Annual Report 2014 1 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to The World Bank Group members of its board or executive directors or the countries they Copyright © 2015 represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility The International Bank for Reconstruction whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, and Development / The World Bank Group colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in 1818 H Street, NW this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any Washington, DC 20433, USA judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. All rights reserved Photo Credits Cover: Lakshman Nadaraja; back cover: Graham Crouch, Curt Carnemark, Simone D. McCourtie; foreword: Curt Carnemark; p.12: Gennadiy Ratushenko; chapter 1 divider: Graham Crouch; p.16 and box 5, p.17: World Bank’s NER project team; p.19: Allison Kwesell; p.21: Stephan Bachenheimer; chapter 2 divider: Dominic Sansoni; IFG window divider: Taimani Films; p.28 and box 6, p.29 Simone D. McCourtie; box 7 p.31: Bernard Aritua; box 8, p.32: World Bank’s Nepal Fast Track management team; p. 34: Kubat Sydykov; box 9, p. 35: Graham Crouch; p.39: Arne Hoel; WSI window divider: Curt Carnemark; box 10, p.40: Smita Misra; SAGE window divider: Scott Wallace; p.44: Lakshman Nadaraja; box 11, p.47: Lakshman Nadaraja; p.48, Curt Carnemark: box 12, p.49: Stephan Bachenheimer; NE-WASH window divider: World Bank’s NEWASH project team; p.52 and P.53: World Bank’s NEWASH project team; NELSIP window divider: Deshan Tennekoon; p.56: Local Government Department of Northern Provincial Council; appendix 1: Local Government Department of Northern Provincial Council. Annual Report 2014 Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations 5 Foreword 7 Chapter One: The Partnership for South Asia Program 9 Background to the Partnership 10 PFSA Structure and Highlights of Impacts 14 PFSA Activities and Financial Status 2011-2014 19 Expected PFSA Growth -- Possible New Windows in 2015 21 Chapter Two: 2014 Progress Report 25 Infrastructure For Growth Window (IFG) 27 Water Sanitation in India Window (WSI) 37 South Asia Gender Equality Window (SAGE) 43 Sri Lanka North East Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Window (NE-WASH) 51 Sri Lanka North East Local Services Improvement Project Window (NELSIP) 55 Appendix One: PFSA Ongoing Activities and Expected Deliverables 59 Appendix Two: PFSA Closed Activities and Deliverables 73 Acronyms and Abbreviations AFR Africa BBL Brown Bag Lunch BE Bank-executed CDD Community-driven development CO2 Carbon dioxide EAP East Asia and Pacific ECA Europe and Central Asia FY Fiscal year GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IFG Infrastructure For Growth Initiative IMF International Monetary Fund LAC Latin America and Caribbean M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDTF Multi-donor trust fund MNA Middle East and North Africa MSME Micro, small and medium enterprises NARI Northern Areas Reduction-of-Poverty Initiative NELSIP North-East Local Services Improvement Project PFSA Australia-World Bank Partnership for South Asia PPP Private-public partnership RE Recipient-executed RETF Recipient-executed trust fund SAGE South Asia Gender Initiative SAR South Asia Region SL-NE Sri Lanka North East TF Trust Fund WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WSI Water and Sanitation Initiative Foreword The Partnership for South Asia (PFSA) is an Umbrella Facilitation Program (SARTFP) and (2) the Pakistan: Trade Trust Fund set up by the Commonwealth of Australia and and Investment Policy Program (P-TIPP). These windows the South Asia Region (SAR) of the World Bank to contribute will enable PFSA to embark on the strategic opening of a to sustainable development and poverty reduction in the new range of activities (i.e., trade and competitiveness and South Asia Region. regional integration), cross-cutting and regional in scope and aligned with World Bank and DFAT priorities. The 2014 has been an important year of reorganization for all World Bank is grateful to the Government of Australia for of PFSA’s stakeholders – including for its founding partners its additional financial commitments which have facilitated as well as many of the governments in the South Asia Region. strategic opportunities to engage in regional priorities for First of all, many of the countries in the South Asia Region development. were inaugurating newly-elected governments (i.e., Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Pakistan) or were in the process of Client orientation and responsiveness has been holding or preparing for national elections (i.e., Afghanistan characteristic of PFSA since its inception. India – the and India, and Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, respectively). largest democracy in the region and one of the largest Second, this past year was also one of change and reform recipients of PFSA allocations -- held elections in 2014. for both of PFSA’s partners. The Government of Australia’s The newly-elected Modi Administration has been eager Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) issued its to advance its development agenda and PFSA has been new development policy for Australian Aid (in June 2014) an important vehicle helping the Bank engage with the that is aimed at: promoting prosperity, reducing poverty Government of India. and enhancing stability, and generally, refocusing Australia’s aid delivery. This new development policy emphasizes The World Bank would like to thank the Government of innovation by leveraging knowledge and finance through Australia for its support and engagement in the South partnerships. In the same time period, the World Bank Asia Region through PFSA. We believe that much hard implemented its strategic reorganization to leverage the work has been done in 2014 leaving PFSA well poised to Bank’s knowledge and experience across regions while reap the benefits of first, newly reorganized partners able consolidating its sectoral expertise in Global Practices so to better focus on delivery, second, the strong interest and as to help countries best deliver appropriate solutions in resolve from clients in the region and third, the vitality of the addressing development challenges. partnership between the Australian Government and the World Bank. The result of these changes is an improved alignment of PFSA with the strategic goals of DFAT and the World Bank as well as the deepening of cooperation between the Akihiko Nishio partners, both leading to the establishment of two additional Director, Strategy and Operations windows under PFSA: (1) the South Asia Regional Trade World Bank - South Asia Region CHAPTER ONE: THE PARTNERSHIP FOR SOUTH ASIA PROGRAM The Partnership for South Asia (PFSA) is an Umbrella demographics of any region in the world. Exclusion of Trust Fund set up by the Commonwealth of Australia, in different groups in societies – from markets, services, as cooperation with the South Asia Region (SAR) of the World well as cultural, political and social life – is a root cause of Bank (WB), to contribute to sustainable development and poverty and that dichotomy is most apparent in access poverty reduction in the South Asia Region. to infrastructure. The region lags significantly behind both East Asia and South and Central America when it comes to access to infrastructure services. Energy crises plague Background to the Partnership nearly every country in the region. When electrical power is available, 40 percent of the population has no access to The Partnership for South Asia (PFSA) is established with it. Similarly, the region lacks a modern water utilities sector the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and 24/7 water supply is rare. Bottlenecks are encountered (DFAT). It was originally set-up with the Australian Agency in all modes of transport, including: poor condition of roads, for International Development (AusAID), which was merged lack of intraregional connectivity, and unrealized potential with DFAT in November 2013. for rail and inland water freight. The trust fund supports Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Poverty has a strong gender dimension and growth in Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives the region is, to a large extent, bypassing women. The in addressing some of the key development challenges countries of the region rank the lowest in the UN Gender faced throughout the region, despite two decades of Inequality Index, reflecting women’s disadvantages in economic growth (Box 1). The challenges include the largest reproductive health, empowerment and access to the concentrations of people living on less than US$1.25 a labor market where extreme forms of social exclusion and day (over 500 million) and some of the fastest growing deprivation persist. Box 1. Constraints to Sustained Development in the South Asia Region (SAR) • Poor governance and fragility weaken countries’ capacity to focus on development • Infrastructure gaps continue to curb growth and social inclusion • Weak regional integration means missed growth and inclusion opportunities • Difficult-to-tackle forms of exclusions and discrimination persist Regional integration in SAR is the lowest among regions • Intra-regional trade < 5% of total trade (compared to 25% in ASEAN, 40% in EAP) • Complementarities across countries in energy are not exploited • Inadequate cooperation on climate change issues (rivers, disaster risk management) and other important areas (epidemiology, education and research, agriculture) Huge infrastructure gaps: SAR needs $2.5 trillion by 2020 • 200+ m in SAR reside in slums • Only 39% have access to sanitation • SAR lags behind all regions but Africa in access to water and telecom services • SAR has 2.9 km of road network per 1,000 people (world average: 4.7 km) • Half a billion people without electricity Sources: Reducing Poverty by Closing South Asia’s Infrastructure Gap, 2013 and Leveraging Urbanization in South Asia (Flagship report forthcoming) 10 Box 1. Constraints to Sustained Development in the South Asia Region (SAR) - CONTINUED SAR continues to fare most poorly on corruption control and political stability/fragility East Asia & Pacific 2012 Europe & Central Asia 2012 Latin America & Caribbean 2012 Control of corruption Middle East & North Africa 2012 South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2012 2012  East Asia & Pacific 2012 Europe & Central Asia 2012 Latin America & Caribbean 2012 Political Stability and Absence of Middle East & North Africa 2012 Violence/Terrorism South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2012 2012  0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentile rank Source: Worldwide Governance Indicators 2012 Extreme forms of social exclusion and deprivation persist • Pervasive violence against women in many forms (sexual crimes, dowry murders, honor killings, etc.) • Almost half of adult women are illiterate, highest rate among regions • Lack of job oportunities for women • Women are more likely to die in childbirth than in any region except Sub-Saharan Africa • Female labor force participation is the world’s lowest High gender inequality Pervasive child malnutrition ECA 11 ECA EAP 12 EAP LAC LAC 12 MNA MNA 17 SAR SAR 38 AFR AFR 38 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Gender Inequality Index Ranking Children under age of 5 with malnutrition (%) Sources: WDI Open Data 11 PFSA-funded activities are aimed at contributing to innovation and leveraging knowledge and finance through sustainable development in the energy, transport, water partnerships with other development partners to unlock and sanitation, urban development, rural development, required investment in sectors in need (Box 2). environment, social development and health and education sectors. PFSA supports the transformation of economies to more inclusive growth, leading to more jobs and better quality jobs. It provides backbone knowledge for a continuous and informed dialogue with the governments of the region. While facilitating global and regional connections to boost prosperity in the region, the PFSA trust fund creates space for investment and innovation in the water, energy, and transport sectors, and the cross-cutting climate change area. PFSA also enhances cooperation between Australia and the World Bank in improving aid effectiveness in South Asia. Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade issued a new development policy in June 2014 for Australian Aid that aims at: promoting prosperity, reducing poverty and enhancing stability, and generally, refocusing Australia’s aid delivery. This new development policy emphasizes Box 2. Australian Aid Program Strategic Framework Promoting Australia’s national interests by countributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction To achieve Private sector development  Human development We maximize impact by being innovative and leveraging knowledge and finance Effective Building resilience: Infrastructure, governance: humanitarian Agriculture, Gender equality trade facilitation policies, Education assistance, fisheries and empowering and international institutions and and health disaster risk and water women and girls competitiveness functioning reduction and economies social protection We invest in For each country, the balance of investments will be tailored to country context and reflect Australia’s national interest Extracted from: Commonwealth of Australia, DFAT, Australian aid: promoting prosperity, reducing poverty, enhancing stability, June 2014. 12 DFAT’s new strategic framework for aid is well aligned Trust Funds are vehicles for channeling aid resources with the World Bank South Asia Region engagement from governmental and non-governmental donors to be strategy that focuses on growth, social inclusion and climate administered by the World Bank acting as a Trustee. The and environmental management (Box 3). Good governance value added by such funds is that they increase efficiency and gender parity are promoted across these three areas of for aid recipients given that they provide coordinated concentration. financial resources targeting specific development issues, and they can often help overcome limitations in managing Box 3. World Bank South Asia Region bilateral aid. For example, donors do not need to duplicate Strategic Engagement the operational aid delivery architecture that includes team leaders and specialists. For the World Bank, trust funds add resources to its country operations and fill a gap in the Bank’s ability to provide coordinated and sustained advisory work. Climate and Environment Management In July 2014, the World Bank Group implemented a new Social Inclusion Strategy calling for greater efficiency in operations; more investment in knowledge, technical skills, and information technology; and the breaking down of silos within the institution that had inhibited collaboration and knowledge- Gender sharing. This included an organizational change with an Governance Growth Action emphasis on the implementation of sector-focused global technical practices (Box 4) and the disappearance of the former Sustainable Development entity under which PFSA was shepherded in its early years. PFSA is now directly managed within the South Asia Vice Presidency, and under Trust funds such as PFSA, can be very agile in helping the Development Effectiveness Unit so as to fully maximize partners with aligned strategies, such as DFAT and the the impact of Australian funding. World Bank, to optimize their intervention in the field. 13 Box 4. July 2014 World Bank Reform and the creation of Global Practices 14 Global Practices • Agriculture • Education • Energy & Extractives Criteria for Identifying Global Practices • Environment & Natural Resources • Allows WBG to tackle clients’ complex • Finance & Markets development problems which require multi- sector, multi-stakeholder solutions • Governance • Health, Nutrition & Population • Meets current and future client demand • Macroeconomics & Fiscal Management • Builds on the World Bank Group’s comparative advantages • Poverty • Social Protection & Labor • Enables greater synergies • Trade & Competitiveness • Transport & ICT • Urban, Rural & Social Development • Water PFSA Structure and Highlights of Impacts agreement of the parties within the original structure. At the time of creation, this was the first of its kind at the The Partnership for South Asia was established as an World Bank, and conceived in response to the World Bank’s Umbrella trust fund, a structure that enables activities to be Independent Evaluation Group’s recommendation of greater added within an original agreement. consolidation of trust fund operations. The key dimension of the Umbrella funds is the capacity to add “Windows” or A Structure Organized by Windows disbursing accounts focused on topics and areas of joint interest to the partners and therefore to modulate both The Partnership for South Asia has entered its fourth donor contributions and the World Bank-related level of year of operation. It was launched in 2011 with an initial end effort and investment related to each window. date of 2016, but plans for PFSA’s extension until 2020 will be processed in 2016. The PFSA design builds on two PFSA currently has five active windows, three are Bank- previous trust funds set up by the Australian Government Executed and two Recipient-Executed. Of these five and executed by the World Bank’s South Asia Region: Policy windows, two are country-specific and three region-wide. Facility for Decentralization and Service Delivery (2006- The funds are currently provided for five areas of activities 2014), and Infrastructure for Growth Initiative (2007-2013). (see Table 1). Three of these windows, are World Bank- Executed (BE), with funds disbursed directly by the World The Umbrella trust fund is an innovative concept Bank, and two are Recipient-Executed, with funds disbursed in partnership arrangements that enables new by a recipient under a grant supervised by the World Bank. programmatic activities to be added by a joint 14 Table 1. PFSA windows of operation Window Type Contribution Background (AUD) Water and World Bank- 4,500,000 Created in June 2011, WSI provides support for policy Sanitation India executed (BE) advocacy for water and sanitation sector reforms in India (WSI) Initiative and for the design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of Bank projects that support these reforms. South Asia Gender World Bank- 2,000,000 Created in June 2011, SAGE has an objective of both (SAGE) Initiative executed (BE) mainstreaming gender across all sectors and supporting gender-informed policymaking in the region. Infrastructure World Bank- 20,000,000 Established in May 2012, IFG supports infrastructure for Growth (IFG) executed (BE) delivery with a focus on two sectors: energy and transport. Initiative IFG has two key focus areas that cover the entire region: regional economic integration and climate change. Sri Lanka North Recipient- 2,300,000 Sri Lanka NE-WASH funds a pilot project to provide East WASH (Water, executed (RE) water and sanitation facilities and hygiene education Sanitation and for households within two districts in the Northern and Hygiene) Eastern Provinces in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka North Recipient- 24,861,000 NELSIP founds the improvement of the delivery of local East Local Services executed (RE) infrastructure services such as rural roads, drinking water Improvement supply, drainage and waste disposal by local authorities in Project (NELSIP) the Northern and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka. An independent mid-term evaluation of PFSA carried in South Asia and the quality of the World Bank operations out in 2014 found that PFSA was balanced and broadly it finances. PFSA has provided South Asian countries with aligned with the goals of DFAT, the World Bank and the support for regional economic integration and institutional client country strategies in South Asia. Financial governance and policy reforms, both necessary in improving service arrangements were evaluated as sound, taking into account delivery and strengthening connectivity (i.e., water and the scale of the reorganizational activities in the World Bank sanitation, transport and energy). PFSA has facilitated a and DFAT (Table 2). The evaluation found that the relevance, greater focus on public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the effectiveness and sustainability of activities, as well as their water and sanitation, transport, and energy sectors. gender focus were high. An updated governance structure, established in 2014, and to be formalized in 2015, is expected A significant number of PFSA activities approved this to strengthen the efficiency of processes and the procedures year were focused on the transport sector. In the last three for approval of activities. years, over half of the transport deals in low and middle- income countries, financed through PPPs, took place in Overview of Impact India. For example, an activity undertaken to strengthen institutional development in WB-funded transport activities While further details are provided in each window-specific will take stock of relevant completed project interventions section, some examples of PFSA impact can be provided in order to share best practices emerging in India, and to both in terms of support to the development of countries analyze outcomes in light of relevant global best practices. 15 Table 2 - PFSA Windows Alignment with WB and DFAT Strategies WB SAR Strategic Priorities DFAT Aid Strategy Alignment with PFSA Windows Economic Growth Infrastructure, trade facilitation and IFG, WSI international competitiveness Climate and Environment Resilience, humanitarian assistance, IFG Cross Cutting Pillar Management disaster risk reduction Social Inclusion Education and Health - Governance Effective governance, institutions and IFG Cross Cutting Pillar , WSI functioning economies Gender Action Gender Equality and empowering SAGE women and girls and social protection This knowledge product will be developed as a guide for gender impacts, a study of the political economy of energy future projects on institutional development and will be delivery in this post conflict region, and the development disseminated broadly across the India transport team of a communication strategy for the utility companies. and relevant project teams of the WBG as well as among The assessment of the utilities that has been completed government counterparts. under the diagnostic studies point to a poor institutional framework and low capacity as the key challenges to be The trust fund has enabled the World Bank to expand its overcome for sustainable energy security and trade in the activities in the energy sector. Sustainable Development region (Box 5). of Transmission and Distribution Sector in North Eastern Region of India is another activity where the PFSA grant is making an important contribution (Box 5). It is supporting the preparation of the World Bank-funded Transmission and Distribution project (part of an overall scheme for development of electricity infrastructure in the North Eastern Region that has been prepared by the Government of India), which is crucial for integrating a lagging post- conflict region with other parts of the country and for promoting regional security and trade. The grant is funding key work that will improve the design of the project and ensure sustainable regional integration and trade. This includes diagnostic studies of the eight power utilities/ departments in participating states. The power utilities and departments in NER bring power into their respective state network using inter-state transmission lines owned by POWERGRID which is interconnected to the state’s network at particular substations. Although state level Electricity Regulatory Commissions are functioning in each state (except in Manipur and Mizoram that have a Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission), the regulatory environment is still at its early stages. The grant will also fund a study on 16 Box 5. North Eastern Region Power System Improvement Project Challenge: India’s North East Region (NER) is an area of strategic importance that borders Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Nepal and Myanmar and stretches across the eastern foothills of the Himalayas. Limited industrialization and opportunities for productive economic activities have led to a distressed economy and to an alarmingly high rate of youth unemployment of 14%, despite high literacy rates. This has made the region more prone to conflict even as NER struggles to overcome its post-conflict phase. Agriculture remains the backbone of the economy, contributing close to 26% of the regional GDP (2008) and employing over 75% of the population. Agricultural workers are mostly women. The region remains central to India’s geo-political strategy and is well endowed with natural resources. Despite the abundance of energy sources, compared to the rest of the country, the region has a very underdeveloped power system (peak demand was 2,048 MW in FY2014). The per capita power consumption in NER is one-third that of the national average (917 kWh). Household electricity access levels are at 47.7% (2011 census) compared to 67.2% for the country as a whole. Rural access levels in NER are 37.6% compared to 55.3% for all of India. There are significant bottlenecks in providing reliable and quality power supply, with the region facing a general energy shortage of 6.5% and peak shortage of 5.4% on restricted demand during FY2014. In NER, the Bank is engaged in a US$ 1.5 billion transmission and distribution project under preparation (with first phase of around US$ 500 million) which is aligned with the GOI’s proposed strategy. This strategy, set out in the approach paper, “Faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth” for the 12th five-year plan, seeks to increase the economic prospects of the NER through the development of infrastructure, better connectivity, greatly improved access to trade with the rest of the country and enhanced cooperation with Bangladesh and other countries in South East Asia. Expected Results: Given the complexities of infrastructure delivery in NER, the grant is funding key work that will improve the design of the project and ensure sustainable regional integration and trade. This includes: (i) diagnostic studies of the eight utilities in six states, (ii) a study on gender impacts and of the political economy of energy delivery in this post-conflict region, and (iii) the development of a communication strategy. The political economy study provides a deeper understanding of the socio-political context of the six North Eastern states being covered by the project and the institutional and stakeholder dynamics that could influence the preparation and implementation of the operation. The assessment of the utilities that has been completed under the diagnostic studies point to poor institutional framework and low capacity as the key challenges to be overcome for sustainable energy security and trade in the region. Based on the assessments from the reform and capacity building experience across other States (particularly, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Haryana which was funded by the IFGI TF and DTF) and the findings of the diagnostic studies, the activity will help the states with assessment and implementation of follow-up reforms. This also includes looking at PPP options across a sub-segment of the sector. Draft reports were initially prepared, which were shared and discussed with the clients in separate workshops in each of the state capitals, and subsequently, diagnostic reports have been finalized. 17 Another energy sector program in Bangladesh also PFSA has added a new gender focus to its activities under illustrates PFSA support for this sector. Under-investment other windows as well. One of the key modalities of SAGE in basic infrastructure, including in electricity generation, activities continues to be advocacy work. A study on gender has been identified as a binding constraint to growth in and social inclusion mainstreams gender into the design Bangladesh in the World Bank’s current Country Assistance and implementation of World Bank projects in the water and Strategy (CAS) for Bangladesh. Projected economic growth sanitation sector through qualitative analysis of women’s and of around 6% per annum and efforts to increase access to men’s needs in urban water and sanitation. Other examples grid electricity (currently at around 60% of the population) of reports, procured by PFSA, with a gender focus include: underlie projected growth in electricity demand of more a study on female labor force participation in India, a Sri than 10% per annum over the medium term in Bangladesh. A Lanka gender assessment that provides recommendations shortfall in the supply of the main fuel for power generation to narrow gender gaps in economic participation, a report -- domestic natural gas -- has meant that almost 1000 MW on violence against women in South Asia, studies of women- of existing gas-fired generation capacity is not being used, only buses in Pakistan and Bangladesh and a number of and the prognosis for gas-based generation is grim in the other activities. absence of further exploration and production. Alternatives being explored include increasing the import of power from All PFSA activities, their impact and result stories will be India (and potentially, Nepal and Bhutan) and putting up coal- presented online in 2015. The results of individual PFSA fired plants, while also increasing both supply and demand- activities have been communicated and disseminated side efficiency. The activity focuses on gaps in the policy and through a series of different communications instruments institutional environment for investment in power generation including: the PFSA reports series, BBLs, conferences and (including in upstream fuels) with the work program being meetings in South Asia and at the World Bank. driven by the need to fill knowledge gaps in areas of strategic importance to the World Bank country program as well as to respond to client needs and specific requests. The trust fund has enabled the World Bank to expand its work in the water and sanitation sector, supporting reforms of water and sanitation services in rural and urban environments in a number of countries within the region. A financial analysis of the net income and revenue of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) of the Indian State of Maharashtra’s was carried out during the first stage of the implementation of the water and sanitation sector reforms on. A financial model was developed to determine whether the ULBs will have additional revenue/savings to leverage for debt financing in the subsequent stages of the reform. Options to improve regional water and sanitation sector (WSS) performance in the National Capital Region in India are being analyzed, as ensuring access to services in growing metropolitan area is critical. PFSA promotes sustainable inclusive social development and gender equity. Through its window, the South Asia Gender Initiative (SAGE), PFSA has maintained a strong portfolio of activities. As the SAGE window is closing, 18 PFSA Activities and Financial Status 2011- By December 31, 2014, a total of 81 activities had been 2014 funded under all five PFSA windows. In 2014, a total of 16 new activities were approved and 19 activities ended. As of December 31, 2014, a total of US$ 50.1 million had Activities in the WSI and SAGE windows dominated the first been received to the Trustee account, which represented two years of PFSA, with IFG activities overtaking the number 96 percent of the AU$ 56.7 million pledged by DFAT as of of activities in the other windows in 2013 and 2014 (Figure that date. 1). The pace of approvals declined slightly in 2014, due to the reorganization of the World Bank in July 2014, which In the period 2011-2014, a total of US$ 40.1 million in grant slowed down the decision-making process. The governance funding was allocated to activities (80 percent of funds was restructured, accordingly, in November and the pace received), including US$ 15.8 million in 2014. Out of the of approvals of new activities resumed and is expected to US$ 40.1 million, US$ 16.1 million had been allocated to Bank- increase in 2015. Executed Trust Funds, US$ 23.0 million had been allocated to Recipient-executed Trust Funds and about US$ 1 million had The average budgetary size of activities also varies been allocated to Management costs; the remaining funds according to each window. On average, the total budget are yet to be allocated. With US$ 20.9 million disbursed and per activity is US$ 110,000 in SAGE, US$ 150,000 in WSI US$ 14.3 million committed by December 2014, the overall and US$ 315,000 in IFG. The relative size of grants, which is level of execution (disbursement and commitment) of these much higher in IFG, reflects both the overall funding of the funds allotted to grants is a healthy 88% across all windows. window, but also the type of activity engaged in the particular It varies across windows, with higher levels of execution in window. Given that the IFG window funds infrastructure- WSI, SAGE and NEP WASH and lower levels of execution in related activities which tend to be more complex and IFG which is still in a ramp-up phase. support large projects, they also tend to be more costly to implement. Figure 1. NUMBER OF PFSA ACTIVITIES BY STATUS AND BY WINDOW, 2011-2014 35 30 Closed that year 25 Approved 20 RETF 15 IFG WSI 10 SAGE 5 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 19 The SAGE window, expected to be closed in 2015, has as the WASH window (US$ 2.2 million) and NELSIP (US$ many activities which are being phased-out while only a 20.8 million). The six other countries of the region share few small activities were approved in 2014. The majority US$ 2.6 million or 16 percent of the grant allocations with 16 of PFSA’s activities closed in 2014 were in the SAGE activities. The share of allocations for these other countries window. Although there are only two recipient-executed in South Asia is expected to increase in 2015. trust fund (RETF) activities in PFSA, they are significant in value and both focused on Sri Lanka. The NE-WASH RETF was completed in June 2014 but kept open for one additional year in order to allocate a small amount of remaining funds to guide the preparation of a scale-up Bank Project that will incorporate the experience and lessons learned from the NE-WASH-funded pilot, Sri Lanka - Scale-Up WASH Service Delivery in Lagging Districts. Country-wise, allocations were focused on India, Regional Activities and Sri Lanka that altogether represented 84 percent of the Bank-Executed portfolio (Figure 2); this is excluding the RETFs that are Sri Lanka focused and Bank management costs that are not country specific. This concentration in allocations is, in large part, due to high-level support for the water and sanitation window activities in India which represents 44 percent of the funding allocated and 38 activities, 24 of which are WSI-related. The significant allocation of funds to Regional Activities, which represent 17 grants and US$ 4.9 million, stems from the value of addressing infrastructure issues at the regional level. Activities in Sri Lanka remain significant with SAGE and IFG funding, but are primarily supported by RETFs such Figure 2. Activities and Allocation by Country in 2011-2014 (US$) South Asia; $4.9m Sri Lanka; $1.8m 4% Bangladesh ($700,000) 29% 11% 3% Afghanistan ($600,000) Other; $2.6m 16% 3% Pakistan ($500,000) 3% Nepal ($400,000) 44% 2% Bhutan ($300,000) 1% Maldives ($100,000) India; $7.5m 20 In terms of the nature of activities, PFSA continues to Figure 3. Allocation of funding by nature support World Bank lending operations (Figure 3), with 39 of activities of grants approved and about half of the amounts allocated for project preparation and supervision. Economic and Sector Work and Non-lending Technical Assistance - the provision of advice, knowledge sharing, policy notes and analysis to client 9% countries - are the second and third most significant areas 8% of allocations, respectively, and even these have been aimed 5 32% towards the preparation of a pipeline of projects in countries. 6 20 Together these two categories represent close to 30 percent of the total for both the number of activities and the amounts 13% 16 allocated to them. Knowledge products and training-related activities have been larger in amounts allocated than in 19 13 number of activities approved, in part, because they often straddle several countries and, therefore, their regional nature 15% requires higher commitments than that of the average activity. 23% Allocations by sector reflects, in part, the structure created under the PFSA windows, with water and sanitation activities Lending related Activity - Identification and Appraisal dominating the portfolio (i.e., the WSI window), and gender Lending related Activity - Supervision and social development activities also large due to the SAGE Economic and Sector Work window. However, the transport sector is the sector with the Non-lending Technical Assistance largest growth in 2015, now representing 20 percent of the Knowledge products BETF portfolio due to its being a focus sector under the IFG window. The number of projects in the energy, environment Trainings and urban areas remain stable overall. The management Inner circle: number of activities costs remain under the 8 percent agreed-upon level. Outer circle: percent of total allocations Figure 4. Allocation by Sector in 2011-2014 Expected PFSA Growth -- Possible New (million US$) Windows in 2015 Other $0.3 In 2014, discussions where held between the partners to Urban $1.7 Water $4.0 possibly expand the existing five windows of PFSA with two additional windows in 2015, including the South Asia Regional 2% Energy $1.9 10% Trade Facilitation Program (SARTFP) and the Pakistan: Trade 24% and Investment Policy Program (PTIPP). 11% South Asia Regional Trade Facilitation Program 14% (SARTFP) Window 20% 19% The World Bank has a growing economic corridor Environment $2.4 program to facilitate trade and transport in the Eastern Corridor of South Asia which includes investment projects, Gender $3.2 Transport $3.3 analytical support and non-lending technical assistance. 21 The program supports the trilateral agreement between Australia’s DFAT strongly supports such regional Bangladesh, India and Nepal to facilitate trade and transit, integration and corridor activity and through the South and other priority corridors that aim to facilitate intra- Asia Regional Trade Facilitation Program (SARTFP) will regional trade and connectivity to the global economy, seek to build on the above program to expand trade and particularly, through unblocking barriers to transit for economic activities that cross borders, and leverage ongoing landlocked Nepal, Bhutan and NE India through Bangladeshi and planned investments in physical infrastructure and and Indian Territory. livelihoods, with an emphasis on economic empowerment of women. The Program will therefore support two of The World Bank Group Regional Strategy for South Asia DFAT’s investment priorities under its Aid Program strategy, includes Regional Integration as an important focus area. namely, “Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international The Strategy has three pillars: (1) putting in place the building competitiveness” and “gender equality and empowering blocks of a regional electricity market (connected with Central women and girls.” Asia and potentially East Asia); (2) putting in place transport infrastructure and strengthening policy and institutional SARTFP will support a holistic approach to the (trade facilitation) arrangements to move South Asia towards development of the priority corridors. PFSA programmatic ASEAN levels of intra-regional trade and investment; and (3) funding will be used broadly for policy-related analysis, improving the management of shared natural resources and institutional design; gender-inclusive capacity building disaster risks through collaborative cross-border institutional and implementation support, knowledge generation, arrangements. In addition to these three pillars, the program dissemination and communications; developing “networks includes cross-cutting efforts to: (i) systematically improve of practice” across borders to foster collaboration in the policy and attitudes vis-à-vis regional integration; and (ii) priority areas; and project identification, preparation, target interventions to empower poor and vulnerable people appraisal and implementation, including scoping the (especially women) living along connectivity. possibility of using PPP modalities where relevant. 22 Pakistan: Trade and Investment Policy Program (P-TIPP) Window Pakistan remains among the least regionally integrated countries in South Asia – with limited connectivity with India, Afghanistan and Central Asia. Given the rapidly changing geo-political environment in the region, the country’s political leadership would like to foment enhanced trade and investment volumes with neighboring economies as a policy priority. The prospects for South Asian regional integration and further connectivity with the western and central Asian economies have gained significant momentum over the past few years. This led to a common interest between DFAT and the World Bank to examine the possibility of launching a new PFSA Window, Pakistan: Trade and Investment Policy Program (P-TIPP). The overall objective of P-TIPP would be to support Pakistan’s efforts to increase regional trade and investment, with a special focus on strengthening links to other Asian countries. This initiative would support Pakistan’s policy and institutional structure to significantly increase regional trade volumes by the end of the program. This would be accomplished through implementation of a focused advisory services program with knowledge generation and technical support aimed at: (i) improving the overall policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks for regional (and global) trade in goods and services; (ii) directly strengthening trade and investment links between Pakistan and her neighbors leading to increased economic integration in the region as a whole; (iii) and improving the quality of trade facilitation in terms of reducing time, cost and documentation for cargo clearance at border posts. CHAPTER TWO: 2014 PROGRESS REPORT The following chapter outlines progress made in PFSA in 2014 by window, including budgets, sectors, modes of intervention, and highlights of key activities. Infrastructure for Growth Window (IFG) The Infrastructure For Growth (IFG) window seeks institutional reforms in infrastructure. The IFG Window to counter the infrastructure gaps in the Region by also helps raise the quality of the World Bank’s analytical and addressing the major challenges of insufficient connectivity operational work around the energy and transport sectors and integration, both within countries and across the Region by funding informed-policy dialogue and improvements in (Box 6). the design, implementation, supervision and evaluation of World Bank projects. Overview The Infrastructure For Growth (IFG) window focuses on two core sectors - energy and transport - through three thematic pillars: regional economic integration, climate change and cross-cutting themes (Diagram 1). These cross-cutting themes -- crucial to sustainable development -- include sector governance and reforms; private sector participation and PPPs; conflict and fragility; social inclusion and gender; social accountability, voice and participation; and safeguards. The window is likely to be restructured in 2015 to reflect DFAT’s new priorities for development assistance. IFG supports analytical work, provides technical assistance, and improves knowledge generation and dissemination to enable and facilitate policy and Diagram 1. Key Pillars of Intervention under Infrastructure Growth (IFG) • Focus on transport and energy connectivity • Connectivity to lagging regions and communities/groups • Regional economic development PILLAR 1: • Rural-urban connectivity REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION • Focus on clean energy and renewables • Focus on energy efficiency • Address links between urban growth and climate change PILLAR 2: • Support climate smart development & green growth CLIMATE CHANGE • Green finance • Integrate adaptation and migration considerations into infrastructure delivery PILLAR 3: • Sector governance and reforms CROSS-CUTTING THEMES • Social inclusion, accountability, voice, gender equity and access • Focus on fragile states and confllict/post-conflict regions • Mobilize private investment • Improve capacity for environmental and social safeguards IFG SUPPORT 28 Box 6. Infrastructure gap in South Asia The infrastructure gap in South Asia is a major challenge to connectivity and integration, both within countries and within the region, with: underdeveloped rail and inland water freight transport inadequate road and rail connectivity of ports with hinterlands, poor and unreliable road transportation, and lack of inter-modal connectivity. Unreliable and poor access to electricity hampers business development. South Asia is rapidly urbanizing with significant impact on the growth, congestion and pollution of urban areas. South Asia is currently the least urbanized region of the world (29% as compared to 40% in Africa). The UN projects that the urban population over the next 25 years will more than double and that the massive transformation will create a huge demand for services and energy consumption. The region already has five metropolises with over 12 million inhabitants (i.e., Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, and Karachi). While cities contribute around 70% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is also easier to address GHGs issues due to the density and scale provided. How productive and inclusive these cities and their economic regions are will largely determine the growth potential of South Asian economies. The Infrastructure For Growth (IFG) portfolio keeps In 2014, 12 activities were approved, including in 2 new growing with 32 ongoing activities for a total of US$ 10 countries: Bhutan and Pakistan. India remained a principal million approved in grant funding, US$ 3.7 million of recipient of IFG allocations and this is expected to further which was approved in 2014. Fund allocations have been increase as a new government settles into office in 2015, very focused, with Regional and India-focused activities following national elections. Transport was confirmed representing 80 percent of the portfolio for a total of nearly as a core sector of interest with high demand from task US$ 8 million (45 percent region-wide and 34 percent teams. The regional work was driven by cross-sector in India). The other six countries share relatively equal activities, in particular, with two new large activities aimed at proportions of the remaining funds (Figure 5). strengthening the gender-dimension of the window (see last two rows of Table 3). 29 Figure 5. IFG Budget Allocation by Country, (US$) Sri Lanka $300,000 Bhutan $200,000 Pakistan $350,000 3% 1% Afghanistan $400,000 4% 4% Nepal $423,250 4% Bangladesh $450,000 4% 45% South Asia $4,499,759 India $3,423,500 34% Table 3 - New activities approved under IFG in 2014, (US$) Grant name Country/Region Amount Energy Sector Program of Analytical and Advisory Activities Bangladesh 200,000 Bhutan Electric Vehicle Initiative Bhutan 200,000 Capacity Augmentation of Inland water Transport System in India India 200,000 Support to the National Ganga River Basin Project India 385,000 Strengthening Institutional Development in WB-funded Transport Projects India 180,000 A Market Driven Approach to Accelerating the Impact of Transport India 250,000 Infrastructure Investments in India Nepal Fast Track – Preparing Next Steps for Implementation Nepal 243,250 Pakistan - Support for Power Sector Reform Monitoring Pakistan 350,000 Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing for the South Asia Region South Asia 300,000 Low Water – High Growth in South Asian Economies South Asia 550,000 South Asia Facility for Women’s Economic Empowerment and Integration South Asia 400,000 Creating Gender-Based Violence Prevention Community Networks South Asia 500,000 30 Activities Showcase entails investments in infrastructure (in sites for businesses and in affordable housing for workers). The first IFG pillar – regional economic integration - addresses multidimensional connectivity, through The capacity augmentation of the inland water transport focusing on institutions (e.g., regulations affecting land, labor system in India is a new IFG activity that is supporting a and commerce, etc.), infrastructure (i.e., energy, transport very innovative and transformational project in the Indian and ICT), and targeted policy interventions. Work in this inland waterways. It is the World Bank’s first engagement in pillar is key to sector and business-cluster development this sector in India and Government of India’s first serious and integration. It includes: (i) the branding and marketing attempt to revive the sector. The grant fund has also been of the city or region; highlighting its business clusters and its instrumental in supporting the knowledge sharing agenda economic, social, cultural, physical, and natural advantages with other developing countries (including in Latin America) to attract businesses to locate and grow in the region, and (ii) and initiating work on development of an institutional improving the local business investment climate which also strengthening and capacity-building framework (Box 7). Box 7. Capacity Augmentation of Inland Water Transport System in India Challenge: Currently, inland waterways carry only 0.5% of the overall freight and the transport matrix is heavily skewed towards roads resulting in excessive congestion and high logistics costs. Revival of inland waterways could lead to the rebalancing of the transport matrix towards a greener, cleaner, energy-efficient and balanced modal mix while potentially significantly reducing the overall logistics costs. Inland water transport is the most environmentally- friendly and energy-efficient mode of transport and, as such, a key element of a sustainable green transport strategy for India. In exploring seamless connectivity between national Waterway 1 and Waterway 2, it also has immensely important potential ramifications for regional integration between India and Bangladesh. Moreover, the current focus is on improving navigability and development or redevelopment of the national waterway which passes through the relatively lagging states of India (i.e. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkahnd and West Bengal). Development of this project therefore presents a unique opportunity to link economically weaker regions to economically prosperous ones, an objective both the Government of India and the World Bank are pursuing in earnest. Expected Results: This activity supports augmentation of the inland water transport system in India in a sustainable manner. The grant is supporting the preparation of the World Bank-funded project for Capacity Development of National Waterways 1 and also a larger program development for inland waterways in India. Since it is the first project in the inland waterways sector in India, there is a need for knowledge and capacity building. The grant funds have supported mobilization of international specialists in helping the project implementation agency to plan the overall project and components and also to significantly improve the quality of TORs being used for project preparation. The grant has supported continuous provision of: (1) technical advice for the project preparatory studies related to market development, (2) detailed technical assessment and feasibility studies, and (3) environmental and social assessment studies. 31 Nepal Fast Track activity, approved in 2014, is another well endowed with reserves of cleaner fuels such as oil, example of PFSA’s work to advance greater integration gas, and uranium. Hydropower potential is significant of lagging regions that can introduce powerful forces and large in absolute terms (150,000 megawatts), but for consolidation of the economy through connecting small compared to the country’s future energy needs. value chains and markets. Greater regional integration There are considerable and untapped possibilities for – in this case between Nepal and India - enables better importing hydropower from Nepal and Bhutan, and wind economies of scale and hubs of commerce located power from Sri Lanka, but there remain difficulties in in cities or regions to improve competitiveness and establishing trans-boundary energy trade agreements. economic potential (Box 8). The World Bank is increasing the size of its renewable energy engagement with South Asia, leading the way The South Asia Energy Security and Trade activity, with US$ 3.2 billion investments in renewable energy finalized in 2014, contributed to the creation and financing since 2007. There is considerable scope dissemination of a knowledge base for assessing to expand renewable energy support by leveraging opportunities and challenges to improving electricity climate investment funds and advancing investments sector integration in the South Asia Region. This in hydropower in India, Nepal, and Pakistan, and natural activity has focused on the following : gas in Bangladesh. Along with energy efficiency, renewable energy is one of the pillar of a sustainable • the adequacy of electricity supplies; energy strategy. • the reliability of electricity supplies, whether domestic or purchased from others, to reduce The Bhutan Electric Vehicles Initiative, launched in the burden of economic disruptions from supply 2014, is an example of an activity in this renewable interruptions; energy pillar . Bhutan is a rapidly growing country, • the economic efficiency of electricity supplies; with an economy that has grown at an average of 7-8 percent per year. The harnessing of renewable • the environmental sustainability of electricity energy (hydropower) has been a major contribution supplies, to reduce health and ecosystem threats; to this growth. Electricity exports makes up 38 and percent of Bhutan’s total exports to India. However, • the financial sustainability of enterprises in the Bhutan has a serious foreign current account deficit; sector. while exporting electricity, it is importing most other energy sources, including fuel from India. The Bhutan The studies received very favorable reaction from key Electric Vehicles Initiative thus provides support to the regional stakeholders and other technical and policy Royal Government of Bhutan, more specifically, the experts as well as positive feedback from participants in technical assistance provides policy and infrastructure dissemination activities as to the clarity and importance investment advice to electric vehicles (EV) initiative of the findings for ongoing operational work. implementation; it also provides advice and knowledge exchange on green urban development and transport, Pillar II of the infrastructure PFSA window addresses and the use of clean energy in transport. The activity green growth and climate change in South Asia . includes a study component, and a consultation and Activities in this second pillar address a wide variety of knowledge sharing component. By the end of 2014, a climate change-related issues, including cleaner energy, draft technical report on the options, requirements for climate change assessments and GHG emissions. charging infrastructure and economic impact on the EV Strategies to lower emissions by diversifying into cleaner development in Bhutan was prepared. sources of power are constrained by energy resources. India, the largest energy consumer in the region, is not 32 Box 8. Nepal: Fast Track – Preparing Next Steps for Implementation Challenge: Poor road connectivity requires the majority of goods, fuel, basic materials, and other freight destined for Kathmandu to make a 152 km circuitous detour along the Privithi Highway when arriving from India via the border crossing at Birgunj. The Fast Track road alignment is a 100 km road linkage that would reduce transport times between Kathmandu and the Indian border by approximately 4 hours and save an average freight vehicle roughly US$ 20-30 in fuel per trip. Improving connectivity via the ‘Fast Track’ would be transformational for Nepal and Kathmandu in particular. The Government of Nepal has been attempting to develop the Fast Track road alignment since the 1970s. Expected Results: The objective of this activity is to prepare the technical, institutional, social and environmental ‘next steps’ for implementing the proposed “Fast Track” road alignment that will improve connectivity between Nepal and India. Government and donor workshops are planned; aside from dissemination, these workshops will also serve to coordinate the donor support that will be necessary to make the Fast Track project financially viable. A detailed report on quality and the purpose of preliminary engineering designs will be prepared, with the assessment of the domestic contracting industry’s capacity and potential role in the fast track project. The review of existing legislation that applies to the Fast Track project will be carried out, along with a preliminary environmental risk and impact assessment. NEPAL FAST TRACK PROJECT - PROJECT ALIGNMENT FAST TRACK ROAD PROJECT ROAD UPGRADING HETAUDA CONNECTION ROAD OUTER RING ROAD KATHMANDU-KULEKHANI-HETAUDA TUNNEL (KKHT) HIGHWAY PROJECT EXISTING ROADS INTERCHANGES TOLL PLAZAS MAIN CITIES AND TOWNS NATIONAL CAPITAL 33 Rapid urbanization is accompanied by increased livelihoods through community-driven development (CDD) demands for transportation, energy, water supply, and approaches in conflict settings and creating gender-based sanitation. Increased generation of wastewater and solid violence prevention community networks in South Asia. waste also contribute to GHG emission growth. There are untapped opportunities for South Asia’s cities to assist with The South Asia Regional Facility for Women’s Economic problems stemming from the densification of cities and Empowerment and Integration is an innovative new simultaneously improve services (e.g., waste treatment, activity in this area that commenced in 2014 (Box 9) public transport, etc.) and quality of life while reducing the that is expected to provide the seed funding to develop an GHG footprint. A regional study funded by PFSA’s GHG approach that may be expanded further under a possible Accounting and Greening of SAR Infrastructure Projects upcoming new SARTFP window. This IFG-supported analyzes several methodologies available for road transport peer learning network of the largest women’s livelihoods projects to improve the reliability of estimated GHG organizations in South Asia will help to bring greater emissions. This new approach has been tested through a policy and programmatic salience to expanding access to case study in Sri Lanka. The assessment of the new hybrid employment opportunities for women in the South Asia approach was presented at the World Bank Climate Change region by creating grassroots coalitions of support and Forum focusing on greenhouse gas accounting in February policy advocacy. This new activity will also advance design 2014. and implementation of women’s livelihoods programs in South Asia through the exchange of best practice and Pillar III of the infrastructure window covers cross- regional expertise; and assist in scaling up and enhancing cutting themes such as: social inclusion, gender equity, the impact of programmatic and policy initiatives in the and building country ownership, capacity and awareness as region that link poor women to economic opportunities, the key to climate-smart development. Examples of such address bottlenecks to participating in the market and give work include: activity focused on restoration and rebuilding poor women greater control over their incomes. 34 Box 9. South Asia Regional Facility for Women’s Economic Empowerment and Integration Challenge: South Asia ranks as last in terms of regional integration and next to last (ahead of the Middle East) for women’s participation in the labor force. Under such conditions, it is not surprising that some of the most effective non-government organizations in the region are working in relative isolation to increase women’s economic empowerment. Good practices are developed in one country—for example, child care centers for working mothers in Gujarat, India—but they are seldom if ever transferred to groups facing similar problems in Bangladesh or Sri Lanka. However, just as growth is bypassing lagging regions and marginalized groups like women and the poor, these same regions and groups are not benefitting from regional integration efforts. South Asia cannot achieve the kind of growth and integration needed to fuel that growth if half the population never gets to compete. The energy and talent of women, especially poor women, should be harnessed for this purpose. Women have started coming together in forums such as the South Asia Women’s Entrepreneurship Symposium (SAWES). Women form a substantive part of the informal enterprises as well as the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMES), especially in the handicraft sector. It is vital to build the capacity of women’s businesses and enterprises to network and gain access to vital information and to build capacity and learn from each other. Expected Results: This activity seeks to strengthen an underserved segment among women —particularly poor, rural women engaged in informal economic activities — by enabling them to access finance, markets, training, knowledge and support networks, in addition to policymakers. Their ability to access markets through fair trade, within and outside of the region will also be bolstered. In this context the mentoring of both organizations and individual enterprises led by women is important. For instance, in the cultural industries sector, members can learn from organizations which have developed new products, created quality control mechanisms, and established brand names and a retail presence in the sector. The project will provide a platform for civil society and World Bank clients to build a knowledge base of best practice in women’s economic empowerment, provide training for women’s groups on different empowerment activities, develop training materials and guides on skills and enterprise development, and pilot initiatives to increase access to markets and trade by women’s groups through an existing World Bank- facilitated network of organizations working in the South Asia Region. The project will support the development and impact of a network of the largest women’s economic empowerment organizations in South Asia to: • Bring greater salience to expanding access to employment opportunities for women in the South Asia Region through creating grassroots coalitions of support and through policy advocacy. • Advance design and implementation of programs supporting women’s sustainable economic empowerment in South Asia through the cross-country exchange of best practice and regional expertise. • Assist in scaling up and enhancing the impact of programmatic and policy initiatives in the region to link poor women to economic opportunities, address the bottlenecks to participating in the market, and give poor women greater control over their incomes. 35 Water Sanitation in India Window (WSI) The Water Sanitation in India Window (WSI) helps states The robust portfolio of activities directly addresses in India address critical water and sanitation challenges issues facing India’s water supply and sanitation (WSS) through multiple actions, such as policy and institutional sector. These activities are designed to create a demand reforms (e.g., water pricing, tariffs, etc.), wider adoption of for sector reforms which tackle institutional, governance innovative technologies and management practices. These and financing shortfalls, in addition to technical issues. actions will help to reduce pollution and improve water use- Once the demand for reform is generated, investments, that efficiency, recycling, and the re-use of wastewater. have a demonstrative effect and set new benchmarks for other state and local governments, will be vital. WSI funds Overview provide technical assistance (TA) for policy advocacy and sector reforms, and enhance preparation, design and Water and sanitation services in India are constrained implementation of World Bank projects which, in turn, by a weak policy framework resulting in poor sector assists the Government in implementing reforms. governance and accountability, distorted and inequitable pricing and unsatisfactory cost recovery. The weak Technical Assistance performed under the WSI window financial position of water utilities has resulted in insufficient (Diagram 2) broadly supports engagement in one or more maintenance of existing assets and low capital investments. of these three pillars: Poor asset management combined with inadequate 1. Improving access to water supply and sanitation (WSS) provision of services and coverage affects the utilities’ 2. Improving the quality and sustainability of services potential to improve cost recovery, trapping them in a 3. Improving sector capacity vicious cycle of losses. This situation is further exacerbated by limited-capacity constraints at all levels. Diagram 2. Key Pillars of Intervention under Water and Sanitation India Window • Access for lagging groups: the poor and women • Scale up of innovations • Introduction of output based models • Delivering the full range of services in an integrated manner • Improving WSS services in underserved urban areas and PILLAR 1: IMPROVING ACCESS TO lagging regions WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION • Policy and institutional reforms for sustainable service provision • Mobilizing private capital PILLAR 2: IMPROVING QUALITY AND • Financial incentive schemes to improve outcomes SUSTAINABILITY OF SERVICES • Managing competing demands for scarce water resources • Better resources efficiency and asset management PILLAR 3: IMPROVING SECTOR CAPACITY • Working with educators and professional associations to improve vocational training and academic education • Development of a accreditation scheme for WSS professionals • New capacity building models for service providers such as franchising WSI SUPPORT 38 The portfolio of WSI projects increased nominally in 2014 2015 after the new government has clarified its focus areas. with 25 activities for a total of US$ 3.5 million in grant Only 4 of the 25 activities are expected to remain active in funding. Given the India-focus of this window and the 2014 2015, and the overall level of execution (funds disbursed and national elections in India, only two new activities were committed) of approved activities is 88 percent; thus the approved that year (Table 4), and the remaining US$ 1 million portfolio is expected to renew significantly in 2015. in unallocated grant funding is expected to be allocated in Table 4 – New activities approved under WSI in 2014, (US$) Grant name Country Amount Scoping study on the Challenges for Delivering Water Supply and Sanitation Services India 128,000 in Peri-Urban Areas Punjab Rural Water and Sanitation Sector Improvement Program – Technical India 200,000 Assistance for Sector Reforms and Institutional Building Activities Showcase KUWASIP project. The second phase builds on and deepens the earlier activities which shaped the direction of the project Under Pillar I, Improving access to water supply and design. The project planned for Board presentation in FY16 sanitation, PFSA is facilitating and scaling-up innovation will provide timely advisory support to the World Bank and in the water supply and sanitation sector. This key pillar the client through the remainder of the project preparation encompasses TA in areas such as: access to WSS services process leading to the successful bidding and award of well- for lagging groups, including the poor and women; scaling structured PPPs in each of the three cities. up of innovations; introduction of output-based models; delivery of the full range of services in an integrated manner; improving WSS services in underserved urban areas and lagging regions; investigation of gender impacts of poor access to water and sanitation services; assessing barriers to the implementation of India’s National Urban Sanitation Policy; accessing rural water and sanitation in lagging States; and scaling up 24x7 water in cities, among others. Several new projects were approved in 2014, while others continue their activities. Some examples include: the second stage of preparation of the Regional Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) National Program for Lagging States in India that focuses on the coverage of improve piped water and sanitation services (Box 10). Another activity that continues to enhance connectivity in both urban and rural areas, and support access to WSS services in lagging regions of the country and public private partnerships is PPPs in 24/7 Water Supply for Three Cities in Karnataka (KUWSMP – Phase II). The Karnataka government is keen to scale up the pilot 24/7 water supply schemes demonstrated in three cities (Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum and Gulbarga) under the earlier 39 Box 10. Support to the Regional Water and Sanitation Systems (RWSS) National Program for Lagging States in India, Phases I & II Challenge: India has spent $30 billion over the last 20 years to provide water supply to more than 700 million people in 1.5 million rural habitations and for sanitation coverage for 33% of households. Challenges to sustainable service delivery remain. Only 30% of households have tap connections and less than 10% of villages achieved an ‘open defecation free’ status. Deteriorating quality and quantity of water source, poor operation and maintenance and cost recovery remain constraints. About 30-40% of villages have slipped back from their open defecation free status. The Ministry of Drinking Water Supply has prepared a plan for water and sanitation delivery to all rural households by 2022. It will cover 90% of households with piped water and at least 80% with tap connections, and achieve open defecation free status while enabling local governments and communities to manage the systems. Low Income States require additional capacity support, mainly for addressing the decentralization challenges at the district and village levels. Expected Results: The two grants, one closed in 2014 and one commenced in 2014, support the preparation of the rural water and sanitation program in Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh (UP), which includes institutional development, infrastructure development and project management activities, aimed for decentralization of service delivery responsibilities to the Panchayati Raj Institutions, the traditional local governing bodies. Training programs have been identified to support these States in moving from hand pumps to sustainable piped water and sanitation coverage, including behavior change programs for achieving open defecation free status technical assistance to improve the design of the reform program, identifying key issues to be addressed. All aspects of sanitation– personal, household and community will be covered and baseline quantitative and qualitative data for coverage, satisfaction levels and expectations will be gathered. Based on the findings, the sanitation component will be designed, with links to health and nutrition. The activity also contributed towards the design of decentralized institutional arrangements, infrastructure program, and the capacity building and monitoring and evaluation programs for the participating states, including strengthening the decentralization agenda. The State and district agencies with the help of support organizations will build capacity at the village and community level. This will result in strengthening institutions and decentralizing responsibility for rural water supply and sanitation program. The project will improve piped water coverage and sanitation services through decentralized service delivery in the states of Bihar, UP, Jharkhand, and Assam. The second stage, commenced in 2014, will provide technical assistance to improve the design of the reform program, identifying key issues to be addressed. The project will be implemented in 33 districts of the four Project States - Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. The project will directly benefit about 7.8 million people in 17,400 habitations across 2,150 Gram Panchayats, local self-government organizations, with over 3.8 million women benefitting from this project. The rural population is also expected to benefit from the adoption of improved sanitation and hygiene practices. Single village schemes and multi-village schemes will provide piped water supplies, taking into consideration the availability and quality of local water sources, and using catchment area management programs as required for improving source sustainability. The sanitation component will support: household toilets; institutional sanitation (schools, anganwadi - child-care and mother-care centers, community/ public toilets); environmental sanitation and behavior change communication activities. The project will promote decentralized service delivery arrangements with increased participation by the institutions and communities. 40 Under Pillar II: Improving the quality and sustainability of Under Pillar III: Improving sector capacity - TA, focusing services, TA has been prepared on the following subjects: on building state and local capacity for solid waste • policy and institutional reforms for sustainable service management in India, is being carried out to address: provision; • working with educators and professional associations • mobilizing private capital; to improve vocational training and academic education; • financial incentive schemes to improve outcomes; • the development of an accreditation scheme for WSS professionals; • managing competing demands for scarce water resources; • the development of capacity-building models for service providers and policy makers; and • better resource efficiency and asset management; support to Ganga program to address energy efficiency • building institutions and capacity for asset management. in wastewater treatment; One of the activities under this pillar is helping to • addressing issues of non-revenue water, energy improve the design and implementation of a solid waste efficiency and financial modeling; support to PPPs in management project proposed for the state of Uttar rural water and sanitation in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab Pradesh and to share knowledge of a prior AusAID- and urban water and sanitation in Karnataka; funded study on India’s experience with private sector • sector reforms in Uttarakhand; participation (PSP) in solid waste management. The • sustainability framework for water and sanitation; results of the activities that focus on Uttar Pradesh will • options for water delivery in the national Capital Region; have application to other states in India and elsewhere and in the region. Activities will include the publication of a • financial sustainability of incentive-based WSS reform report, “Private Sector Participation in India: Review of program in Maharashtra. Existing PSP and Recommendations” and local capacity- building for supervising private sector entities in the field A scoping study on challenges for delivering water supply of solid waste management (SWM). The latter activities and sanitation services in peri-urban areas in India is include: preparation of a guide for supervising private sector currently being prepared under this pillar. The activity is operators; preparation of an outline of technical assistance aimed at: (1) improving the understanding of both the typology needs for building local capacity in planning for, contracting, of peri-urban areas in India, and the dynamics of peri-urban supervising, and assessing the performance of private interface with the urban and rural areas, and (2) initiating sector operations. Also, options analysis for private sector dialogue amongst various stakeholders in the management participation in solid waste management will be conducted of Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) services in the peri- and presented in a report. Finally, a guide for including urban areas. Based on this understanding, this study will also the informal sector in a formal solid waste management contribute to the design and implementation of approaches system and contracts will be prepared. A comprehensive for delivering sustainable water supply and sanitation social inclusion study and toolkit has been developed and services in selected peri-urban villages of Maharashtra, a workshop has been delivered to local representatives of under the proposed World Bank project Maharashtra Rural urban entities on the interim findings and recommendations Water Supply and Sanitation Program. This, in turn, will of an integrated SWM model. lead to helping the Government of Maharashtra transform its policy and reform ideas for peri-urban areas into action. A draft preliminary report on case studies and solutions to water supply and sanitation services in peri-urban areas is being prepared and is expected ready by June 2015. 41 South Asia Gender Equality Window (SAGE) The South Asia Gender Equality (SAGE) Initiative murders, honor killings, and enslavement of young girls. addresses gender inequality in South Asia, which is Challenges for women in South Asia start early: the majority among the worst observed in the world. The SAGE Initiative of girls marry before age 18 (65% in Bangladesh and 57% represents a concerted effort to support gender work in the in Nepal); the mean age for marriage is 15.9 years in rural region aimed at: Nepal. Women die unnecessarily in infancy and adulthood, I. deepening the understanding of gender dynamics; with the poorest outcomes among Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes1. South Asia has alarmingly high rates of II. strengthening the analysis of formal, informal and malnutrition: 27 percent of infants have a low birth weight market institutions in determining gender outcomes; and only 39 percent of infants are put to the breast within III. strengthening the focus on gender in service delivery; one hour of birth. India accounts for the largest number of and maternal deaths in the world; and lifetime risk of maternal IV. supporting strategic investments that address the most death in Afghanistan is 1 in 11. India ranks high among intractable gender issues. countries having an adverse sex ratio due to female feticide and female mortality after birth. Overview SAGE has several immediate priorities, including: (1) to South Asia is characterized by profound exclusion based establish a management database to better monitor gender on caste, gender, religion and ethnicity; and for females, activities and results across the World Bank’s portfolio; (2) the lack of inclusion and inequality is among the highest to identify good practices by analyzing the database; and worldwide. The Gender Inequality Index (0.568) is the (3) to communicate highlights of gender work to World second-worst of all regions, following that of Sub-Saharan Bank staff through quarterly updates. Africa (0.577). The female labor force participation rate is the second-lowest globally (after Middle East-North Africa), SAGE activities are delivered in three pillars (Diagram 3): less than half the rate for males in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, 1. Labor force participation India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Violence against women 2. Social inclusion and gender relations is pervasive and persists in unique forms, for example: sexual violence and physical abuse, acid attacks, dowry 3. Gender and human development 1 The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, historically disadvantaged people who are recognized in the Constitution of India, comprise about 16.6 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively, of India’s population 44 Diagram 3. Key Pillars of Intervention under the SAGE Initiative • Analyze gender gaps in labor force participation in South Asia to influence policies • Improve sector capacities to allow for increased economic participation • Improve access to skills and jobs PILLAR 1: • Improve access to service LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION • Focus on poor and vulnerable women from lagging regions PILLAR 2: SOCIAL INCLUSION • Focus on inclusion of youth issues in South Asia AND GENDER RELATIONS • Broaden approach on gender to include male inclusive gender approaches PILLAR 3: GENDER AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT • Close gender gaps in education • Improve women’s access to health services • Assistance to improve SAR countries’ gender polices SAGE SUPPORT The portfolio of SAGE activities includes 19 activities for a total of US$ 2.5 million in grant funding. The amount allocated to SAGE activities is higher than the funds received from Australia (US$ 2.1 Million) since the PFSA management team, recognizing the unique value of the SAGE widow, has added funding to it through reallocation of the investment income received under the Trustees. This window however is now fully depleted and is expected to close in 2015. It is, however, considered a priority window for replenishment given: (1) the innovative quality of the work performed, (2) the importance of continued, concerted efforts in the area of gender work in the South Asia Region, and (3) the clear gender-focused priorities of DFAT and the World Bank. Two short-duration activities were approved in 2014 (Table 5). While in 2014, only 10 activities were formally closed. Another 5 will be closed in early 2015, with the remainder closed by year end. Table 5 – New activities approved under SAGE in 2014 (US$) Grant name Country/Region Amount Report on Violence Against Women in South Asia South Asia 225,000 Young Women for ICT Employment in Afghanistan Afghanistan 125,000 45 Figure 6. SAGE Budget Allocation by Country (US$) Pakistan $110,000 Maldives $103,400 Sri Lanka $113,221 4% 5% Afghanistan $175,000 5% 7% Bhutan $120,000 5% 41% South Asia $954,000 Bangladesh $295,000 13% 20% India $464,566 SAGE funds were allocated across all countries in South A new activity conducted in Afghanistan, Young Women Asia, as indicated in Figure 6. Region-wide activities For ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) represented the largest share of allocated funds (41%), Employment, aims at developing the ICT skills/capacity of followed by the allocations for India (20%) and Bangladesh 400 women in Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan, and in providing (13%). The average level of execution is 88 percent as of the them with support for employment in ICT-based jobs. The end of 2014, and all activities but one are expected to be pilot project will help explore the opportunity for women closed by end June 2015. in Afghanistan to engage in ICT employment. Traditionally, ICT jobs are channeled to formally-trained programmers Activities Showcase and engineers. Additionally, such ICT-based employment can provide women with jobs that they can do from home, Pillar I: Labor force participation. Under Pillar I, studies when faced with difficulty of mobility due to security and were funded on economic opportunities by gender and cultural constraints/considerations. women’s participation rates in the labor market. In Sri Lanka, a study was conducted under the first pillar, which Gender analysis which was conducted in Sri Lanka focuses on labor force participation. Analysis provided provides recommendations in support of narrowing gender data to lend support to all three tested hypotheses for gaps in the area of economic participation. The analysis women’s weak labor market outcomes: (1) household roles examines patterns of both men and women with respect and responsibilities (and other supply-side explanations); to various areas of economic participation (e.g., access to (2) human capital and skills mismatch explanations; and and use of labor, land, financial and product markets), with (3) gender discrimination. In India, a gender study analyzed particular attention to youth in both gender groups. The female labor force participation to determine why, despite analysis also takes into account regional variations in labor an impressive annual GDP growth rate of around 8.6% and force participation and broader economic opportunities for annual population growth rate of 1.74%, between 2004-05 men and women, comparing data for the Northeast with and 2009-10, the results of the National Sample Survey that of other parts of the country. The analysis also looks showed a collapse of female employment rates of around at the impact of regional political and social circumstances 25% in the female labor force, particularly, for rural women. on women’s and men’s roles in the economic arena (Box 11). 46 Box 11. Gender Analysis in Sri Lanka Challenge: Although Sri Lanka performs better on gender equality outcomes than most countries in the South Asia Region (SAR), the Government of Sri Lanka continues to seek guidance on addressing remaining gender disparities. Expected Results: The policy report, “Getting In and Staying In: Improving Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) in Sri Lanka” was shared with the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and other local stakeholders during a mission in late April through early May, 2013, through a consultative workshop organized in collaboration with the Institute for Policy Studies, in Colombo, and through face-to-face meetings. The final version of the report was delivered to World Bank management and to GoSL in June 2013, and it: (1) provided data-tested evidence for identifying key factors for low female labor force participation in Sri Lanka, and (2) gave recommendations to address these factors and improve FLFP in Sri Lanka, with attention to the needs of women in the Northeast and other economically lagging regions of the country. In 2014, the World Bank team was focused on discussing with GoSL counterparts the potential for follow-up activities that pilot recommendations from the report. Throughout 2014, however, the team continued its research to better define the content of proposed follow-up activities. The first activity is a possible pilot or small project involving the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and aimed at improving labor market opportunities for women in slums/ low-income communities within the greater Colombo area. Another follow-up activity is an outgrowth of the team’s presentation of the report’s findings to the Government in 2013. Subsequently, the issue of women’s low labor force participation was raised in the Sri Lankan Parliament in early September 2013; and, as a result, the Ministry of Labor was tapped to work on a response to the study’s findings. Thus, the report’s findings may possibly influence policy reform. The team will resume discussions with the appropriate GoSL counterparts about partnering on an innovative pilot that incorporates the report’s recommendations and directly addresses identified barriers to women’s labor force participation in Sri Lanka, especially in poor, urban areas. Pillar II has focused on social inclusion and gender for more in-depth analysis. The cross-cutting topics of focus relations and provided analysis of topics including: are: • youth employment and political empowerment in the I. migration, unemployment and changes in labor Maldives; markets, • masculinity and gender in South Asia; and II. youth, and changing cultural and social norms in South • Youth and Gender Activity Mapping. Asia, III. the impact of masculinity and femininity on exposure An activity focusing on masculinity, gender and development to risk factors and adoption to risky behaviors (e.g., in South Asia was completed in 2014 to present impacts of dropping out of school, drug consumption, unprotected masculinity on development outcomes, including the well- sex), and being of males, females and children within a household IV. gender-based violence and constructions of male and at the community level. The report was completed in honor and conflict resolution. 2014, and it explores three cross-cutting themes that are The report will be disseminated in the region. It will also be intertwined with the changing constructions of masculinity aimed at helping to start a dialogue on these issues in the in South Asia. Each of the three cross-cutting issues will be Bank. supplemented by one relevant country-specific case study, 47 support household surveys in the justice sector (as there is The third SAGE pillar, which focuses on gender and human increasing interest in understanding the demand for justice development, is aimed at closing gender gaps in education services), and other potential surveys on issues as sensitive and access to health services, as well as strengthening as gender-based violence. countries’ gender policies. In Bangladesh, a training program on the role of gender in housing issues, as well as a study on A report on violence against women (VAW) in South the gender-related implications of access to housing finance Asia, drafted in 2014, seeks to both increase knowledge and slum upgrading is part of the activity. In the gender policy about and support efforts to address the problem note for Bhutan, recommendations were provided in support of violence against women in South Asia (Box 12). of the economic and political empowerment of women in Through consultations with experts in the region, ongoing Bhutan, with a focus on improving school enrollment. communications with stakeholders through multiple channels, and production of a published report, the Gender-based violence was included as a theme in objective of the task is to better understand and share the SAGE portfolio, with the first activity focused on the knowledge with government and other stakeholders development of a gender and justice survey toolkit. The about the drivers of VAW and best practices to address it. toolkit is going to support practitioners in government, the The activity is a part of the World Bank’s work on gender- World Bank, and other development agencies in the social based violence (GBV) in South Asia, which encompasses a and justice sectors while undertaking quantitative surveys broader portfolio of work that also includes violence against among households and justice service providers. The data men and boys and minority populations. While this report will provide the World Bank-supported Justice Service does not address violence against men and boys, it takes Delivery Project with baseline data and the survey tools into consideration the complex interactions between and (which will be detailed in the toolkit) to support their follow- within gender groups. This report provided the foundation up surveys at mid-term and end line. The toolkit will also for the initiative on GBV funded later under the IFG window. 48 Box 12. Report on Violence against Women in South Asia Challenge: The report is the first of its kind in the world -- a comprehensive stocktaking of the risk factors, drivers, prevalence, patterns, approaches to addressing, and types of violence against women and girls in the eight countries that define the South Asia Region (at the World Bank Group). Expected Results: The efforts to incorporate GBV interventions in the Bank projects mentioned above, which draw directly from the report’s lessons and recommendations, are transformational in that they are unprecedented, and also challenge the very factors that contribute to violence against women and girls (VAWG), including gender norms and men’s and women’s attitudes about VAWG. Indirectly, through its findings and recommendations and connections made during the report’s development, the grant is also supporting transformational, innovative projects such as the Bank-and-partners-supported WEvolve global campaign on GBV (http://wevolveglobal.org/), which has incorporated the report’s findings regarding working with youth, working with men and boys as well as women and girls, and using social media and creative industries to challenge gender norms and transform attitudes that have promoted VAWG. During the calendar year 2014, the activities were highly successful in achieving the grant objectives -- throughout the entire year, there was steadily increasing knowledge among a diverse and expanding group of stakeholders about violence against women and girls and about efforts to address the problem of VAWG across the 8 countries in the Bank’s South Asia Region (i.e., Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). The process was highly inclusive and culminated in September of 2014, in the dissemination of the published version of the regional report, “Violence against Women and Girls: Lessons from South Asia,” in select countries of the region. Government representatives in the region, and from countries in Europe and North America and the UK, have expressed their opinion that the report is a major contribution -- of great potential practical use -- to knowledge about VAWG and to those practitioners who work to address VAWG through both prevention and response approaches. Global and regional experts on GBV also have conveyed their strong support for the report. This study is also very innovative in that it marks the first comprehensive effort by the World Bank Group’s South Asia Region to address VAWG through systematic, rigorous analysis that contributes to the greater regional program on Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in the Bank. 49 Sri Lanka North East Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Window (NE-WASH) The Sri Lanka North East WAter, Sanitation and Hygiene (NE-WASH) project is aimed at improving access to piped water supply and sanitation services for rural communities in the conflict-affected Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. The NE-WASH grant was composed of a US$ 2 million Recipient-Executed grant and a US$ 140,000 Bank-Executed supervision grant. It became operational in November 2011, and closed on June 30, 2014. While the RETF was fully disbursed, some funds remained under the BETF (US$ 60,000) that were allocated to a short additional activity to support the design of a replication Project that was aimed at scaling up the NE-WASH pilot. for drinking and planting, as well as toilets to improve sanitation. The NE-WASH was implemented through a Challenges demand responsive and participatory approach and in close coordination with the Local Authorities, (called the Sri Lanka’s growth in recent decades has been uneven Pradeshiya Sabha). - it has been concentrated in the Western Province, particularly in Colombo. With the conclusion of the three The specific objective of NE-WASH was to increase decade-long conflict in 2009, the Government of Sri Lanka access to safe and sustainable piped water supply began to invest more in development interventions outside and sanitation services to complement post-conflict of the Western Province, and particularly, in the north housing reconstruction in select communities in the and east, to facilitate the resettlement of large numbers Mannar and Trincomalee districts (Northern and Eastern of internally-displaced persons in their original places of Provinces, respectively). The NE-WASH project had three residence. Water and sanitation levels in Sri Lanka are low, components: (1) provision of water supply and sanitation; (2) with 78% of the population having access to safe drinking capacity building; and (3) project management. A Sanitation water and 85% to sanitation. The Northern and Eastern Revolving Fund was also set up to provide incentives to provinces of Sri Lanka, populated with small towns and communities to establish access to improved sanitation rural communities, are further affected by underinvestment units and to ensure total sanitation coverage. in water infrastructure due to decades of conflict; those provinces are situated in the dry zone of the country, thus Households covered by the project included vulnerable further restricting a community’s access to natural sources and female-headed ones: as many as 21.75% of the of water. Families were often resettled to villages with limited households included in the project were considered water facilities and unsafe water sources. Water was fetched vulnerable households. Of the total households covered by women from long distances in small buckets, barely in the sanitation schemes, 5.6% had at least one disabled enough for a family. Very limited latrines for families were member and 15% were female-headed households. Since available, posing grave difficulties for women and children. women are the main users of water in the household and initiate changes in hygiene practices, the NE-WASH Program Objective and Implementation program had a strong gender focus. NE-WASH conducted an intensive and innovative hygiene promotion program To provide opportunities for residents and to improve to educate communities on the benefits of good hygiene access to water and sanitation, the US$ 2.01 million North and improved sanitation. The school hygiene program East WAter, Sanitation, and Hygiene project (NE-WASH), included orientation, an action plan to address hygiene supported by the Australian Government’s Department issues, initiatives for hygiene promotion and education, and of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), tackled these critical communication materials for hygiene awareness. issues through building infrastructure to provide water 52 A key feature of the project was the inclusion of 2,480 households (8,800 people, of which 50% are female) stakeholders in the design of the water supply schemes, by the end of the project. All connections are metered. as well as operation and maintenance by stakeholders at Eleven Water User Associations (WUAs) were formed and the lowest, yet appropriate level, employing a participatory registered with the local authorities. Sanitation programs approach to ensure a more sustainable and efficient service- benefited the communities (517 latrines were constructed) delivery mechanism. Community discussions were held in as well as 11 schools in the project areas. School sanitation villages to provide basic knowledge and understanding of was fully funded by the project and was implemented by the first, how a water-supply scheme is operated and maintained School Development Authority under the supervision and by Water User Associations (WUA) and second, how to monitoring of the project management unit. strengthen community participation to ensure project sustainability. In order to cover the expected monthly The project significantly improved the quality of life for expenses, a tariff plan was suggested by community some 2,400 families that resettled in these 16 villages representatives to support communities that often included covered under this project. Households paid for the meter middle classes as well as poor, marginalized groups. Residents connection and this feature resulted in a high percentage of provided some labor to build the water infrastructure, households (93%) registered with WUAs to obtain water. A organized themselves into WUAs to make decisions, and number of important lessons were drawn from the project benefitted from hygiene education and awareness programs. that will benefit similar operations in Sri Lanka and other countries (Box 13). Overview of Results Nine water schemes covering 16 villages (10 in Mannar and 6 in Trincomalee) provided safe water to a minimum of Box 13. Key Lessons Learned from NE-WASH • Long-term safety and management of the water source not only determines the sustainability of schemes, but it is also highly relevant to community health. • Bringing water connection close to the households’ premises has significantly influenced the increased demand for connection. • Strong community participation and demand for NE- WASH services were instrumental in the success of the project, in particular, as it was implemented in some of the most vulnerable villages and under difficult conditions in two districts - Mannar and Trincomalee. • Community mobilization- and awareness -building are crucial for sustaining outcomes and impact, both before the infrastructure construction takes place and after implementation. • Hygiene Awareness Programs are at the heart of any water and sanitation program to ensure success, in particular, targeting the younger generation (children of schools for awareness creation). • Incentives to community for construction and repair of latrines can significantly help achieve total sanitation coverage, in particular, for the disadvantaged families and female-headed households. 53 Sri Lanka North East Local Services Improvement Project Window (NELSIP) The World Bank-designed North East Local Services funding from the central government to lead resettlement Improvement Project (NELSIP) became effective in operations. Now that the initial humanitarian activities have December 2010, and is expected to close in December 2015. largely been accomplished, the next task is to speedily improve local infrastructure and services in tandem with an The initial objective of the NELSIP project was to support effort to improve administrative efficiency and restore the local authorities in the Northern and Eastern Provinces functioning of service delivery arrangements. in service delivery and in the rehabilitation of local infrastructure in a responsive and accountable manner. Program’s Objectives and Implementation NELSIP had a total budget of US$ 86 million, of which the IDA contribution amounted to US$ 50 million and the The Government of Sri Lanka’s (GoSL) strategy in the North Government of Sri Lanka and beneficiary contributions East region focuses on resettlement and rehabilitation, amounted to US$ 34 million and US$ 2 million, respectively. along with the restoration and development of livelihoods and reconstruction of basic infrastructure. The DFAT provided additional funding of US$ 20.3 million Government has also targeted the restoration of services (that was processed in an Additional Financing) that and establishment of effective administration and service- helped expand the attention dedicated to adjoining delivery arrangements, reflecting the priorities of DFAT. districts that had similarly suffered from the internal conflict. The additional NELSIP budget -- and DFAT funding The reconstruction of infrastructure for local services -- was presented to the World Bank Board for approval by providing resources to improve local service delivery, as additional financing; implementation of the additional carried out in a transparent and predictable manner, is the funding began in May 2014. At the end of 2014, the total key objective of this project. The use of country systems to cumulative disbursement under the NELSIP RETF was deliver aid is an integral part of the global aid effectiveness 44 percent. Originally DFAT, had planned to make AUD agenda. These grants cover infrastructure and services 37 million available, but this amount was reduced due to such as rural roads, drains, culverts and bridges, community delays in making the Window operational. Supervision of the buildings, markets and fairs, waste disposal, rural water activities covered by the additional financing was provided supply, parks, recreation facilities and libraries, nursery through PFSA in the amount of US$ 490,000. schools, playgrounds, and dispensaries. The funds can also be used to improve local government utility services. Challenges The North East of Sri Lanka is a sub-region in distress, following twenty-six years of armed conflict that negatively impacted economic growth. Although the hostilities officially ceased in July 2009, the authorities had to deal with internally-dislocated people, destroyed housing, and neglected basic infrastructure. The immediate challenge was posed by the resettlement of displaced families and the restoration of economic infrastructure and services to restore livelihoods. Lessons from other post- conflict regions indicated the importance of rebuilding through bottom-up community participation and ownership, even if this process took longer to complete. Grievance redress mechanisms were also important in societies where trust had been compromised by past conflict. Local governments had limited capacity and lacked sufficient 56 Building upon the existing initiatives for strengthening Overview of Results institutional systems and processes of local authorities in the North and East, the project intends to support the The Additional Financing project started only in May 2014, rebuilding of infrastructure and introduce an incentive- with the signing of a grant agreement between the World based framework for local governance. This framework will Bank and the Government of Sri Lanka. Given that DFAT be introduced by piloting a performance-based grant that and the World Bank entered into a co-financing agreement will reward superior institutional performance by authorities in May 2014, there is relatively little to report at this stage, in three broad areas: management, good governance even though there were several supervisory and review and service delivery. Public expenditures and delivery of missions that took place with the approval of GoSL during local services in a transparent and accountable manner is 2012, 2013 and 2014. The focus is on local authorities on the supported by the project. Activities under this component fringe of the original NELSIP area, which nevertheless bore include improving accountability by instituting sub- a significant brunt of the spill over effects of the conflict. committees, standing committees and advisory committees These include districts in the adjoining provinces that were to enable participation from and oversight by stakeholders. It affected during the hostilities and which experienced a also includes an education and communication campaign to severe strain on their already thinly- stretched infrastructure disseminate project information to the various stakeholders. and service- delivery systems. NELSIP addresses issues of voice and empowerment of the different communities in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. Strengthening local government institutions and the ability of local authorities to respond to local needs will help advance a durable solution to the concerns of citizens in the North-East region. Table 6 – Change in Project Development Objectives following the Additional Financing Initial Project Development Objective Updated Project Development Objective The objective of the Project is to support local authorities in The objective of the Project is to support local authorities the Northern and Eastern Provinces to deliver services and in the Northern and Eastern Provinces and Adjoining local infrastructure in a responsive and accountable manner. Provinces to deliver services and local infrastructure in a responsive and accountable manner. Initial Indicators Proposed increase in indicators as of 2014 Construction/rehabilitation of: The end of project target values are increased as follows: (i) rural and other village roads (km), From 1,000 km to 1,250 km (ii) drainage systems (m), From 250 m to 300 m (iii) water points (no.), From 50 to 100 (iv) pipe water connections (households - HH), From 500 HH to 600 HH (v) playgrounds and nursery facilities (no.), From 400 to 450 (vi) markets and maternity homes (no.), From 5 to 10 (vii) rural electrification (km), and From 80 km to 100 km (vii) Others to be tracked as they occur Unchanged 57 APPENDIX ONE: PFSA Ongoing Activities and Expected Deliverables IFG Window - Proposals Approved in 2014 Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 South Asia South Asia To strengthen an underserved Training delivered, as a result – 12/31/2015 400,000 27% Regional Facility (IFG) segment among women— improved understanding of legal, for Women’s particularly poor rural women policy, and social barriers to Economic engaged in informal economic improving economic opportunities Empowerment activities—by enabling them to for women; documentation of good and Integration access finance, markets, training, practices at overcoming those knowledge and support networks, obstacles; enhanced capacity for and to access policymakers. organizations to conduct studies and carry out policy advocacy . Computer South Asia To increase the availability of timely It supports activities contributing to 6/30/2016 300,000 51% Assisted (IFG) and relevant data in the South Asia the overall objective of improving Personal region by creating a customized data coverage and information Interviewing for electronic data collection toolkit. reliability that will improve the M&E the South Asia and performance of projects and Region programs, such as software tools, a software platform for data collection using Android-powered tablets developed by the Computational Tools team of the Development Research Group and creating and managing a knowledge portal. Capacity India To support augmentation of Inland Feasibility Study Reports are 1/31/2015 200,000 13% Augmentation (IFG) Water Transport system in India in prepared and technical assistance of Inland water a sustainable manner. Inland water for developing standards, operating Transport Transport is the most environment procedures, project formulation and System in India friendly and energy efficient mode overall capacity building provided. of transport and as such the key element of a sustainable green transport strategy India aspires to embrace by 2030. Bhutan Electric Bhutan To provides support to the Bhutan The activity includes a study 6/30/2015 200,000 44% Vehicles (EV) (IFG) Electric Vehicle Initiative and advice component (a report), and a Initiative and knowledge exchange on green consultation and knowledge sharing urban development and transport, component. use of clean energy in transport. Support to the India To improve the implementation of the Activities include institutional 6/30/2015 385,000 39% National Ganga (IFG) World Bank financed National Ganga Development of nascent National River Basin River Basin Project. Ganga River Basin (NGRBA) project institutions. Building on earlier work, institutional and financial options paper will be prepared in consultation with at least 3 cities that are major recipients of NGRBA financing. 60 IFG Window - Proposals Approved in 2014 (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Support for Pakistan To provide independent review of It encompasses the provision of 6/30/2015 350,000 28% Power Sector (IFG) the monitoring of the power sector independent review of monitoring of Reform reforms in Pakistan supported by reform progress in Ministry of Water Monitoring DPC the World Bank Development Policy and Power (MWP) and Ministry of credit. Petroleum and Natural Resources (MPNR) in Pakistan. Creating South Asia To change the attitudes and behaviors This initiative is designed around 12/31/2015 500,000 51% Gender Based (IFG) of men and women in South Asia – a three-part strategy: partnership Violence (GBV) with a focus on youth – that lead to development, media relations and Community gender-based violence. community action with the intent to Networks have overlap and reinforcement of one another. Strengthening India To identify modern approaches and This project takes stock of these 12/31/2015 180,000 13% Institutional (IFG) best practices emerging in institutional contributions and relevant completed Development development and capacity building project interventions, in order to share in WB Funded activities under World Bank-funded best practices emerging in India, and Transport transport sector investments in India. to analyze these developments in light Projects Also to identify relevant global good of relevant global best practices. At practices, and leverage these best least two States and sub-sectors will practices identified to enhance the be selected for in-depth review where impact of World Bank Group transport lessons learned could be drawn to investments in India. inform future project interventions. IFG Window - Ongoing Activities Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka To assess the country’s infrastructure Studies have been carried out or 6/30/2015 300,000 38% Strategic Low (IFG) endowment and performance, ongoing for public transport, water Carbon Cities analyze the contribution of supply, land use modification, urban Connection infrastructure to economic and spatial redevelopment, and drainage, all to be and Integration development and trade facilitation, completed in 2015. Key strategic areas Project and outline investment needs and of investment needs are identified for strategic priorities. both Kandy and Galle regions, in order to improve the regional integration and connectivity between the Colombo Metropolitan Region and regional centers, which will support the city transformation and improve the competitiveness. The activities are contributing to the regional integration, as linkages and integration among city centers is an important factor for national economic growth and inclusive growth. 61 IFG Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Mitigation South Asia To identify cost-effective and An assessment of the contribution of 6/30/2015 290,000 73% Options for (IFG) practical measures to mitigate short- the transport sector in India to short- Short-Lived lived climate pollutants emissions lived, climate pollutants emissions is Climate (mainly black carbon and methane) conducted to identify measures and Pollutants in from the urban, industrial and rural sources of funding for the control of South Asia sectors, taking into account best the pollutant. Also, the assessment of international practice, and to raise associated health impact and costs awareness and facilitate consensus is being conducted, along with the among policymakers regarding co- assessment of cost-effective and benefits of mitigation of the pollutant practical measures to further reduce in South Asia, as well as to identify the pollution from the transport sector opportunities to leverage financing in India, taking into account best including from external sources. international practice. The results will be disseminated and multi- stakeholders consultations held upon the completion. Building South Asia To build capacities to conduct Capacities to conduct environmental 7/31/2016 450,000 9% Capacities on (IFG) environmental assessment in India assessments are built through Environmental and other countries in the South Asia partnerships with key institutions, Assessment region and to foster communities of including: curriculum development, practice in select countries. training of trainers, workshops and seminars, a dedicated portal for knowledge sharing and environmental geo-database services. Communities of practice in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka are established through annual workshops in each of these countries. They are jointly organized with other development partners. Collection and Nepal To facilitate the delivery of the Bridge The project, responding to the 6/30/2014 180,000 44% analysis of the (IFG) Improvement and Maintenance needs of the Government’s 10-year baseline data Project under preparation through Priority Investment Plan entails: i) towards the knowledge management and capacity assessment and implementation of assessment building of stakeholders. quality assurance mechanisms, the of impact of key issues in project implementation bridges program in Nepal; ii) local contractors’ capacity in Nepal assessment and establishment of a web-based database management system, iii) training and capacity building of project actors to cover bridge construction technology and management training, e-bidding training for local contractors; training on contract management and administration (iv) quality assurance training of DOR staff. A study report with an assessment of the adequacy of the current quality assurance system, recommendations for a sustainable quality assurance system and an action plan will be delivered in 2014. 62 IFG Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Optimizing India To develop a comprehensive Road The most significant deliverables 12/31/2015 350,000 38% Resource (IFG) Asset Management Strategy and include: a comprehensive asset Efficiency in supporting guidelines for use by management strategy at the national Road Sector in road agencies in India to effectively level and corresponding guidelines India manage their road assets: to defining a broader framework for invest efficiently, preserve the road asset management for various assets and avoid their premature categories of roads. The work deterioration. To also utilize energy includes establishing a road database efficiency and climate change and keeping it up-to-date, integrating considerations in the planning stages, asset management in the normal improve road network efficiency, and business processes of the road ensure the intended level of service agencies, using an asset management and safety to the road users. system as a regular planning tool, and ensuring a strong financing framework for road maintenance. Assessment India To enhance the effectiveness and The activity brings more structured 12/31/2015 450,000 24% of PMGSY to (IFG) value for money of the investments and systematic evaluation of PMGSY improve its under PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram investments and good practice design and Sadak Yojna - a flagship program to examples that have been synthesized implementation provide all-weather road access to all and disseminated widely, particularly, the villages with a population above in lagging states. PMGSY is using a 500, including 250 in special areas) comprehensive on-line monitoring, through a systematic evaluation management, and accounting of its policy-framework, business system, and further enhancements processes, and institutional structure. of it are being made to simplify its data requirements, build additional capabilities for data analysis and produce customized management and performance reports. A synthesis paper and evaluation reports will be completed in 2014 and disseminated at regional and local workshops. Chittagong Bangladesh To prepare a strategy report on Urban The report is expected to become an 9/8/2014 250,000 58% Urban Resilience (IFG) Resilience and City Development important foundation for Chittagong and City Strategy for Chittagong in order to to inform its urban development and Development improve policymakers’ knowledge of management strategies, determine Strategy urban resilience strategies, priority development priorities and feed into areas of investment for urban services relevant policies. It will add to current and infrastructure. policy advocacy and dialogue on climate change and urban resilience for Chittagong. Trade, South Asia To enhance the policy discussion on Economic data, operational 6/30/2015 250,000 50% Logistics and (IFG) competitiveness of seaborne trade indicators of ports, and port-related Competitiveness in South Asia, specifically, regarding logistics in the South Asia Region are in the Port sector ports performance and port-focused being collected. Analysis for a report in South Asia logistics (i.e., logistics services for on competitiveness of South Asian goods that travel through seaports). ports, from an efficiency perspective, is under implementation. 63 IFG Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 South Asia South Asia To create and disseminate a Background knowledge-stock 12/15/2014 450,000 49% Energy Security (IFG) knowledge base for assessing taking document and work plan for and Trade opportunities and challenges in order quantitative and qualitative analyses to promote regional integration of the is being conducted and technical electricity sector in South Asia. reports prepared on potential gains from improved system integration, regionally, along with the analysis of key institutional and political challenges. A regional workshop will be arranged to present and discuss findings, as well as briefings of key stakeholders in each country capital and briefings and a workshop at the World Bank and with other partners, including ADB. Accounting for India To implement natural capital Training workshop will be organized 10/31/2014 148,500 20% Natural Assets (IFG) accounting, beginning with forest and implementation of the accounts to Support accounts, and to add these carried, accounts compiled. Training Inclusive to the system of state income and technical advice provided and Green Growth accounts. Also, to support capacity methodology on forest-tourism in Himachal development to enable the accounts developed. Dissemination Pradesh, India Department of Economics and of results carried. Statistics, in-charge of collection, compilation, and analysis of statistics related to the state economy, to compile natural capital accounts on a regular basis, and to support policy analysis of these data. How to restore South Asia To capture key lessons learned in The project started in November 8/31/2015 250,000 14% and rebuild (IFG) the design and implementation of 2013 to prepare for a study that will livelihoods community-driven development provide in-depth and user-friendly through CDD (CDD) projects to promote regional operational guidance to CDD teams approaches in economic integration in conflict- and government counterparts conflict settings affected countries in South Asia. working in conflict contexts on selected aspects of designing and implementing CDD-livelihood interventions to better facilitate regional economic integration within fragile areas. The activity will also initiate knowledge and experience exchange programs between the World Bank CDD teams and other client counterparts to share lessons, draw synergies and develop partnerships. 64 IFG Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Building a South Asia A comprehensive study is being A comprehensive study of 12/31/2015 300,000 15% Resilient South (IFG) prepared on a response to climate systematic risk management is Asia change crises by systematic risk being prepared in response to management, a process that involves climate change crises. Systematic confronting risks, preparing for them, risk management is a process and coping with their effects. that involves confronting risks, preparing for them, and coping with their effects. Taking into account knowledge gaps, uncertainty and data lim-itations, the report will reflect a wide, yet plausible, range of future climate scenarios, as well as risks of climate events and outcomes to avoid. GHG Accounting South Asia To pilot measuring greenhouse gas Several methodologies available 6/30/2014 50,000 33% and Greening (IFG) (GHG) emissions by using improved for road transport projects for of SAR methodologies and tools in select Greenhouse gas analysis developed Infrastructure infrastructure projects, before and a hybrid approach that incorporates Projects after intervention, particularly, in the the emission estimation framework transport sector in South Asia. from existing tools and the relation between speed and fuel consumption rates into a GHG analysis tool to improve the reliability of the GHG emissions estimate. This new approach has been tested by the case study in Sri Lanka. A detailed report for methodology review and assessment of the new hybrid approach for further dissemination was prepared for a Bank-wide forum on climate change focusing on greenhouse gas accounting in February 2014. India: Options India To provide the Ministry of Urban In 2013, phase I and II were 12/31/2014 395,000 86% Paper for (IFG) Development, Government of completed: (a) an in-depth database Developments India, State Governments, with of multi-sector indicators and along the an analysis of the economic and development potentials of the six Eastern physical development opportunities corridor states and (b) a study of Dedicated associated with the improvements in the state of Uttar Pradesh which has Freight Corridor connectivity that will result from the more than 50% of the corridor length Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor. to identify three sub-regions with The study is to identify policies, the highest potential to benefit from programs, institutional arrangements the investments being made in the and financing alternatives to ensure rail corridor. A quality-enhancement that investments are fully leveraged review for these outputs has also to drive economic growth, regional been completed. Final outputs development and poverty alleviation. are being prepared and awaiting a decision meeting in 2014. 65 IFG Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Risk Mitigation India To provide focused technical As part of the second phase of 6/30/2014 70,000 68% and Credit (IFG) assistance and consultancy services Kerala State Transport Project II, Enhancement aimed at improving the attractiveness a pilot public-private partnership of PPP roads in of the first state highway to be approach is tested to upgrade 82 Kerala undertaken as a PPP project. km of state highway. Improving the attractiveness of similar PPPs in other states in India and an initial market assessment among key private sector stakeholders of the key PPP risks and potential mitigation strategies is expected to enhance the confidence of the private sector in the project. India - Innovative India To provide financial and legal advisory Successfully mobilizing the proposed 6/30/2014 200,000 30% financing (IFG) support for a World Bank guaranteed private financing enables essential structures to syndicated loan transaction for India’s transmission system investments to leverage private national transmission company, improve the electricity grid across sector financing Powergrid. regions in India. In particular, a stronger for Powergrid intra-regional grid is expected to improve energy connectivity and regional integration across the country, and enhance the connectivity to lagging regions and communities. A more robust transmission grid will contribute to greater cross-border trade across South Asian countries by improving electricity access for intra-regional transport and logistics networks and producers of tradable goods. This is the first time a World Bank Guarantee is used to mobilize private sector financing in India, signaling the readiness of the country’s power sector to attract international commercial financing. Framing South Asia To address issues of poor economic A study is prepared to understand the 9/30/2014 500,000 71% Responses to (IFG) and social connectivity and economic broader political, social and economic State Fragility: integration as they relate to low context with a view to better identify Strengthening capacity in conflict-affected areas the underlying drivers of conflict and Institutions and with a view to defining more effective fragility in conflict areas. The study Service Delivery engagement strategies and responses examines institutions – both formal Systems- to weak institutions, lagging growth and informal – on which communities Lessons from and conflict; based on case studies in and citizens rely to deliver services and South Asia Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri maintain order. Further strategies and Region Lanka. approaches that have been effective in building institutions, delivering infrastructure and other services and strengthening governance, as well as factors that have contributed to their success are identified. This leads to development of an analytical framework and guidelines for better design and effective implementation of interventions in conflict-affected areas in South Asia. 66 IFG Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Sustainable India To support six states (Assam, A diagnostic study of the power 9/30/2014 670,000 47% Development (IFG) Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, sector in the six participating states of Transmission Tripura and Nagaland) in capacity- will help identify key gaps to the and Distribution building initiatives and institutional design and implementation of the Sector in North strengthening of the state power project in strategic lagging region. Eastern Region utilities to support the development At a later stage, a communications of India of the energy sector in the North strategy will help to build ownership Eastern Region. of the reform agenda and a better understanding of the impact of access of power on ‘gender’ aspects. WSI Window - Proposals Approved in 2014 Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Scoping study India To improve the understanding of the Reviews of literature on the current 6/30/2015 128,000 0% on challenges (WSI) typology of peri-urban areas in India, situation of peri-urban spaces for delivering the dynamics of peri-urban interface and their characteristics, and the water supply with the urban and rural areas, and challenges of WSS service delivery and sanitation initiate dialogue amongst various in these areas in India and other services in peri- stakeholders in the management of countries will be carried, and the urban areas Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) typology of per-urban areas for services in the peri-urban areas. further study, and respective WSS issues identified. Capacity building activities will be conducted. Punjab Rural India To investigate the opportunities of A report on PPP opportunities in 6/15/2015 200,000 17% Water & (WSI) using PPP to fasttrack the expansion RWSS in Punjab will be prepared, Sanitation of water supply and sanitation along with general guidelines for Sector access to rural populations and engaging in PPPs and identification Improvement to achieve long-term operational of key players in PPP and addressing Program - TA for sustainability of services in Punjab. their concerns. Sector 67 WSI Window - Ongoing Activities Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Innovative India To conduct a preliminary institutional, A preliminary study was completed 6/30/2014 130,000 74% Transformation (WSI) financial, technical, environmental and presented in a workshop to the of Basic Urban and urban governance assessment client agency. Activities for a detailed Civil Amenities in the Indian cities of Ludhiana study were prioritized, including a in Ludhiana and and Amritsar in order to develop study for 24x7 water supply using Amritsar Cities a broad range of options for an surface water; an institutional reform; innovative transformation in urban a drainage and storm flooding study, environmental services delivery. urban management issues (e.g., environmental and pollution issues, urban poverty, financial sustainability etc.). Building State India To improve the design and The study of two topics has been 11/27/2015 230,000 69% and Local (WSI) implementation of a solid waste commissioned in the end of 2013 and Capacity for management project proposed for there is a high level of interest from Solid Waste Uttar Pradesh and to share knowledge sector institutions at the national Management of a prior AusAid-funded study and state level for the proposed on India’s experience with private dissemination of the study on PPP in sector participation in solid waste the solid waste management in India. management. The study will be completed in 2015. Gender and India To assess gender-differentiated The activity mainstreams gender into 4/30/2014 350,000 97% Social Inclusion (WSI) needs for urban water supply and the design and implementation of the in Urban WSSP sanitation in India and identify World Bank projects in the water and successful approaches to address sanitation sector through qualitative these needs. study of women’s and men’s needs in urban water and sanitation. Workshops are to be conducted in two different regions and cities. Policy dialogue will continue with the Government. Karnataka Urban India To upscale the pilot 24/7 water supply Two issues are being addressed: 1) 9/30/2014 323,000 81% Water Supply (WSI) schemes demonstrated in three delivery of continuous water supplies Modernization cities (Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum and in Karnataka through significantly Project - Phase II Gulbarga) under the earlier Karnataka reducing leakage from the pipe Urban Water Supply Modernization Network, and ii) establishing a Project (KUWASIP) by providing high- city-level structure responsible for quality, continuous water services in delivering service in the urban area. these cities and secondly, leveraging The PPP operator will establish a private investments where possible. modality to work with low-income customers, thus, enhancing social inclusion. In 2013, critical aspects of project design were identified, as well as a strategy on PPP models, including associated bid and contract documentation, building the understanding and capacity of participating cities, and assessing the extent of accompanying sector reform issues. A draft advisory paper will be paper prepared and provided to the Government in 2014. 68 WSI Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Knowledge, India To improve awareness of the range As part of this activity, an annual 3/31/2014 100,000 29% Learning and (WSI) of water and sanitation work in the review of WSI- supported programs Communication South Asia region among World Bank in the water and sanitation sector of Water and staff and donor partners; to create highlighting outputs and outcomes Sanitation opportunities for cross sectoral is carried out; quarterly briefing Activities initiatives, expand the World Bank’s notes were prepared; periodic project pipeline and to improve briefing meetings held and support technical quality of these tasks to managers of WSI programs is through knowledge sharing and provided. learning activities related to WSI- funded tasks. SAGE Window - Proposals Approved in 2014 Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Report on SAGE To increase knowledge about and The report will examine how the eight 6/30/2014 225,000 74% Violence Against (South Asia) support efforts to address the countries in the region (Afghanistan, Women in South problem of violence against women in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Asia South Asia. Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) are addressing these drivers through programs, policy and laws, and the judiciary and other organized systems; and which approaches seem to be effective in reducing the incident and severity of VAW in South Asia. An ultimate goal of this activity is to communicate good practices and ways forward to help governments and other in-country stakeholders work together more effectively to address the problem in sustainable ways within countries, and for these stakeholders to better work together across countries in the region. Young Women SAGE To go beyond traditional approaches Development of course and materials 12/31/2014 125,000 38% for ICT (Afghanistan) to gender and youth inclusion in will accompany providing assistance Employment in economic activities and labor for trainees and the development of Afghanistan markets, by exploring opportunities course curriculum. emerging from the global virtual economy and the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). 69 SAGE Window - Ongoing Activities Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 SAGE Sri Lanka To improve awareness of gender- This activity supports the 2012 SAGE 6/30/2014 475,000 84% Knowledge, (SAGE) related work among the World Bank cross-country and cross-sectoral Learning and staff and donor partners and to working group on gender. A review of Communication improve the technical quality of these four rounds of SAGE funding proposals tasks through knowledge sharing and has been completed allocating a total learning activities related to SAGE- of $US2 million to gender-related funded tasks. activities in all eligible countries and for several regional initiatives; drafts of a Regional Gender Issues Companion Piece to the World Bank flagship study World Development Report 2012; a draft of a Regional Gender Action Plan for South Asia, as well as a series of two-speaker events. Online communications activities include a SAGE website and a newsletter series. India Female South Asia To improve the understanding of A detailed analysis of the “missing 12/31/2014 89,000 90% Labor Force (SAGE) the causes of a sharp decline in the women” in the labor market is based Participation participation of women in the labor on projected and actual female force in India observed between labor force rates with appropriate 2004-05 and 2009-10. demographic weights and using the last four NSS-EUS. Econometric analysis is used to examine the patterns of women’s transition from self-employment to casual labor and whether that transition led women to choose domestic work over unpaid family work. Gender Analysis Sri Lanka To conduct quantitative and Analysis of data has been completed 6/30/2014 100,000 91% of Sri Lanka (SAGE) qualitative analysis to identify how to and the final report prepared. narrow gender gaps in labor force and The dissemination activities were other economic participation. conducted in Colombo in April 2013. The analysis of both secondary quantitative data and primary data lend support to all three tested hypotheses for women's weak labor market outcomes in Sri Lanka: (1) household roles and responsibilities (and other supply-side explanations); (2) human capital and skills mismatch explanations; and (3) gender discrimination. Recommendations include school- and community- based outreach campaigns to change norms about expected education and job types for men and women; improving women's access to informal networks of job information; development of the child care market, especially in jobs within intermediate and modern services sectors; addressing biases against leaving children with child care professionals instead of family members. 70 SAGE Window - Ongoing Activities (continued) Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 India Gender India To examine the gender dynamics The outcome of the analysis 12/31/2014 200,000 94% Report (SAGE) of labor behavior and economic became a flagship companion piece inequality in India in the context to the 2012 World Development of economic growth and societal Report (WDR) on Gender. A change. synthesis report will be completed and the activity finalized in FY14. The report includes: gendered- labor outcomes analysis; economic growth and gendered-labor outcomes (state-level analysis); impact on economic growth of gender equality in labor outcomes; choice model of women’s labor market decisions; state-level analysis of determinants of women’s labor outcomes. An Inter-Ministerial Task Force has been set up by the National Mission of Empowerment for Women, Government of India and a meeting was held to discuss the analysis. NE-WASH and NELSIP Window Percent Grant Country Closing Disbursed Grant name Objective Targeted Deliverables and Impact amount (window) date by end (US$) 2014 Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka To support the scale-up of the Sri Delivery of the new WB funded 12/30/2015 58,000 6% Scale-Up WASH (NE-WASH) Lanka - Scale-Up WASH Service project. Service Delivery Delivery in lagging districts pilot in Lagging through a new WB funded project. Districts Support for Sri Lanka To improve the delivery of local This trust fund, for supervision of 6/30/2015 490,000 0% Expansion of (NELSIP) infrastructure services by local the upcoming recipient executed North East authorities in the Northern and fund has not been activated yet. Local Services Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka. Improvement To support local infrastructure Project (NELSIP) services, such as rural roads, drinking water supply, drainage and waste disposal. 71 APPENDIX TWO: PFSA Closed Activities and Deliverables IFG Window - Closed Activities Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) GHG Accounting South Asia To measure greenhouse gas (GHG) The team has provided technical 6/30/2014 100,000 49,759 and Greening (IFG) emissions by using improved inputs on the methodology of SAR methodologies and tools in select assessment and application to the Infrastructure infrastructure projects, before and Power Sector Rehabilitation and Projects: Energy after intervention, particularly in Upgradation Project in Bangladesh Sector transport sector in South Asia. in order to estimate GHG reduction by reducing technical distribution loss. WSI Window - Closed Activities Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) UWSMP - India To study how water and sanitation A scoping study to assess 2/28/2014 110,000 104,559 scoping study in (WSI) services to the major metro cities opportunities to improve the National Capital in the quickly growing national performance of water and sanitation Region capital region can be improved, services in the seven metro centers with particular emphasis on was conducted. The final report will opportunities for regional be completed and disseminated in collaboration. 2014. Formulating India To upscale the pilot 24/7 water- Critical aspects of project design 3/31/2014 100,000 83,158 and Instituting (WSI) supply schemes demonstrated are analyzed and a quality review a Long-Term in three cities (Hubli-Dharwad, and enhancement of outputs is Sustainability Belgaum and Gulbarga) under the conducted. Advice on strategy on Framework for earlier KUWASIP project to provide PPP models and their associated Rural Water high quality, continuous water bid/contract documentation; Supply Service services in these cities and leverage building the understanding and Delivery in private investments where possible. capacity of participating cities, Karnataka and assessing the extent of accompanying sector reform issues is undertaken. 74 WSI Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Support to India To provide technical assistance and The activity comprises: (i) carrying 5/31/2014 330,000 229,137 Preparation of (WSI) support to the Ministry of Drinking out a rapid diagnostics of the RWSS National Water Supply in developing a reform existing sector program (including Program for program for sustainable coverage of policies, institutional arrangements, Lagging States, the rural water and sanitation system coverage, financing, water quality India in the Lagging States by focusing on and quantity issues, and cost- critical issues that will have impact on recovery arrangements) to identify a successful program design. issues and challenges in providing sustainable coverage of water and sanitation facilities, including the identification of the performance and institutional capacity gaps; (ii) developing appropriate reform policies, institutional program, and infrastructure program, aimed at achieving improved and sustainable piped water supply and sanitation coverage. Also, an ‘Incentive’ Program for Lagging States is being designed and an assessment of the rural water and sanitation system capacity. Supporting India To support the implementation of the The activity was completed in 2013 10/16/2013 350,000 255,946 Innovations (WSI) National Ganga River Basin Project and resulted in: i) introducing and and Capacity- and assist India in its renewed efforts supporting innovative wastewater building of cleaning and conserving the Ganga treatment technologies and for Ganga (Ganges) river. investment models, ii) capacity building Clean-up and of local service providers in project Conservation management, procurement, technical skills enhancement (in infrastructure construction and management) and IT, and iii) improving financial sustainability and supporting private- public partnerships. Identification India To review the status of urban Based on a review of the National Urban 4/30/2014 60,000 249,478 and Evaluation of (WSI) sanitation chain that includes urban Sanitation Policy implementation at Implementation sanitation, waste water, draining and the national level, two states and six Options for the solid waste management in cities in cities, as well as a series of consultations National Urban India and to understand the present with various stakeholders, the study Sanitation Policy conditions in achieving the National was completed and its findings and in India Urban Sanitation Policy objectives. recommendations were discussed with state government officials. Steps were taken to adjust the state sanitation implementation framework. With the formation of a new government at the national level in 2014, a follow up with the Ministry of Urban Development on the study’s findings and recommendation is expected and a national workshop to share the study’s findings and best practices on urban sanitation is anticipated. 75 WSI Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) PPP Options India To investigate the opportunities of In 2013, efforts were focused on 6/30/2014 250,000 167,607 for Punjab (WSI) using private-public partnership (PPP) helping the Punjab Government's Rural Water to fast-track the expansion of water Rural Water Department in designing and Sanitation supply and sanitation access to rural a few schemes on a PPP basis. All Project population and achieve long-term the sewer schemes in 95 villages are operational sustainability of the following similar contracts. A national services in Punjab. level PPP workshop and three more regional workshops were conducted and model bid documents were shared. The national workshop created a demand for the reports and model bid documents prepared for different models of PPPs that can be used in the rural water sector. It will be completed in 2014 with the preparation of reports on PPP opportunities for rural water supply and sanitation and guidelines on PPP. Transaction India To assist the Government of Andhra The Government of Andhra Pradesh, 3/31/2014 300,000 175,326 Advisory (WSI) Pradesh in designing a Public-Private with World Bank assistance, is Services for Partnership (PPP) program based on implementing the project in six Public Private the Design-Build and Operate model, districts to improve rural water Partnerships as part of the Andhra Pradesh Rural supply and sanitation services for Rural Water Water Supply and Sanitation Project. through progressive decentralization, Supply Schemes community participation and in Andhra enhanced accountability. Expected Pradesh project outcomes include: an increase in the number of people with access to improved and sustainable water supply services, improved hygiene and sanitation practices, and cost recovery. Kerala India To generate a demand for institutional Guidance was provided in 2011 to the 10/31/2011 30,000 29,744 Solid Waste (WSI) and technical improvements in the State in planning a new integrated Management municipal solid waste management solid waste management facility Assessment sector in the State of Kerala. and to help generate a demand for appropriate institutional and technical improvements. This included, among others: a review of reports on the municipal solid waste management in India and other documents; visits to selected cities and towns and interviews with authorities; collecting data on waste generation, service levels, technical approaches used, costs, plans for investment, and institutional framework; and determining suitable technical approaches. A mission report included an in-depth analysis of the Thiruvanarthapuran composting plant, and technical assistance plan for the State of Kerala for the following two- year period. 76 WSI Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Preparation of India To assist the Government of In 2012, a diagnostic review of the 1/31/2012 25,000 24,936 an institutional (WSI) Uttarakhand in preparing an existing institutional set up was development institutional development program delivered identifying key gaps and program for for two rural water and sanitation outlining the institutional options rural WSS sector sector institutions, taking into for addressing the gaps. Three institutions in consideration international good institutional options have been the State of practices. recommended to the Government Uttarakhand, of Uttarakhand, which could be India implemented in a sequential manner. The Government of Uttarakhand discussed the institutional reforms recommended by the study. The institutional options developed under this activity are applicable for other States in India. Monitoring India To develop a monitoring and Completed in 2012 and based on a 3/31/2012 10,000 8,800 and Evaluation (WSI) evaluation (M&E) framework for the review of existing M&E frameworks Framework WSI trust fund. for other similar trust funds at the for the Water World Bank and within AusAid, an and Sanitation M&E framework for the WSI trust Initiative (WSI) fund was developed. In the long India term, this will improve the efficiency of the WSI trust fund and assist in promoting reform and improving water and sanitation services. Study on India To support Ministry of Urban This activity, part of the umbrella 6/30/2013 100,000 101,319 Public Private (WSI) Development in the assessment of Knowledge Support Assistance Partnerships the current state of Public Private on urban PPPs covering sewerage, (PPPs) in Urban Partnerships (PPPs) in sewerage solid waste management and Sewerage in Indian cities and help build its urban roads, has been completed. Sector in India capacity to formulate policies, It proposes new actions and action plans and toolkits aimed at funding instruments to scale up scaling up PPPs in sewerage, as well sewerage PPPs in Indian cities to as to share lessons from countries address the growing demand for that have dealt with similar incorporating PPP modalities into challenges. urban projects. It contributed to the design and implementation of the next generation of the World Bank’s urban projects in India. 77 WSI Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Shape the India To support the Government of All three studies have been completed 4/30/2013 100,000 88,938 Reform Direction (WSI) Karnataka in formulating and and final draft reports prepared (the of the Proposed instituting a long-term sustainability activity was completed in 2013). Karnataka Urban framework for rural water supply Results have been shared during two Water Supply service delivery in Karnataka, workshops with the stakeholders. The and Sanitation addressing: i) financial issues results of work make a compelling Modernisation associated with operation and case for the re-structuring of the Project maintenance, budgeting, tariff fixing, institutional setup for the rural water (KUWSSMP) cost recovery and transfers; (ii) and sanitation sector in the State. technical and operations issues, (iii) Five alternative institutional options institutional - human and institutional were developed and are currently development – issues, including under review by the Government of establishing a monitoring and Karnataka. This is the first study of information systems. its kind in the country, as opposed to efforts aimed at assessing the sustainability of single village schemes. Preparation India To assist the Government of This activity was cancelled in 2013 6/30/2013 No -- of a detailed (WSI) Uttarahkand in preparing an without expenses expense institutional institutional restructuring program restructuring and implementation plan. The actual program and implementation is supported through implementation the ongoing Uttarakhand rural water plan for rural WSS and sanitation project. sector institutions in the State of Uttarakhand, India Financial India To carry out a rapid analysis of A study completed in 2013 helped the 2/28/2013 20,000 22,421 Assessment of (WSI -JIT) the likely financial implications of government of Maharashtra to better Maharastra's undertaken water supply reforms on understand the net revenue stream WSS Reform the net income and revenue of 180 and savings as a result of water supply cities. reforms in 180 urban centers and deepen the reform program thereby, reducing the financial subsidy burden on the government and improving long-term sustainability of water and sanitation services. Assessment of India To undertake a rapid assessment The assessment, completed in 2013, 7/31/2013 100,000 101,282 Proposals for (WSI) of the Public Health Engineering brought together a range of broad Rajasthan WSS Department of Rajasthan proposals water sector issues, including: climate Project for financial, institutional, technical change (potentially affecting water approaches to providing water supply yields), irrigation efficiency, and and how the resource allocation agricultural productivity, alongside challenge can be addressed without traditional water supply issues of good adversely impacting current users of governance and service sustainability. the water. The assessment advised on ways to improve the design of water resource management, cost recovery, and institutional aspects of water supply systems. 78 SAGE Window - Closed Activities Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Social India To create a new environment for The creation of a Social 2/28/2013 115,000 114,566 Observatory for (SAGE) monitoring and evaluation within Observatory was facilitated, with NRLM the largest rural women-centered a goal to change the culture of livelihoods project implemented project monitoring and evaluation globally - the World Bank supported by using more scientific techniques. National Rural Livelihoods Mission/ It promotes the principle of open Program in India. data access. Significant progress has been made on issues related to gender equality. The project was completed in 2013. Youth and Sri Lanka To conduct quantitative and The project ended with the 6/30/2012 15,000 13,221 Gender Activity (SAGE) qualitative analysis to identify how presentation of the final report and Mapping to narrow gender gaps in labor force its dissemination. Key outcomes and other economic participation, included: a gender portfolio review; and to provide strategic focus to the a list of best practices in gender World Bank’s work on youth issues mainstreaming; a list of gender quick in South Asia, focusing specifically wins/low hanging fruits; a youth on the vulnerabilities and needs of portfolio review and an analysis adolescent girls and young women of youth issues in the region; and adolescent boys and young factsheets on 'youth and children' men. and 'girls and young women'; and research in Nepal and Sri Lanka around male youth and gender identity. Bhutan Gender Bhutan To inform the government of policy The analysis, based on qualitative 12/30/2013 120,000 119,607 Policy Note (SAGE) about narrowing gender gaps in and quantitative data collected in multiple aspects of economic 2012, was completed in December empowerment by conducting 2013. The findings were presented quantitative and qualitative and discussed with authorities research, examining patterns for and stakeholders in Bhutan as both men and women. well as at the World Bank. The findings included the identification of gender gaps in tertiary-level education; unemployment among young adult females; employment quality; and gendered migration patterns. Findings suggest means of addressing the gender gap in tertiary education, which will help lower teen pregnancy rates and improve women’s career opportunities. 79 SAGE Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Gender Pakistan To enhance strategic analytical Gender-informed survey tools for 6/30/2014 35,000 34,525 and Youth (SAGE) work on gender in the justice sector the justice sector will provide the Development by developing and disseminating Bank-supported Justice Service through ICT a quantitative survey toolkit Delivery Project with a baseline, to support practitioners in and the survey tools, which will be governments, the World Bank, and detailed in the toolkit. The toolkit other development agencies in is supporting household surveys the social and justice sectors in in the justice sector, as there is undertaking quantitative surveys increasing interest in understanding among households and justice demands in justice services, and service providers. other potential surveys on issues as sensitive as gender-based violence. The methodology, survey tools, and data will be drawn from the on-going gender and justice study in Afghanistan. Development of Afghanistan To enhance strategic analytical The gender and justice study is 6/30/2014 50,000 49,806 a Gender and (SAGE) work on gender in the justice sector developing a gender-informed Justice Survey by developing and disseminating survey tools in undertaking Toolkit a quantitative survey toolkit. The household surveys in the justice toolkit is to support practitioners sector. The data will provide the in governments, the World Bank, World Bank-supported Justice and other development agencies Service Delivery Project with a in the social and justice sectors in baseline, and the survey tools, undertaking quantitative surveys which will be detailed in the toolkit, among households and justice and will support their follow-up service providers. surveys at mid-term and end line. The toolkit would also support household surveys in the justice sector, as there is increasing interest in understanding demands in justice services, and other potential surveys on issues as sensitive as gender-based violence. Moving to a South Asia To demonstrate a male inclusive This activity aims at creating a video 6/30/2014 20,000 18,293 Male-inclusive (SAGE-JIT) approach to gender equality through and photo blogs and presentations Gender multimedia. on a male-inclusive approach to Approach in gender equality that will contribute SAR to a radical shift in on how gender is addressed by the World Bank. It focuses on strengthening the approach to gender equality and empowerment in the World Bank’s operational work. 80 SAGE Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Study on World Part of a wider series of initiatives by Literature reviews and data analysis 3/30/2014 70,000 69,227 Masculinity and (SAGE) the World Bank to expand research were completed for the study. The Gender on male gender roles, in order to gain study explores how migration, a more nuanced understanding of unemployment and changes in the gender relations and how they impact labor market impact the perceptions constructions of both ‘masculinity’ of masculinity in the region. It also and ‘femininity’ in diverse cultural and looks at the impact of masculinity and socio-economic contexts. femininity on exposure to risk factors and adoption of risky behaviors, for example, dropping out of school, drug consumption, and unprotected sex. It defines the challenge of what it means to be male in a variety of contexts in contemporary South Asia. The report addresses the impact of masculinity on development outcomes, including the well-being of males, females and children within a household and at the community level. Key informant interviews and qualitative data were collected in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Women-Only Bangladesh To address the increasing set of The women-only bus service has 6/30/2014 120,000 117,261 Bus Service in (SAGE) issues that female commuters face in been introduced before in Dhaka but Dhaka City Bangladesh, taking example of other the service was stopped as it was cities around the world that have not financially viable. The study, to introduced women only services. be delivered in 2014, addresses the issues faced by women in accessing transport and the sustainability of the women-only bus service. Similar women-only rail cars were introduced in Tokyo, New York, Sao Paulo, Mumbai, and women-only bus service in Mexico City, Guatemala City, and Lahore. Gender Analysis India To identify and analyze key gender Based on a desktop review and 6/30/2014 150,000 154,303 of Micro, Small (SAGE) issues and priorities for the micro, qualitative research on gender issues and Medium small and medium enterprises in key MSME clusters conducted in Enterprises in (MSME) sector in India, with a focus close collaboration with the South India on selected MSME clusters as the Asia Finance and Private Sector subject of qualitative research in the Development team, the analysis field. will identify specific opportunities and strategies for improving gender outcomes in selected MSMEs, specifically, related to women’s ownership of and employment in MSMEs, female labor force participation, wages and working conditions, employability and skill building, enterprise development and access to credit, technology and markets. 81 SAGE Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Building Bangladesh To build capacity and gender The grant has helped to develop the 6/30/2014 100,000 99,841 Capacity (SAGE) sensitizing activities in the Ministry capacity of the Ministry of Housing for Gender of Housing and Public Works in officials to better understand Mainstreaming Bangladesh. gender issues and concerns related - Ministry of to housing. This was done through Housing and the development of a capacity- Public Works building and training program for the (Bangladesh) officials with particular focus on the upcoming proposed community-led housing project to be financed by the World Bank. The submission of full report including key entry points for gender mainstreaming in the Ministry's activities is expected in 2014. Pink Buses Pakistan To improve women’s mobility and A strategic analytical work 6/30/2014 75,000 74,681 (SAGE) security in urban centers of Lahore including an activity-based survey through a study of the women-only is being undertaken to understand Pink Buses Scheme. It will assist women’s mobility under the pilot Lahore Transportation Corporation scheme. It includes: (i) conducting in understanding key issues linked an activity-based survey to to the feasibility and sustainability of understand women’s mobility under scaling up the program. Lahore’s pilot women-only buses (“Pink Buses”); and (ii) providing a menu of options to the Lahore Transportation Corporation to understand the feasibility and sustainability of scaling up the program. This strategic analytical work on gender is part of a region- wide effort to explore this topic and is intended to lead to the financing of a stand-alone project component on women-only transportation. 82 SAGE Window - Closed Activities (continued) Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Impact Bangladesh To determine whether the Northern The pilot impact evaluation initiative 6/30/2014 75,000 74,200 Evaluation NARi (SAGE) Areas Reduction-of-Poverty (IE) is part of the NARI project project Initiative (NARI) project has had a models, a new way of facilitating significant impact on the earnings employment and empowerment of and socio-economic welfare of poor women from lagging areas. It female beneficiaries in Bangladesh. will become a key tool to measure The NARI project facilitates access the success or shortcomings of the to employment opportunities in project design and will inform the the garment sector for poor and future scaling up of the project. In vulnerable women from lagging 2013, the Concept Paper for the IE areas of Bangladesh by providing was completed and its design was information, technical and life skills prepared. The control and treatment training, transitional housing, and areas where the impact evaluation other support in order to adjust will be applied have been identified. to urban life and formal sector Significant capacity building has employment. taken place within the Ministry of Labor and Employment. The project beneficiaries will be selected by June 2014. 10,800 poor women from the lagging northern areas of the country will be selected and their transition will be facilitated into formal employment at growth centers where they will be provided with transitional housing for 6 months, including 3 months of training and 3 months on the job at ready-made garments factories. Dormitories and training centers were constructed within the project. The impact evaluation will be conducted until the project closing in 2017. Youth Maldives To identify factors in the positive A study, based on field data 6/30/2014 103,400 100,726 Development (SAGE) development of young men and collection, on youth development and Gender in women; identify risks at the family, was completed in April 2013. The the Maldives: community and institutional levels; primary data for the report on Issues and Policy and the potential role of government, protective and risk factors for youth Directions the business sector and civil society development and positive outcomes in enhancing youth development. in adulthood was collected through interviews in 1003 households and, in-depth interviews with 402 additional individuals. A national workshop was conducted in May 2013 to disseminate the findings of the study. 83 RETF closed windows - NE-WASH Initial Final Country Closing grant disbursed Grant name Objective Deliverables and Impact (window) date amount amount (US$) (US$) Sri Lanka - North Sri Lanka To improve access to piped water Results are delivered through 6/30/2014 2,010,000 2,010,000 East WASH for (NE-WASH) supply and sanitation services for three components: 1) provision conflict affected rural communities in the conflict- of water supply and sanitation; 2) regions affected Northern and Eastern capacity building; and 3) project provinces of Sri Lanka, taking management. As a result, it is into account the transition from a expected that more than 3,000 conflict to a post-conflict society. households will have access to safe water, over 600 families will benefit from improved sanitation, and 11 schools will have access to improved water supply and sanitation services. So far, a total of 2,300 students (of which 50% are girls) attended 13 hygiene education programs in the two project districts. The project includes 21.75% vulnerable households, of which 5.6% have at least one disabled member and 15% are female-headed households. Bank Executed Sri Lanka To administer and supervise the Delivery of the new World Bank 6/30/2014 200,000 139,674 Grant Fund for (NE-WASH) Recipient-executed grant for funded project. Supervision of WASH in order to ensure smooth Sri Lanka WASH implementation and achievement of Project objectives. 84 85 86