvensis f. 205 brachyotus (DC.) Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Kirp. Sonchus asper (L.) 206 Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Hill. 207 Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Chuloor Sorghum halepense 208 Poaceae Herb Perennial Therophyte (L.) Bern. C-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Life No. Plant Species Family Habit Life form Local name span Stellaria media (L.) Caryophyllace 209 Herb Annual Therophyte Cyr. ae 210 Tagetes minuta L. Asteraceae Herb Annual Therophyte Tamarix aphylla (L.) 211 Tamaricaceae Tree Perennial Phanerophyte Karst. Taraxacum officinale 212 Asteraceae Herb Perennial Chamaephyte Palor Weber. Taraxcum wallichii 213 Asteraceae Herb Perennial Chamaephyte DC. Themeda anathera Hemicryptophyt 214 Poaceae Herb Perennial Furun (Nees) Hack. e 215 Thymus serphyllum Lamiaceae Herb Annual Chamaephyte Isperki Tragus biflorus 216 Schult. Poaceae Grass Annual Therophyte Tribulus longipetalus Zygophyllacea 217 Herb Annual Therophyte Shiwo kuroo Viv. e Zygophyllacea 218 Tribulus terrestris L. Herb Annual Therophyte Shiwo kuroo e Hemicryptophyt 219 Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae Herb Perennial e 220 Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Subshrub Annual Therophyte Jomi 221 Valeriana stracheyi Valerianaceae Herb Annual Therophyte Koindaru Valeriana wallichii 222 Valerianaceae Herb Annual Therophyte DC. Scrophulariace Khardak/Kh 223 Verbascum thapsus L. Herb Biennial Therophyte ae eros 224 Verbena officinalis L. Verbenaceae Herb Annual Cryptophyte Chiroo Veronica beccabunga Scrophulariace 225 Herb Annual Therophyte L. ae 226 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Kuchar 227 Vitis himalyana Vitaceae Climber Perennial Phanerophyte jachh Vitis jaquemontii 228 Parker Vitaceae Climber Perennial Phanerophyte Magrath 229 Vitis vinifera L. Vitaceae Climber Perennial Phanerophyte Jach Withania coagulens 230 Solanaceae Subshrub Perennial Phanerophyte Dunal Xanthium strumarium 231 Asteraceae Herb Annual Phanerophyte Kundi L. Zizyphus sativa 232 Rhamnaceae Shrub Perennial Phanerophyte Sizin/Sigiun Gaertn The List of Important Mammals from Kohistan area Common Scientific name Family Status Remarks Name 1 Asiatic Canis aureus Canidae NT Pellet Laachi Nallah, Melar jackal 2 Indian wolf Canis lupus Canidae EN Reported by locals from Laachi nullah and Kandian Valley 3 Hill or Vulpes velpes Canidae NT Pellet near Melar Village, Kashmir fox griffithi reported by locals from Kandian valley, Laachi Sazin kot area 4 Common Panthera Felidae CR Reported rarely by locals of C-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Common Scientific name Family Status Remarks Name Leopard pardus Kandian, Laachi 5 Leopard cat Prionilurus Felidae DD Preserved skin at house-Laachi bengalensis Nallah 6 Caracal Felis caracal Felidae CR Crossed KKh near Kandian suspended bridge in evening time; also reported by locals of Kandian valley 7 Asiatic Ursus Ursidae V Reported from higher elevation of Black bear thibetanus Laachi, Kandian, Sazin and Chochung area 8 Himalayan Moschus Moschidae EN Youngone captured from Pallas musk deer chrysogaster by local of Dasu and sold for Pak Rs. 15000. Also reported from higher valleys of Kandian, Laachi and Palas valley 9 Markhor Capra falconeri Bovidae EN Stuffed specimens at Laachi cashmiriensis nullah, Sazin kot, Kandian valley- Aliel village. Summara Nallah police check post- hunted one female; reported from Kaigah, Laachi, Sazin and Kandian Valley 10 Rhesus Macaca mulatta Cercopitheid NT Reported by locals from Laachi macaque ae nullah, Kandian, Sazin kot, Chochung, Jalkot areas at higher elevation NT=Near threatened; EN=Endangered; CR=Critically Endangered; V=Vulnerable; DD=Data deficient (status described by IUCN-Pakistan, 2005) Birds Reported From the Study Kohistan Area Non-passerines Birds Recorded from Kohistan Area Status IUCN Common Name Scientific Name Family Status Great or Eurasian Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocoracidae A NA 1. Cormorant ** sinensis 2. Chukar * Alectoris chukar Phasianidae C LC Grey Francolinus Phasianidae C LC 3. Partridge/Francolin* pondicerianus 4. Himalayan Monal* Lophophorus impejanus Phasianidae R LC Western Tragopan* Tragopan Phasianidae V V 5. melanocephalus 6. Marsh harrier** Circus aeruginosus Accipitridae C LC 7. Black kite* Milvus migrans Accipitridae A LC 8. Shikra * Accipiter badius Accipitridae F LC 9. Common Kestrel* Falco tinnunculus Falconidae C LC C-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Status IUCN Common Name Scientific Name Family Status 10. Water rail** Rallus aquaticus Rallidae F LC 11. Red-wattled lapwing* Vanellus indicus Charadriidae A LC 12. Common sandpiper*** Actitis hypoleucos Tringinae C LC 13. Blue rock pigeon* Columba livia Columbidae A LC 14. Indian ring dove* Streptopelia decaocto Columbidae A LC 15. Oriental turtle dove* Streptopelia orientalis Columbidae C LC 16. Little brown dove* Streptopelia senegalensis Columbidae A LC 17. Spotted dove*** Streptopelia chinensis Columbidae C LC 18. Northern eagle owl* Bubo bubo Strigidae F LC 19. Common kingfisher* Alcedo atthis Apodidae F LC 20. Indian roller* Coracias benghalensis Meropidae C LC 21. Hoopoe* Upupa epops Upupidae C LC 22. Asian Koel***l Eudynamys scolopacea Cuculidae C LC Lammergeyer or bearded Gypaetus barbatus Accipitridae LC 23. vulture 24. Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus Accipitridae EN Himalayan griffon Gyps himalayensis Accipitridae LC 25. vulture 26. Common quail Coturnix coturnix Phasianidae LC Himalayan snowcock Tetraogallus Phasianidae LC 27. himalayensis 28. Short-toed eagle Circaetus gallicus Accipitridae LC 29. Hen harrier Circus cyaneus Accipitridae LC 30. Pallid harrier Circus macrourus Accipitridae NT 31. Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Accipitridae LC 32. Booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus Accipitridae LC 33. Spotted crake Porzana porzana Rallidae LC 34. Baillon’s crake Porzana pusilla Rallidae LC 35. Sociable lapwing Vanellus gregarious Charadriidae NA 36. Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Scolopacidae LC 37. Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola Scolopacidae LC 38. Tawny owl Strixaluco Strigidae NA White-throated needle Hirundapus caudacutus Apodidae NA 39. tail swift 40. Common swift Apus apus Apodidae LC 41. Alpine swift Apus melba Apodidae LC 42. Little swift Apus affinis Apodidae LC *Resident; **Passage migrant; ***Summer breeder/wintering; A=Abundant; C=Common; F=Frequent; S=Scarce; V=Vulnerable; R=Rare (status described by Roberts, 1991, 1992). IUCN Status: LC: Least Concern, V – Vulnerable, NA – Not Assessed C-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Passerines Birds Recorded from Kohistan area Common Name Scientific name Family Status IUCN Status 1. Crested lark* Galerida cristate Alaudidae A NA 2. Yellow wagtail** Motacilla flava Motacillidae C LC 3. Grey wagtail*** Motacilla cinera Motacillidae C NA 4. White/pied wagtail*** Motacilla alba Motacillidae A LC 5. Large wagtail* Motacilla Motacillidae C NA maderaspatensis 6. White-cheeked bulbul* Pycnonotus leucogenys Pycnonotidae A LC 7. Brown dipper* Cinclus pallasii Cinclidae C LC 8. Blue throat**/*** Luscinia svecia Turdidae F NA 9. Indian blue robin**/*** Luscinia brunnea Turdidae C LC 10. Blue-headed Phoenicurus Turdidae C LC redstart*** caeruleocephalus 11. Black redstart*** Phoenicurus ochruros Turdidae C LC 12. White-bellied Redstart* Hodgsonius Turdidae S NA phoenicuroides 13. Plumbeous water Rhyacornis fuliginosus Turdidae C LC Redstart*** 14. Common Saxicola torquate Turdidae C NA Stonechat**/*** 15. Pied Bushchat* Saxicola caprata Turdidae C LC 16. Rufous-tailed Rock Monticola saxatilis Turdidae R LC Thrush** 17. Blue whistling Myiophoneus cacruleus Turdidae C NA thrush*** 18. Eurasian blackbird* Turdus merula Turdidae F LC 19. Grey-hooded Seicercus xanthoschistos Sylviidae C LC flycatcher*** 20. White-cheeked Sitta leucopsis Sittidae C LC nuthatch* 21. Eurasian nuthatch*** Sitta europaea Sittidae F LC 22. Isabelline shrike *** Lanius isbellinus Laniidae F NA 23. Bay-backed shrike* Lanius vittatus Laniidae C LC 24. Jungle crow* Corvus macrorhynchos Corvidae C LC 25. House crow* Corvus splendens Corvidae A LC 26. Common Raven* Corvus corax Corvidae F LC 27. Lanceolated/Black- Garrulus lanceolatus Corvidae F LC headed Jay* 28. Yellow-billed Chough* Phyrhocorax Corvidae A NA phyrhocorax 29. Common myna* Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae A LC 30. Jungle myna* Acridotheres fuscus Sturnidae F LC 31. House sparrow * Passer domesticus Passeridae A LC 32. Red-fronted serin* Serinus pusillus Carduelinae A LC 33. Rock bunting *** Emberiza cia Emberizinae C LC 34. Grey necked Emberiza buchanani Emberizinae S LC C-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Common Name Scientific name Family Status IUCN Status bunting*** 35. Black Drongo* Dicrurus macrocercus Dicruridae A LC 36. Great Tit* Parus major Paridae C LC 37. Little cuckoo Cuculas poliocephalus Cuclidae NA 38. Blue-cheeked bee-eater Merops superciliosus Meropidae LC 39. European bee-eater Merops apiaster Meropidae LC 40. Crag martin Ptyonoprogne ru[estris Hirundinidae NA 41. Tawny pipit Anthus campestris Motacillidae LC 42. Alpine accentor Prunella collaris Prunellidae LC 43. Blue rock thrush Monticola soliturius Turdidae NA 44. Scaly thrush Zoothera dauma Turdidae LC 45. Mistle thrush Turdus viscivorus Turdidae LC 46. Blyth’s reed warbler Acrocephalus Sylviidae LC dumetorum 47. Goldcrest Regulus regulus Sylviidae LC 48. Spanish sparrow Passer hispaniolensis Passeridae LC 49. Cinnamon tree sparrow Passer rutilaw Passeridae NA 50. Red-fronted serin Serinus pusillus Carduelinae LC 51. Pine bunting Emberiza Emberizinae NA leuucocephalos 52. Reed bunting usEmberizaschoenicl Emberizinae NA *Resident; **Passage migrant; ***Summer breeder/wintering; A=Abundant; C=Common; F=Frequent; S=Scarce; V=Vulnerable; R=Rare (status described by Roberts, 1991, 1992) IUCN Status: LC: Least Concern, V – Vulnerable, NA – Not Assessed Aquatic/ Wetland Birds in Kohistan Area17 Common Name Scientific name Family Status 1. Great or Eurasian Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocora- NE Cormorant sinensis cidae 2. Water rail Rallus aquaticus Rallidae LC 3. Red-wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus Charadriidae LC 4. Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Tringinae LC 5. Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis Alcedinidae LC 6. White-breasted Halcyon smyrnesis Alcedinidae NE kingfisher 7. Marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus Accipitridae LC 8. Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava Motacillidae LC 17 Note: 1-Species listed from 1-15 were recorded during field surveys conducted in July-September 2012; 2-Analysis is completed for other potential wetland birds that are already reported to visiting/ staging/ migrating in this area and or they will likely be attracted to the large water body after the construction of the reservoir; 3- It is anticipated that this list will continue to grow as Ardea Cinerea information and data becomes available. C-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Common Name Scientific name Family Status 9. Grey wagtail Motacilla cinera Motacillidae NE 10. White/pied wagtail Motacilla alba Motacillidae LC 11. Large wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis Motacillidae NE 12. Brown dipper Cinclus pallasii Cinclidae LC 13. Black redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Turdidae LC 14. White-bellied Redstart Hodgsonius phoenicuroides Turdidae NE 15. Plumbeous water Rhyacornis fuliginosus Turdidae LC Redstart 16. Grey Heron Ardea Cinerea Ardeidae LC 17. Grelag Goose Anser anser Anatidae LC 18. Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Anatidae LC 19. Wigeon Anas penelope Anatidae LC 20. Gadwall Anas strepera Anatidae LC 21. Common teal Anas crecca Anatidae LC 22. Mallard Anas platyrynchos Anatidae NE 23. Ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca Anatidae NT 24. Pintail Anas acuta Anatidae LC 25. Shoveler Anas clypeata Anatidae LC 26. Common Pochard Aythya ferina Anatidae LC 27. Tufted duck Aythya fuligula Anatidae LC 28. Common crane Grus grus Gruidae LC 29. Demoiselle crane Anthropoides virgo Gruidae LC 30. Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirugus Jacanidae NE 31. Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Scolopacidae LC 32. Ruff Philomachus pugnax Scolopacidae LC 33. Common snipe Gallinago gallinago Gallinagininae LC 34. Red shank Tringa tetanus Tringinae NE 35. Green shank Tringa nebularia Tringinae LC 36. Marsh sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Tringinae LC 37. Common sandpiper Actitia hypoleucos Tringinae NE 38. Caspian tern Sterna caspica Sternidae NE 39. Water pipit Anthua spinoletta Motacillidae NE 40. Bar-headed goose Anser indicus Anatidae 41. Goosander/Common Mergus merganser Anatidae Merganser Source: IUCN Red List. LC: Lease Concern; NE; Not Evaluated; NT: Near Threatened; C-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Morphometric Features of Birds of Prey and Large Birds in the Project Area Common Name Scientific name Family Morphometric IUCN Features Status Length Wingspan (Cm) (Cm) Large Birds Black stork Ciconia nigra Ciconiidae 95-100 145-155 L.C Greylag goose Anser anser Anatidae 74-91 41-48 L.C Bar-headed goose Anser indicus Anatidae 71-76 110-135 L.C Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Anatidae 58-70 78-90 L.C Gadwall Anas strepera Anatidae 46-56 71-80 L.C Eurasian wigeon Anas penelope Anatidae 42-52 81-98 L.C Northern pintail Anas acuta Anatidae 59-76 80-95 L.C Goosander/Common Mergus merganser Anatidae 58-72 78-97 L.C Merganser Demoiselle crane Anthropoids virgo Gruidae 85-100 155-180 N.A Caspian tern Sterna caspia Sternidae 48-60 127-145 L.C Birds of Prey Lammergeyer or Gypaetus barbatus Accipitridae 94-125 231-283 L.C bearded vulture Egyptian vulture Neophron Accipitridae 47-65 127-176 EN percnopterus Himalayan griffon Gyps himalayensis Accipitridae 98-135 256-310 L.C vulture Short-toed eagle Circaetus gallicus Accipitridae 62-67 170-185 L.C Hen harrier Circus cyaneus Accipitridae 47-52 97-122 L.C Pallid harrier Circus macrourus Accipitridae 40-48 95-120 N.T Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Accipitridae 66-102 180-234 L.C Booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus Accipitridae 46 120 L.C Tawny owl Strixaluco Strigidae 37-46 81-105 N.A IUCN Status: L.C: Least Concern, EN: Endangered, N.T: Near Threatened, N.A: Not Assessed Amphibian and Reptiles Reported From Kohistan Area Scientific Name Common Name Family Status 1 Bufo stomaticus Indus Toad BUFONIDAE LC 2 Bufo viridis Green Toad -do-- C 3 Paa hazarensis/ Mountain Frog RANIDAE LC Sternosignata 4 Agama tuberculata Kashmir Rock Agama AGAMIDAE NE 5 Agama agrorensis Agrore Valley Agama -do- NE 6 Hemidactylus Yellow-bellied House Gekkonidae NE flaviviridis Gecko 7 Gymnodactylus Karakoram Rock Gecko Gekkonidae NE stoliczkai 8 Ophisops jerdonii Punjab/Jerdon Snake-eyed Lacertidae NE Lizard 9 Eumeces taeniolatus Yellow-bellied Mole SCINCIDAE NE C-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Scientific Name Common Name Family Status Skink 10 Liolopsima Himalayan Ground Skink -do- NE himalayanum 11 Riopa punctata Dotted Garden Skink -do- NE 12 Coluber rhodorachis Cliff Racer COLUBRIDAE NE 13 Coluber ravergieri Mountain Racer -do-- NE 14 Naja oxiana Oxus Cobra ELAPIDAE NE 15 Agkistrodon Himalayan Pit Viper VIPERIDAE NE himalayanus 16 Sphalerosophis Diadem Snake Colubridae NE diademea 17 Ptyas mucosus Dhaman –do- NE 18 Eirenis persicus Dark-headed Dwarf Racer –do- NE LC=Least concern; C=Common; NE=Not evaluated ; Source: Palas Conservation Project. C-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Annex D: Environmental Code of Practices Introduction The objective of the Environmental Code of Practices (ECPs) is to address all potential and general construction related impacts during implementation of the Dasu Hydropower Project (the Project or DHP). The ECPs will provide guidelines for best operating practices and environmental management guidelines to be followed by the contractors for sustainable management of all environmental issues. These ECPs shall be annexed to the general conditions of all the contracts, including subcontracts, carried out under the Project. The list of ECPs prepared for the DHP is given below. • ECP 1: Waste Management • ECP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management • ECP 3: Water Resources Management • ECP 4: Drainage Management • ECP 5: Soil Quality Management • ECP 6: Erosion and Sediment Control • ECP 7: Top Soil Management • ECP 8: Topography and Landscaping • ECP 9: Quarry Areas Development & Operation • ECP 10: Air Quality Management • ECP 11: Noise and Vibration Management • ECP 12: Protection of Flora • ECP 13: Protection of Fauna • ECP 14: Protection of Fisheries • ECP 15: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management • ECP 16: Construction Camp Management • ECP 17: Cultural and Religious Issues • ECP 18: Workers Health and Safety Contractors will prepare site specific management plans, namely Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), in compliance with World Bank and Government of Pakistan guidelines and based on the guidance given in the ECPs. The CEMP will form the part of the contract documents and will be used as monitoring tool for compliance. It is mandatory for the main contractors procured directly by the project to include these ECPs in their subcontracts. Violation of the compliance requirements will be treated as non-compliance leading to the corrections or otherwise imposing penalty on the contractors. D-1 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project ECP 1: Waste Management Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source General Waste Soil and water pollution The Contractor shall from the improper  Develop site specific waste management plan management of wastes for various specific waste streams (e.g., and excess materials from reusable waste, flammable waste, construction the construction sites. debris, food waste etc.) prior to commencing of construction and submit to supervision consultant for approval.  Organize disposal of all wastes generated during construction in the designated disposal sites approved by the Project.  Minimize the production of waste materials by 3R (Reduce, Recycle and Reuse) approach.  Segregate and reuse or recycle all the wastes, wherever practical.  Vehicles transporting solid waste shall be covered with tarps or nets to prevent spilling waste along the route.  Train and instruct all personnel in waste management practices and procedures as a component of the environmental induction process.  Provide refuse containers at each worksite.  Request suppliers to minimize packaging where practicable.  Place a high emphasis on good housekeeping practices.  Maintain all construction sites in a cleaner, tidy and safe condition and provide and maintain appropriate facilities as temporary storage of all wastes before transportation and final disposal.  Potable water should be supplied in bulk containers to reduce the quantity of plastic waste (plastic bottles). Plastic bag use should be avoided. Hazardous Health hazards and The Contractor shall Waste environmental impacts  Collect chemical wastes in 200 liter drums (or due to improper waste similar sealed container), appropriately labeled management practices for safe transport to an approved chemical waste depot.  Store, transport and handle all chemicals avoiding potential environmental pollution. D-2 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source  Store all hazardous wastes appropriately in bunded areas away from water courses.  Make available Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for hazardous materials on-site during construction.  Collect hydrocarbon wastes, including lube oils, for safe transport off-site for reuse, recycling, treatment or disposal at approved locations.  Construct concrete or other impermeable flooring to prevent seepage in case of spills. ECP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Impacts Fuels and Materials used in The Contractor shall hazardous goods. construction have a potential to be a source  Prepare spill control procedures and submit of contamination. them for supervision consultant approval. Improper storage and  Train the relevant construction personnel in handling of fuels, handling of fuels and spill control procedures. lubricants, chemicals  Store dangerous goods in bunded areas on top and hazardous of a sealed plastic sheet away from goods/materials on-site, watercourses. and potential spills from these goods may harm  Refueling shall occur only within bunded areas. the environment or  Store and use fuels in accordance with material health of construction safety data sheets (MSDS). Make available workers. MSDS for chemicals and dangerous goods on- site.  Transport waste of dangerous goods, which cannot be recycled, to a designated disposal site.  Provide absorbent and containment material (e.g., absorbent matting) where hazardous material are used and stored; and ensure personnel trained in the correct use.  Provide protective clothing, safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, goggles, to the construction personnel, appropriate to materials in use.  Make sure all containers, drums, and tanks that are used for storage are in good condition and are labeled with expiry date. Any container, D-3 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Impacts drum, or tank that is dented, cracked, or rusted might eventually leak. Check for leakage regularly to identify potential problems before they occur.  Store and use fuels in accordance with material safety data sheets (MSDSs).  Store all liquid fuels in fully bunded storage containers, with appropriate volumes, a roof, a collection point and appropriate filling/decanting point.  Store hazardous materials above flood level considered for construction purposes  Put containers and drums in temporary storages in clearly marked areas, where they will not be run over by vehicles or heavy machinery. The area shall preferably slope or drain to a safe collection area in the event of a spill.  Take all precautionary measures when handling and storing fuels and lubricants, avoiding environmental pollution.  Avoid the use of material with greater potential for contamination by substituting them with more environmentally friendly materials. ECP 3: Water Resources Management Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Hazardous Water pollution from the The Contractor shall material and storage, handling and Waste disposal of hazardous  Follow the management guidelines proposed in materials and general ECPs 1 and 2. construction waste, and  Minimize the generation of sediment, oil and accidental spillage grease, excess nutrients, organic matter, litter, debris and any form of waste (particularly petroleum and chemical wastes). These substances must not enter waterways or storm water systems. Discharge from Construction activities, The Contractor shall construction sewerages from sites construction sites and  Install temporary drainage works (channels and work camps may affect bunds) in areas required for sediment and the surface water quality. erosion control and around storage areas for The construction works construction materials. D-4 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source will modify groundcover  Install temporary sediment basins, where and topography changing appropriate, to capture sediment-laden run-off the surface water drainage from site. patterns of the area. These  Divert runoff from undisturbed areas around the changes in hydrological construction site. regime lead to increased rate of runoff, increase in  Stockpile materials away from drainage lines sediment and contaminant  Prevent all solid and liquid wastes entering loading, increased waterways by collecting solid waste, oils, flooding, and effect chemicals, bitumen spray waste and habitat of fish and other wastewaters from brick, concrete and asphalt aquatic biology. cutting where possible and transport to a approved waste disposal site or recycling depot.  Wash out ready-mix concrete agitators and concrete handling equipment at washing facilities off site or into approved bunded areas on site. Ensure that tires of construction vehicles are cleaned in the washing bay (constructed at the entrance of the construction site) to remove the mud from the wheels. This should be done in every exit of each construction vehicle to ensure the local roads are kept clean. Soil erosion and Soil erosion and dust from The Contractor shall siltation the material stockpiles will increase the sediment  Stabilize the cleared areas not used for and contaminant loading construction activities with vegetation or of surface water bodies. appropriate surface water treatments as soon as practicable following earthwork to minimize erosion.  Ensure that roads used by construction vehicles are swept regularly to remove dust and sediment.  Water the loose material stockpiles, access roads and bare soils on an as required basis to minimize dust. Increase the watering frequency during periods of high risk (e.g. high winds). Construction Construction works in the The Contractor Shall activities in water bodies will increase water bodies sediment and contaminant  Dewater sites by pumping water to a sediment loading, and effect habitat basin prior to release off site – do not pump of fish and other aquatic directly off site. biology.  Monitor the water quality in the runoff from the site or areas affected by dredge/excavation plumes, and improve work practices as necessary.  Protect water bodies from sediment loads by silt D-5 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source screen or other barriers.  Minimize the generation of sediment, oil and grease, excess nutrients, organic matter, litter, debris and any form of waste (particularly petroleum and chemical wastes). These substances must not enter waterways or storm water systems.  Do not discharge cement and water curing used for cement concrete directly into water courses and drainage inlets. Drinking water Untreated surface water is The Contractor Shall not suitable for drinking purposes due to presence  Provide the drinking water that meets NEQS of suspended solids and standards. Drinking water to be chlorinated at ecoli. source, and ensure presence of residual chlorine 0.1 ~ 0.25 ppm as minimum after 30 minutes of chlorine contact time. ECP 4: Drainage Management Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Impacts Excavation and Lack of proper drainage The Contractor shall earth works, and for rainwater/liquid construction waste or wastewater  Prepare drainage management procedures and yards owing to the submit them for supervision consultant construction activities approval. harms environment in  Prepare a program to prevent/avoid standing terms of water and soil waters, which supervision consultant will verify contamination, and in advance and confirm during implementation. mosquito growth.  Provide alternative drainage for rainwater if the construction works/earth-fillings cut the established drainage line.  Establish local drainage line with appropriate silt collector and silt screen for rainwater or wastewater connecting to the existing established drainage lines already there.  Rehabilitate road drainage structures immediately if damaged by contractors’ road transports.  Build new drainage lines as appropriate and required for wastewater from construction yards connecting to the available nearby recipient D-6 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Impacts water bodies. Ensure wastewater quality conforms to NEQS, before it is being discharged into the recipient water bodies.  Ensure that there will be no water stagnation at the construction sites and camps.  Provide appropriate silt collector and silt screen at the inlet and manholes and periodically clean the drainage system to avoid drainage congestion.  Protect natural slopes of drainage channels to ensure adequate storm water drains.  Regularly inspect and maintain all drainage channels to assess and alleviate any drainage congestion problem. Ponding of water Health hazards due to  Do not allow ponding of water especially near mosquito breeding the waste storage areas and construction camps.  Discard all the storage containers that are capable of storing of water, after use or store them in inverted position. ECP 5: Soil Quality Management Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Storage of Spillage of hazardous and The Contractor shall hazardous and toxic chemicals will toxic chemicals contaminate the soils  Strictly manage the wastes management plans proposed in ECP1 and storage of materials in ECP2.  Construct appropriate spill contaminant facilities for all fuel storage areas.  Establish and maintain a hazardous material register detailing the location and quantities of hazardous substances including the storage, and their disposals.  Train personnel and implement safe work practices for minimizing the risk of spillage.  Identify the cause of contamination, if it is reported, and contain the area of contamination. The impact may be contained by isolating the source or implementing controls around the affected site.  Remediate the contaminated land using the most appropriate available method. D-7 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Construction Erosion from construction The Contractor shall material stock material stockpiles may piles contaminate the soils  Protect the toe of all stockpiles, where erosion is likely to occur, with silt fences, straw bales or bunds. ECP 6: Erosion and Sediment Control Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Clearing of Cleared areas and slopes The Contractor shall construction sites are susceptible for erosion  Prepare site specific erosion and sediment of top soils, which affects control measures and submit them for the growth of vegetation supervision consultant approval. and causes ecological imbalance.  Reinstate and protect cleared areas as soon as possible.  Cover unused area of disturbed or exposed surfaces immediately with mulch/grass turf/tree plantations. Construction The impact of soil erosion The Contractor shall activities and are (i) Increased run off and material sedimentation causing a  Locate stockpiles away from drainage lines. stockpiles greater flood hazard to the  Protect the toe of all stockpiles, where downstream, and (ii) erosion is likely to occur, with silt fences, destruction of aquatic straw bales or bunds. environment by erosion  Remove debris from drainage paths and and/or deposition of sediment control structures. sediment damaging the spawning grounds of fish  Cover the loose sediments of construction material and water them if required.  Divert natural runoff around construction areas prior to any site disturbance.  Install protective measures on site prior to construction, for example, sediment traps.  Install ‘cut off drains’ on large cut/fill batter slopes to control water runoff speed and hence erosion.  Observe the performance of drainage structures and erosion controls during rain and modify as required. Soil erosion and Soil erosion and dust from The Contractor shall siltation the material stockpiles will increase the sediment and  Stabilize the cleared areas not used for D-8 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source contaminant loading of construction activities with vegetation or surface water bodies. appropriate surface water treatments as soon as practicable following earthwork to minimize erosion.  Ensure that roads used by construction vehicles are swept regularly to remove sediment.  Water the material stockpiles, access roads and bare soils on an as required basis to minimize dust. Increase the watering frequency during periods of high risk (e.g. high winds). ECP 7: Top Soil Management Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Land clearing and Earthworks will impact the The Contractor shall earth works fertile top soils that are enriched with nutrients  Strip the top soil to a depth of 15 cm and required for plant growth or store in stock piles of height not exceeding agricultural development. 2m.  Remove unwanted materials from top soil like grass, roots of trees and similar others.  The stockpiles will be done in slopes of 2:1 to reduce surface runoff and enhance percolation through the mass of stored soil.  Locate topsoil stockpiles in areas outside drainage lines and protect from erosion.  Construct diversion channels and silt fences around the topsoil stockpiles to prevent erosion and loss of topsoil.  Spread the topsoil to maintain the physico- chemical and biological activity of the soil. The stored top soil will be utilized for covering all disturbed area and along the proposed plantation sites.  Prior to the re-spreading of topsoil, the ground surface will be ripped to assist the bunding of the soil layers, water penetration and revegetation Transport Vehicular movement outside  Limit equipment and vehicular movements ROW or temporary access to within the approved construction zone. roads will affect the soil  Plan construction access to make use, if fertility of the agricultural possible, of the final road alignment. D-9 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source lands ECP 8: Topography and Landscaping Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Source Guidelines Land clearing and Construction activities The Contractor shall earth works especially earthworks will change topography and disturb  Prepare land scaping and plantation plan the natural rainwater/flood and submit the plan for supervision water drainage as well as will consultant approval. change the local landscape.  Ensure the topography of the final surface of all raised lands (construction yards, approach roads and rails, access roads, etc.) are conducive to enhance natural draining of rainwater/flood water.  Keep the final or finished surface of all the raised lands free from any kind of depression that causes water logging.  Undertake mitigation measures for erosion control/prevention by grass- turfing and tree plantation, where there is a possibility of rain-cut that will change the shape of topography.  Cover immediately the uncovered open surface that has no use of construction activities with grass-cover and tree plantation to prevent soil erosion and bring improved landscaping.  Reinstate the natural landscape of the ancillary construction sites after completion of works. D-10 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project ECP 9: Quarry Areas Development & Operation Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Development and Borrow areas will have The Contractor shall operation of impacts on local borrow areas topography, landscaping  Prepare quarry area management plan and and natural drainage. submit the plan for supervision consultant approval.  Use only approved quarry and borrow sites  Identify new borrow and quarry areas in consultation with Project Director, if required.  Reuse excavated or disposed material available in the project to the maximum extent possible.  Store top soil for reinstatement and landscaping.  Develop surface water collection and drainage systems, anti-erosion measures (berms, revegetation etc.) and retaining walls and gabions where required. Implement mitigation measures in ECP 3: Water Resources Management, ECP 6: Erosion and Sediment Control  The use of explosive should be used in as much minimum quantity as possible to reduce noise, vibration and dust.  Control dust and air quality deterioration by application of watering and implementing mitigation measures proposed in ECP 10: Air Quality Management  Noise and vibration control by ECP 11: Noise and Vibration Management. ECP 10: Air Quality Management Project Environmental Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impacts Impact Source Construction Air quality can be The Contractor shall vehicular traffic adversely affected by vehicle exhaust  Prepare air quality management plan (under the emissions and Pollution Prevention Plan) and submit the plan for combustion of fuels. supervision consultant approval.  Fit vehicles with appropriate exhaust systems and emission control devices. Maintain these devices in good working condition. D-11 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Environmental Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impacts Impact Source  Operate the vehicles in a fuel efficient manner.  Cover hauls vehicles carrying dusty materials moving outside the construction site.  Impose speed limits on all vehicle movement at the worksite to reduce dust emissions.  Control the movement of construction traffic.  Water construction materials prior to loading and transport.  Service all vehicles regularly to minimize emissions.  Limit the idling time of vehicles not more than 2 minutes. Construction Air quality can be The Contractor shall machinery adversely affected by emissions from  Fit machinery with appropriate exhaust systems machinery and and emission control devices. Maintain these combustion of fuels. devices in good working condition in accordance with the specifications defined by their manufacturers to maximize combustion efficiency and minimize the contaminant emissions. Proof or maintenance register shall be required by the equipment suppliers and contractors/subcontractors.  Focus special attention on containing the emissions from generators.  Machinery causing excess pollution (e.g. visible smoke) will be banned from construction sites.  Service all equipment regularly to minimize emissions.  Provide filtering systems, duct collectors or humidification or other techniques (as applicable) to the concrete batching and mixing plant to control the particle emissions in all its stages, including unloading, collection, aggregate handling, cement dumping, circulation of trucks and machinery inside the installations. Construction Dust generation from The Contractor shall activities construction sites,  Water the material stockpiles, access roads and material stockpiles and bare soils on an as required basis to minimize the access roads is a potential for environmental nuisance due to dust. nuisance in the Increase the watering frequency during periods of environment and can be high risk (e.g. high winds). Stored materials such a health hazard, and as gravel and sand shall be covered and confined also can affect the local to avoid their being wind-drifted. D-12 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Environmental Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impacts Impact Source crops;  Minimize the extent and period of exposure of the bare surfaces.  Restore disturbed areas as soon as practicable by vegetation/grass-turfing.  Store the cement in silos and minimize the emissions from silos by equipping them with filters.  Establish adequate locations for storage, mixing and loading of construction materials, in a way that dust dispersion is prevented because of such operations.  Not water as dust suppression on potentially contaminated areas so that a liquid waste stream will be generated.  Crushing of rocky and aggregate materials shall be wet-crushed, or performed with particle emission control systems.  Not permit the burning of solid waste. ECP 11: Noise and Vibration Management Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Construction Noise quality will be The Contractor shall vehicular traffic deteriorated due to vehicular traffic  Prepare a noise and vibration management plan (under the Pollution Prevention Plan) and submit the plan for supervision consultant approval.  Maintain all vehicles in order to keep it in good working order in accordance with manufactures maintenance procedures.  Make sure all drivers will comply with the traffic codes concerning maximum speed limit, driving hours, etc.  Organize the loading and unloading of trucks, and handling operations for the purpose of minimizing construction noise on the work site. Construction Noise and vibration may The Contractor shall machinery have an impact on people, property, fauna, livestock  Appropriately site all noise generating and the natural activities to avoid noise pollution to local D-13 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source environment. residents.  Use the quietest available plant and equipment.  Maintain all equipment in order to keep it in good working order in accordance with manufactures maintenance procedures. Equipment suppliers and contractors shall present proof of maintenance register of their equipment.  Install acoustic enclosures around generators to reduce noise levels.  Fit high efficiency mufflers to appropriate construction equipment.  Avoid the unnecessary use of alarms, horns and sirens. Construction Noise and vibration may The Contractor shall activity have an impact on people, property, fauna, livestock  Notify adjacent landholders prior any typical and the natural noise events outside of daylight hours. environment.  Educate the operators of construction equipment on potential noise problems and the techniques to minimize noise emissions.  Employ best available work practices on-site to minimize occupational noise levels.  Install temporary noise control barriers where appropriate.  Notify affected people if major noisy activities will be undertaken, e.g. blasting.  Plan activities on site and deliveries to and from site to minimize impact.  Monitor and analyze noise and vibration results and adjust construction practices as required.  Avoid undertaking the noisiest activities, where possible, when working at night near the residential areas. ECP 12: Protection of Flora Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Vegetation Local flora are important to The Contractor shall clearance provide shelters for the birds, offer fruits and/or  Prepare a plan for protection of flora and D-14 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source timber/fire wood, protect submit the plan for supervision consultant soil erosion and overall approval. keep the environment very  Minimize disturbance to surrounding friendly to human-living. vegetation. As such damage to flora has wide range of adverse  Use appropriate type and minimum size of environmental impacts. machine to avoid disturbance to adjacent vegetations.  Get approval from supervision consultant for clearance of vegetation.  Make selective and careful pruning of trees where possible to reduce need of tree removal.  Control noxious weeds by disposing of at designated dump site or burn on site.  Clear only the vegetation that needs to be cleared in accordance with the engineering plans and designs. These measures are applicable to both the construction areas as well as to any associated activities such as sites for stockpiles, disposal of fill a, etc.  Not burn off cleared vegetation – where feasible, chip or mulch and reuse it for the rehabilitation of affected areas, temporary access tracks or landscaping. Mulch provides a seed source, can limit embankment erosion, retains soil moisture and nutrients, and encourages re-growth and protection from weeds.  Return topsoil and mulched vegetation (in areas of native vegetation) to approximately the same area of the roadside it came from.  Avoid work within the drip-line of trees to prevent damage to the tree roots and compacting the soil.  Minimize the length of time the ground is exposed or excavation left open by clearing and re-vegetate the area at the earliest practically possible.  Ensure excavation works occur progressively and re-vegetation done at the earliest  Provide adequate knowledge to the workers regarding nature protection and the need of avoid felling trees during construction  Supply appropriate fuel in the work camps to prevent fuel wood collection. D-15 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project ECP 13: Protection of Fauna Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Construction The location of The Contractor shall activities construction activities can result in the loss of wild  Prepare a plan for protection of fauna and life habitat and habitat submit the plan for supervision consultant quality, approval.  Limit the construction works within the designated sites allocated to the contractors.  check the site for animals trapped in, or in danger from site works and use a qualified person to relocate the animal. Impact on migratory birds, The Contractor shall its habitat and its active nests  Not be permitted to destruct active nests or eggs of migratory birds.  Minimize the tree removal during the bird breeding season. If works must be continued during the bird breeding season, a nest survey will be conducted by a qualified biologist prior to commence of works to identify and locate active nests.  If bird nests are located/ detected within the ledges and roadside embankments then those areas should be avoided.  Petroleum products should not come in contact with the natural and sensitive ecosystems. Contractor must minimize the release of oil, oil wastes or any other substances harmful to migratory birds’ habitats, to any waters, wetlands or any areas frequented by migratory birds. Vegetation Clearance of vegetation The Contractor shall clearance may impact shelter, feeding and/or breeding  Restrict the tree removal to the minimum and/or physical destruction numbers required. and severing of habitat  Relocate hollows, where appropriate. areas  Fell the hollow bearing trees in a manner which reduces the potential for fauna mortality. Felled trees will be inspected after felling for fauna and if identified and readily accessible will be removed and relocated or rendered assistance if injured. After felling, hollow bearing trees will remain unmoved overnight to allow animals to move of their D-16 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source own volition. Night time Lighting from construction The Contractor shall lighting sites and construction  Use lower wattage flat lens fixtures that direct camps may affect the light down and reduce glare, thus reducing visibility of night time light pollution, migratory birds that use the moon and stars for  Avoid flood lights unless they are absolutely navigation during their required. migrations.  Use motion sensitive lighting to minimize unneeded lighting.  Use, if possible, green lights that are considered as bird’s friendly lighting instead of white or red colored lights.  Install light shades or plan the direction of lights to reduce light spilling outside the construction area. Construction Illegal poaching The Contractor shall camps  Provide adequate knowledge to the workers regarding protection of flora and fauna, and relevant government regulations and punishments for illegal poaching.  Ensure that staff and Subcontractors are trained and empowered to identify, address and report potential environmental problems. ECP 14: Protection of Fish Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Construction The main potential impacts The Contractor shall activities in to fisheries are hydrocarbon River  Prepare procedures for protection of fish and spills and leaks from submit them for supervision consultant riverine transport and approval. disposal of wastes into the  Ensure the construction equipment used in the river river are well maintained and do not have oil leakage to contaminate river water.  Contain oil immediately on river in case of accidental spillage from equipment; make an emergency oil spill containment plan (under the Fuels and Hazardous Substances Management Plan) to be supported with enough equipments, materials and human D-17 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source resources.  Do not dump wastes, be it hazardous or non- hazardous into the nearby water bodies or in the river. Construction The main potential impacts The Contractor shall activities on the to aquatic flora and fauna land  follow mitigation measures proposed in ECP River are increased 3: Water Resources Management and EC4: suspended solids from Drainage Management. earthworks erosion, sanitary discharge from work camps, and hydrocarbon spills ECP 15: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Construction Increased traffic use of road The Contractor shall vehicular traffic by construction vehicles will affect the movement of  Prepare a traffic management plan and submit normal road traffics and the the plan for supervision consultant approval. safety of the road-users.  Strictly follow the Project’s ‘Traffic Management Plan’ and work with close coordination with the Traffic Management Unit.  Prepare and submit additional traffic plan, if any of his traffic routes are not covered in the Project’s Traffic Management Plan, and requires traffic diversion and management.  Include in the traffic plan to ensure uninterrupted traffic movement during construction: detailed drawings of traffic arrangements showing all detours, temporary road, temporary bridges temporary diversions, necessary barricades, warning signs / lights, road signs etc.  Provide signs at strategic locations of the roads complying with the schedules of signs contained in the Pakistan Traffic Regulations. Accidents and spillage of The Contractor shall fuels and chemicals  Restrict truck deliveries, where practicable, to D-18 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source day time working hours.  Restrict the transport of oversize loads.  Operate vehicles, if possible, to non-peak periods to minimize traffic disruptions.  Enforce on-site speed limit. ECP 16: Construction Camp Management Project Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Activity/ Impact Source Siting and Campsites for construction The Contractor shall Location of workers are the important construction locations that have  Prepare a construction camp management camps significant impacts such as plan and submit the plan for supervision health and safety hazards on consultant's approval. local resources and  Locate the construction camps within the infrastructure of nearby designed sites or at areas which are communities. acceptable from environmental, cultural or social point of view; and approved by the supervision consultant.  Consider the location of construction camps away from communities in order to avoid social conflict in using the natural resources such as water or to avoid the possible adverse impacts of the construction camps on the surrounding communities.  Submit to the supervision consultant for approval a detailed layout plan for the development of the construction camp showing the relative locations of all temporary buildings and facilities that are to be constructed together with the location of site roads, fuel storage areas (for use in power supply generators), solid waste management and dumping locations, and drainage facilities, prior to the development of the construction camps.  Local authorities responsible for health, religious and security shall be duly informed on the set up of camp facilities so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters. Construction Lack of proper infrastructure Contractor shall provide the following facilities in D-19 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Activity/ Impact Source Camp Facilities facilities , such as housing, the campsites water supply and sanitation facilities will increase  Adequate housing for all workers. pressure on the local  Safe and reliable water supply, which should services and generate meet NEQS. Drinking water to be substandard living standards chlorinated at source, and ensure presence of and health hazards. residual chlorine 0.1 ~ 0.25 ppm as minimum after 30 minutes of chlorine contact time (WHO guideline).  Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage system. The toilets and domestic waste water will be collected through a common sewerage. Provide separate latrines and bathing places for males and females with total isolation by location. The minimum number of toilet facilities required is one toilet for every ten persons.  Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet and domestic wastes.  Storm water drainage facilities.  Paved internal roads.  Provide child crèches for women working construction site. The crèche should have facilities for dormitory, kitchen, indoor and outdoor play area. Schools should be attached to these crèches so that children are not deprived of education whose mothers are construction workers.  Provide in-house community/common entertainment facilities. Dependence of local entertainment outlets by the construction camps to be discouraged/prohibited to the extent possible. Disposal of Management of wastes is The Contractor shall waste crucial to minimize impacts on the environment  Ensure proper collection and disposal of solid wastes within the construction camps.  Insist waste separation by source; organic wastes in one container and inorganic wastes in another container at household level.  Store inorganic wastes in a safe place within the household and clear organic wastes on daily basis to waste collector. Establish waste collection, transportation and disposal systems with the manpower and equipments/vehicles needed. D-20 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Activity/ Impact Source  Do not establish site specific landfill sites. All solid waste will be collected and removed from the work camps and disposed in approval waste disposal sites. Fuel supplies Illegal sourcing of fuel wood The Contractor shall for cooking by construction workers will purposes impact the natural flora and  Provide fuel to the construction camps for fauna their domestic purpose, in order to discourage them to use fuel wood or other biomass.  Made available alternative fuels like natural gas or kerosene on ration to the workforce to prevent them using biomass for cooking.  Conduct awareness campaigns to educate workers on preserving the protecting the biodiversity and wildlife of the project area, and relevant government regulations and punishments on wildlife protection. Health and There will be a potential for The Contractor shall Hygiene diseases to be transmitted including malaria,  Provide adequate health care facilities within exacerbated by inadequate construction sites. health and safety practices.  Provide first aid facility round the clock. There will be an increased Maintain stock of medicines in the facility risk of work crews spreading and appoint fulltime designated first aider or sexually transmitted nurse. infections and HIV/AIDS.  Provide ambulance facility for the laborers during emergency to be transported to nearest hospitals.  Initial health screening of the laborers coming from outside areas.  Train all construction workers in basic sanitation and health care issues and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work.  Provide HIV awareness programming, D-21 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Activity/ Impact Source including STI (sexually transmitted infections) and HIV information, education and communication for all workers on regular basis.  Provide adequate drainage facilities throughout the camps to ensure that disease vectors such as stagnant water bodies and puddles do not form. Regular mosquito repellant sprays during rainy season in offices and construction camps and yards.  Not dispose food waste openly as that will attract rats and stray dogs.  Carryout short training sessions on best hygiene practices to be mandatorily participated by all workers. Place display boards at strategic locations within the camps containing messages on best hygienic practices. Safety In adequate safety facilities The Contractor shall to the construction camps may create security  Provide appropriate security personnel problems and fire hazards (police or private security guards) and enclosures to prevent unauthorized entry in to the camp area.  Maintain register to keep a track on a head count of persons present in the camp at any given time.  Encourage use of flameproof material for the construction of labor housing / site office. Also, ensure that these houses/rooms are of sound construction and capable of withstanding wind storms/cyclones.  Provide appropriate type of fire fighting equipments suitable for the construction camps  Display emergency contact numbers clearly and prominently at strategic places in camps.  Communicate the roles and responsibilities of laborers in case of emergency in the monthly meetings with contractors. Site Restoration Restoration of the The Contractor shall construction camps to original condition requires  Dismantle and remove from the site all demolition of construction facilities established within the construction camps. camp including the perimeter fence and lockable gates at the completion of the D-22 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Activity/ Impact Source construction work.  Dismantle camps in phases and as the work gets decreased and not wait for the entire work to be completed.  Give prior notice to the laborers before demolishing their camps/units.  Maintain the noise levels within the national standards during demolition activities.  Different contractors should be hired to demolish different structures to promote recycling or reuse of demolished material.  Reuse the demolition debris to a maximum extent. Dispose remaining debris at the designated waste disposal site.  Handover the construction camps with all built facilities as it is if agreement between both parties (contactor and land-owner) has been made so.  Restore the site to its condition prior to commencement of the works or to an agreed condition with the landowner. ECP 17: Cultural and Religious Issues Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Construction Disturbance from The Contractor shall activities near construction works to the religious and cultural and religious sites,  Communicate to the public through cultural sites and contractors lack of community consultation regarding the scope knowledge on cultural issues and schedule of construction, as well as cause social disturbances. certain construction activities causing disruptions or access restriction.  Not block access to cultural and religious sites, wherever possible.  Restrict all construction activities within the foot prints of the construction sites.  Stop construction works that produce noise (particularly during prayer time) should there be any mosque/religious/educational institutions close to the construction sites D-23 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source and users make objections.  Take special care and use appropriate equipment when working next to a cultural/religious institution.  Stop work immediately and notify the site manager if, during construction, an archaeological or burial site is discovered. It is an offence to recommence work in the vicinity of the site until approval to continue is given.  Provide separate prayer facilities to the construction workers.  Show appropriate behavior with all construction workers especially women and elderly people.  Allow the workers to participate in praying during construction time.  Resolve cultural issues in consultation with local leaders and supervision consultants.  Establish a mechanism that allows local people to raise grievances arising from the construction process.  Inform the local authorities responsible for health, religious and security duly informed before commencement of civil works so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters. ECP 18: Worker Health and Safety Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source Best practices Construction works may The Contractor shall pose health and safety risks to the construction workers  Prepare an Occupational Health and Safety and site visitors leading to plan and submit the plan for supervision severe injuries and deaths. consultant's approval. The population in the  Implement suitable safety standards for all proximity of the construction workers and site visitors which should not be site and the construction less than those laid down on the international workers will be exposed to a standards (e.g. International Labor Office D-24 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source number of (i) biophysical guideline on ‘Safety and Health in health risk factors, (e.g. Construction; World Bank Group’s noise, dust, chemicals, ‘Environmental Health and Safety construction material, solid Guidelines’) and contractor’s own national waste, waste water, vector standards or statutory regulations, in addition transmitted diseases etc), (ii) to complying with Pakistan standards. risk factors resulting from  Provide the workers with a safe and healthy human behavior (e.g. STD, work environment, taking into account HIV etc) and (iii) road inherent risks in its particular construction accidents from construction activity and specific classes of hazards in the traffic. work areas.  Provide personal protection equipment (PPE) for workers, such as safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, full-face eye shields, and ear protection. Maintain the PPE properly by cleaning dirty ones and replacing them with the damaged ones.  Safety procedures include provision of information, training and protective clothing to workers involved in hazardous operations and proper performance of their job.  Appoint an environment, health and safety manager to look after the health and safety of the workers.  Inform the local authorities responsible for health, religious and security duly informed before commencement of civil works and establishment of construction camps so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters. Child and pregnant labor The Contractor shall  not hire children of less than 14 years of age and pregnant women or women who delivered a child within 8 preceding weeks. Accidents Lack of first aid facilities and The Contractor shall health care facilities in the  Ensure health care facilities and first aid immediate vicinity will facilities are readily available. Appropriately aggravate the health equipped first-aid stations should be easily conditions of the victims accessible throughout the place of work.  Document and report occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents.  Prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring in the course of work by minimizing, so far as D-25 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source reasonably practicable, the causes of hazards, in a manner consistent with good international industry practice.  Identify potential hazards to workers, particularly those that may be life- threatening and provide necessary preventive and protective measures.  Provide awareness to the construction drivers to strictly follow the driving rules.  Provide adequate lighting in the construction area, inside the tunnels, inside the powerhouse cavern and along the roads. Construction Lack of proper infrastructure The Contractor shall provide the following Camps facilities, such as housing, facilities in the campsites to improve health and water supply and sanitation hygienic conditions as mentioned in ECP 16 facilities will increase Construction Camp Management pressure on the local services and generate substandard  Adequate ventilation facilities living standards and health  Safe and reliable water supply. hazards.  Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage system.  Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet and domestic wastes  Storm water drainage facilities.  Recreational and social facilities  Safe storage facilities for petroleum and other chemicals in accordance with ECP 2  Solid waste collection and disposal system in accordance with ECP1.  Arrangement for trainings  Paved internal roads.  Security fence at least 2 m height.  Sick bay and first aid facilities Water and Lack of Water sanitation The contractor shall sanitation facilities at construction sites  Provide portable toilets at the construction facilities at the cause inconvenience to the sites, if about 25 people are working the construction construction workers and whole day for a month. Location of portable sites affect their personal hygiene. facilities should be at least 6 m away from storm drain system and surface waters. These portable toilets should be cleaned once a day and all the sewerage should be pumped from the collection tank once a day and should be brought to the common septic D-26 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project Project Activity/ Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures/ Management Guidelines Impact Source tank for further treatment.  Provide safe drinking water facilities to the construction workers at all the construction sites. Other ECPs Potential risks on health and The Contractor shall follow the following ECPs to hygiene of construction reduce health risks to the construction workers and workers and general public nearby community  ECP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management  ECP 4: Drainage Management  ECP 10: Air Quality Management  ECP 11: Noise and Vibration Management  ECP 15: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management Trainings Lack of awareness and basic The Contractor shall knowledge in health care among the construction  Train all construction workers in basic workforce, make them sanitation and health care issues (e.g., how to susceptible to potential avoid malaria and transmission of sexually diseases. transmitted infections (STI) HIV/AIDS.  Train all construction workers in general health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work. Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as appropriate.  Implement malaria, HIV/AIDS and STI education campaign targeting all workers hired, international and national, female and male, skilled, semi- and unskilled occupations, at the time of recruitment and thereafter pursued throughout the construction phase on ongoing and regular basis. This should be complemented by easy access to condoms at the workplace as well as to voluntary counseling and testing. D-27 ESA of Dasu Hydropower Project