FINAL REPORT (2016-2018) - ANNEXES OUPUT 01: COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project A02-1.1.1a VCA / CCA ToT Report (May 2016) A02-1.1.1b Kariba Rural District Climate Change Risk Profile (June 2016) A02-1.2.1a Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment Report (2016) A02-1.2.1b VCA Refresher Training and Consolidated VCA Update Report (2017) A02-1.2.3 Community Reflection on Updated VCA Results (July 2017) A02-1.3.1 Consolidated and Updated CDRAPs and sample CDRAPs (2016 & 2017) A02-1.4.1 CDRAP & Micro-project Proposal Writing Training Report 2017 A02-1.4.3a DRR Micro-Projects 2016/17 & 2017/18 Summary Report A02-1.4.3b Non-structural DRR/CCA Measures 2016/17 & 2017/18 – Health & Hygiene A02-1.4.3c Non-structural DRR/CCA Measures 2016/17 & 2017/18 – Others These activities were co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02 OUTPUT 01 ANNEXES VULNERABILITY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT (VCA) TRAINER OF TRAINERS (ToT) TRAINING REPORT (Activity 1.1.1) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project VENUE 2-days KARIBA URBAN & DATES: followed by 3-days KARIBA RURAL (Siakobvu) 22 – 28 MAY 2016 INTRODUCTION In fulfilment of outcome 2 of the project, Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction, Vulnerability Capacity Assessment (VCA) Trainer of Trainers (ToT) training was conducted in Kariba urban and rural from the 22nd - 28th May 2016. The VCA ToT training was crucial in equipping the TOTs with necessary skills needed to cascade the VCA process to field VCA participants and to community members. The training of ToTs targeted ZRCS field team members, the Nyaminyami Social Services Officer, a representative from the District Administrator’s office and Ministry of Health, Red Cross volunteers, Red Cross staff and ward-based Environmental Health Technicians (EHTs). This ensured that capacity of the ZRCS to effectively and sustainably implement community-based DRR in the local targeted wards was enhanced. The training was facilitated by the Disaster Management Officer and the Planning Monitoring Evaluation and Reporting (PMER) Officer. In total 15 participants: 4 female & 11 male. The Training Process • The first 2 (two) days of training was theory based in-class training which was done in Kariba urban to cater for Kariba urban stakeholders while the 3 days that followed was practical session. • The main material used for the training was a revised harmonised VCA manual developed in consultations with other ZRCS programmes as well as input from DRC • The training content was on: what a VCA is? Why we do VCA, the 3 major VCA assessments, the responsibilities of a VCA team, the VCA tools which were to be used, the elements at risk and the process of VCA itself. • The analysis of elements at risk were grouped into 6 and 2 people were allocated to administer the different tools under these thematic areas. The tools used include Community Hazard risk mapping, Seasonal calendar and Venn diagrams to gather information on six elements at risk WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.1 VCA ToT Training Report (May 2016) 1 which are social, economic, individual (male and female), physical and natural. Community risk mapping was used to gather information on natural and physical elements at risk, seasonal calendar was used to collect data on the economic, individual male and female elements at risk and Venn diagram was used to collect information on social whereby information collected involved issues which connect people together as a community and issues which divide the community. The physical group was also assigned to complete community profile • The 5th day was community VCA practical day were VCA tools were used to collect information from the targeted communities. The field practical exercise was done in Nebiri Maya cluster with the ToTs leading. • The 6th day was report writing day. The six groups compiled information which was gathered through the use of various tools into once consolidated cluster report in this case Nebiri Maya VCA Cluster report. Figure 1: TOT presenting their group findings COMMENTS ▪ Time management was good as people started and finished the process within a relatively reasonable time. However, there is need to further speed the process by ensuring right probing and avoidance of off topic responses. ▪ It was difficult to get the difference between hazards and problems from the communities (despite the definitions having been explained to them) as they would present the problems and the root causes of the hazards. Hence it was agreed by the group that continuously reminding the communities on what a hazard or disaster is, would assist. ▪ Facilitation skills by the ToTs still need further strengthening especially when doing the hazard profile. ▪ It was also noted that there was need for the small groups to wait for each other if they have completed their activity so that the community members would not distract others once they have been dismissed when others are still in session. ▪ Community participation in the process was very high, but in future better crowd control methods need to be exercised so as not to waste time. It was noted that the good attendance was due to the fact that they were getting some refreshments. ▪ It was also noted if the process is not dispensed quickly the communities become impatient and this would have a negative effect on the quality of data collected. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.1 VCA ToT Training Report (May 2016) 2 EVALUATION OF THE TOT TRAINING. ZRCS PMER conducted Pre- and Post-Test regarding participants understanding of VCA. A pre- and post-test was written by the TOTs and the results are as tabulated below: Figure 1: Pre and Post test results 120 100 Marks (%) 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Participant pre and post test Figure 2 above shows a great improvement on VCA participant’s knowledge with more than half of the participants scoring above 80. Figure 2: Overall rating for the training 60% 43% 47% 40% 20% 9% 1% 0% Excellent Good Average Poor The training evaluation results in Figure 3 above show that 43% rated the training as excellent whilst 47% said it was good whilst 1% rated it as poor. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.1 VCA ToT Training Report (May 2016) 3 Kariba District Climate Change Risk Profiling Report Prepared by Elisha N. Moyo; Dorah Mwenye and Charlene Makuzha Climate Change Management Department Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate for the “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project of the Zimbabwe Red Cross Society Table of content Table of content ......................................................................................................................1 Table of figures and tables .......................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................3 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................4 Abbreviations and acronyms ...................................................................................................5 1. Introduction and Background ........................................................................................6 2. Assessment approach and methodology ........................................................................8 3. Ethical issues and community participation ...................................................................9 4. Observed climate change hazards and impacts ............................................................ 10 4.1 Community perceptions on climate change risks from the FGDs ................................................................... 10 4.2 Major hazards and impacts on upland livelihoods for Negande, Nebiri and Mola ......................................... 11 4.3 Major hazards and impacts on bank livelihoods for M’Sampa fishing camp .................................................. 13 5. Community resource maps indicating changes in livelihoods assets. ............................ 14 5.1 Resource maps for M’Sampa Fishing Camp - The Past and Present ............................................................... 14 5.2 Visioning: the future for Nebiri ward 7 and M’Sampa fishing camp ward 3 ................................................... 14 6. Community Challenges and Opportunities ................................................................... 15 6.1 Community challenges .................................................................................................................................... 15 6.2 Community opportunities ............................................................................................................................... 16 6.3 Livelihoods options and their gender disaggregation ..................................................................................... 17 7. Community perceptions on trends in access to livelihoods capital assets ..................... 21 8. Governance and stakeholder analysis .......................................................................... 22 9. Proposed interventions to address climate change ...................................................... 23 10 Summary of recommendations from key informants ................................................... 27 11. Recommendations and Conclusion .............................................................................. 29 11.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 29 11.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 29 References ............................................................................................................................ 30 Appendix............................................................................................................................... 31 List of key informants consulted ................................................................................................................................ 31 Case studies ................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Key informant 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 31 Key informant 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 32 Data collection tools ................................................................................................................................................... 33 MOU ........................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 1 Table of figures and tables Figure 1: The geographical map of Mola, Nebiri and Negande wards situated in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe..................... 7 Figure 2: Perceived rainfall related impacts from Negande community .................................................................................................. 12 Figure 3A & B: Perceived past and future M’Sampa fishing camp ........................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4A & B: Nebiri and M’Sampa future resource maps ..................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 5A, B, C & D: Men & women only groups from Negande (Chilimba &Mawena) participating in the assessment. ........................ 20 Figure 6A, B & C: Past, present & future resource maps drawn by Mola community ward 3 (June 2016) .............................................. 21 Figure 7A, B & C: Past, present & future resource maps drawn by M’Sampa fishing camp ward 3 (June 2016) ..................................... 21 Figure 8A, B & C: Past, present & future resource map drawn by Nebiri community ward 7 (June 2016) .............................................. 21 Figure 9A & B: Negande-Chilimba ward 7 and Nebiri ward 6 climate change stakeholder analyses ....................................................... 22 Figure 10: Negande-Mawena climate change stakeholder analysis ........................................................................................................ 23 Figure 11: Far end- Healthy maize grown through stream bank &river-bed cultivation “mabonje” (June 2016) .................................... 28 Table 1: Target area population [Extracted from the Zimbabwe Poverty Atlas (2015). ............................................................................. 7 Table 2: Climate related hazards .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Table 3: Challenges identified by communities from wards 3, 6 and 7 of Kariba district ......................................................................... 15 Table 4: Community perceptions and related capacities .......................................................................................................................... 16 Table 5: The major livelihoods options for the three wards ..................................................................................................................... 17 Table 6: Gender and related livelihoods options - Mola center ward 3 ................................................................................................... 18 Table 7: Gender and related livelihoods options – M’Sampa fishing camp ward 3 .................................................................................. 19 Table 8: Gender and livelihoods analysis ward 7 ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 9: Adaptation measures for the Negande ward 6 - Mawena area. ................................................................................................. 24 Table 10: Proposed projects as adaptation options in order of priority for Negande ward 6 - Chilimba ................................................. 24 Table 11: Proposed projects Nebiri ward 7 in order of priority ................................................................................................................ 25 Table 12: Proposed adaptation activities for M’Sampa in priority order.................................................................................................. 25 Table 13: Mola centre Ward 3 -Proposed projects in priority order......................................................................................................... 26 Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 2 Acknowledgements This report on climate change risk profiling for Kariba district was funded by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction & Recovery (GFDRR) administered through the World Bank and by the Danish Red Cross. The production of this report was made possible through the technical contributions of the following individuals and organizations: - Project Coordinator: Decide Mabumbo, Zimbabwe Red Cross Society - Assessment Coordinator: Elisha N Moyo, Climate Change Management Department - Assessment Team members: Dorah Mwenye (AGRITEX/DR&SS) and Charlene Makuzha (CCMD/UZ) The authors acknowledge the following contributors who made this report a success: - Administrative team, Oswell Gava from Nyaminyami Rural District Council (NRDC) and Benjamin from Red Cross Zimbabwe - Participants from Negande, Nebiri and Mola communities - Climate Change Management Department - Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate - The Zimbabwe Red Cross Society volunteers - The Nyaminyami Rural District Council (NRDC) - Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development Front Picture: Chief Mola and relative; a Red Cross Volunteer and the assessment team This report was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the World Bank/Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The findings, conclusions and recommendations are those of the report authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Zimbabwe Red Cross Society, Danish Red Cross, World Bank/GFDRR or European Union. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 3 Executive Summary A climate change profiling assessment was conducted in Kariba district from 6 to 12 June 2016, with the aid of community and stakeholder. The assessment was conducted in line with the requirements of the Red-Cross Society in a project: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe project. The objectives included eliciting community and key stakeholder perceptions on climate change and experienced major events, impacts on livelihoods, role of stakeholders in climate change, resilient livelihoods and how best the communities want to be assisted to improve their adaptation strategies adaptation strategies. The assessment covered three main wards in Nyaminyami Rural District Council: wards 3, 6 and 7 under Chiefs Mola, Negande and Nebiri respectively. To collect data, focus group discussions were held taking into consideration the socio economic and historical backgrounds of the participants. This enabled the research team to gain an insight on diversity in perceptions on climate change hazards and impacts, livelihoods, adaptation and resilient strategies. The perceptions from key informants were complemented with targeted key informant interviews and supplementary research on related initiatives. The key informants interviewed represented stakeholders with an interest/experience in climate change and the communities from government, non-governmental organizations, Rural District Council (RDC), Community Based Organisations and traditional leaders. This report presents the findings in the form of community maps and impacts, gender analysis, capacities and vulnerability tables and proposed interventions at ward level. The findings indicated that the wards’ perceptions on climate change, opportunities and constraints and resilient options differ, although they are in the same ward. The major hazards for wards 6 and 7 are rainfall related as their major sources of livelihoods are rain fed. For ward 3 (Mola), their hazards are wind related as the main source of livelihoods is fishing. In turn, the different communities proposed different proposals for projects that could be implemented to enhance their livelihoods including agricultural-based climate-proof farming (irrigation schemes) and income generation projects, organised markets for livestock and horticultural crops); infrastructure development (such as bridges, clinics and roads); health related interventions as well as diversification of livelihoods into non-climate sensitive options. The findings require further interactions and validation with the communities, stakeholders and community leaders inclusive of Traditional leaders and RDC in the form of feedback workshops, before final prioritization and implementation of suggested adaptation measures. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 4 Abbreviations and acronyms AGRITEX Agricultural technical and Extension services CCA Climate change Adaptation CCDM Climate Change Management Department DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DR&SS Department of Research and Specialist Services NRDC Nyaminyami Rural District Council ZRCS Zimbabwe Red Cross Society Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 5 1. Introduction and Background 1.1 Background Climate Change is one of the biggest threats facing human kind today and is already having adverse impacts in Zimbabwe, particularly in the rural areas due to climate dependent livelihoods. Various people and communities will experience the impacts of climate change differently. Climate hazards are perceived as bad for everyone but there are significant differences in perceptions across different gender clusters in society. Major adverse impacts of climate change include reduced agricultural productivity; turbulent weather; declining water resources; spread of vector borne diseases and climatic disasters. However, positive impacts were noticed in opportunities for diversification into new and alternate sources of livelihoods including gardening projects for communities based on fishing with access to water and off farming activities for communities based on rain fed agriculture. In light of this, the Climate Change Management Department conducted a climate risk assessment as a technical partner under the Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe project that is being implemented out by Zimbabwe Red Cross Society. A climate risk profiling survey was carried out from 6 to 12 June 2016 in ward 3, 6 and 7 of Kariba rural district under Nyaminyami rural district council. The objectives included eliciting community and key stakeholder perceptions on climate variability and the experienced major events, impacts on livelihoods, role of stakeholders in climate change, resilient livelihoods and adaptation strategies. The community discussions focused on climate variability and related major events as experienced in the past few decades. The assessment also attempted to understand community resistance to disasters, community perceptions on improvement of adaptation strategies and how best the communities want to be assisted to improve their adaptation strategies. 1.2 Survey Area Nyaminyami Rural District Council (NRDC) is situated in Siakobvu growth point in the north-western corner of Zimbabwe adjacent to the Lake Kariba and it covers an area of approximately 456,650 hectares. The population is comprised of three major groups of settlers. The Tonga people who were resettled in 1957- 1958 from the Zambezi River by the colonial administration when Kariba dam was built, (WCD,2000) comprise a major group. The second group is of Shona people who came from various parts of the country to settle in the valley and the third group is that of settlers in the fishing camps who are comprised of seasonal and permanent actors in the fish value chain. NRDC spans from Natural Region IV and V, (Figure 1) which is characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall patterns. The 3 target wards lie in natural region IV. Annual mean temperatures range between 21 degrees Celsius and 30 degrees Celsius while annual mean rain fall ranges between 450mm and 800mm, (Brown et al, 2012). The NRDC administrative centre is separated from Kariba town, which is the administrative centre by the water body, making the nearest route to Kariba 267km from council offices at Siakobvu Growth Point. The district remains one of the most isolated parts of Zimbabwe. The nearest town from Siakobvu is Gokwe in the neighbouring Midlands Province which is 170km away. The roads in the Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 6 council area are subjected to serious deterioration during the rainy season (November to April). There are two buses plying the Karoi–Siakobvu route to service the populace. Most companies are reluctant to ply the route citing the chronic poor state of the roads. Wards 1, 3 and 4 are usually impassable during the same period making it difficult for the local authority to implement and supervise projects in these wards. Figure 1: The geographical map of Mola, Nebiri and Negande wards situated in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The Nyaminyami RDC represents 12 rural wards and has a total population of 41,420 consisting of 20,625 males and 20,795 females according to the 2012 Population Census, (ZimStat, 2012). According to the Zimbabwe Poverty Atlas (2015), there are 6,030 people in Ward 3, Mola; 2,121 people in Ward 6, Negande and 1,564 in Ward 7, Nebiri as illustrated in Table 1 below. There is generally a low population density in the district because parks and safari areas occupy almost half of the district. In addition to the general harsh environmental conditions related to climate variability, poor roads, water challenges, human-wildlife conflicts affect rural livelihoods. 3 fishing camps lie within Mola (Ward 3): M’Sampakaruma (M’Sampa), Maysiakabola and Sibilobilo. Table 1: Target area population [Extracted from the Zimbabwe Poverty Atlas (2015). Ward No/Name Population No. of Households Poor Household Non-poor households Ward 3, Mola 6,030 1,480 1,323 15 Ward 6, Negande 2,121 476 450 26 Ward 7, Negande 1,564 388 331 57 Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 7 1.3 Background information on livelihoods In order to mainstream DRR and CCA into local development planning an understanding of community perceptions and a community‘s previous livelihoods options is of importance. According to the WCD, (2000), the major group of settlers in the Zambezi valley were the Tonga people. Before Kariba dam was built the Tonga people inhabited both banks of Zambezi valley stretching from Kariba dam to Mlibizi. The Tonga people were involved in both riverine and upland farming and major livelihoods options were livestock rearing, hunting, fishing and manufacturing. The main crops grown were maize, millets, sorghum, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, tobacco, cotton and a variety of cucurbits. Communities were able to harvest twice a year. Water was never a problem as communities depended on Zambezi river for livelihoods and day to day water requirements. Hunting was the major source of protein and fishing was regarded as a secondary economic activity. The livelihoods options were affected by the building of Kariba dam that forced communities to be resettled. The resettlement exercise was met with resistance. However, Tonga people conceded and were resettled in 1957-1958 on land of poor quality that was easily erodible. Over years these communities resettled in NR IV and V have become more vulnerable to climate related hazards. As in most semi-arid regions of the country climate variability has impacted on community livelihoods in a number of ways including reduced crop and livestock production, limited diversity in livelihoods options and reduced adaptation capacity of the community, (Brown et al, 2012). This report presents community perceptions and experiences that contribute to mainstreaming of DRR and CCA into local level development planning. 2. Assessment approach and methodology A participatory approach was used as it involved communities in articulating their major challenges and ranking their climate problems, in analysis and recommending possible solutions. This was achieved through Focus group discussions and interviews with key informants, complemented by other studies on the target area. At least one focus group discussion was conducted in each ward with Mola and Negande each having two FGDs due to their diverse livelihoods and geographical differences within the wards, giving a total of 5 FGDs. Five centers in the three wards were purposively selected for carrying out FGDs. These were Chilimba and Mawena in Nebiri, Mola Center and M’Sampa Fishing Camp (Figure 1). The sampled wards have relatively high risk to climate change related disasters. The FGDS were attended by an average of 15 participants including men, women and the youths. The sites for FGDs were selected in such a way to cover the historical, cultural and livelihoods diversity in the 3 wards. Four key informants were interviewed namely Chief Mola; The Chairperson of M’Sampa Fishing Camp; one Headman under Chief Negande); and Community Technology Development Organization (CTDO) WASH Officer. The key informants were randomly selected from government institutions; Rural district council; traditional leaders and NGOs with relevance to climate change whilst some were purposively selected based on their strategic interests, knowledge and involvement in climate-related work. The findings are presented in a comparative analysis at ward level Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 8 The exercise focused on the investigation of the climate change issues, impacts, livelihoods, perceived adaptation solutions, opportunities as well as resource- and stakeholder mapping. The exercise was done with close collaboration with officials from the AGRITEX, for technical back-up. The preliminary results and validation of the findings will be presented at a later stage to NRDC and the communities, Zimbabwe Red Cross Society (ZRCS), the Ministry of environment, water and climate, ministry of agriculture mechanization and irrigation development and other stakeholders. 3. Ethical issues and community participation With guidance from the assessment team, the communities described and ranked the major climate hazards in their communities and ranked according to the severity, frequency of occurrence and impacts on livelihoods. They also ranked the livelihoods options in order of importance in contribution to household food security and income generation as well as the gender disaggregation in each particular livelihood option or strategy. This is critical since one of the elements of a resilient community is its diversity in livelihoods options. The resilience of a community also considers the socio-cultural values in respect to gender relations, access and control of livelihoods assets. Authority to carry out the study was granted by the Nyaminyami Rural District Council. On the ground, permission was sought from the chiefs and villages herdsmen. Participation in the FGD was entirely voluntary. The data collected was for research purposes, decision-making and policy-formulation. Respondents were treated as confidential. FGD participant mobilization was done with help from Red Cross Volunteers who were on the ground already. The proportion of females to males was almost equitable, reflecting each community setting. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 9 4. Observed climate change hazards and impacts Despite the fact that the respondents are from the same district, the way they receive and perceive climate issues is different as shown by their perceptions and ranking of climate related hazards, Table 2. Their perceptions on impacts is however largely uniform. 4.1 Community perceptions on climate change risks from the FGDs Communities ranked how they perceived climate risks from their respective wards as in Table 2 below. Table 2: Climate related hazards Ward Mola (W3) Nebiri (W7) Negande (W6) Ward 3 M’Sampa Fishing (Mawena) (Chilemba) Rank Camp 1 Late onset of Strong Winds Reduced annual Erratic rainfall High the rains rainfall temperature 2 High Late onset of High High Late onset of temperature rains temperatures temperatures rains 3 Erratic rainfall Low Unpredictable Flooding Erratic rainfall) temperatures season length 4 Strong winds High flush flooding Strong winds Strong Winds temperatures 5 Unpredictable Late onset of Low Flooding season length rains temperatures 6 Low - - - - temperature The major events of climate variability include erratic rainfall, late onset of rains flooding and increased dry spells resulting in negative impacts on rain-fed agriculture (crop production) system which is the major source of food and livelihoods in all wards. Fluctuations in temperature result in increased prevalence of existing diseases such as malaria and diarrhea in human beings as well as proliferation of existing pests and diseases and emergency of new pests and diseases in crops and livestock. Other impacts due to; extreme events in the form of incessant rains/downpours expose the communities to flooding and crocodile attacks as people attempt to cross crocodile-infested rivers. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 10 The late start of the rainfall season is also an issue especially for Mola centre and fishing camps which are located near the banks of Kariba dam. For M’Sampa fishing camp, the major concern is the increase in the frequency and occurrence of strong winds, and low temperature which impacts negatively on fishing activities. These changes were highly noticed as they affected fishing activities which are the major livelihood option for the communities. Nebiri ward 7 is concerned with low rainfall and water that is in adequate for irrigation during the dry season thus affecting the potential of gardening projects during the dry season. In Nebiri communities noticed reductions in annual rainfall in 1991/2; 2007/8; and in 2015/16 season. In Negande high temperatures and prolonged dry spells were noticed in 2014/15 and in 2015/16. These differences in perceptions on impacts call for localized interventions, although the majority of participants agreed that most severe hazards related to temperature and rainfall were noticed in the 2014- 2015 and 2015- 2016 season. Generally, the climate-related hazards impacted negatively on rain-fed agriculture, livestock production and the community social well-being. 4.2 Major hazards and impacts on upland livelihoods for Negande, Nebiri and Mola Summary of major climate hazards and impacts in Negande, Nebiri and part of Mola are presented according to the major hazards, related to rainfall, temperature and winds, in priority order. 4.2.1 Rainfall related hazards and impacts Erratic rainfall: this affects production of major crops such as maize and millets, encourages shifting cultivation as farmers continue to open up new land in search of fertile soils, late planted crops are also prone to destruction by stray animals. Erratic rains affect cropping programmes in *mabonje resulting in food insecurity (*Mabonje is a traditional name given to stream bank cultivation in Negande ward) Late cessation of rains: This causes crop rots especially for early maturing varieties and also affects planning at household level resulting in increased food insecurity. Late cessation of rains encroaches into the traditionally accepted winter months resulting in shifts of seasons for winter cropping. Late onset of rain: this results in communities replanting several times due to poor emergence. As rains come in late, there is limited grazing for wild animals and this prompts the wild animals to destroy field crops as field crops will be the only available vegetation. Incessant rains and downpours: communities cited rains that poured out in February 2015 as a major hazard and caused flooding in fields and leaching of soil nutrients, resulting in reduced crop production, as a major hazard in the past few years. Destruction of infrastructure resulting in human deaths as people were bitten by crocodiles as they tried to cross flooded rivers and increased school absenteeism were some of the impacts related to incessant rains. Early cessation of rains: caused premature drying of crops due to moisture deficiency, reduction in water flows in rivers, increased livestock deaths resulting in food insecurity and reduced income for smallholder farmers. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 11 4.2.1.1 Perceived rainfall related impacts from Negande The case study indicates perceived community impacts drawn by communities from Negande The participatory approach and consultations in Negande brought out the impacts of climate variability on natural resources, livelihoods and gender dynamics. All participants noted the increase in deforestation which in some cases was linked to strong winds and erratic rainfall. Reduced rainfall is causing droughts and increased human wildlife conflicts. Low rainfall causes reduced fruiting of wild fruits resulting in completion for food between animals and humans. A case in point is in Chilema where chickens are now being eaten by baboons. This is due to limited sources of food for baboons such as wild fruits. Flooding also causes land degradation leading to a reduction in crop yields. Figure 2 Perceived rainfall related impacts from Negande community 4.2.2 Temperature related hazards and impacts Cold temperatures; Communities expressed that the most severe cold weather was experienced in 2016 and frost affected winter cropping. High temperatures: cause high prevalence of temperature related pests and diseases resulting in low crop and livestock production and increased food insecurity. 4.2.3 Winds and related hazards impacts Strong winds destroyed lives and infrastructure including public buildings and individual houses. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 12 4.3 Major hazards and impacts on bank livelihoods for M’Sampa fishing camp Major climate hazards related to fishing at M’Sampa fishing camp include wind, rainfall, and temperature in priority order. 4.3.1 Wind related hazards and impacts Strong winds disrupt fishing activities as fish migrate to deep waters resulting in low catch and food insecurity. In some cases, strong winds cause boats to capsize resulting in human deaths. 4.3.2 Rainfall related hazards and impacts Late onset of rains: late on set of rains affect fishing regimes and type of fish. For instance, tiger fish which is common in one of the Kariba bays near the fishing camp will come to the fishing grounds a bit late resulting in low catch. Coupled with this late onset of rains affects crop production resulting in food insecurity and limited sources of food in fishing camps 4.3.3 Temperature and related hazards and impacts Low temperature; This causes low catch of fish resulting in less income for households who depend on fishing. In some cases, temperature-related hazards have social implications on households. Households with limited income fail to pay fees for the girl child resulting in early marriages. The demand for limited fish results in promiscuity as women buyers offer to pay in kind and this may result in high prevalence of HIV and gender-based violence. Cold related diseases such as influenza and coughing results in less work output and low fish catch. Low fish catch, in some instances result in increased conflicts between buyers and fishermen over credit and lack of commitment. High temperature: Heat-related diseases such as severe headaches resulting in less work output. As temperature increases fish migrate to deep waters resulting in low catch and low sales. High rates of rotting are reported due to in appropriate preservation methods. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 13 5. Community resource maps indicating changes in livelihoods assets. The climate-related hazards and impacts were illustrated through community resource maps indicating the past and present. 5.1 Resource maps for M’Sampa Fishing Camp - The Past and Present Figure 3A & 3B Perceived past and future M’Sampa fishing camp The past for M’Sampa camp was characterised by lots of water in Kariba, fishing at individual level using traditional fishing tools, and the area was abundant with natural capital assets, (Figures 3A and 3B) communities view a present as characterised by an abundant of physical capital assets and limited natural assets, increased conflicts with wild life. 5.2 Visioning: the future for Nebiri ward 7 and M’Sampa fishing camp ward 3 Communities in Nebiri vision a future characterised by improved access to physical assets, normal rainfall distribution, alternate source of livelihoods including mining and irrigation. In M’Sampa, the vision is characterised by improved access to physical assets especially the road network, and alternate sources of livelihoods including gardening, (Figures 4A and 4B). Figure 4A & 4B Nebiri and M’Sampa future resource maps Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 14 6. Community Challenges and Opportunities Besides climate-related hazards, communities are vulnerable to a number of other risks and these differ from community to community. Assessment of challenges and opportunities give guidance to the possible types and sustainability of planned interventions. 6.1 Community challenges Most of the challenges in the target wards ranged from poor infrastructure and services such as roads, schools and clinics; limited livelihood options, low literacy; to climate-induced vulnerability such as drought, flooding and heat-waves as well as human-wildlife conflicts. Lack of farming inputs and general poverty further lock these communities into poverty cycles, (Table 3). Table 3: Challenges identified by communities from wards 3, 6 and 7 of Kariba district Mola Centre (W3) M’Sampa Camp (W3) Nebiri (W6) Negande (W7) Negande (W7) (Mawena) (Chilimba) Low soil fertility Limited access to Food insecurity Long distances No health care Lack of draught power fishing permits only a Lack of bridge at to clinics facility few have fishing Ume river Food insecurity Lack of hybrid Lack of organized permits affecting Lack of seeds markets for livestock resulting in selling at Uncertainty in communication improved Human- low prices ownership of and school varieties wildlife residential area attendance Human wild conflicts Restrictions and lack of access to fishing Lack of proper school No Irrigation animal conflicts Draught grounds facilities infrastructure to Lack of draught power Poor hygiene – lack of enable all year- power Lack of knowledge on Drinking water toilets round access to climate smart Limited clean far from water agriculture (rotations) Long distance to water for communities health facilities Limited dipping domestic use Engagement in similar No toilets/ facilities for income generation No trained rescuers No toilets poor livestock projects at the same Poor road network Poor soil fertility sanitation and time thus flooding the Stray wild animals hygiene discouraging buyers Poor rainfall market destroying crops Poor network distribution Poor soils and livestock Available water coverage and lack of Bridges sources for gardening Lack of and communication with Distance to projects are seasonal access to lake captain the manual improved crop No council or varieties labour. government initiated food handouts in cases of disasters Mistrust between fishermen and buyers Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 15 6.2 Community opportunities The participants indicated that they had opportunities within their communities that enhance their capacities to deal with the related hazards. It is important for development programmes to realize community capacities and take them on board on proposing developmental projects. Table 4: Community perceptions and related capacities (Emerging opportunities are in blue) Mola Centre (W3) M’Sampa Camp Nebiri (W6) Negande (W7) Negande (W7) (W3) (Mawena) (Chilimba) Proximity to Kariba Access to cash as River Ume with gold Availability of big Rain fed crop dam and access to fish fishing is throughout deposits and fish rivers that allow (traditional Availability of wild the year Wild animals for streambank varieties of animals No extra expenses and in river maize and Forests for firewood on accommodation cultivation- millets) and Spacious residential and wild fruits in the form of rent “mabonje” livestock areas and land for Proximity to social and on transport Ability to lease (goats) cultivation services at Siakobvu land in the production Forests and firewood Alternate source of (no domestic employment (as “mabonje” Piece jobs such No restrictions on violence) locals the known Access to Kariba as gardening where to cultivate Inherently fertile projects for industry is fishing: to dam for fishing Low fees for education soils civil servants at be a fisherman no and other Health services are educational Plenty of grazing livelihoods the growth free requirement is area options point. Free tourism needed) Off-farm activities Availability of Gardening Access to wild e.g. brick molding. wild fruits Thatch grass Ability to do gardening projects when water is animals Existing gardening Comparative harvesting. available Access to nutritious infrastructure advantage to Collecting wild food rich in protein though water is sources of fruits such as vemi-culture: women from fish limiting perennial water ustiga digging and selling of fishing worms Free health services Youths involvement unlike in nearby Barter and although drugs may in development Chitekete trade- goats Organized fish farming and improvement on not be available Availability of donors community for grain. value chain in the Access to fuel-wood to help Forests for bee Food for work fishing enterprise Bee-keeping for keeping Access to different methods of communities in processing fish Negande ward (dried, smoked and frozen) Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 16 6.3 Livelihoods options and their gender disaggregation One of the elements of a resilient community is its diversity in livelihoods options. The communities ranked the livelihoods options in order of importance in contribution to household food security and income generation as well as the number of households engaged in a particular livelihood option or strategy. The resilient of a community also considers the socio-cultural values in respect to gender relations, access and control of livelihoods assets. 6.3.1 Major livelihoods options Wards 6 and 7 have common sources of livelihoods; however ward 7 Nebiri has more options for off farm livelihoods options thus increasing its resilient capacity to climate related hazards. Ward 3 indicated fishing as a main source of live hoods, (Table 5). Table 5: The major livelihoods options for the three wards Mola Centre M’Sampa Nebiri (W6) Negande (W7) Negande (W7) Rank (W3) Camp (W3) (Mawena) (Chilimba) Fishing Fishing Crop production: Crop production: Crop production: 1 (fishermen and industry focusing on maize focusing on focusing on maize, worm diggers) (buying, net and small grains. maize, small small grains making) Cowpea. grains Small livestock Gardening Livestock Stream-bank and Gardening 2 production and production and river-bed sales sales cultivation (mabhonje) Gardening Thatch grass Gardening Small livestock Small livestock 3 gathering production and production and sales sales (goats) (goats) Rain fed Builders Hiring out labour Gardening Fishing (Sengwa 4 cropping river) Hiring out Gardening Fishing from Ume hiring out labour 5 labour Barter and trade Selling Brick molding Collecting wild hiring out labour 6 firewood fruits Brick moulding Saloon Gathering thatch Barter trade Carpentry (stools and 7 grass for sale chairs) Beer brewing Arts and crafts Food for work Wild fruits and roots 8 (Exchange of (digging manyanya, beer with maize utsiga, baobab) grain) Building Thatching grass 9 harvesting. Selling firewood Piece jobs 10 Saloon 11 Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 17 The participants indicated that there are a number of livelihoods options within the fishing enterprise and these include: buyers, fishermen using nets, fishermen using rods, permit holders, workers, net makers and worm diggers. It is apparent that communities near the business centre (Siakobvu), have better diversified livelihood options than those less accessible. 6.3.2 Gender disaggregation of livelihoods The gender aspect is of importance more so in relation to climate change and related impacts which differ according to gender. Understanding the gender dynamics enables designing the strategies which ensure fair distribution of workloads amongst the genders and social structures. The gender related sources of livelihoods are presented separately for each ward to show the differences across wards as portrayed by different socio-cultural backgrounds. 6.3.2.1 Gender related sources of livelihoods – Mola centre. The group was comprised mostly of the youths although the majority was married. The analysis indicated that women contribute more in terms of availing labour for both on farm and off farm livelihoods options. Whilst both men (40%) and women (40%) are involved in fishing, women fish to meet household food requirements and men (fish to raise income. Women and the youths also contribute to fishing through digging and selling of worms. To lessen the burden projects on vermin-culture can be an option .Both men and women are equally engaged in rain-fed agriculture, hiring out labour and brick molding indicating a division of labour in such activities, however men scored high (80%) in access and control of livestock sales (100%) which is a high income intervention and women scored high in gardening projects which is currently a low income intervention indicating the inequalities in access to income and decision making processes as money is power. The responses, (Table 6) show women’s contribution in all activities whilst men might contribute very little or nothing at all in selling worms and gardening projects. The findings indicated women’s role in off farm activities and contribution to resilient building at household level. Table 6: Gender and related livelihoods options - Mola center ward 3 Activity Women % Men % Youths % On-farm activities Fishing 40 40 20 Selling worms 60 0 40 Livestock production and sales 20 80 0 Gardening 100 0 0 Rain-fed agriculture 50 50 0 Hiring out labour 50 50 0 Off-farm Barter and trade 60 40 0 Brick molding 50 50 0 Beer brewing for sale and for barter 90 10 0 Borrowing food on credit 70 30 0 Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 18 6.3.2.2 Gender and related livelihoods options – M’Sampa fishing camp ward 3 The fishing camp is an income generation source of livelihoods as indicated from the responses men are more actively involved in most of the activities related to fishing. Women although active they do not participate in such activities such as fishing using nets, and do not provide labour as fishermen. This shows men dominance in income generation activities and also women are dis-advantaged by the high risks associated with fishing using nets. Whilst both men and women are involved in alternate sources of livelihoods, gathering thatch grass is considered mainly for women (100%), (Table, 7). Unlike other communities in the valley, men (20%) at the camp are involved in gardening most probably due to the diversity in culture and origin of the fishermen. The youths contribute in all activities related to fishing except rope making which is a bit light and done by women (80%). Table 7: Gender and related livelihoods options – M’Sampa fishing camp ward 3 Activity Women % Men % Youths % Fishing and related activities Buyers 60 30 10 Fishing using nets 0 50 50 Permit holders 20 50 30 Workers 0 70 30 Fishing using rods 80 10 10 Net makers 10 80 10 Rope makers 90 10 0 Camp residents selling outside camp 40 30 30 Non-fishing activities Gathering thatch grass 100 0 0 Builders 50 50 0 Gardening 80 20 0 Firewood sales 10 80 10 Saloon 80 10 10 6.3.2.3 Gender and livelihoods options/ strategies – Nebiri ward 7 Women are dominantly active in all the on-farm activities except fishing and livestock production whilst men (50%) are dominant in livestock production and youths (80%) in fishing, (Table, 8). Everyone is involved in some sort of off farm activities indicating the division of labour as copping strategies at household level. However, women are mostly involved off farm activities to meet immediate household requirements such as collection of wild fruits, gathering thatch grass for sale and selling firewood at the nearby growth point Siakobvu. The group was comprised of mostly youths hence their voices were represented in contributing to livelihoods. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 19 Table 8: Gender and livelihoods analysis ward 7 Options/strategies Women % Men % Youths% On-farm Rain fed agriculture 70 10 20 Livestock production and sales 20 50 30 Gardening 80 10 10 Hiring out labour 80 0 20 Fishing from Ume 0 20 80 Off-farm Brick molding 30 40 30 Gold panning 30 40 30 Collection of wild fruits for Household consumption 50 30 20 Gathering thatch grass for sale 80 10 10 Blacksmith (hoes; axes) 0 80 20 Arts and crafts 0 50 50 Selling firewood 70 10 20 Saloon 30 40 30 Figure 5 A, B, C & D Men & women only groups from Negande (Chilimba &Mawena) participating in the assessment. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 20 7. Community perceptions on trends in access to livelihoods capital assets The resource maps drawn by communities show that the present situation has a decline in abundance of resources in comparison to past scenario and projected future scenario. However, the projected future scenario can be achieved through mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in local development planning. Resource maps on community perceptions on trends in access to resources Figure 6A, B & C: Past, present & future resource maps drawn by Mola community ward 3 (June 2016) Figure 7A, B & C: Past, present & future resource maps drawn by M’Sampa fishing camp ward 3 (June 2016) Figure 8A, B & C: Past, present & future resource map drawn by Nebiri community ward 7 (June 2016) Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 21 8. Governance and stakeholder analysis One aspect that contributes to community resilience are the processes brought about by stakeholders. In this regard communities participated in a stakeholder analysis by mapping the different stakeholders and their positions in relation to dissemination of climate related information and advisory services and projects. Each community produced a stakeholder map with stakeholders at different levels and justified the mapping, depending with their knowledge and interaction with the stakeholder. The stakeholder analysis serves gives feedback to the various stakeholders and a call to increase their visibility in terms of climate change and community expectations. Most of the stakeholders which communities relate to are those that provide food aid during drought situations. Drought relief during lean season is the main source of livelihoods for most communities in many years. The other less appreciated stakeholders are those that are into climate change mitigation and environmental protection as these are in direct contravention with the community livelihood options, in most cases, according to the communities. This calls for a need for holistic approach to climate change management, with the people’s livelihoods being at the centre. The stakeholders of concern in this report are Red Cross, climate change department and local authorities. There was inconsistence in stakeholder analysis across the wards. Red Cross emerged at level 1, 2 and 3, however communities agreed that although they are involved in disaster risk reduction programmes that haven’t done anything tangible in the community. Local government under the rural district council was mapped in level 3 and 4. Climate change department was not known within the community as it does not have local presence at community/district nor provincial levels. Whilst communities appreciate their role they do not interact directly with the community, but only through the councilor. Figure 9A & B: Negande-Chilimba ward 7 and Nebiri ward 6 climate change stakeholder analyses Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 22 Figure 10A & B: Negande-Mawena climate change stakeholder analysis 9. Proposed interventions to address climate change Ward and sub-ward level interventions were proposed from the communities and backed by Key informants and other studies These were also in view of the challenges faced by the communities, climate issues, livelihood options, gender dynamics, existing capacity and other factors such as community interest and support, (Tables 9, 10, 11, 12 & 13). Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 23 9.1 Community perceptions on adaptation initiatives Table 9 Adaptation measures for the Negande ward 6 - Mawena area. Prioritized activities Stakeholders Requirements Advantages Location Dam construction and RDC, UMCOR, DDF, Agritex Surveying, pegging and It could take less than a Community ready to irrigation (Chakamera site) Roads Dept, and NGOs everything else, year to happen assist Bridge (on Mawena river) RDC, DDF, Roads Dept, and NGOs Footbridge and vehicle bridge Some materials are there, 4 months to happen locally Farming inputs RDC Money and accessible shops to buy these Table 10 Proposed projects as adaptation options in order of priority for Negande ward 6 - Chilimba Activity/project Stakeholders Requirements Advantages Location Dam & irrigation Agritex, Roads Dept, RDC and Surveying and everything else, There is gorge (approx Community ready to (Bwashanga river); then UMCOR 2m) for dam wall assist Mhungu spring for dam site Clinic for climate related Problem: people are spaced Nothing done yet. Preferred Community could diseases site Silikwamba mould bricks and other materials Fertilizer and inputs Money to buy these Water pumps Sitting and pumps Community ready to assist Cement for robust houses Money to buy the cement Spring water harvesting Roads Dept, Zinwa Surveying and everything else Community ready to (Sengwa or Chilimba 2) assist Tree planting (wind breaks) Forestry commission Seeds (eucalyptus) and Seeds to put in the (Siakobvu) was once engaged necessary papers necessary are available Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 24 Table 11 Proposed projects Nebiri ward 7 in order of priority Activity/project Risk reduction Requirements /stakeholder Community contribution Location Community irrigation Erratic rainfall and food Water pump; more taps in garden; Traditional rituals; labour; Gandavacheche scheme insecurity building material; & organized markets & local resources spring. (once (councilor, RDC traditional leaders, surveyed, potential CTDTO) exists) Bridge at Ume river Flooding of river; Building material (DDF; RDC; Min of Labour Ume crossing point Attacks by crocodiles; lack of transport; Community) was once constructed but now communication; school covered with absenteeism siltation Livestock production Low rainfall resulting in selling Improved breeds of chicken, goats and Labour, farming groups in and organized at low prices cattle; Dip tank; supplementary feeds; the community; land for marketing protection against wild animals; demonstrations organized markets (AGRITEX; VET; NGO) Table 12 Proposed adaptation activities for M’Sampa in priority order Activity/project Risk reduction Requirements /stakeholder Community contribution Location School Early marriage Building material, cash, builders Labour, water bricks, M’Sampa satellite Lack of knowledge (UNICEF, RDC, Padenga, Boom hills) river sand primary school Fish farming Wind and other related Knowledge, ponds and related Labour, organized group M’Sampa bay weather un certainties equipment; escavator, farming Limited fishing grounds Feeds floating cages (Still looking for 60% women buyers (high risk stakeholders, Red Cross) of HIV) Gardening Erratic rains and food Electrified security fence; solar system, Labour Chaora harbor insecurity water tank and pump, knowledge, building material (AGRITEX, Red Cross, UMCOR Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 25 Table 13 Mola centre Ward 3 -Proposed projects in priority order Activity in priority Risk Reduced Requirements/ stakeholders Community contribution Location order Road and bridges Crossing flooded rivers; Cement; mesh wire; reinforcement Labour; stones, river Road from Siakobvu accidents bars; stones. (Padenga; Bumi Hills; sand, builders to Mola and the NRDC; ZINARA; ZRCS; Government) bridges at (Sangano; Ruvhura; Jeffrey: Madhibha) Draught power Crop failure due to late Pass on scheme Grazing area; new and Madhibha village planting Heifers; ploughs; improved pastures existing farming groups where farming is (Red Cross; LPD) done throughout the year Irrigation- gardening Crop failure due to erratic Irrigation equipment; electric fence Labour; land for Nabhore village rains and damage from wild (AGRITEX; RDC) irrigation; spring water animals Booster Lack of access to information (Econet; Government) on extreme hazards Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 26 10 Summary of recommendations from key informants 10.1 Socio-economic interventions  DRR at household level and at community level should be promoted  Diversity in maize varieties: the role of seed houses should be strengthened and improved  IKS – passing on of IKS to enhance use of natural resources for instance there are certain wild foods that have to be processed and cooked in a particular way to enhance utilization. (“ Mutiri” should not be mentioned by name when harvesting or cooking and firewood within the stove should not be exchanged position as this will result in mal- cooking of the food)  Do not cross flooded rivers and when crossing disturb the waters to disperse crocodiles  The chief gives permission to burn grass, he usually initiates the process  Reduce travelling at night  More men register for food for work, but more women are observed doing the work for development such as repairing roads, building dams.  People should be taught on household food balance sheets and how to prioritise on food utilization as the majority allocate more grain to beer brewing than household consumption and food preservation.  Tree planting at schools should be promoted  Dams for irrigation gardens at springs should be promoted. 10.2 Extension and climate change  Soil fertility management techniques are needed to reduce stream bank cultivation and shifting cultivation and deforestation  Increase number of extension workers, improve on their accommodation and mobility  Provision of transport to clinics  Improve on policing. In ward 5 and 6 stream bank cultivation known as “mabhonje” are viewed as resilient strategies to compensate for yield losses from upland cropping. However, it should be noted that this practice is illegal and its success depends on water availability and amount of rain received in the previous season. Although there are organizations (EMA, Carbon green, Forestry Commission) who play a major role in natural resource conservation and are guided by the Rural District act, policing is lacking as people continue to cut down trees and practice in stream cultivation especially along Mawena river in the “mabonje”  Crop diversity; 90% of households rely on carry over seed. The major varieties of maize grown are Kenya and Kabarebare which are traditional OPVs. There is need to introduce short season hybrid varieties from different seed houses. Introduce demonstrations on short season varieties and mixed cropping. For instance, Pan 413 and short season sorghum varieties have been introduced recently.  Ward 7 has less number of springs, although they are better positioned in carrying out viable gardening projects. Choice of livelihoods options depends on community attitude; ward 7 has a positive attitude towards diversification in livelihoods options and horticultural crop production is one such aspect. Ward 6 is characterized by a dependency syndrome. There is a tendency of “Deliberate failure in order to continue getting aid” Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 27 Figure 11: Far end- Healthy maize grown through stream bank &river-bed cultivation “mabonje” (June 2016) 10.3 Vision for the next 5 years  There is need to grow value crops in the gardens in order to enhance sources of food and income.  Facilitate change of mind set through such trainings as training for transformation that liberates the community from donor syndrome.  Reduce area under cultivation and practice intensive farming. Each household to allocate at least 0.4ha on climate smart agricultural technologies  Increase in fertilizer use/ soil fertility management to reduce shifting cultivation. (In ward 6 and 7 fertiliser handouts are sold as communities believe their soils are naturally fertile).  The community has a comparative advantage in market gardening as the markets are available at the nearby lake and in Chitekete where there are no natural sources of water and major sources of livelihoods is fishing.  More springs need to be serviced for gardening projects  The wards have access to good grazing areas; However, the major challenge is that of wild animals attacking livestock. Hence the need to control movement of wild animals  Improvement of livestock breeds. For instance, introduction of boar goats  Marketing of goats through improved and organised marketing systems  Livestock: Pass on schemes to introduce new breeds  Introduction of ox drawn draught power and tractors for use by communities  Increase awareness: more meetings and regular reminders about DRR and climate change.  Population management: Erosion is on the increase due to stream-bank cultivation there is need to resettle people. 10.4 Linkages with other initiatives The prioritization of adaptation strategies may also draw from other initiatives such as the Nyaminyami Ward level WASH strategy; National Poverty Report, 2015; ZimVAC Report; UNDP assessment of vulnerability as well as ZimStats reports and other partners and RDC reports. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction initiatives and climate change adaptation strategies should respond to the country‘s developmental agenda such as ZimAsset as well as regional and international development goals. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 28 11. Recommendations and Conclusion 11.1 Conclusion The survey was very informative as it covered ward level perspectives for development in relation to climate change. The major aspect of the survey was in that it employed participatory methodologies that allowed for community identification of vulnerabilities, capacities and to proffer possible solutions at local level. The assessment produced ward-based climate risk profiles for Mola, Negande and Nebiri wards in the Kariba rural district as well as elicited from the community and key informants, climate related hazards at local level viable climate change adaptation interventions and tailor-made solutions that could improve their livelihoods in the face of a changing climate (local level adaptation). The resilient profile covered aspects of technologies in terms of crop and livestock production, diversity in options of livelihoods, the aspect of learning through the various extension services available to the communities, cultural and social issues to enhance stakeholder networking. The profiling will not only serve the interest of Red Cross but other stake holders that have an interest to work with the community. The team recommends a follow-up visit to share prioritized adaptation solutions with the community and site-visit the proposed adaptation solution sites. 11.2 Recommendations The recommendations are based on interactions with both the communities and stakeholders and also in relation to the country’s goals in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation  Consideration of aspects raised by key informants and communities in designing community based projects is highly recommended.  Organised markets for goats and other small stock and value addition to enhance resilient livelihoods should be considered.  Introduction of diversity of crops such as tubers and legumes to meet the food and nutrition requirements at household level  A multi-stakeholder approach to climate change extension is one of the priority areas. The organizations which are less visible in the stakeholder analysis are called upon to review their modes of operation.  With this regard seed houses should pay more attention to the valley and set up distribution points for improved drought tolerant varieties. It is recommended that they create partnerships with existing government institutions and NGOs with running projects in the area.  Instead of spreading itself thinly, the project must concentrate on a specific area and provide a full package for it to have an impact on livelihoods.  To complete the process, the findings will need to be validated and further prioritized with the communities and their leadership. A comparative analysis with other initiatives before adoption would add value to DRR initiatives. Community perceptions on trends in rainfall patterns can also be cross validated with rainfall data by the Meteorological Services Department. Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 29 References Brown D, Chanakira R., Chatiza,K.,Dhliwayo,M., Dodman,D.,Masiiwa,M., Muchadenyika D., Mugabe,P., and Zvigadza S. (2012) Climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in Zimbabwe, working paper series no. 3, IIED WCD, (2000). Zambia and Zimbabwe, final report 2000. World Commission on Dams, November, 2000. Soils Incorporated (Pvt) Ltd, Harare, Zimbabwe in association with Chalo Environmental & Sustainable Development Consultants, Lusaka, Zambia ZimStat (2012)- Zimbabwe National Statistical Report of 2012 ZPA (2015) Zimbabwe poverty Atlas of 2015 Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 30 Appendix List of key informants consulted 1. Chief Mola 2. Headman Siyanjalika, Negande 3. Chairperson M’Sampa fishing camp, Mr Kishias 4. WASH Officer Tedius Mhute 5. Councilor: ward 6 6. Department of Agricultural Technical and Extension services- AGRITEX Case studies A key feature in building resilient communities is the integration of modern technologies with traditional practices. This therefore led to the selection of both modern and traditional technology representatives for key informant interviews. Key informant 1 T. Mhute. WASH Officer, Community Technology Development Organisation (CTDO). Background of CTDO and its involvement in Nyaminyami local level development agenda was given. CTDO has water and sanitation interventions in Siakobvu and Chalala. In Siakobvu, the organisation worked with ZINWA and the RDC to install a solar powered pumping system for the borehole (spring). They also rehabilitated an already existing water treatment plant for Chalala fishing camp. In Siakobvu, CTDO also rehabilitated one flush system toilet and incorporated social inclusion issues by addressing requirements of disabled people. They are also involved in DRR capacity development issues such as training to produce DRR plans, focusing on hazards in the area such as flooding in Mawena river, influence of the dam among others. They also trained stakeholders and co-produced a DRR plan which is ready for sharing with the DA’s office and other stakeholders including Red Cross. Weather and climate related issues in the focus area include in the discussions with communities. It has been noticed that Mawena river in Negande is flooding due to siltation. Moreover, there was massive deforestation due to illegal settlements for agricultural land leading to siltation of rivers and gully-formation. This could also disturb the natural system including the natural water cycle through increased evapo-transpiration. In the 2014/2015 rainfall season, fields were swept away. Increased number of years with reduced rainfall and droughts leading to hunger is a major point of concern. This prompted the organisation to develop a Ward Environment Action Plan (WEAP). The WEAP will specify ward-specific environmental activities which were presented on 14 July 2016. It contains designated irrigation schemes to avoid stream-bank cultivation. Negande has an irrigation area, identified near chikobola dam though the dam has been destroyed due to siltation. Another irrigation site is available at Gache-Gache The organisation proposes strengthening local authorities in various aspects of development through:  Establishment of an irrigation scheme with water, pipes as a full set. Community consultation is very vital. Instead of spreading our wings, the project must concentrate on a specific area and provide a full package. Experiences from “mabhonje” could be a stepping stone to irrigation schemes once Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 31 established. It’s also critical to concentrate on the soft issues since this will sustain the hardware issues (such as irrigation schemes) once people are aware why they have to leave stream-bank and river-bed cultivation.  Communities can engage in sand abstraction from Nebiri’s Ume river, in Negande from Mawena river and in Mola from Sengwa river. Dabani Trust based in Bulawayo is good in that area especially and is ready to engage with communities.  Promote CTDTO networks; CTDO works in partnership with UMCO in Nutrition gardens, Save the Children on building weir dams in community projects and on irrigation projects in collaboration with AGRITEX and Green Carbon. CTDO is also involved in climate resilience assessment in fishing camps. Key informant 2 Chief Mola explained his understanding of resilience from a traditional perspective. Traditional beliefs associated with climate variability are as follows:  To prevent risks associated with winds (a chicken was slaughtered, placed in a woven basket “rusero” and thrown up and down “kupepeta” Then covered by the basket and the wind would stop.  To prevent attacks from wild animals especially lions. The chief’s wife would go to the graves “kumarinda” to perform traditional rites. She would raise up her dress at the same time provoking the spirit and requesting for the lions to be dispersed. Policy and tradition  Each chieftainship has its own traditional practices in policing for natural resource management. However most of the practices are no longer as effective due to conflicts between religion, tradition and the law. It is now difficult to impose penalties as these conflicts with the law. Policies on natural resource management are spearheaded by RDC which monitors poaching activities; Carbon green distracts stream bank cultivation; AGRITEX promotes natural resource management deforestation  A number of failing projects which disregarded tradition and have failed exist an example is the dam on Kauzumba river constructed with ought undertaking proper traditional rites.  Council workers coming from other regions disrespect the tradition for instance: Traditionally during rain making ceremonies a buffalo and not cattle was slaughtered but council laws prohibit the slaughtering of buffalos. If an elephant is slaughtered the trunk should be delivered to the Chief as soon as the elephant is slaughtered, but these days the trunk is delivered days after in a state of decomposition. Council no longer provides food for the traditional ceremonies. Whilst the council gives permits for hunting, the hunters may fail to get any animal if they do not pass through the chief to appease the spirits with a piece of black cloth. Safari owners are aware of this.  The chief also spoke on rain making ceremonies and traditional Indicators of rain - If it is going to rain termites become very active and gather grass into burrows - Birds “mashura murove” a type of bird used as an indicator of rains - Limited amount of mopani worms , is used as an indicator of no rain - Increased production of utsiga is an indicator of poor rain season - Increased locust swarms show that there is no rain Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 32 The chief emphasized that performing traditional rain ceremonies result in rain falling even though it may not be significant. Data collection tools KII Guide FGD Guide MOU Climate Risk Profile: Kariba Rural District 33 PARTICIPATORY RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY REPORT (Activity 1.2) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project 1. INTRODUCTION VCA is a participatory tool used to identify and analyse the underlying root causes that make communities vulnerable to disasters, community capacities available to reduce disaster risks and their impact. The VCA process involved active participation of community members and stakeholders. The Risk Assessment process objectives were:  Support communities in identifying and understanding potential hazards in their context  Analyse underlying causal factors that make communities vulnerable to hazards and disasters  Support communities in identifying and mapping out local resources and capacities so as to reduce vulnerability and mitigate hazard/disaster impact  Support communities in identifying the three major hazards and to prioritize actions and disaster risk reduction strategies  Enable and empower communities to advocate for and request assistance from relevant authorities, duty-bearers and stakeholders The whole month of June (6th – 27th June 2016) was dedicated to carrying out the Participatory Risk Assessment process which comprised of 3 parts namely: 1) A 3-day in-class training at community level of 12 participants per cluster who were representatives of village level leaders, for example, Red Cross Volunteers/VIDCO/WARDCO/ VHW/CPC to mention a few. Thus, a total of 96 people in the 3 wards were trained on carrying out the VCA process. 2) Secondly, a one-day community VCA practical; and 3) Thirdly, the VCA draft Report writing. Village level leaders were included in the trainings to empower and capacitate them as well as ensuring community driven disaster risk reduction. The main aim of the training was to enhance strong understanding of VCA concepts and the ability of community members to effectively carry out the process. As such, ample time was taken to strengthen data collection tactics which include proper probing, and recording (note taking) skills through community mock exercises, group exercises and a conducive participatory learning environment. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 1 2. IMPLEMENTATION 2.1 Theory part The first part of the VCA process was theory based in class training, which was done in 3 days. During these 3 days, participants were educated on the definition of the VCA, what the acronym VCA stands for, the three major assessments of VCA, its processes, the VCA tools and definition of terms such as vulnerability, capacity, disaster, hazard, resilience to mention a few. The words were translated into Shona first. Then the participants were put in small groups where they would first try to answer questions on what is VCA, what the acronym stands for, its process, the three major assessments, main purpose of conducting community VCA and defining several terms. In the same groups, participants would then present their answers to everyone. After group presentations, the Trainer of Trainers would then go over all the questions discussing answers with participants. 2.2 VCA tools VCA tools used to gather information in communities were seasonal calendar, Community risk mapping and social, institutional and organisational mapping (Venn diagram). During training participants were grouped and assigned a specific tool which they would discuss in groups of 2s or more and the same tool is the one they would use when carrying out community VCA on the practical day. Each tool was assigned an appropriate Element at risk, for instance the groups which were using seasonal calendars were assigned economic, individual male and individual female as elements at risk; and those who were using the Venn diagrams were looking at social elements at risk and for community risk mapping the elements at risk were natural and physical. All in all, they were 6 groups investigating six elements at risk (individual male, individual female, economic, natural, physical and social). In their respective groups, they were answering questions for each element at risk which are in the VCA manual. 2.3 Community VCA practical day Communities were sensitised prior to community VCA activity. On the practical day community dwellers met at their respective community centres. The traditional protocols and practices were followed before the commencement of the activity. After traditional practices and introductions, explanations were provided on the objectives, purposes and uses of the information gathered. This was done so that communities would appreciate the value of participation since the information given would be used in planning for possible community based disaster risk reducing interventions. After all the explanations, the person selected to do the hazard profile would start by explaining and giving examples of the difference between a problem and a hazard. Once the community understood, then the whole hazard profile would be completed targeting three most prevalent hazards. Community members were then grouped into 6 groups to match the six elements at risk. In groups the community members answered the questions, drew the maps and seasonal calendars. Once all the groups were done, community members were thanked and dismissed. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 2 Cluster Training days VCA Report writing Negande: Matibilila, Siakaginya & 06 – 08.06.2016 09.06.2016 11.06.2016 Mutombo Negande: Mubhobho 2 06 – 08.06.2016 10.06.2016 11.06.2016 Mola: Dove, Dundwe & Chiweshe 13 – 15.06.2016 16.06.2016 17.06.2016 Mola: Fishing camps 13 – 15.06.2016 18.06.2016 19.06.2016 Nebiri: Nyamakara 21 – 23.06.2016 24.06.2016 25.06.2016 Nebiri: Chikuro 21 – 23.06.2016 26.06.2016 27.06.2016 Table 1: VCA roll-out breakdown 2.4 VCA community participants’ profile People who attended community risk assessments were the chiefs, councillor, village heads, Village Health Workers, Environmental Health Technicians, Child Protection Committee, village police representatives and community members. Ward Males Females Total Ward 3 / Mola 63 311 374 Ward 3 / Fishing Camps 8 17 25 Ward 6 / Negande 87 108 195 Ward 7 / Nebiri 112 135 247 TOTAL 270 573 841 2.4.1 Negande participant attendance profile Name of cluster Males Females Total Mutombo and Siakaginya 23 11 34 Peter and Mubhobho 1 19 22 41 Matibilila 17 30 47 Mubhobho 2 28 45 73 TOTAL 87 108 195 2.4.2 Nebiri (Ward 7) Participant attendance profile Name of cluster Males Females Total Maya 56 76 132 Nyamakara 36 27 63 Chipiruka 20 32 52 TOTAL 112 135 247 WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 3 2.4.3 Mola VCA Participants attendance profile Name of cluster Males Females Total Dove 27 140 167 Dundwe 19 82 101 Chiweshe 17 89 106 TOTAL 63 311 374 Figures 1 - 4: Community Risk Assessments in Mubhobho 2 (Negande); Nyamakara and Chipiruka (Nebiri); and Dundwe (Mola) WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 4 2.5 Hazard Profile It started with a clear explanation of the difference between a hazard and a problem to ensure that appropriate data for hazards and not problems is captured. Once this is clear to the communities, they would start by highlighting all the hazards faced by their communities and rank them according to prevalence and severity of effects in order to find the three most prevalent and severe hazards. The three major hazards would then be examined thoroughly looking at historical trends, duration, frequency, prone areas and forewarnings. Figure 5: Field trainer facilitating hazard profile during Matibilila community VCA Figure 6: Volunteer facilitating hazard profile during Mola Dove community risk assessment 2.6 Elements at risk After hazard profiling, the community members were grouped into six groups to match the six elements at risk which are social, physical, natural, individual male, individual female and economic. The group which investigated social as an element at risk explored internal and external factors which connects and divides communities. The physical group was made up of community leaders and apart from concentrating on physical as an element at risk this group also gathered community profile information. Information collected on all elements at risk will be useful in the forthcoming activity of reflecting on VCA results where possible solutions to curb the hazards are highlighted and also prioritised. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 5 3. VCA FINDINGS Communities identified several hazards ranging from drought, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, human and wildlife conflict, floods, animal diseases such as red water and rabies and wind. The three major hazards which were ranked by each cluster are as follows: Name of cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Matibilila Drought Diarrhoea Human-Animal conflict Siakaginya &Mutombo Drought Diarrhoea Malaria Mubhobho 2 Drought Diarrhoea Malaria Table 3.1: Negande Major Hazards Name of cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Maya Drought Floods Malaria Nyamakara Drought Diarrhoea Veld fires Chipiruka Drought Malaria Diarrhoea Table 3.2 Nebiri Major Hazards Name of cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Dundwe Drought Malaria Diarrhoea Dove Drought Diarrhoea Cancer Chiweshe Drought Diarrhoea Malaria Table 3.4: Mola major hazards 3.1 Fishing camp Risk Assessment Fishing camp VCA was conducted on the 18th of June 2016 with a total of 25 fishing camp members and fisherman, males were 8 and Females were 17. The 3 main hazards which threaten human lives and livelihoods in fishing camps are as follows: Name of cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Fishing Camps Human-Animal conflict Wind Diarrhoea Table 3.1.1: Fishing Camp Major Hazards WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 6 Figure 7: Fishing camp VCA-seasonal calendar group Figure 8: Fishing Camp risk assessment 3.2 Major Hazard Assessment The three major hazards which came out from each cluster were scrutinised in terms of their causes and the effects, usually termed the problem tree. Highlighted below are some of the causes and effects of major hazards which came from the communities. 3.2.1 Root causes and effects of drought From all the clusters, the community conceptualisation of drought is hunger and starvation or food insecurity. As such the root causes of drought were highlighted to be climate change, inadequate rainfall which is accompanied by high temperatures, lack of farming inputs, wild animals grazing on people’s crops and deforestation. These causes result in communities being food insecure, leading to theft, selling of livestock at very low prices, school drop outs as parents fail to pay school fees, early marriages, prostitution which leads to contraction of HIV/AIDS thereby creating a cycle of poverty within families. 3.2.2 Most vulnerable groups It was indicated that drought mainly affects the elderly, young children, the widowed, the disabled and those suffering from chronic diseases. These groups are mainly affected because they are not economically active. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 7 3.2.3 Root causes and effects of Diarrhoea In many clusters the major causes of diarrhoeal diseases were unavailability of clean water supplies, toilets and poor hygienic practices. Diarrhoea has dire effects such as body dehydration, death if not treated, selling livestock at very low prices to settle medical bills, inability to carry out day to day survival activities and poor school attendance. 3.2.4 Most vulnerable groups of diarrhoeal diseases Children are mostly affected by diarrhoeal diseases because often they do not wash or forget to wash their hands after using the toilet. 3.2.5 Root causes and effects of Malaria The main causes of Malaria were highlighted to be mosquito bites, lack of mosquito nets, repellents, open rubbish pits which contain stagnant water promoting a conducive environment for mosquitos to breed. The effects of malaria include sickness, death if medication is not taken, poor school attendance, inability to carry out survival activities, selling of livestock resulting in loss of livelihoods and poverty. 3.2.6 Root causes and effects of Floods (flash floods) Too much rain within a short period of time has been identified as the main cause of flooding especially in rivers. In addition to heavy rains, stream bank cultivation has also been identified as the main cause of siltation which is leading to river flooding. Once floods are experienced, school children will not be able to go to school, people drown in rivers trying to cross, sick people will not be able to access medication from clinics and loss of livelihoods. 3.2.7 Most vulnerable groups Flooding mainly affects school going pupils, bread winners and the sick. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Disaster & Climate Risk Assessment (June 2016) 8 HAZARD CAUSES AND IMPACTS (SUMMARY FROM VCAs) Hazard Root Causes Impacts Drought:  Low rainfall  Malnutrition, poor health Crop Failure &  Changing rainfall patterns due to Climate Change  Food insecurity stress Food insecurity  Heat waves and long dry spells  Loss of livestock through batter trade for grain  Poor soil quality and shortage of better farmland  Domestic instability and conflicts related to food  Flooding of riverbank fields  School dropout rates increase  Poor farming knowledge and methods  Early marriage cases increase  Lack of inputs  Prostitution and SRH risks Diarrhoeal  Bad water & sanitation practices i.e. Open Defecation, not washing  Body weakness and death Diseases hands, dumping garbage at unsafe places, drinking unsafe unboiled  Breakdown of social cohesion i.e. during cholera water. emergencies  Long distances to safe water sources (in some cases up to 2,5km)  Assets disposal to meet medical costs  Lack of Latrines  Absenteeism from school  Long distances to health centre – Up to 20km in the case of some parts of ward 8 Malaria  Mosquito bites  Illness and death  Disused pits and long grass close to households  Increase in orphans  Lack of awareness  Absenteeism and dropping out of school  Low bed net coverage and low correct usage among those with nets  Family conflicts related to witch hunting in the case of  Some anti-drug use religious believes i.e. of apostolic sects hinder cerebral malaria prevention efforts like spraying and treated net distribution  Asset disposal to meet medical costs WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Risk Assessment (June 2016) 9 Hazard Root Causes Impacts Floods  Storms and backflow caused by river confluences, Mawena, Sengwa  Destruction of crops rivers and several smaller streams in Negande (Ward 6)  Environmental degradation  Destruction of homes roads, bridges infrastructure  Absenteeism from school (up to a month)  Drowning and death  Water borne diseases  Crocodile infestation in smaller streams after floods and attacks on humans and livestock Human Wildlife  Flooding results in movement of crocodiles from lake Kariba upstream  Injuries and loss of life Conflict (Crocodile, into Negande  Loss of livestock hyena and hippo  Lack of game fence results in animals crossing into communities  Crop Destruction and poor harvests attacks) Elephants,  Drought and poaching has led to decline in wildlife causing hyenas to  Seasonal migration of people to guard fields porcupines, wild opt for domesticated animals pigs, baboons: destruction of crops WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Risk Assessment (June 2016) 10 3.3 Report writing After gathering information, participants compiled the information into one VCA draft report for each cluster. This activity took a full day to complete. The draft VCA report will be taken back to communities for them to agree on the contents of the VCA draft report. 3.4 Comments In many clusters sanitation coverage is very low. In all clusters, there are boreholes which are not functioning due to wear and tear. Drought was the major hazard highlighted in all clusters. The other two most prevalent hazards were malaria and diarrhoea. In clusters like Matibilila, Mutombo and Siakaginya, Chikuro and in the fishing camps people travel long distances of about 10 to 20 km to access health services. Schools are few in the area and school children travel long distances or temporarily relocate during school terms to stay with relatives, strangers or alone which makes them vulnerable to all sorts of evil/illegal deeds. 3.5 Other findings Some notable issues in almost all the clusters especially in Chipiruka, Chilimba (Matibilila, Mutombo & Siakaginya) and in fishing camps is accessibility of the clinic. For instance, people travel for about 48 km from Matibilila to Siakobvu hospital. In addition, water and sanitation coverage is very poor in almost all clusters with people drinking unsafe water from the rivers. In Matibilila Early Childhood Development children are walking 7 km to the nearest crèche as a result, parents do not send their children to school as this exposes them to many risks such as animal attacks and drowning especially during the rainy season. There is poor infrastructure in all clusters in terms of roads, bridges 3.6 The positive side of the Risk assessment process The participants indicated that:  In many places the difference between a problem and a hazard was clearly stated which made it easier to complete the community hazard profile.  there was active participation which was mainly stimulated by group work 4. RECOMMENDATIONS  Manuals should be written in local languages (Shona, Tonga, etc.)  The field staff is going to create a mutual agreement with food programmes to balance community participation in all programmes  In future, to provide food during community meetings This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2 Participatory Risk Assessment (June 2016) 11 VCA (&CCA) REFRESHER TRAINING AND CONSOLIDATED VCA (& CCA) UPDATE REPORT (Activity 1.2.2 - incl. 1.1.4 & 1.2.1) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project LOCATION KARIBA RURAL (WARDS 4, 6 & 7) & DATES: 23 – 27 MAY 2017 WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 1 1.0 Background and Introduction Surrounded by Game parks, Nyaminyami Rural (Kariba rural) is in Kariba district, Mashonaland West province. Kariba district lies in region 5 which is characterised by erratic rainfall and extremely high temperatures especially during summer which is not suitable for farming hence recurrent droughts are experienced in the district. Owing to climate change (La Nina effects), 2016 recorded above normal rainfall which boosted farm yields in most parts of the country and Kariba is no exception. However, in the same year during the farming season, peasant farmers witnessed pest manifestation in the form of army worms which were never experienced before and these worms fed on the crops thereby negatively affecting their yields. Among other things, Kariba rural is also characterised by poor infrastructure, high illiterate levels, high prevalence of malaria and diarrhoeal diseases, inadequate health facilities and poor water and sanitation coverage. To ensure sustainability through capacity building of Red Cross volunteers and villagers, a refresher training on VCA was carried in the three wards namely Mola, Negande and Nebiri. The training targeted Red Cross volunteers, Village heads, religious leaders and stakeholders such as Agritex, Village Health Workers to mention a few. In total 122 participants were trained with 62 males and 60 females. Attendance and participation by community members was high and valuable information was provided during Community VCA roll-out which can be used in devising possible hazard/disaster reduction measures. 1.1. VCA tool and its importance  As a participatory tool, VCA was used to identify and analyse the root causes that make communities vulnerable to hazards, effects of the hazards and community capacities to reduce risks and disaster impact.  VCA is important in that its findings form part of baseline information which can be used during evaluation to measure the project’s outcomes and impact in targeted communities as well as achievement of specified indicators.  It is through the VCA process that one becomes aware of the most prevalent hazards in each community.  Through VCA trainings, community dwellers were capacitated with skills necessary to carrying out assessments in their communities.  The VCA process enabled community members to realise hazards which are common in their villages and possible solutions to prevent, mitigate and respond to hazards with the aim of reducing hazard impact. From the VCA findings it was noted that community members are faced with various hazards ranging from drought, floods, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, anthrax, tsetse fly, red water, veld fires, human animal conflict and strong winds. The major prioritised hazards which came out from the VCA assessment were Drought (food insecurity), Diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, human animal conflict, floods and strong wind. VCA refresher training was done in 2 days, the third day was VCA community roll-out and the fourth day, report writing. A total of 122 participants were trained in VCA with 62 males and 60 females. Village level leaders and stakeholders were included in the training to empower and capacitate them as well as ensuring community driven disaster risk reduction. The main aim of the training was to enhance strong understanding of VCA tools and the ability of community members to effectively carry out the assessments. Main focus was on strengthening information/data collection tactics which include proper probing, and recording (note taking) skills through community mock exercises, group exercises and a conducive participatory learning environment. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 2 Pictures showing Mola VCA training participants 2.0 The Risk Assessment Process VCA is a participatory tool used to identify and analyse the underlying root causes that make communities vulnerable to disasters, community capacities available to reduce disaster risks and their impact. The VCA process involved active participation of community members and stakeholders. The Risk Assessment process objectives were: • To support communities in identifying and understanding potential hazards in their context • To analyse underlying causal factors that make communities vulnerable to hazards and disasters • To support communities in identifying and mapping out local resources and capacities so as to reduce vulnerability and mitigate hazard/disaster impact • To support communities in identifying the three major hazards and to prioritize actions and disaster risk reduction strategies 2.1 Theory part Main focus was on the definition of VCA, terms, the three major assessments, the importance/purpose of carrying out VCA main purpose of conducting community VCA. 2.2 VCA tools VCA tools used to gather information on vulnerabilities and capacities in communities include seasonal calendar, Community risk mapping and social, institutional and organisational mapping (Venn diagram). During training participants were grouped and assigned a specific tool which they would discuss in groups and the same tool is the one they would use when carrying out community VCA on the practical day. Each tool was assigned an appropriate Element at risk for instance the groups which used seasonal calendars were assigned economic, individual male and individual female as elements at risk, and those who were using the Venn diagrams were looking at social elements at risk and for community risk mapping the elements at risk were natural and physical. All in all, they were 6 groups investigating six elements at risk (individual male, individual female, economic, natural, physical and social). In groups, trainees had a mock exercise where they were asking and answering questions for each element at risk which are in the VCA manual. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 3 2.3 Community VCA practical day Communities were sensitised prior to community VCA activity. On the practical day community dwellers met at their respective community centres. The traditional protocols and practices were observed and community dwellers were informed of the objectives, purposes of carrying out the VCA and uses of the information gathered. This was to ensure that communities appreciate the value of participation since the information given would be used in planning for possible community based disaster risk reduction interventions. Community dwellers were grouped to match the six elements at risk. Information concerning vulnerabilities and capacities was gathered in these groups. Table 1: VCA roll-out breakdown Cluster Training days Community Report VCA day writing day Negande: Matibilila; Mubhobho , Siakaginya 09/06/17 to 10/06/17 11/06/2017 12/06/2017 and Mutombo, mubhobho 1, Peter & Mubhobho 2 13/06/17 to 14/06/17 15/06/2017 16/06/2017 Mola: Dove, Dundwe, Chiweshe, Fishing 13/06/17 to 14/06/17 15/06/2017 16/06/2016 camps Nebiri: Nyamakara, chikuro & Maya 09/06/17 to 10/06/17 11/06/2017 12/06/2017 2.4 VCA community participants’ profile People who attended community risk assessments were the chief representatives, councillor, village heads, Village Health Workers, Environmental Health Technicians, Child Protection Committee, village police representatives and community members. In total 746 people participated in Community VCA with 291 males and 455 females. Pictures showing volunteers facilitating VCA in the community 2.4.1 Negande participant attendance profile Name of cluster Males Females Total Mutombo and 42 33 75 Siakaginya Mubhobho 1 27 43 70 Matibilila 24 32 56 Peter & Mubhobho 2 22 8 30 WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 4 2.4.2 Nebiri (Ward 7) Participant attendance profile Name of cluster males Females Total Maya 25 52 77 Nyamakara 24 40 64 Chipiruka 37 29 66 2.4.3 Mola VCA Participants attendance profile Name of cluster Males Females Total Dove 17 77 94 Dundwe 18 57 75 Chiweshe 29 46 75 Msampa fishing 26 38 64 camp 2.5 Hazard Profile and ranking It started with a clear explanation of the difference between a hazard and a problem to ensure that appropriate data for hazards and not problems is captured. Once this is clear to the communities, they would start by highlighting all the hazards faced by their communities and rank them according to prevalence and severity of effects in order to find the three most prevalent and severe hazards. The three major hazards would then be examined thoroughly looking at historical trends, duration, frequency, prone areas and forewarnings. 2.6 Elements at risk After hazard profiling, the community members were grouped into six groups to match the six elements at risk which are social, physical, natural, individual male, individual female and economic. The group which investigated social as an element at risk explored internal and external factors which connects and divides communities. The physical group was made up of community leaders and apart from concentrating on physical as an element at risk this group also gathered community profile information. In the groups Information on vulnerabilities and capacities was collected on all elements at risk. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 5 3.0 VCA findings Pictures showing VCA trainees drafting reports 3.1 Hazard Summary Communities identified several hazards ranging from drought, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, human and wildlife conflict and floods. The three major hazards which were ranked by each cluster are as follows: Table 3.1.1: Negande Major Hazards Cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Matibilila Drought Diarrhoea Floods Siakaginya Drought Malaria Diarrhoea &Mutombo Mubhobho 1 Drought Diarrhoea Human and Animal conflict Table 3.1.2 Nebiri Major Hazards Cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Maya Drought Malaria Diarrhoea Nyamakara Drought Human and animal Diarrhoea conflict Chipiruka Drought Malaria Diarrhoea Table 3.1.3: Mola major hazards Cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Dundwe Drought Diarrhoea Human and animal conflict Dove Drought Diarrhoea Human and animal conflict Chiweshe Drought Diarrhoea Malaria Table 3.1.4: Fishing Camp Major Hazards Cluster Hazard No.1 Hazard No.2 Hazard No.3 Fishing Camps Human animal conflict Drought Strong winds WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 6 3.2 Major Hazard Assessment The three major hazards which came out from each cluster were scrutinised in terms of the causes and effects, usually termed the problem tree. Highlighted below are some of the causes and effects of major hazards highlighted from the communities. 3.2.1 Root causes and effects of drought From all the clusters, the community conceptualisation of drought is food insecurity. As such the root causes of drought were highlighted to be climate change, inadequate rainfall which is accompanied by high temperatures, lack of farming inputs, wild animals grazing on people’s crops and deforestation. These causes result in communities being food insecure, resulting in theft, selling of livestock at very low prices, school drop outs as parents fail to pay school fees, early marriages, prostitution which leads to contraction of HIV/AIDS thereby creating a cycle of poverty within families. 3.2.2 Most vulnerable groups It was indicated that drought mainly affects the elderly, young children, the widowed, the disabled, lactating mothers and those suffering from chronic diseases. These groups are mainly affected because they are not economically active. 3.2.3 Root causes and effects of Diarrhoea In many clusters the major causes of diarrhoeal diseases were unavailability of clean water supplies, toilets (poor water and sanitation coverage) and poor hygiene practices. Diarrhoea has dire effects such as body dehydration, death if not treated, selling livestock at very low prices to settle medical bills, inability to carry out day to day survival activities and poor school attendance. 3.2.4 Most vulnerable groups of diarrhoeal diseases Children and the elderly people are mostly affected by diarrhoeal diseases because more often than not they do not wash or forget to wash their hands after using the toilet. 3.2.5 Root causes and effects of Malaria The main causes of Malaria were highlighted to be mosquito bites, lack of mosquito nets, repellents, open rubbish pits which contain stagnant water promoting a conducive environment for mosquitos to breed. The effects of malaria include sickness, death if medication is not taken, poor school attendance, inability to carry out survival activities, selling of livestock resulting in loss of livelihoods and poverty. 3.2.6 Root causes and effects of Floods (flash floods) Too much rains within a short period of time has been identified as the main cause of flooding especially in rivers. In addition to heavy rains, stream bank cultivation has also been identified as the main cause of siltation which is leading to river flooding. Once floods are experienced, school children will not be able to go to school, people drown in rivers trying to cross, and sick people will not be able to access medication from clinics and loss of livelihoods. 3.2.7 Most vulnerable groups Flooding mainly affects school going pupils, bread winners and the sick. 3.3 Report writing. After gathering information, participants compiled the information into one VCA draft report for each cluster. This activity took a full day to complete. The draft VCA report will be taken back to communities for them to agree on the contents of the VCA draft report. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 7 3.4 Comments Due to construction of toilets in the fishing camps, diarrheal diseases were no longer prioritised as one of the major hazards. Strong winds were the most prioritised hazard in 2016 which has been ranked third in 2017 indicating that dissemination of early warning messages has significantly impacted on the lives of the fishermen. Although Kariba district received above normal rainfall unlike the previous years, Drought is still prioritised in many clusters as the major hazard. The other most prevalent hazards are malaria, diarrhoea, human and animal conflict, floods and strong winds. In clusters like Matibilila, Mutombo and Siakaginya, Chikuro and fishing camps people travel long distances of about 10 to 20 km to access nearest health services. There was active participation which was mainly stimulated by group work during Community VCA. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.1.4 & 1.2.2 VCA Refresher Training & Consolidated VCA Update Report 8 COMMUNITY REFLECTION ON UPDATED VCA RESULTS (Activity 1.2.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project Introduction One of the components of the mainstreaming DRR & CCA into LDP project is to enhance community based disaster risk reduction. To ensure CBDRR, the targeted communities of the project took a leading role in all community based activities including reflection on VCA results. After carrying out community VCA, the information gathered was then compiled into a report. This paves way to reflection on VCA results whereby the communities gather, have the VCA report read out to them and agree on the contents of the report. Once consensus is reached, the community engages in a discussion of causes and effects for each hazard (problem tree) for easy prioritisation of solutions on each hazards. To ensure capacity building, sustainability and community ownership, community reflection on VCA results process was led by a selected volunteer in each cluster. Community reflection on VCA results were carried out from the 7th – 13th July 2017 in 10 clusters of the project area. The activity was attended by Village heads, VHWs, CPC, community ZRP, Agritex, teachers, volunteers, Red Cross members and community dwellers. Inclusion of all cluster dwellers was crucial in having diverse and fruitful perspectives on hazard solutions since these are the people who have in- depth knowledge of capacities in their clusters in preventing and mitigating prioritised hazards. There was balanced representation from all socio-economic groups in terms of religion, age, gender, disability, stakeholders to mention a few. Objectives:  Ensure community consensus on the contents of the VCA report  Communities to brainstorm on possible solutions to prevent and mitigate each hazard.  Capacitate volunteers with facilitation skills On each Hazard, communities were guided by the problem tree in coming up with solutions which prevent/mitigate the root causes of each hazard in order to minimise its effects to human life and livelihoods. Below is an example of a problem tree from the VCA assessments which was used to guide communities. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2.3 Community Reflection on Updated VCA Results (July 2017) 1 Figure: volunteers taking a leading role at their respective clusters during Community VCA reflections. Figure 1: an example of drought problem tree WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2.3 Community Reflection on Updated VCA Results (July 2017) 2 Table 1: Demographic profile Cluster/Village venue Date Male Female Total Nyamakara Nyamakara centre 07/07/2017 32 48 80 Maya Maya centre 07/07/2017 24 51 75 Chikuro Chikuro primary 08/07/2017 31 43 74 Mubhobho 1 Chibwezulu primary 08/07/2017 34 41 75 Matibilila Matibilila homestead 10/07/2017 24 31 55 Siakaginya & Mutombo Community crèche 10/07/2017 28 50 78 Dove Dove centre 11/07/2017 21 100 121 Dundwe Dundwe centre 11/07/2017 22 43 65 Chiweshe Kalundu primary 12/07/2017 26 74 100 Msampa Fishing Camp Community church 12/07/2017 14 29 43 Peter & Mubhobho 2 Negande centre 13/07/2017 20 9 29 Total 276 519 795 A summary overleaf of Solutions for each prioritised hazard which were brainstormed at cluster level are as follows: Table 2: brainstormed DRR solutions per hazard WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2.3 Community Reflection on Updated VCA Results (July 2017) 3 Hazard Type Brainstormed solutions Nutritional gardens Spring protection & irrigation Construction of weir dams Structural distribution of drought resistant seeds & fertilisers game fencing Goat pass on projects Fish Farming project Drought Non- structural Farming education Malaria control programme Distribution of mosquito nets Structural Effective Mobile clinic Construction of a clinic Health and hygiene education Non-structural Awareness campaigns prior to the onset of malaria season Health and hygiene competitions & award giving Protection of wells Drilling of boreholes Structural Construction of toilets Diarrhoeal Spring catchment and protection diseases Provision of aqua tablets Health and hygiene education Non-structural Having Health clubs & competitions in the clusters Local leaders to advocate for provision of zinc tablet (VHWs) Structural Foot bridge Floods Awareness campaigns prior to onset of the rainy season Non-structural education to both children and adults game fencing Structural Trumpets Chilli bombs Human and Full First aid training animal conflict Wildlife management educational trainings Non-structural Awareness campaigns Lifesaving trainings Health and safety workshops Rescue boat Wind vanes and Cup anemometer Structural Nutrition garden Fish farming Strong VHF radios winds/Wave Early warning trainings Lifesaving training Non-Structural Full first aid training Water and safety trainings WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2.3 Community Reflection on Updated VCA Results (July 2017) 4 Observations  Although teachers attended and provided guidance during the meetings, DRR in schools need to be emphasised and strengthened if we are to successfully change community dwellers minds and save lives. To build a resilient community, the new generation should be exposed to DRR issues whilst they are still young, such that they have better non-dependency perspectives.  In almost all areas, female attendance was higher than male attendance and there was maximum participation from both males and females in the discussions.  Volunteers were very active and carried out the process well. Having volunteers leading the process is very crucial for ensuring CBDRR and sustainability. More so, community members quickly understand as they will be switching between Shona and Tonga.  Stakeholders played a crucial role in providing guidance on the problem tree and possible solutions.  Community members who did not attend community VCA were disagreeing with some of the findings. Challenges Late attendance, most community members were attending food for asset works hence they had to come to the meeting late. On average, the meetings started around 12 pm, taking an average of 4 to 5 hours per cluster. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.2.3 Community Reflection on Updated VCA Results (July 2017) 5 COMMUNITY DISASTER REDUCTION ACTION PLAN (CDRAP) AND MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING TRAINING REPORT (Activity 1.3.1) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project VENUE MOLA (WARD 3), NEGANDE (WARD 6) AND NEBIRI (WARD 7) COMMUNITY CENTRES – & DATES: KARIBA RURAL 19 – 28 JULY 2016 INTRODUCTION In order to sustainably implement community based disaster risk reduction programmes, communities need to be equipped with various skills including report writing, development of action plans and micro-project proposal writing. The trainings were carried out from the 19th of July to the 28 of July 2016 at the respective community centres. From the ten clusters, a total of 68 participants were trained in developing CDRAP and Micro-project proposal writing with 32 females and 36 males. Figure 1: Community Participants practising in CDRAPs & micro-project writing WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1 CDRAP and Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report (July 2016) 1 TRAINING OBJECTIVES:  Capacitating community participants with proposal writing skills;  Ensure that community participants understand the components of CDRAP and Micro-project proposal;  Teach the community on how to develop a budget; and  Ensure that communities are aware of their locally available resources which they can contribute toward hazard mitigation. IMPORTANCE AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE TRAINING 1. This is an ongoing community-led process aimed at enhancing the capacity of both ZRCS in conjunction with local Civil Protection Committees to effectively and efficiently implement sustainable community disaster reduction programmes. 2. The training also involved reflection of the VCA process to the extent that, it helped to raise awareness on a wide range of resources – cash or in kind – which local communities are going to contribute towards DRR measures of their choice for the next 3 years. COMPONENTS COVERED DURING THE CDRAP TRAINING  Introduction and Background of CDRAP  Name of Ward, cluster and chiefdom  Demographic profile  Main Body of Action Plan  Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Hazard findings of the cluster  Hazard causes and effects  Vulnerable groups  Coping strategies  Community prioritised solutions (structural and non-structural solutions)  Other findings  Development of the 3-year CDRAP  Community prioritised solutions for each year from 2016 - 2018 (structural & non-structural) Figure 2: CDRAP and Micro-Project proposal guideline WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1 CDRAP and Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report (July 2016) 2 COMPONENTS COVERED DURING MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING INCLUDE:  Introduction and Background of Micro-project proposals  Name of Ward, cluster and chiefdom  Demographic profile  Main Body of Proposal  Vulnerability and Capacity hazard findings of the cluster  Each Hazard’s causes and effects  Coping strategies  Community prioritised solution for the year 2016 only (structural and non-structural solutions) and the type of hazard being minimised.  Easy and Effective solutions, Easy and not effective, Difficult and effective and difficult and not effective solutions  Target (number) of structural solutions for the year 2016. Total number and number per each village  Community contribution in the form of labour and locally available resources  Resources from outside  Budget Development  Time Frame of completion of each process/stage in the construction of structural micro- projects including the following components:  Who  When  What  Anticipated challenges  Where  Key success factors  Budget Breakdown of the micro-projects that is the specific amounts for each item to be purchased  Quantity of resources including the description Figure 3: Siakaginya and Mutombo cluster practicing in Micro-project proposal writing WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1 CDRAP and Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report (July 2016) 3 OUTPUT & COMMENT  At the end of the training, participants showed a greater understanding of the process of developing CDRAPs. They welcomed this process and some said they would use similar 3 year CDRAPs and the skills they gained to contributing to programmes they often engage in with other organisations e.g. NGOs and the local Council to voice their priorities and ensure they are incorporated into every initiative that is proposed at ward level.  Although participants were not at the same stage of understanding, in general community participants grasped the main contents of the workshop. In fact, it is the collective spirit, the ability of being able to work together, the social cohesiveness built over the year through several consultative processes that produced a comprehensive 3-year CDRAP and the subsequent DRR measures. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1 CDRAP and Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report (July 2016) 4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT OF UPDATED CDRAPs (2017) (Activity 1.3.1) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project INTRODUCTION From 2016 and 2017 VCA results, in almost all clusters, drought came as a recurrent major hazard which is attributed to the weather characteristic of the district. The district is in region 5 which is characterised by low rainfall and high temperatures to an extent that DRR interventions of weir dams which are not supported by natural ground water (spring water) seem to be unsustainable, as such sustainable drought interventions which are not affected by natural factors would be spring protection and irrigation for reliable supply of water for nutritional gardens. Completion of Community reflection on VCA results marked the commencement of development of three year Village Disaster Reduction Action Plans which is a process of examining the root causes of hazards and finding possible solutions/plans to reduce disaster risk as indicated on drought as a hazard above. Being in line with component 1- CBDRR, the activity is community driven whereby community dwellers take a leading role in prioritisation of solutions and updating their 3 year CDRAPs. The process instils a sense of ownership amongst the community dwellers which is a sustainable exit strategy of ensuring that the activities continue after project life. The plans are important in guiding the communities in terms of the projects they deem to implement and necessary steps needed to accomplish the projects. Communities can also use their plans to seek assistance from other organisations. Through planning communities can see how much they have progressed and make correct informed decisions. The activity targeted everyone in the three wards and it was attended by WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Development of Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 1 740 people with 252 males and 488 females excluding children as shown in table 1 below. The figures indicate that female participation in community activities is very high. People who managed to attend the meetings were councillors, village heads, chief representatives, headman secretaries and village level leaders including VHW, CPC, Community police, Red Cross Volunteers, Red Cross members, community dwellers and children. Prior to community CDRAPs, volunteers were trained on carrying out the process to ensure that they are well equipped and have knowledge of the process. 11 CDRAPs meetings were held and 11 three year CDRAPs. THE OBJECTIVES OF CDRAP MEETINGS 1. Have community consensus in updating the three year CDRAPs (2017 to 2019 prioritised solutions). 2. Have community consensus on locally available resources they are able to contribute toward hazard preparedness and mitigation. 3. Community participating in selecting people who will be trained in developing CDRAP and micro- proposal writing. Table 1: Demographic profile Cluster/Village Venue Date Male Female Total Nyamakara Nyamakara centre 14.07.2017 32 51 83 Maya Maya centre 14.07.2017 24 55 79 Chikuro Chikuro primary 15.07.2017 24 50 74 Mubhobho 1 Chibwezulu primary 15.07.2017 22 27 49 Matibilila Matibilila homestead 16.07.2017 21 29 50 Siakaginya & Mutombo Community crèche 16.07.2017 25 50 75 Dove Dove centre 17.07.2017 22 87 109 Dundwe Dundwe centre 17.07.2017 17 27 44 Chiweshe Kalundu primary 18.07.2017 29 76 105 Msampa Fishing Camp Community church 18.07.2017 16 23 39 Peter & Mubhobho 2 Negande centre 19.07.2017 20 13 33 Total 252 488 740 THE PROCESS  Community dwellers were gathered at their respective centres  All the traditional protocols were followed  VCA reflection results were read especially on the prioritised solutions for the three hazards  The community prioritise solutions (micro- and macro projects) for each hazard for three years (3 year development plan for each hazard) being guided by the previous CDRAPs  Solutions were grouped into effective, less effective, easy and difficult  On each solution they indicated community contributions toward achievement of the micro- project  Few community members of about 5 to 7 people from each cluster were selected to be trained in development of CDRAP and micro-proposal writing. These people comprised of a builder, Red Cross volunteer, teachers, VHW, head secretary, councillors, Agritex officers, EHTs and a community member who can read and write. However, in all the wards, councillors and EHTs, failed to participate due to other commitments. These people were consulted separately to provide technical knowhow on the prioritised micro-projects. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Development of Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 2 BENEFICIARY SELECTION CRITERIA Village heads and the community dwellers agreed on the following regarding beneficiary selection criteria. NON-STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS Non-structural solutions are a crucial component in remote areas where there is high need for behaviour and mind-set change. This is in line with Component 1 and 2 of ensuring CBDRR and dissemination and use of DRR information. As such, this promotes integration and mainstreaming of DRR issues in community planning processes. In light of this it was agreed upon that:  People who are quick at grasping concepts and who are committed to teach, train and cascade to the broader community during their free time should be trained. STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS Feasible structural solutions to a greater extent reduce hazard/disaster impact and it will forever be remembered and related to by the community as compared to non-structural solutions. It was agreed that structural solutions should target the following groups:  The most vulnerable groups that is the elderly, the disabled and child headed households.  At risk areas i.e. where the settlement is clustered allowing for easy transmission of diseases  Overpopulated households  People who show their willingness to drive DRR solutions MICRO PROJECT SOLUTIONS On the prioritisation of 2017 micro-projects, communities were guided by a summary of effective and less effective solutions depicted below whereby communities resorted to solution which have greater impact to people’s lives and livelihoods. Effective solutions were defined as projects which have great impact in minimising the occurrence and effects of a hazard on the lives and livelihoods of the community dwellers. Less effective solutions were defined as projects which do not bring any significant changes in minimising the occurrence and effects of a disaster in the lives and livelihoods of people. Easy and effective solutions are solutions-micro projects which are neither complicated nor time consuming. These are solutions which bring great change in the lives of people by reducing hazard risks, occurrence and effects e.g. UBVIPs, protected wells and trainings. Easy and less effective solutions are micro projects which are easy to construct or to carry out but do not bring a remarkable positive change in terms of reducing occurrence and effects of hazards e.g. goat rearing projects. Difficult and effective solutions are expensive and time consuming micro-projects which reduce the effects of at least two hazards for example spring protection and catchment which reduces the effects of drought and diarrheal diseases. Difficult and less effective solutions are expensive and time consuming projects which do not significantly reduce the effects of hazards. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Development of Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 3 Some of the participants who were involved in prioritisation and development of CDRAPs WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Development of Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 4 Table 2: Overall Results of the CDRAPs for each cluster Cluster Hazard 2017 plan 2018 plan 2019 plan Nebiri-Maya Drought Non- structural Structural Non-Structural Farming trainings Game fencing Proper farming awareness campaigns Non- Structural Wildlife management trainings Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural UBVIPs UBVIPs UBVIPs Non-structural Non structural Non-structural PHHE training CBHFA & PHHE training Awareness campaigns Health competitions PHHE trainings Malaria Structural Structural Structural Malaria control programme Malaria Control Programme Malaria control Non-structural Non-structural programme Educational trainings Malaria educational trainings non-structural health campaigns PHHE training Nebiri - Drought Structural Structural Structural Nyamakara Provision of farming inputs Weir Dam construction and nutritional Weir dam construction Non-structural gardens Non-structural Farming trainings Non-structural Climate change adaptation trainings Climate change adaptation trainings Farming trainings farming trainings Wildlife management trainings Climate change adaptation trainings Human and Structural Structural Structural animal conflict Game fencing Game fencing Game fencing Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural Wildlife management trainings Wildlife management trainings Wildlife management trainings Diarrhoea Structural structural Structural UBVIPs UBVIPs Boreholes Protected wells non-structural Protected deep wells Non-structural PHHE trainings Non-structural PHHE trainings PHHE trainings Water point committee trainings Water point committee trainings WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 5 Cluster Hazard 2017 plan 2018 plan 2019 plan Nebiri- Drought Structural Structural Structural Chipiruka Weir dam Spring protection Spring protection Spring protection Non-structural Weir dam Nutritional garden Farming trainings Nutritional garden Non-structural Non-structural Agricultural trainings Farming educational trainings Malaria Structural Structural Structural Malaria control programme Malaria control programme Malaria control programme Non-structural Clinic Clinic Health trainings and campaigns Non-structural Non-structural Health awareness campaigns Health trainings Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural UBVIPs Spring protection Spring protection Protected wells Clinic Protected wells Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural PHHE training Health campaigns PHHE trainings Mola- Dundwe Drought Structural Structural Structural Small grain distribution and production Weir dam construction Weir dam Conservation agriculture Nutritional gardens Irrigation Non-structural Non-structural Nutritional gardens Farming Trainings Farming trainings Non-structural Learning Exchange visits Farming trainings Agricultural competitions Human and Structural Structural Structural animal conflict Shelter canvas Shelter Canvas Shelter canvas Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural Wild life management training Wildlife management trainings Wildlife management trainings Awareness campaigns Awareness campaigns Diarrheal Structural Structural Structural diseases UBVIPs UBVIPs UBVIPs Non-Structural boreholes Borehole drilling PHHE trainings Non-structural Protected wells PHHE Non-structural Health awareness campaigns PHHE trainings WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 6 Cluster Hazard 2017 plan 2018 plan 2019 plan Mola-Chiweshe Drought Structural Structural Structural Nutritional gardens Weir dam Weir dam Non structural Irrigation Irrigation Farming training Non-structural Non-structural Farming trainings Farming trainings Malaria Structural Structural Structural Malaria control programme Provision of mosquito nets Malaria control programme Provision of mosquito nets Malaria control programme Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural Health trainings Health trainings Awareness campaigns Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural UBVIPs UBVIPs Protected wells Deep well protection Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural PHHE training PHHE training Health awareness campaigns Mola -Dove Drought Structural Structural Structural Weir dam Goat/cattle rearing 7 pass on Goat rearing Nutritional garden Non-structural Distribution of drought resistant seeds Provision of seeds Animal husbandry trainings Non-structural Non-structural Farming trainings Farming trainings Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural UBVIPs Borehole rehabilitation Borehole drilling Non-structural Non-structural Protected wells PHHE trainings Awareness campaigns Non- structural PHHE training Human animal Structural Structural Structural conflict Game fencing Game fencing Game fencing Chilli bombs Non-Structural Non- Structural Non-structural Wildlife management trainings Wildlife management trainings Wildlife management trainings Awareness campaigns WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 7 Cluster Hazard 2017 plan 2018 plan 2019 plan Fishing Camp Human and Non-Structural Non-Structural Non-Structural wildlife conflict Wildlife management training First Aid training First Aid refresher training Lifesaving training Wildlife management training Wildlife management training Full first Aid training Water safety training Drought Structural Structural Non-structural Nutritional garden Fish Farming Markets for fish and garden produce Non-Structural Non-Structural Resources and financial management Fish farming trainings training Strong Wind Structural Structural Non-structural Rescue boat Rescue boat Full first Aid training Non-structural Non-structural Full first aid training Lifesaving training Safety trainings First Aid training MET/EW trainings Negande- Drought Structural Structural Structural Siakaginya and Weir dam -Nutrition Game fencing Mutombo Fruit tree planting gardens Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural Wildlife management and fencing Farming trainings Garden related farming trainings trainings Malaria Structural structural Structural Malaria control programme Distribution of mosquito nets Malaria control programme Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural PHHE training Health education PHHE training Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural Protected wells Protected wells Clinic UBVIPs UBVIPs Protected wells Clinic Clinic UBVIPs Aqua tablets Non-Structural Non-structural Non-structural PHHE training PHHE trainings CBHFA & PHHE training Health campaigns & competitions Health campaigns WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 8 Cluster Hazard 2017 plan 2018 plan 2019 plan Negande - Drought Structural Structural Structural Matibilila Spring protection Goat rearing project Spring protection and Irrigation Nutritional gardens Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural Trainings on animal husbandry Farming trainings Farming trainings Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural Protected wells; borehole/ spring Protected wells & boreholes Protected well protection Aqua tablets Non-structural Non-structural Spring protection PHHE Trainings Health campaigns Non Structural Health competitions PHHE training Floods Structural Structural Structural Foot bridge (Buji river) Footbridge Footbridge Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural Awareness campaigns Awareness campaigns and trainings Educational trainings Negande - Drought Structural structural Structural Mubhobho 1 Farming inputs goat and cattle pass-on project Weir dam Non-structural Non structural Nutritional gardens farming trainings Animal husbandry trainings Non structural Farming trainings Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural Boreholes Boreholes UBVIPs Protected wells Non structural Borehole drilling Non structural Health trainings Non structural PHHE trainings Hygiene competitions PHHE Human animal Non structural Structural Structural conflict Wildlife management trainings Game fencing Game fencing Non structural Non Structural Wildlife Educational trainings Wild life management trainings WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 9 Cluster Hazard 2017 plan 2018 plan 2019 plan Negande – Diarrhoea Structural Structural Structural Peter and UBVIPs Pipeline extension Reservoir tanks Mubhobho 2 Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural PHHE training PHHE trainings PHHE trainings Drought Structural Structural Structural Weir dam Weir dam Farming inputs and irrigation Nutritional garden Nutritional garden Non-structural Non-structural Non-structural Farming trainings Farming Trainings Farming trainings Flood Non-Structural Non-structural Non-structural CBHFA trainings CBDRT trainings CBDRT trainings CBDRT trainings WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 10 Table 3: 2017 Micro- project proposed solutions Ward Cluster 2017 plans 30 uBVIPs Siakaginya and Mutombo PHHE training and competitions Spring protection & nutritional Garden Matibilila Borehole Negande 22 uBVIPs Mubhobho1 PHHE trainings and competitions 30 uBVIPs Peter & Mubhobho 2 PHHE trainings and competitions Maya Farming training of 120 participants 6 Protected wells Nyamakara Nebiri PHHE trainings and competitions 40 uBVIPs Chikuro PHHE trainings and competitions 30 uBVIPs Dove PHHE trainings and competitions 30 uBVIPs Dundwe Mola PHHE trainings and competitions 30 uBVIPs Chiweshe PHHE trainings and competitions Fishing camps Full first aid training (30 pax) COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTIONS From all the clusters community dwellers agreed that they are able to contribute the following:  Labour that is provision of water, gravel, pit sand and digging pits for construction of toilets, dams and spring catchments  Poles, grass and moulding clay for toilet super structure construction and nutritional garden construction. EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTIONS  Cement  Water valves  Trainers  Barbed wire  Water pipes  Vent pipes  Builder incentive CHALLENGES  Communities were very keen to know the budget available for 2017 which was not disclosed since we are yet to have fixed budgets for each cluster. This made prioritisation of solutions and development of proposals very difficult.  Unlike in 2016 were beneficiaries were selected during this process, being unsure of the budgets made it difficult to have the beneficiaries nominated as this would raise their expectations.  Many people were going for food for assets works, which inhibited some selected people to participate during development of plans and late commencement of the training in some areas.  Quite a number of people in the communities cannot write especially the elderly people, hence volunteers had to fill the registers for them and let them sign. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 11 ACTION TAKEN  Communication with UMCOR staff was done prior to activity implementation in some areas.  Volunteers had to write names of community members on the registers and let them sign SUCCESS FACTORS  Correct timing of micro-project materials procurement will determine the successful accomplishment of micro-project solutions.  Community cohesion during the process especially on spring protection and catchments  Voluntarism- people need to have a culture of volunteering especially when dealing with the most vulnerable groups who now depend on assistance for example the elderly, the disabled, the sick and the children. RECOMMENDATIONS  Micro-project materials need to be procured in time to ensure accomplishment of structural micro-projects before the commencement of structural projects before the rainy and farming season. Volunteers assisting community dwellers in signing of registers This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Community Develop Updated 3-year CDRAP (July 2017) 12 SAMPLE UPDATED CDRAPS (2017) FROM MAYA CLUSTER (NEBIRI – W7) & FISHING CAMPS (MOLA – W3) (Activity 1.3.1) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 1 MAYA CLUSTER UPDATED CDRAP (2017) INTRODUCTION Maya cluster is located 5km to the east of Siakobvu shopping centre. It is under chief Nebiri in ward 7 in Kariba district in Mashonaland West province. It comprises three villages: namely Makwande, Gweshe and Nebiri. Nebiri village is located to the north of the cluster while Gweshe is located to the south east and Makwande is located at the centre of the cluster. Homesteads at Maya are not clustered. Some of the homesteads follow a road to Kasvisva and others follow two rivers Ume and Harudziva. Maya cluster comprise of 275 households. There is only one primary school and no secondary school. On average the homesteads to the school are 5km in distance. People in Maya cluster mainly depend on farming to earn a living. There is no health centre in the cluster. There are four village health workers and six Red Cross volunteers. There are five boreholes, three rivers, a well and five springs. There is one community garden measuring two hectares but currently no functional. Econet and Telecel provide mobile communication network in the cluster. There are non- governmental organisations providing humanitarian services namely Save the Children and UMCOR. HAZARD ANALYSIS FROM VCA During the VCA the community identified three major hazards namely drought, malaria and diarrhoea. Drought is mainly caused by low rainfall, poor soils, crop destruction by wild animals, lack of knowledge on farming methods and pest control. The effects of drought in the area are malnutrition, domestic violence, school drop-outs, early marriages, prostitution, poverty and poaching. The second ranked hazard was malaria. It is caused by anopheles mosquito. Signs and symptoms of malaria include headache, fever, weakness of the body, vomiting and loss of appetite. The spread of malaria is increased by poor hygiene practices. The effects of malaria include poor health and deaths. The 3rd ranked hazard was diarrhoea which is mainly caused by poor water and sanitation facilities. Since most of the villagers do not have toilets and they use water from unprotected sources, the community members are suffering from diarrhoeal diseases. SOLUTION OPTION 1. Drought Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Rehabilitation of the Labour, stones, river sand, Cement, ring force, financial support, pipes, weir dam concrete stones safety clothing Nutrition Garden Labour, poles, wheel Fence, seeds, treated poles, solar panels and barrow batteries Non-structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Skills and knowledge Commitment and Skilled person e.g. Agritex officer about agriculture attendance 2. Diarrhoea: Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Well protection Labour, stones, sand cement, windlasses, barbed wire/ring force uBVIP Latrines Labour, bricks, sand Cement, vent pipes, barbed wire, fly screen Rubbish pits & pot Labour racks Non-Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Training Attendance / Commitment Skilled Facilitators Hygiene promotion Attendance / Commitment Skilled Facilitators WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 2 3. Malaria: Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Mosquito nets Labour, community Mosquito nets, financial assistance provision w/ participation Covering of pot holes Cutting of grass Non-Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Training on malaria Attendance Skilled personnel from Ministry of Health prevention and Child Care Awareness campaigns Commitment and Facilitators from Red Cross and Ministry of Knowledge Health WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 3 PLAN No HAZARD ACTION A DROUGHT 2017 Year 1 2018 Year 2 2019 Year 3 Training on farming methods. Training on farming methods Training on farming methods 1 What should be done? Weir dam rehabilitation Game fencing Game fencing Nutrition gardens 2 Where should it be done? Maya cluster Maya cluster Maya cluster Agritex, Community, Red Cross Community, Agritex, Civil Engineers , Civil Engineers, builders, Red Cross, 3 Who should do it? Red Cross community, Agritex 4 When should it be done? From August - October From May - October May - October Resources available in the Tools, poles, labour, sand Sand, Labour, tools, wheel barrow, shovels, wheel barrow, pick, hoes, 5 community pick, labour Facilitating trainings, Cement, Cement, solar equipment, financial Engineers, Cement, financial support, 6 Outside assistance Financial support, pipes, ring force, support, fence solar equipment, treated poles impermo, valves, safety clothing B DIARRHOEA 2017 Year 1 2018 Year 2 2019 Year 3 Health and hygiene awareness Health and hygiene awareness Construction of toilets 1 What should be done? campaign campaign PHHE training Construction of toilets 2 Where should it be done? Maya cluster Maya cluster Maya cluster Red Cross Volunteers, Community, Red Cross Volunteers, Community, Red Cross Volunteers, Community, 3 Who is responsible? EHT, VHW EHT, VHW EHT, VHW 4 When should it be done? August - October May - October May - October Resources available in the Community participation Community participation Bricks, labour, sand, water 5 community Skilled facilitators Facilitation, barbed wire, cement, Skilled facilitators, cement, barbed 6 Resources from outside vent pipes, fly-screen, pamphlets wire, pamphlets WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 4 No HAZARD ACTION C MALARIA 2017 Year 1 2018 Year 2 2019 Year 3 Health and hygiene awareness Health and hygiene awareness Health and hygiene campaign campaign Awareness program 1 What should be done? Spraying program Spraying program Spraying Provision of mosquito nets Provision of mosquito nets 2 Where should it be done? Maya cluster Maya cluster Maya cluster Red Cross Volunteers, Community, Red Cross Volunteers, Community, Red Cross Volunteers, Community, EHT, 3 Who should do it? EHT, VHW EHT, VHW VHW, 4 When should it be done? May - January May - January September - January Resources available in the Labour and attendance Labour and attendance Labour and attendance 5 community Facilitators, pamphlets, mosquito Facilitators, pamphlets, spraying Spraying chemicals, facilitators, 6 Outside assistance spraying chemicals, chemicals pamphlets WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 5 FISHING CAMP CLUSTER UPDATED CDRAP (2017) BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION M’Sampa fishing camp is in Ward 3 under Chief Mola. The councillor of the ward is Mr Siabwanda. It is located on the north east of Mola. The community’s source of livelihoods is fishing and they do their fishing activities in Lake Kariba. There are 150 households and a total population of 477. When the community do the fishing they sell their fish to the buyers who come to the camp and some fishermen take their fish as far as Harare and Gweru. Since the fishing camp is in region 5, it receives low rainfall and also experience high temperatures. The people in M’Sampa community speak Shona and Tonga. There is a primary school which is a satellite of Tashinga Primary School. There is no clinic and community members travel 20km to the nearest medical centre which is Mola clinic. M’Sampa community has one village health worker. There are 3 Red Cross volunteers and 7 Community based disaster response team members. For networking with other communities, the people of M’Sampa uses Econet mobile network for communication and road network is very poor as they rely more on DDF boat that transport people from Kariba urban and back to Kariba urban but once a week. VCA MAIN FINDINGS During the Vulnerability Capacity Assessment the M’Sampa community identified 3 major hazards that affect their community. These hazards are Human and wildlife conflict, drought and strong winds. Human and Wildlife Conflict The M’Sampa community is surrounded by Matusadona national park which put the people at risk of wild animals. Since the community is near the lake and fishermen take most of their time fishing their lives are put at risk of crocodiles and hippos. Community members are mostly attacked by hippos and crocodiles as they fetch water or washing at the lake shore, while fishermen are attacked during fishing. Effects of animal attacks include severe injuries, death and hunger. When people are attacked they are sometimes injured and later die due to lack of first aid treatment and also medical treatment. Hunger affects the community if the bread winner is dead leaving the family with no source of livelihood. Hunger In M’Sampa community, people are now suffering from hunger because fishermen are now catching less fish as compared to the past periods. Assumptions are that less fish availability in the lake is as the result of climate change which is leading to strong winds and waves, thereby leaving the fishermen not able to go into the lake for fishing. Other causes of hunger are death and severe injuries of breadwinners due to attacks from crocodiles or hippos. Effects of hunger in M’Sampa community include malnutrition, school drop-outs, prostitution, high rate of crime, domestic violence, early marriages and increase of sexually transmitted diseases due to prostitution. People mostly affected by hunger are children, women, elderly and those with chronic conditions/illnesses. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 6 Strong Winds/Waves Strong winds are increasing due to climatic changes that are experienced the world over. These strong winds affect the fishermen as they would not go for fishing and as a result their families will suffer from lack of food and income. Effects of strong winds include capsizing of boats, drowning, hunger, lack of income, malnutrition and destruction of homesteads. Community members who are mostly affected by strong winds are children, women and elderly. SOLUTION OPTION 1. Human and Wildlife management Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Fence Labour, poles Treated poles, fence, financial support Non-Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Wildlife management Commitment and attendance Facilitators from national parks training First Aid training Commitment and attendance Facilitators from Red Cross 2. Hunger Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Fish farming Stones, river & pit sand, Cement, impermo cement, builders’ labour incentives, skilled personnel Nutrition garden Poles, labour Fence, treated poles Non-Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Training on fish Commitment and attendance Skilled facilitators farming Training on agriculture Commitment and attendance Skilled personnel from Agritex (gardening) 3. Strong Wind/Waves Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Rescue boat Pilot & Commitment Financial assistance Non-Structural Community Contribution Outside Contribution Training on water Attendants and Commitment Skilled Facilitators from Boat squadron safety and life saving and police EWS messages and Phones, transmission of EWS Financial assistance training messages to other members WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 7 PLAN No HAZARD ACTION A HUMAN & ANIMAL CONFLICT 2017 Year 1 2018 Year 2 2019 Year 3 Training on wildlife management Training on wildlife management Refresher trainings on wildlife 1 What should be done? First Aid training First Aid training management and First Aid Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, 2 Where should it be done? Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) National parks, NRDC, Red Cross, National parks, NRDC, Red Cross, National parks, NRDC, Red Cross, 3 Who should do it? Community, Community, Community 4 When should it be done? From May - November From May - November From May - November Resources available in the 5 Community participation Community participation Community participation community Facilitating trainings, Financial Facilitating trainings, Financial 6 Outside assistance Facilitating trainings, Financial support support, First Aid kits support, First Aid kits B HUNGER 2017 Year 1 2018 Year 2 2019 Year 3 Financial management training 1 What should be done? Fish farming and trainings Creation of fish markets Nutrition garden Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, 2 Where should it be done? Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Red Cross Volunteers, Community, Red Cross Volunteers, Community, 3 Who should do it? Red Cross Volunteers, Community Agritex Agritex 4 When should it be done? August - September May - June May - June Resources available in the 5 Poles, Labour and attendance Labour and attendance Community participation community Facilitators, pamphlets, treated facilitators, marketing pamphlets 6 Outside assistance Facilitators, fence, poles, cement poles, fence WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 8 No HAZARD ACTION C STRONG WINDS / WAVES 2017 Year 1 2018 Year 2 2019 Year 3 Water and flood safety training Lifesaving training First Aid training EWS training 1 What should be done? Refresher training on First aid EWS trainings and sending weather First Aid training messages to fishing communities Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, Ward 3 Fishing camps (M’Sampa, 2 Where should it be done? Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Sibilobilo, Masviakabola) Red Cross, Community, Fishermen, Community, Police, Army (boat 3 Who should do it? Red Cross police, army (boat squadron) squadron), Red Cross 4 When should it be done? January - December May - November May - June Resources available in the 5 Community participation Community participation Community participation community Skilled facilitators, first aid kits, life Skilled Instructors, life jackets, air 6 Outside assistance jackets, air rings, whistles, first aid Skilled instructors rings, first aid kits kit boxes and materials This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.1: Sample Updated CDRAPs 2017 – Maya & Fishing Camps 9 CDRAP & MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING TRAINING REPORT (Activity 1.4.1) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project Introduction Trainings enhance the capacity of the Zimbabwe Red Cross Society to effectively and efficiently implement sustainable community disaster reduction programmes through empowered and capacitated community members. For the ZRCS to sustainably implement community based disaster response programmes, selected communities leaders, volunteers and members were equipped with various skills including report writing, development of action plans, micro-project proposal writing and budgeting. Not only are communities capacitated with skills but they also realise capacities that surrounds them which enable them to contribute toward DRR through the use of locally available resources. Participants who were selected by the community during community CDRAPs were trained in updating the 3 year CDRAPs, micro-project proposals and budgets. An important component which has greatly improved during activity implementation at community level is balancing gender and diversity. In a patriarchal society, female participation during activity implementation is minimal with men being decision makers and women on the receiving side. Gradually, this has changed as depicted by the number of females who participated during updating of CDRAPs and proposal writing where women showed to be courageous and confident in participating on every developmental issue in their society. Development of 3 year plans and Gantt Chart Demographic profile Ward/Place Venue Dates Male Female Total 20/07/2017 Nebiri Nyamakara centre 8 6 14 21/07/2017 20/07/2017 Negande Chilimba centre 14 7 21 21/07/2017 25/07/2017 Mola Mola centre 11 5 16 26/07/2017 Msampa Fishing 25/07/2017 Msampa community church 2 4 6 Camp 26/07/2017 Total 35 22 57 WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.1: CDRAP & Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report 2017 1 Budget development demographic profile Clusters Venue Attendees Dates M F TOT RCV, Agritex Officer, Nyamakara & Nyamakara 5 1 community leader, builder 19/08/2017 7 Maya centre ZRCS FO-Facilitator 0 1 Chikuro; RCV, Village Heads, VHW, Siakaginya & Village secretary, members, 16 5 Mutombo; Chilimba centre Builders 20/08/2017 22 Matibilila & Mubhobho 1 ZRCS FO- Facilitator 0 1 Dove, RCV, Builders 9 6 Dundwe, Mola centre 21/08/2017 16 Chiweshe ZRCS FO-Facilitator 0 1 Total 30 15 45 The training objectives were to:  Provide a refresher training in order to strengthen community capacity/skills in developing plans and proposals.  Ensure that community participants recall the components of CDRAP and Micro-project proposal.  Ensure that the community come up with their Gantt chart for the proposed 2017 micro-project solution. Updating the 3 year CDRAP Being guided by the results from Community development of CDRAPs, the selected community participants updated their prioritised solutions for each year from 2017 to 2019 (structural and non- structural solutions). Their plans were also guided by the seasonal calendar from the VCA assessments as shown in figure 1 below: As a result, the seasonal calendar provided guidance on the development of a Gantt chart as a way of preventing situations where micro-projects coincide with the rainy season, farming and other crucial community activities. Figure 1: seasonal calendar WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.1: CDRAP & Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report 2017 2 Figure 2: Examples of a draft Gantt chart NB. According to the community plans, all micro-projects should be completed by November which is only a few months before they start farming preparations. Figure 3: An example of a budget Participants drafting their Gantt chart and budgets WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.1: CDRAP & Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report 2017 3 Comment  It was difficult for some communities such as Matibilila to produce a budget since they are torn between two projects (spring protection & borehole drilling) which require large sums of money.  Budgets were developed after reviewing and approval of micro-projects from the ZRCS technical staff. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.1: CDRAP & Micro-Project Proposal Writing Training Report 2017 4 DRR/CCA MICRO-PROJECTS 2016/17 & 2017/18 SUMMARY REPORT (Activity 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project MASHONALAND WEST PROVINCE / KARIBA RURAL DISTRICT Mola (Ward 3), Negande (W6) and Nebiri (W7) 2016/17 and 2017/18 DRR/CCA Micro-projects DRR/CCA MICRO-PROJECTS 201/17 & 2017/18 – SUMMARY PER MICRO-PROJECT TYPE WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 DRR/CCA Micro-project Summary (Final) 1 DRR MICRO-PROJECTS 2016/17 & 2017/18 – SUMMARY PER CLUSTER No. of DRR Micro-project Type Quantity Demographics Budget Ward Year Comment clusters (Structural vs Non-Structural) Planned Achieved H/H POP USD 2016 216 221 177 765 $ 12,580 102% S uBVIP Household Latrine 2017 90 90 90 450 $ 6,399 100% Mola 2016 S uBVIP Communal Latrine 3 3 n/a n/a $ - 100% 4 (W3) 2016 PHHE Training 24 24 1,679 7,341 $ 1,008 100% 2017 NS PHHE Refresher Training 24 24 1,679 7,341 $ 380 100% 2017 First Aid training 45 45 376 692 $ 5,190 100% 2016 156 156 156 780 $ 9,000 100% S uBVIP Household Latrine Negande 2017 82 82 82 410 $ 5,830 100% 4 (W6) 2016 PHHE training 8 8 319 1,335 $ 336 100% NS 2017 PHHE Refresher training 8 5 319 1,335 $ 64 63% 2016 52 52 52 260 $ 3,000 100% uBVIP Household Latrine 2017 40 40 40 200 $ 2,843 100% 2016 S Pipeline & Garden 1 1 194 753 $ 45,000 100% 2016 Protected Wells 9 9 176 632 $ 3,000 100% Nebiri 3 2017 Protected Wells 6 6 176 632 $ 2,242 100% (W7) 2016 PHHE Training 14 14 479 1,847 $ 588 100% 2017 PHHE Refresher Training 14 14 479 1,847 $ 222 100% NS 2017 Lead farmer Training 46 46 46 230 $ 996 100% 2017 Asset management training 16 16 16 80 $ 328 100% WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 DRR/CCA Micro-project Summary (Final) 2 PARTICIPATORY HEALTH & HYGIENE EDUCATION (PHHE) – OUTPUTS IN THE COMMUNITY No. of households with h/h visited No. of Total (PHHE) Ward Cluster Rubbish pits Tippy taps Safe water Pot racks h/h Pop No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Dundwe 365 1,810 265 (73%) 78 (21%) 200 (55%) 286 (78%) 320 (88%) Mola Dove 566 2,252 386 (68%) 96 (17%) 314 (55%) 414 (73%) 312 (55%) (W3) Chiweshe 418 2,587 328 (78%) 84 (20%) 250 (60%) 324 (78%) 309 (74%) Fishing Camps 376 692 174 (46%) 370 (98%) 214 (57%) 375 (100%) 366 (97%) Sub-Total 1,725 7,341 1,153 (67%) 628 (36%) 978 (57%) 1,399 (81%) 1,307 (76%) Siakaginya & Mutombo 146 663 108 (74%) 103 (71%) 60 (41%) 102 (70%) 120 (82%) Negande Matibilila & Mubhobho 1 94 392 84 (89%) 67 (71%) 25 (27%) 90 (96%) 78 (83%) (W6) Peter & Mubhobho 2 65 280 62 (95%) 55 (85%) 9 (14%) 64 (98%) 52 (80%) Sub-Total 305 1,335 254 (83%) 225 (74%) 94 (31%) 256 (84%) 250 (82%) Maya 194 753 186 (96%) 23 (12%) 12 (6%) 187 (96%) 180 (93%) Nebiri Nyamakara 176 632 168 (95%) 165 (94%) 176 (100%) 170 (97%) 145 (82%) (W7) Chipiruka 109 462 96 (88%) 79 (72%) 10 (9%) 97 (89%) 103 (94%) Sub-Total 479 1,847 450 (94%) 267 (56%) 198 (41%) 454 (95%) 428 (89%) TOTAL 2,509 10,523 1,857 (74%) 1,120 (45%) 1,270 (51%) 2,109 (84%) 1,985 (79%) Mola (W3) 1,725 7,341 1,153 (67%) 628 (36%) 978 (57%) 1,399 (81%) 1,307 (76%) Negande (W6) 305 1,335 254 (83%) 225 (74%) 94 (31%) 256 (84%) 250 (82%) Nebiri (W7) 479 1,847 450 (94%) 267 (56%) 198 (41%) 454 (95%) 428 (89%) TOTAL 2,509 10,523 1,857 (74%) 1,120 (45%) 1,270 (51%) 2,109 (84%) 1,985 (79%) This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 DRR/CCA Micro-project Summary (Final) 3 PARTICIPATORY HEALTH AND HYGIENE EDUCATION (PHHE) TRAINING REPORT (Activity 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project ACTIVITY NON-STRUCTURAL DRR MEASURES VENUE SIAKOBVU COMMUNITY CENTRE – KARIBA RURAL & DATES: MOLA COMMUNITY CENTRE – KARIBA RURAL 23-28 OCTOBER 2016 Figure 1: Some PHHE training participants - Mola Community Centre WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 1 INTRODUCTION Participatory Health and Hygiene Education (PHHE) is a proven method of encouraging good health and hygiene practices, safe water management and ultimately reduction of communicable diseases in many communities. The aim of PHHE training is to improve knowledge and change attitudes and practices toward health and hygiene issues for the betterment of individual, household and community health. The training was targeting Red Cross Project Volunteers as part of 2016 non- structural micro-project solution. The 5-day training took place at two centres namely, Siakobvu and Mola Ward 4 Community centre from 24th – 28th October 2016. A total of 46 volunteers with 24 females and 22 males were trained by two Environmental Health Technicians from the Ministry of Health and Child Care Mr Beremauro and Mr Mutagwida. Training Participants Ward Cluster Facilitators Centre M F TOT Nyamakara 2 3 5 Nebiri (W7) Maya 3 3 6 Chipiruka 2 1 3 Mr. Beremauro Siakobvu Matibilila 1 0 1 & Siakaginya & Mutombo 2 1 3 Mr. Mutagwida Negande (W6) Peter and Mubhobho1 1 1 2 Mubhobho 2 2 0 2 Dove 4 3 7 Mr. Beremauro Dundwe 0 6 6 Mola Mola (W3) & Chiweshe 2 3 5 Mr. Mutagwida Fishing Camps 3 3 6 Total 3 11 22 24 46 TRAINING OBJECTIVES  Equip participants with the PHHE techniques which are applicable to their working environments  Improve the quality of life (health) of the communities they serve.  Build community cohesion by encouraging dialogue and share information relevant to their working environments.  Be able to prevent water borne and water related diseases.  Ensure that the volunteers attain the good qualities of a teacher so that they will be able to teach the communities EXPECTATIONS  Project volunteers are expected to cascade down what they have learnt into the communities through: Home visits, naming and shaming and Drama performances.  Be role models that demonstrate health and hygiene practices at an individual and household level WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 2 TOPICS/TOOLS COVERED INCLUDE: Diarrhoea Child Faecal oral route transmission Sanitation Ladder Blocking the route Story with a gap Malaria Nine dot Line Adaptation to change continuum Animal cracker Gender role analysis Catchment area mapping Kitchen hygiene Community mapping Resistance to change Water Ladder Three pile sorting Transect walk Cup exercise QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHER For the volunteers to be able to teach communities on health and hygiene they need to possess good qualities of a teacher. The qualities they should possess are as follows: 1) A good planner. Someone who plans his/her work well in advance. 2) Someone who speaks audibly 3) Someone who accepts constructive criticisms 4) Someone who puts on decent attire/ dressing during and after the teaching. 5) Someone who is ready to learn 6) A good time manager 7) Someone knowledgeable about the subject Volunteers were encouraged to portray good qualities of a teacher whenever they carry out home visits. QUALITIES OF A BAD TEACHER All groups came up with basically the opposite of the good qualities. SANITATION LADDER Participants, in their groups were made to come up with various sanitation ladders and this was followed by a discussion and willingness to move away from the old traditional way of disposing faecal matter. Various models of UBVIPs were discussed. The proper human excreta disposal method was explained in detail. The Upgradable Blair Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine was made known in and out to participants with its advantages of being cheap and quick to construct emphasised. The naming and shaming of human excreta was almost a slogan. Songs and poems about sailed through the whole training. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 3 Figure 2: Facilitator summarises a presentation by Kasiya cluster WATER LADDER Throughout human life, water remains a vital liquid and its safety renders an individual’s health. Thus, safe water supply through protected water sources and hygienic storage methods was presented and understood by participants. The use of more than one cup for drinking water with one cup being used for fetching only was interesting. FEACAL ORAL ROUTE TRANSMISSION Participants came up with various routes of transmission, that is, how faecal matter eventually finds its way into someone’s digestive system. E.g. After using the toilet: Faeces → Hand → Food → Mouth BLOCKING THE FEACAL ORAL ROUTE After highlighting the faecal oral route transmission, it became quite easy for the participants to block the transmission cycle using toilets, clean water, and hand washing, boiling drinking water or covering food. Below are examples of how to block the transmission route. Faeces → Hand → Food (Block = Wash fruits and vegetables before eating) → Mouth. OR Faeces → Hand (Block = Wash hands after visiting the toilet) → Food → Mouth. COMMUNITY MAPPING The trainees defined a community as a group of people living together within the same geographical area and who share the same interests, religion, race and culture. They also in their groups drew the catchment area maps for their particular areas, highlighting the important features within those areas, such as roads, rivers, mountains and or other important natural features. Participants would then indicate areas which are at risk of contaminating diseases for example households located near the river are likely to suffer from malaria, diarrheal diseases and bilharzia. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 4 MALARIA Malaria was defined as a disease caused by an infected female anopheles mosquito. Participants were divided into two groups. The first group was tasked to come up with the signs and symptoms while the second group came up with the strategies for prevention and control of malaria. Both groups performed well on their assignments. This is informative especially to those who were not aware of the signs and symptoms and prevention measures such that when the carry out home visits they can equip communities with correct information. Not only for the communities but also crucial for every participant as this will help them and their immediate families. POCKET CHARTS This tool was used to assess community health practices and to identify gaps within the communities that need attention. As in this case, only a handful of participants had functional BVIPs at their homesteads prompting the need to over emphasise the requirement for suitable sanitary facilities. GENDER ROLE ANALYSIS Participants looked at the various tasks undertaken by men and women and the tasks both sexes can do. The main objective was to spell out the notion that certain tasks cannot be done by either men or women. It is hoped that this session will see an improvement in the allocation of duties at household level. THREE PILE SORTING Students were able to sort out health practices that were either good, better or best according to how they viewed them. There was need to then assess their own behaviours. Figure 3: A group presenting on three pile sorting WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 5 NINE-DOT LINE This tool encouraged participants to think outside the box. They need not always ask for solutions for their problems from Red Cross Society but rather find solutions for those problems from within themselves. Figure 4: Red Cross Volunteer presenting on the nine-dot line KITCHEN AND HOUSEHOLD HYGIENE Discussions were held using the PHHE tool kit and participants demonstrated their willingness to improve household hygiene by sweeping around the community centre. ANIMAL CRACKER The tool taught participants how to interact with each other. Pictures of animals were thrown on the ground and participants were made to look for a partner with a corresponding half of the animal. This was quite an interesting session as they mixed and mingled with each other. It is now expected of them to demonstrate similar ways of interaction in the community. STORY WITH A GAP As the name suggests the participants were divided into four groups and each group was asked to come up with a story of their own choice. This was one of the best tackled presentations were the participants showcased their talents in story development and writing. Typical life experiences and expeditions came out and all managed to note good and bad health practices. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 6 Figure 5: The presenters of a story with a gap Figure 6: Audience listening to facilitators Figure 7: Group discussions in progress as shown in the above pictures WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 7 The popularly known Chigubhu gear hand washing facility was indeed an outstanding feature as most of the participants did not know how to construct this facility. In the photograph below project volunteers demonstrate how the facility is used after taking the leading role in constructing it. Figure 8: Chigubhu gear demonstrations TRANSECT WALK During this exercise participants moved around the premises looking for “fresh” faecal matter. They brought the faecal matter into class and food was put close to the faecal matter. Flies were seen moving from the faeces to the food and vice versa. Participants were then asked to eat the food. Unfortunately, nobody was willing to take that food. The learning point was that food should always be kept covered. In this case, they refused to eat the food because they had seen the flies moving around yet this usually happens without them seeing. Therefore, food must always be covered to avoid contamination by flies. Blocking the route also came into play. Figure 9: Field visit: Nyamakara Gwangwaba water point WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 8 ACTION PLAN A summary of work plans from the various clusters. These work plans will be used to guide volunteers on when and what to do on certain dates with specific communities. Figure 10: Work plans being presented WAY FORWARD The group pledged to go and do the following among other things:  Go and give feedback to other community leaders.  Put into practice what was learnt during the workshop.  Be role models in the community.  Compile monthly reports. RECOMMENDATIONS 1) There is need to follow up the participants at their work stations to make sure whatever they learnt is put into practice. 2) Consider increasing the number of days of PHHE training and facilitators for the sack of slow learners. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Participatory Health & Hygiene Training Report (October 2016) 9 NON-STRUCTURAL DRR MEASURES PARTICIPATORY HEALTH AND HYGIENE EDUCATION (PHHE) REFRESHER TRAINING REPORT (Activity 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project PHHE REFRESHER TRAINING PHHE trainings were conducted in Mola and Nebiri under WB/GFDRR and Negande was covered under DRRY. PHHE refresher training targeted all project volunteers and it was conducted on 25th November 2017 in Mola at Mola Community centre and 26th November in Nebiri at Methodist Church. A total of 25 (12M; 13F) and 18 (9M; 9F) volunteers attended the refresher training in Mola and Nebiri respectively. To strengthen the complimentary role of the ZRCS in supporting government efforts and increasing stakeholder coordination and collaboration, PHHE trainings were facilitated by Environmental Health Technicians. The refresher covered water and sanitation issues, health and hygiene using various health education tools. The trainings are crucial in making a significant progress towards the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation. The SDGs were developed in 2015 when 193 world leaders committed to 17 Global Goals for sustainable development to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice and protect the planet by 2030. OBJECTIVE WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c PHHE Refresher Training Report (Nov 2017) 1  To provide a framework for improving and sustaining sanitation and hygiene service delivery for all.  Implementation and sustenance of positive hygiene behaviour in all communities where activities are undertaken to eliminate OD TOPICS COVERED 1. Water Hygiene at the source  during transportation  during storage 2. Sanitation types of latrines  Functioning  Maintenance 3. Malaria transmission  prevention and control strategies  treatment 4. Bilharzia transmission  prevention and control strategies  Treatment The local EHTs recommended that given that the rainy season had started, bilharzia component was crucial as the communities are surrounded by rivers and some open “small dams” where children normally swim and play thereby being at high risk of contracting the disease. In addition, lake shore communities (fishing camps Msampa, Sibilobilo & Masviakabola were we have volunteers) are also targeted hence it was crucial to Bilharzia transmission topic covered. 5. Diarrhoea faecal oral routes  blocking the routes CHALLENGES  The trainings was partly disturbed by the rains  All topics could not be covered due to inadequate time allocation RECOMMENDATIONS  A collective meeting with VHWs, Hygiene promoters and Red Cross volunteers was done to ensure smooth coordination of WASH activities. A plan of action was developed out of this meeting.  The plan is similar to the one developed in 2016. Volunteers will continue with household visits, demonstration and education and triggering sessions once every month. It was agreed that each month every volunteer should visit all their target households (1 volunteer: 50 households). They will submit a report to the branch and to the Red Cross Officers showing the household names visited and the topics covered observations, challenges and recommendations from their visits. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c PHHE Refresher Training Report (Nov 2017) 2 PHHE definition of terms and some of group work participants This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c PHHE Refresher Training Report (Nov 2017) 3 NON-STRUCTURAL DRR MEASURES HYGIENE COMPETITIONS REPORT (ACTIVITY 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project INTRODUCTION Following PHHE training which was conducted, hygiene competitions were held to check if the communities are adhering to good hygiene practises. Participatory Health and Hygiene Education has proved to be an effective training in the maintenance of hygiene aspects as well as in the reduction of communicable diseases in many communities. All members of the community were eligible for the competition. EHTs from the Ministry of Health led the competition process assisted by community based VHW, hygiene promoters and Red Cross volunteers. On the 15th & 16th June 2018 hygiene promotion prize giving ceremonies were held at Siakobvu and Mola Community centre. OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPETITION: • Assess good hygiene practises in the communities; • Encourage all community members to practise good hygiene methods; • Encouraging community and stakeholders to work together in fighting against diarrhoeal diseases; • Hygiene awareness campaigning. Figure 1: Shows part of the participants during Hygiene competition prize giving WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Hygiene Competition Report (June 2018) 1 ATTENDENCE / PARTICIPANTS No Designation Male Female Total 1 Councillor 1 0 1 2 NRDC – Social Services officer 1 0 1 2 Village head 7 0 7 3 Agritex 2 0 2 4 EHT (Min of Health) 2 0 2 5 Youth Officer 0 1 1 6 Red Cross staff – DFO, DFA & HSSC 3 0 1 7 Red Cross volunteer 8 16 24 8 VHW 8 12 20 9 Hygiene promoter 6 18 24 10 Community members 43 57 100 Total 81 104 185 CRITERIA All households in the three wards were eligible for the competition. First assessments and judging were conducted by VHW, Red Cross volunteers and Hygiene promoters. The teams were allocated households by the EHT and three judges from different organisations made up a team i.e. Red Cross volunteer, VHW and Hygiene promoter. Each judge was supposed to write marks during the assessment and was not allowed to share marks with other judges. Areas that were assessed per every household include; i. Toilet – availability of the toilet, distance from the kitchen to the toilet, direction faced by the toilet, geographical location and cleanliness of the toilet ii. UBIP – availability, distance from the kitchen, direct faced, materials used for upgrading, geographical location and direction and also general cleanliness iii. Pit latrine – availability, distance from the kitchen, direction faced by the latrine, geographical location and cleanliness iv. Slab level – distance from the kitchen, geographical location v. Hand wash – availability of a tip-tap and a container with water vi. Refuse pit – availability of two refuse pits vii. Pot rack – availability of a two staged pot rack viii. Water storage – clean container with a lid and clean cups near the water container ix. General cleanliness – cleanliness of the yard, kitchen and general look of the home Marks were allocated according to the areas listed above. After the completion of assessment and judging by the community based VHW, Red Cross volunteers and Hygiene promoters, EHT had to take a verification exercise. During the verification exercise the EHT visited 20 best households per cluster and verify if the marks given by the teams were correct. 10 households per cluster were listed as winners after the verification exercise by the EHT. Then among the ten winners from the clusters, best 10 winners were selected for the ward. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Hygiene Competition Report (June 2018) 2 Figures 2 & 3: ZRCS Health and Social Services Coordinator and NRDC Social Services Executive congratulating winners STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT Health and hygiene competitions involved most of the stakeholders in Nyaminyami. The assessment and judging process involved VHW and EHTs from the Ministry of Health and Hygiene promoters who were trained by Save the Children. Red Cross volunteers were also part of the whole process. The involvement of stakeholders in the competition showed commitment and efforts in trying to reduce diarrhoeal diseases which are mostly caused by poor hygiene practices. Figure 4: Woman and gender affairs officer handing over the first prize to the winner for ward 7 HYGIENE COMPETITIONS PRIZE GIVING DAY It was a day when villagers converged to celebrate good hygiene practises in their communities. Councillors, headmen, VHW, Hygiene promoters, Red Cross volunteers, community members and other stakeholders were part of the participants at the prize giving day. The activity was led by the EHT. The EHT explained the criteria used to come up with winners. Each cluster had ten winners ranked from number 1 to 10. The winner of the ten at cluster level was awarded a big 5litre pot, small teapot and a bar of washing soap. After the prize giving at cluster level, then those that had scored more marks in the ward were awarded with their prizes. At ward level the winners were awarded prizes bigger than those at cluster level. The one who came first at ward level received a wheel barrow, small pot, a bar of soap and toothbrush and Colgate. The awarding of prizes to winners motivated other community members who failed to win and they promised to improve their hygiene WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Hygiene Competition Report (June 2018) 3 practises at their homes. By improving health and hygiene practices, diarrhoeal diseases are also reduced thereby making a health community. Community leaders present at the function encouraged the villagers to continue improving hygiene practises in order to reduce deadly diarrhoeal diseases which can derail development activities in the communities. During the address, the EHT highlighted to the communities the hygiene requirements needed per household. Adherence to the good hygiene practises improves community members’ health. Figure 05: Health club from ward 3 providing entertainment on prize giving day CONCLUSION The communities have improved their water and sanitation since the project started in 2015. The hygiene assessments done in preparation of the competitions have showed that more households are practising good hygiene as compared with the period before inception of the project. Improved hygiene practises are shown by reduced reports and treatment of diarrhoeal diseases as highlighted by EHTs. Improved health facilities and reduced health problems create space and time for development activities. Since poverty affects the majority of the Nyaminyami communities, it is important that organisations and authorities invest in poverty eradication projects in order for the villagers to have time to commit themselves to health and hygiene activities. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3 Hygiene Competition Report (June 2018) 4 NON-STRUCTURAL DRR MEASURES uBVIP LATRINE & WELL PROTECTION BUILDERS’ TRAINING (ACTIVITY 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project INTRODUCTION From the 25th - 27th November 2017, 2 uBVIP latrine and well protection builders’ refresher trainings were carried out in ward 3 Mola and Ward 8 Mamvuramachena with the intention of:  Refreshing builders’ skills and knowledge on constructing uBVIPs & protecting shallow wells  Plan implementation for the 2017 DRR measures The training was conducted by EHTs and it mainly focused on the practical of actual construction. Theory was shared on site as builders carried out work under the supervision of the EHT. Material covered included good siting for wells and uBVIPs, using correct materials and mixture ratios, type of stones, brick /stone laying, bonding. All information shared was from the standard sanitation guide from the ministry of health. Through the trainings more experienced builders interacted with new builders and exchanged skills. 2 demonstrations were done in Kasvisva (Ward 8) for a well and uBVIP latrine and afterwards teams of builders were formed to commence construction in their respective village clusters. Table 2: Builders’ training refresher - Attendance Place Date Male Female Total Negande Community 25 and 26 2017 15 2 17 Centre 25 and 27 Mamvuramachena school 28 8 36 /11/2017 43 10 53 WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Latrine & Well Protection Builders’ Training (Nov 2017) 1 Figure 1: Builders constructing a well slab in ward 8 during builders training Figure 2: Builders completing infiltration well lining in ward 8 Figure 3: Builders completing uBVIP lining in Kasvisva during builders training WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Latrine & Well Protection Builders’ Training (Nov 2017) 2 COMMENTS Trained builders now have the confidence and skills required for construction of standard latrines. Such capacity is important going forward since they can now use the skills to non-beneficiaries and also beyond the project. It is was recommended that latrine construction be carried out before the rain seasons (September – October) since soils get loose during the rainy season making it difficult for builders A plan of action developed after the training with the major highlights being that builders will organise themselves into teams of more experienced and less experienced to ensure maximum learning and guarantee good quality of structures. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Latrine & Well Protection Builders’ Training (Nov 2017) 3 NON-STRUCTURAL DRR MEASURES BASIC FIRST AID TRAINING REPORT (Activity 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project INTRODUCTION A 5 day, full Basic First Aid training including both theory and practical was conducted from the 13th – 17th November 2017 at Msampa fishing camp in Mola ward 3. The training comprised of members of the three fishing camps in Mola ward 3 (Msampa, Sibilobilo and Masviakabola). In attendance there were 45 trainees (25M: 20F). A female ZRCS First Aid instructor from the province conducted the 5 day training. First Aid assists the communities during the time of emergencies and accidents. The training was held at Msampa fishing camp which experienced high number of casualties due to hippo and crocodile attacks, drowning due to strong winds and waves. The training focused on injuries and conditions that the communities mainly suffer from. Major topics covered during the training were Scope of First Aid, Cardiac Arrest, Respiratory failure, Drowning, Shock, Fainting, Wounds and Bleeding and Fractures. Full participation from the trainees was noticed especially during practical demonstration which was an indication of enthusiasm from the trainees. The practical sessions are a crucial part of the training in ensuring that everyone is equipped especially for the participants who can neither read nor write. As a result, more time was taken covering practical sessions on injuries and conditions that mainly affect the fishing community namely practical management of wounds, drowning and cardiac arrest. For sustainability, it was agreed that the team meets once every month for first aid drills and also monthly payments by all fishermen for refurbishment of first aid kits as well also working closely with Mola clinic, Chalala clinic, Crocodile Farm (Padenga Holdings), Bumi Hills and Musango Safaris in outsourcing First aid materials. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c First Aid Training (Nov 2017) 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING  To equip the members of the fishing communities with basic first aid techniques.  To provide knowledge on safe keeping of first aid kit materials.  To make an inventory of available first aid kit materials.  To share the roles and responsibilities of trained first aiders during emergencies or disasters.  To give the trained first aiders a guide on reporting format about casualty management or emergencies.  To come up with plans on how to refill the first aid kits. Attendance breakdown Name of fishing camp Males Females Total Msampa 18 18 36 Sibilobilo 2 1 3 Masviakabola 5 1 6 Total 25 20 45 Reporting The recommended reporting format was discussed with the trainees including the major elements of an accident/emergency report e.g. name of the casualty, number of casualties, location, time, type of injury and services rendered to mention a few. Comments  The communities were gender cautious in selecting first aid participants especially after realising the important role being played by women in rendering first aid services in the fishing camps.  Msampa fishing camp had more trainees because it is the main fishing camp with high incidence of injuries and deaths. In addition, the population of Msampa fishing camp outweighs that of Masviakabola and Sibilobilo. CHALLENGES  The first aiders lack swimming and lifesaving skills in order to effectively and efficiently respond to lake emergencies.  The training facility used does not have power to conduct some video session during training.  Communication network is very poor such that sometimes there is no link or communication with the Red Cross office and other emergency service organisations.  There is lack of immediate transport when accidents happen in fishing communities to carry casualties to safe places or nearest medical centres. RECOMMENDATIONS  Every fishing camp to have an emergency resource centre or first aid centre.  Full first aid training to more fishing community members  Red Cross and local authorities to facilitate the installation of new communication boosters to improve communication during emergencies or disasters. Or alternatively use of VHF radios.  Local authorities and stakeholders to assist to provide the first aid resources to fishing communities.  Emergency and first aid simulations to be regularly done so that the teams are always ready for emergencies and disasters. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c First Aid Training (Nov 2017) 2 Trainees demonstrating management of foot wound. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c First Aid Training (Nov 2017) 3 NON-STRUCTURAL DRR MEASURES LEAD FARMER’S TRAINING (Activity 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project In the past decades, natural hazards have become more frequent and intense resulting in undermining developmental efforts mainly in Southern African countries. The situation is worsened by unreliable forecasts which are attributed to climate change. Owing to climate change, since 2016 VCAs, drought (food insecurity) has been ranked the top hazard in Nebiri Maya cluster. The area has a demolished garden and insufficient water supply from the river which if renovated & rehabilitated will improve the food security situation of the community. As a result, the community prioritised rehabilitation and revamping of the pipeline and garden to improve accessibility to nutritional vegetables. Harudziva Weir was constructed by DDF Water Division in 1997/98. The Weir was used to water Nebiri Nutrition Garden and domestic purposes. The garden has 4.4 hectares and a total of 120 plot holders, specializing in horticulture. Apart from the garden, another 74 households and 7 Nebiri Primary School teachers and 166 pupils are also benefiting from this water supply. The lead farmer’s training was done at Nebiri ward 7 centre from the 22nd - 26th November 2017. In attendance there were a total of 34 (8M: 26F) lead farmers. Two trained facilitators from Agritex extension officers facilitated the training thereby strengthening the complementary role of the ZRCS to government efforts. The lead farmers are people selected by the community to be Lead farmer TOT who will cascade and educate the rest of the Harudziva garden beneficiaries. This ensures quality implementation and sustainability of the garden project. Similar to the Farmer field school approach which was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organisations, the lead farmer training is based on non-formal education approach where beneficiaries learn by doing, experimenting, observing and reflecting in the garden. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Lead Farmers Training Report (Nov 2017) 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING  Empower farmers with knowledge and skills relevant to their context.  Sharpen the farmer’s ability to make critical and informed decisions which strengthen their coping mechanisms  To know the nutritional value of different vegetables  Have greater understanding and knowledge of the stages that are involved in farming e.g. seedling management, transplanting and application of manure, safer use of pesticides to mention a few.  Enabling farmer’s livelihoods to become more resilient and less vulnerable to drought CONTENT COVERED Why Gardening  Garden is a source of income  Vegetables improve household nutritional requirement  Improved food security  Offsets high unemployment for women and youths and its implications Factors to consider before starting a garden  Good site  All year round water supply  Crop and variety selections  Soil type variety selection  Market development Land Clearance, Fencing and Pegging  Tools to use – axe, hoe, rake, plough, shovel, stick, peg  Poles for fencing  Use of live fencing  Fence protection from fire and termites Nutritional value of vegetables  Proteins – beans, cow peas, peas  Carbohydrates – green maize, sweet potatoes, potatoes  Mineral and Vitamins – leaf vegetables, fruits, egg plant  Fats and oils – ground nuts Crops to be grown and rotations  Leaf – rape, covo, chomolia, rugare, tsunga  Fruit vegetables – tomatoes, egg plant  Root crops – carrots, potatoes, sweet potatoes  Legume crops – beans, cow peas, peas Rotation Fruit ----------------- Legume -------------- Leaf --------------- Root -------------- Fallow WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Lead Farmers Training Report (Nov 2017) 2 Other considerations for rotation  Summer crop  Winter crop  Shallow rooted crop and deep rooted crop  Green manure – the value of the crop to be used as green manure  Crop rotation, availability of water in the garden and all year-round farming enable Nebiri community livelihoods to be drought resilient as they will having enough food for their families and some for sell to the neighboring Siakobvu community. Nursery management and soil treatment  Bed preparation and all tools needed e.g. rake, hoe, spade, shovel, pegs, line and tape  Apply manure  Taking measurements, digging, leveling  Making lines/furrows  Seed spacing and sowing  Soil treatment with heat sterilization (steam and boiling water)  Chemical soil sterilizations Safe use of pesticides and pest control  Read label on containers  Use protective clothing  Use the required amount  Do not smoke eat when using chemicals NB Colour Codes for pesticides: Green – caution Amber – poison Red – dangerous poison Purple – very dangerous poison Vegetable bed making (Practical work)  Tools used for vegetable bed making  Naming and listing of tools – garden line, rake, hoe, spade, shovel, pegs, tape  Area clearing and digging  Measuring the bed and construction of the bed  Leveling marking of furrows  Sowing and seed covering  Watering Production of individual crops – pone from each group (leaf, fruit, root and legume) A. Cabbage – naming of varieties (drum head, sugar loaf)  Classification – head size, shape, colour, time to maturity  Soil requirements – fertility and drainage  Climate – cool, moist but can be grown all year round  Land preparation – ploughing, spacing, seed rates  Fertilisers – compounds/basal, top dress, time of application  Weed control – mechanical, chemical  Pest and diseases control – biological, mechanical and chemical  Watering – done to avoid moisture stress  Harvesting – indicators of maturity  Cabbage disorders WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Lead Farmers Training Report (Nov 2017) 3  Yield B. Onion – varieties (texas, grano, king onion, red pinoy)  Characteristics – bulb shape, season length, storage, quality  Soil requirement – fertility, drainage  Climate – temperature (high or low)  Land preparation – ploughing, sowing and spacing  Fertilisers – basal and top dress, amount to be applied, manure  Pest, diseases and weed control – naming of pests, diseases and weeds control measures  Watering – always apply when needed  Harvesting and maturity indices  Storage – methods of storing reducing storage losses C. Pumpkin – Categories (squash, gourd, summer squashes)  Varieties – Golden hubbard, green hubbard and white boer  Soil type – well drained, fertility  Climate – summer cropping is good  Spacing and seed rates  Fertilisers – basal, top dress and manuring  Pest, weed and disease control – methods used for controlling  Harvesting – maturity indices, yield potential D. Tomatoes – varieties (rodade, roma, star 9030 FI)  Growth habits – determinate and indeterminate  Characteristics – shape, colour, firmness, taste and size  Staking/trellising – use sticks or wire  Fertilisers – basal, top dress and manure  Weed, pest and disease control – methods used for controlling  Disorders of tomatoes – blossom end rot, puffiness and sun scald  Harvesting, Yield and Storage – yield per hectare, time of harvesting and reducing storage losses E. Carrots – Varieties (naming of varieties and characteristics)  Soil requirements – drainage, fertility and depth  Seed rates – amount per hectare and methods of planting  Fertilisers – basal, top dress and manure, how they are applied and when. Carrots do not need direct application  Harvesting and maturity indices – time to harvest and what to check for maturity F. Beans – varieties (sugar beans)  Soil requirements – fertility, drainage  Spacing and sowing – in row and inter row seed rates  Pest, weed and disease control – methods for controlling  Harvesting – reducing, harvest losses, maturity indicators Varieties and crop selection Based on the four groups of vegetables, farmers selected the varieties that they want to grow in the garden. Cropping calendar (Vegetable) Having a crop calendar is crucial in knowing the time suitable for each crop. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Lead Farmers Training Report (Nov 2017) 4 Learning about pests Sucking pests and biting pests, naming of different pests and how they affect crops. Pest identification and control Diseases Disease identification, naming of diseases (virus, bacterial and fungal), methods of controlling Planting of different vegetables (practical work)  Tools used  Land preparation  Bed making  Sowing (rape, carrots, sugar beans, onion and tomatoes) Using knapsack sprayer – practical demonstration  Naming of parts and functions  Fitting of parts  Mixing chemicals  Calibration of knapsack sprayer Early warning  The local agricultural extension worker will work with Meteorological officer under the rubric of the DCP, as link person who receives early warning information (such as seasonal forecast and ten day forecasts) for dissemination to farmers. The extension worker will use rainfall information measurements from the instruments installed in Ward 7 (Siakobvu) with potential that another rain gauge can be installed in the garden. The information collected will contribute to early warning information disseminated to farmers. This information is expected to enhance decision making and choice of farming practices for farmers thus enabling farmer’s livelihoods to become more resilient and less vulnerable to drought OBSERVATIONS  Women comprised the largest part of the people that were trained. During this time of the year, most men take part in farming and spend most their time in the fields, planting maize and other small grains. This leaves women pursue alternative livelihoods such as small scale riverbed cultivation hence their active participation in this particular community garden.  The community selected young trainees who were able to read, write and who are able to cascade the information to the rest of the beneficiaries. These young lead farmers in most cases are also targeted by other NGOs in the area for example UMCOR-ZRBI Crop and Livestock Information Centre (CLIC) project.  LIC Project and this affects available time needed to cascade information thereby depriving other beneficiaries of the farming information they should get from the lead farmers.  Participants were affected by the rains on the fourth day of the training. As a result people came late to the training which affected their dismissal time. The flooded UME River hindered the facilitator to cross over; an alternative way was to use the longer route thereby delaying the commencement of the training.  Farmers also said they need a starter pack which includes variety of seeds and fertilizers. RECOMMENDATIONS WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Lead Farmers Training Report (Nov 2017) 5 LEAD FARMER’S REFRESHER TRAINING (Activity 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project INTRODUCTION As part of supporting mainstreaming local climate change adaptation initiatives, a 1-day lead farmer refresher training was conducted by the Agritex officer on 12th February 2018 in order to make the garden farmers ready for the garden farming activities. The farmers were also advised to construct fire guards to avoid veld fires during summer season. The starter pack for the garden was procured and now wait for the completion of the land preparation in the garden so that planting is done. Due to the continuous falling of the rains, the Agritex have advised not to sow seeds when the soil is wet as well as not to use ox-drown plough because that may cause rotting of seeds and soil compaction. At the end of the workshop, the Agritex officer made a commitment that he will now include Nebiri community garden in his plans so that the trainings continue even beyond the life span of the project. Attendance NO POSITION ROLE MALE FEMALE TOTAL 1 Lead farmers Participant 3 19 22 2 Agritex Officer Facilitator 2 0 2 3 Red Cross Staff Coordinator/Admin support 1 0 1 Objectives of the refresher training: • To prepare the farmers for land preparation – pegging and planting • To train lead farmers on garden establishment and soil fertility • Training lead farmers on spacing requirement of different crops and varieties • Equip farmers with horticultural production skills • Train farmers on pest control OBSERVATIONS • 22 (3M:19F) lead farmers mostly women attended the training • Topics discussed include: land preparation, pegging of beds and plots, beds preparation, sowing of seeds, crop protection and crop production • Farmers were encouraged to use locally available manure to improve soil fertility • Discussion on food insecurity due to climate change was an interesting topic as farmers were encouraged to work with local Agritex officer to get full information on weather updates. • Due to flooding of Harudziva River some lead farmers from Nebiri village failed to attend the training. WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.4 DRR Measures – Lead Farmer Refresher Training 1 RECOMMENDATIONS • Trainings should be conducted at centre with electrical power so that videos can be shown • Farming refresher trainings should be conducted regularly to update the farmers on weather changes and farming methods. Photo 01: Lead farmer Refresher Training participants and Agritex officer Mr Mhuri. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.3.4 DRR Measures – Lead Farmer Refresher Training 2  Trainings should be conducted before the onset of the rainy season.  There is need to educate males on the importance of gardening and nutritional value in order to increase their participation in gardening activities. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Lead Farmers Training Report (Nov 2017) 6 NON-STRUCTURAL DRR MEASURES ASSET MANAGEMENT TRAINING (ACTIVITY 1.4.3) “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Local Development Planning in Zimbabwe” Project INTRODUCTION The community highlighted lack of knowledge on maintaining and rehabilitating their resources as the main cause that led to continuous damage to the garden and pipeline. This led to the prioritisation of training to the two committees that is the Harudziva Garden committee and the Harudziva Pipeline committee in Asset Management training. Two day training was conducted to the committees at Nebiri Maya ward centre from the 20th - 21st November 2017. There were a total of 16 committee members participating (10M: 6F). The committee members were trained by 2 Agritex Extension officers who have the recommended expertise thereby ensuring quality service delivery and strengthening stakeholder collaboration and the complimentary role of the ZRCS to government efforts. The training of the two asset management committees was aimed at ensuring that they become aware of their responsibilities, be able to safeguard and maintain the garden resources and pipeline for sustainability purposes. This will instil a sense of ownership and sustainability of the project. OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING:  Clarify the duties and responsibilities of the two committees  Come up with goals concerning the project. the goals will act as a guide with which the committees will measure their success  Encourage team spirit (spirit of togetherness) among the committee members  Ensure that committees are able to resolve conflicts that may arise within the group and with the community. CONTENT COVERED DURING THE TRAINING Definition of Asset management Asset management committee is an organised group of seven or more people that are tasked with the daily operation, general supervision and management of the assets. It is also a management body that is responsible and accountable to the community on the running of the asset since the community as a whole cannot manage the asset. Asset management committee composition 1. Chairperson 4. Vice Secretary 2. Vice Chairperson 5. Treasurer 3. Secretary WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Asset Management Training (Nov 2017) 1 Purpose of Asset Management Committee  Planning and organising  Improve working relationships  Working voluntarily  Make people aware of their potentials  Mobilisation of the community  Help in solving problems Roles and Responsibilities of the committee members Chairperson’s duties  Calling for meetings  Coordinating and supervise tasks  Planning of meeting agenda with the  Seeking donations secretary  Signing jointly with the secretary all  Chairing meeting documents related to the project  Delegating duties  Call for annual general meetings Secretary’s duties  Set agenda for meetings  Prepare applications for funds with advice  Taking minutes for meetings from the Chairperson and other  Arrange meeting places and times committee members  Write all letters for the committee  Remind members of tasks they are to do Treasure’s duties  Supervise receipt of all money for the project  Supervise paying of money into the bank  Supervise money withdrawal wherever requested following correct procedures Committee members duties  Support other members in carrying their duties  Support activities done by the committee and for the project  Carrying out repairs  Report of operation and maintenance activities. Pipeline Asset Management Committee Roles and Responsibilities  Have meetings as scheduled  Checking seepage and drainage  Vegetation control  Spring and pipeline protection  Monitor water level and spill way  Routine maintenance – to be done yearly  Routine maintenance of dam wall and  Checking for pipe leakages regularly checking cracks  Checking for exposed pipes  Erosion control to prevent siltation  Regular checking and fixing pillars  Observe settlement activities supporting the pipes  Monitor silt traps  Clearance of the road to the dam and tank Garden Asset management committee Roles and responsibilities  Conducting regular meetings  Maintain calendar for garden activities  Work to secure funding  Coordinate volunteers  Maintain garden and pipeline Roles of members and community  Make agreed payments  Attend meetings and educational activities  Elect committee periodically  Maintain asset and keep it  Participate in community works  Use the asset WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Asset Management Training (Nov 2017) 2 The Constitution and its contents The constitution is a written document used by the AMC as a legal document that govern the running of the assets. Structure of the constitution  Name of the project  Duties of the committee – Overall planning  Setting objectives and policies  Accountability  Supervise works  Auditing  Management of project  Monitoring and Evaluation  Budgeting  Membership – include members from nearby villages (Gweshe, Makwande & Nebiri)  Those with plots in the garden are also included  To include more women than men or gender balanced  To Include youth  Length of the membership – Members are chosen through a voting process and shall save for two years. If the member fails to serve for two years, selection of the replacement shall be done  Attendance – members must attend all meetings but if one fails to attend e.g. three meetings consecutively, the member is removed from the committee  Language – Shona shall be an official language  Official meetings – six out of ten make up a quorum therefore can hold project meetings.  Number of meetings – the committee shall meet every two months on the 1 week of the second st month. Other meetings to be held as per chairperson’s advice.  Election of Leaders – Elected through voting process and can be removed if they don’t follow or abide to the constitution.  Decision of the Committee – Decision passed only when more than half the members are present and show by raising hands  Dissolution of the committee – Dissolved only if it fails to have a quorum for four meetings. Dissolution carried out by the village development committee Conflict Resolution  Members can be expelled if he/she commits a serious crime and only after necessary steps have been taken  Members can agree to pay a fine or penalty fee for minor crimes committed  Taking of simple disciplinary measures according to crime committed  One should not take side when solving conflict  This should be dealt with accordingly and should be included in the constitution Book keeping and accountability  Cashbooks and financial reporting  Constitution  Minute book  Plan of work book – all work to be done and that was done Capacity building to include:  Leadership training  Conflict resolution  Book keeping  Leadership  Social mobilisation WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Asset Management Training (Nov 2017) 3 OBSERVATIONS Some people did not write the pre training test due to fear of failing the exam. However, many people passed the post training test showing great understanding of what was learned. CHALLENGES Some committee members could not read or write. The committee was already established during the period when the garden established by Save the Children hence for solidarity, social cohesion of the community and impartiality as one of the Red Cross principles, those who could not read or write were retained as committee members. RECOMMENDATIONS Women participation has noticeably improved. This is encouraging and there is hope that more trainings will be conducted to strengthen such gains. The main areas in need of future training are Leadership and Business development. The Nebiri Red Cross branch has been actively involved in the two projects. They branch has been active – in conjunction with the local leadership – in mobilising the community to come for the works, mobilising local resources and organising meals for the community during the work. This positioning of the local RC branch will ensure the branch will provide the accountability mechanism for both the project and its local committee, something that is required for sustainability. This activity was co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery WB/GFDRR: A02-1.4.3c Asset Management Training (Nov 2017) 4