37278 .37278-MK 2006 ( 2006 ) t = MKD 1 = 48 () : : : : : , . , 2005 2006 , , . , , ­ , , , . ( ), , (, , ). . .........................................................................................................i 1. .............................................................................................................................. 1 A. .............................................................................1 . ................................................................................2 . ................................................................................................7 . , .........9 . ................14 . .................................16 . ..............................................................................................................16 2. .. 17 A. ­ ............17 . .................22 . ......23 . .......................25 . ......................34 . ..............................................................................................................37 3. .......................................................................................... 39 . .................................39 . ..........................................................................................................................41 . ................................................................................................45 . .................................................................................................................49 4. ........ 51 ........................................................................................................................51 . .........................................................52 . ..............................................................56 . ...............................................................................................................68 ........................................................................................ 81 1: : , ..................................................................................... 70 A1.1 ­ ... ....................................................................................................78 A1.1 :...........79 A1.2 2004 ( %).......................................... 79 A1.3 :........................................................................... 80 1-1: ........................................................3 1-2: ­ ................................................................................................................ 10 1-3: , 2002-2004........... 10 2-1: , .......... 19 2-2 , 2006 .................................................................................... 24 2-3: ..................................................... 26 3-1 ( ).................................................................................................................... 40 3-2: ...... 41 1-1 , ........................................................................................2 1-2: ........9 2-1: , .................................23 1-1: ...........................................................................................6 1-2 ............................................................13 1-3 ...................................15 2-1 .........37 4-1 () ....................64 : . , . ( ) ( ). . , . . - . ­ ­ . , . : .... (4 ). , 2005 . . . , , ­ . ... ... , ­ ­ , , . . , . 35 , , ( ) , . ( ), , . ... . . . , -- . ­ , , ­ , , . . 2005 , 84- ii . , , . . . , . ( ) .... . , . , ­ , , , . , , ( ) . . , , , ( ). ( ). , ­ , . . , . . : , , iii . , . . , ­ ­ . , , . , , . . , , , . , . , . , , , , , . , , ­ . ... . . , ­ , 50-75 . ­ ­ 40 ­ 50 , . , 50 . , -- iv . , . ... . , , , : ­ , . ( ) ( ), , . , , . . . , , . , . . - . , , . , , , , . v , , , . , , . , . , -- , , . , , . , , , . ­ ­ . . , , , . ; , . , . . , . . vi , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , . . , , . . vii ­ , , , . . , , , , . , , . , . , , 2005 , , . , . . , 4 2004 2005 . , . , . , , . ­ . , , . ( , , , , ) . . , : , viii , . . . 65 78 2020 (, 2006), . , . (1994 2002 ) . , , . . . , 21 2002-2004 . , , , . ( ) . . . , , , . , , , . , . ,, " 7 , - . ­ . , 11 , , , , . ix . , . 2005 , 2001 . , . , , . ,," ( 50), 34 ,," . : ) , ; ) ; ) ; ) ( ); ) . , . , . . , ­ , , . , , . : . 2005 ( ), , . x , 2006 ­ 4 ­ 5 (100 ) 11 (238 ). 70 2003 ­ 2004 , ( ) . ,, ", . , ( 3.8 ), () . , , . , . , 2006 ­ . , 50.000 ( ), , 2006 . , , . 2006 , . . , , : (i) . ( , , ) . , ( ). 2005/06 , . ( xi 2006 3,4 , ) () ( ), () , () () . , , ­ . , . (ii) . ( ) ) . , ( 2007 ). ( ), . , , : () , () . (iii) . , , . . , , . , . (iv) . , . , . xii . (v) . , , . . , , . , . , , . , . , ( , ) , , . , , . (vi) . , . , , , . , / . , . , . . xiii (vii) , , , , , , . ,, " , , , . , . 1, , . , . , , . ... , , , , , , ­ , . ; , . , , . , . 1 ( ), ( ), ( ). xiv , ( 2002 ), , , . , . , () . , , . ... . . (40 ­ 50 , ), . ( 50 ). , . ­ 2005 , . . , 50 ­ 75 . , . . , , , , . , , . . . . , xv , . () . . ... . , , : (i) . , . . (ii) : () ; () ( ) . (iii) . (iv) ­ ­ . (v) ­ , , . (vi) , . , xvi , . . ... , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , 10 () ( ) 5 (). , : () , () , () ( ), () . ( ) . , , . . , ,, " . . , xvii ( ) . ex post . , 2005 , , , . ... . , , , . : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) . , . ,," , . . ­ . . , . : (i) . ( ), , . (). (ii) . ,, " . ,, " , . xviii . (iii) . , , , () . . (iv) . , . . . () , . . , , . , , . , . ( ) , . , , . , . . , xix ( ), . , , , . , . . (v) . , . , , , , . , . (vi) . , , ( ). . . , , . , . . . e xx ,, " . , U, . , , , , . xxi 1. A. 1.1 . , ( ), , . 1.2 . , , , , . , , . , . , , 2005 , , . , 1.3 , . . , . , . , , 2006 , . . 1.4 ­ 2001 , , 4 2004 2005 . ( 1.1) , , , , . , ( ), 18 ­ 15 .2 ( 2006) . , (). 1-1 , 10.0 8.0 6.0 ) % 4.0 (2.0 0.0 -2.0 -4.0 -6.0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 : 07-10, , , 8/3/06 1.5 , . ( 1.1) , (, ) 2 . 2 . 36 11 . (, , 2004a) 3 , 31-40 (49 ) . , , , , 68 50 . 1-1: . 2002 2003 2004 2005 (`000 ) 119 123 130 138 ( ) 244.0 251.5 265.3 284.0 : 0.9 2.8 4.1 4.0 -2.0 4.8 6.2 3.1 -0.8 5.1 -0.8 6.8 0.7 3.2 -0.3 7.0 0.6 13.3 7.4 -5.0 1.5 1.0 5.7 3.8 5.4 1.8 15.7 7.9 21.4 21.7 20.5 ... ... 36.7 37.2 37.3 : . , 2004 2005 . : , , ,, : , 2002 ­ 2004 " 1 2006 1.6 , . 37 , , 22 . 31 , 27 . (, 2004a) , .4 , 3 , -3. , , , , , , . 4 , 3 , . . 1.7 , . ,,Doing Business" ( , , , , , .), , . , , 13 48 9,6 36 () ( 6,5 20 ).5 () - 2005 14 21 . , ­ , , , .6 2006 . 1.8 . , ,, "7, s. , , . (, 2004) , , -- 33 31 2002 2004 , . 5 www.doingbusiness.org. 2006 ­ . 3-5 . ( , 2006 ) 6 ( ), ,,Doing Business" . () . 7 , , , . 4 .8 1.9 ? ( ) , . ( 1.1) , , , . , ( , ­ ), ( : - ) . 8 2,7 1,5 1 . 1 0,7 0,5 . 5 1-1: ( ) , . , : i) , , ( ), ii) (), iii) , iv) ( ) . (), , , , , . 2002 ­ 04 , 12 124 . : , , , , , , , , . , . , : a) -- , , ; , ; , , . ) -- . ­ . ) -- , , , . ) ,, "( ) -- . ) ­ . , ­ , . , 2006 , , 40% . . : -, 2005 , , 2006 6 . 1.10 (1994 2002 ), 0,48 . , .9 1990- 2001 , . ­ ­ 31.000 1,5 2.022 2002 . . (, , 2004b) 1.11 . 65 78 2020 (, 2006), . 1.12 , , . ( 1.2) , 500.000, . (, , ) 84 80.000 . . 1.13 . , , () , ; 9 ( 34 123) 1996 ; 200 , 1994 (1,163 59,8 ). (, 2004b) 1,192 1995 1,4 2005 , 1,6 ( 2006); , , 0.55 . (UN 2004). 2004 123 84, . 7 . 20 1994 ­ 2002 , 3,9 . ( ) , 7 . , . 1.14 , . ( 15 ) , ( 60 ) . , , . . 1.15 . , 2002 64 , 25 , 11 ( ) , , , , . , , . , . . (, , 2004a) , ­ (.. ). 21 84 . , , . . 8 1-2: 35% 30% 30% 25% 23% 24% 23% 20% 20% 15% 17% 13% 10% 11% 11% 9% 5% 8% 6% 2% 3% 0% 1,000-4,999 5,000-9,999 10,000-24,999 25,000<49,999 50,000-74,999 75,000-99,999 > 100,000 : 2001, 2002 . . , 1.16 ­ , 21 2002-2004. , . ( 1.2) , , .10 10 . , , -- . (, , ,, : 2002-04", 2006 .) 9 1-2: ­ 1 2 % : 2002-05 813,196 575,659 -237,537 -29.2 257,690 151,811 -105,879 -41.1 555,506 423,848 -131,658 -23.7 : 2001-04 664,700 682,000 17,300 2.6 120,800 121,400 600 0.5 543,800 560,800 17,000 3.1 : 2002-04 431,785 416,369 -15,416 -3.6 212,105 232,256 20,151 9.5 219,680 184,112 -35,568 -16.2 : 2002-05 805,600 715,295 -90,305 -11.2 367,253 227,453 -139,800 -38.1 410,610 453,675 43,065 10.5 : , , ,, : ?", 1 2006 1.17 2004 (20.5 ) (21.8 ), ( 17.9 20.4 2003 ). , , , . ( A1.1) ( ) ­ 0.37 0.28. 2004 0.36, (0.39). 1-3: , 2002-2004 2002 2003 2004 21.4 21.7 20.5 18.4 21.3 19.5 19.9 20.4 17.9 17.5 21.8 20.5 25.3 21.3 21.8 : , , ,, : , 2002 ­ 2004 " 1 2006 10 1.18 . . , (61 ) . 22 2002-04. ( A1.111) , , .12 1.19 . 20.5 55.9 2004 . . ( A1.2) 1.20 , . ­ , ­ ­ 5 6.3 . , ­ , , . , , ­ 9 , ( ). ( A1.3) , . 1.21 , , ­ , ­ . , , , . ( 2005 ) , . 11 , 1-3. 12 , , (7.7 ) ­ 1998-2002. (, , 2004b) 11 1.22 , ( 2005 ) ( ), -8. , , , . ,, " ( 6 m2 , ) 7 ­ ,, " . 1.23 . ­ .13 , , ( , ), , . 2003-2004 ,, ", . ,, ", , , . ( 2004 ) 13 ( 2005 ), 2002 2003 . (. 47) 12 1-2 2003 , 14 2004 , , , , . , 11 .15 ( ) (): , () (%) 600 8.4% 30,000 6.0% 40% 30% 15% 177 9.4% 13,266 12.7% 15% 42% 17% 157 10.2% 13,850 17.0% 10% 40% 10% 100 4.5% 10,000 1.2% 27% 63% 37% 171 8.9% 7,758 13.4% 60% 90% 80% 60 7.4% 3,400 7.0% 20% 50% 30% 20 NA 3,000 8.1% 20% 15% 15% 23 2.5% 2,800 4.5% 10% 30% 10% 1.5 20% 1,000 1.2% 10% 90% 0% 100 14% - - 20% 90% 0% 12 ­ , . . , : , , . ; 40 ; , ; ; (, , , ), ; . , ( ). , ( 500 ) . : 2004 14 , () . 15 , , , (2002 ) 20 , , 274.000 . 13 . 1.24 2005 , , 2001 . , . , , . 1.25 . , : (i) , (ii) ( , , , ), (iii) ( ) ( 1.3) 1.26 ,, " . ( ,," ) , 34- . ­ ­ , . , , , . 1.27 , . ( 2005 2001 , , 1999 ) . . ­ , ( : ), . , , 14 . 1.28 . : i) , ii) , iii) . , 2005 , , , , . ( 2006) , . 1-3 , , . 1995 123 34, 2004 84 . ( 2002 ) . , ( 2004 ); ( 2004 ); () 16 ( 2004 ). , , , , , , 2004 2005 . . : (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) (v) ; (vi) ; (vii) ; (viii) ; (ix) ; (x) ; (xi) ; (xii) ; (xiii) . , 2007 . 16 , , , . 15 . 1.29 . 2005 . . , ­ . . 1.30 , . , . , . , , , . ­ , , . ,, " . , U, . : , , . , . 16 2. 2.1 1995 , , 2001 . 2005 , ­ .17 , , . A. ­ 2.2 ­ , ­ . (i) , (ii) , (iii) . , () . 2.3 , , . , , () ­ . ( ) , . 17 (2004 ) . 2005 , , , ( ). : ; ; 24 ; . 17 , , , . . 2.4 . (2003 2004 ), , . , () . 2.1 2006. 18 2-1: , . 2003 % 2004 % 2006* % 2,887,028 65.6 3,195,760 64.7 5,164,354 45.2 711 ( ) 254,174 2.2 713 , 651,546 14.8 688,810 13.9 1,387,070 12.1 713111 384,372 3.4 713211 47,930 0.4 713311 812,979 7.1 717 , 2,231,893 50.7 2,503,551 50.7 3,512,276 30.7 717112 244,125 2.1 717115 / 76,297 0.7 717116 353,101 3.1 717137 2,508,334 21.9 330,419 2.9 3,589 0.1 3,398 0.1 10,834 0.1 ­ 156,190 3.5 310,441 6.3 1,542,861 13.5 721 12,450 0.3 10,228 0.2 2,323 722 87 80 43,957 0.4 723 : 14,938 0.3 142,788 2.9 964,134 8.4 7230 199,864 1.7 7231 582,041 5.1 7239 56,879 0.5 125,349 1.1 724 27,839 0.6 35,870 0.7 63,947 0.6 725 ­ 100,875 2.3 121,475 2.5 468,501 4.1 ** 14,445 0.3 83,079 1.7 419,483 3.7 1,294,114 29.4 1,282,182 25.9 4,310,591 37.7 741 , 1,219,388 27.7 1,258,232 25.5 3,801,578 33.2 741113 *** 684,794 6.0 741114 401,759 3.5 741115 773,218 6.8 741116 57,875 0.5 741117 407,213 3.6 741118 700,450 6.1 7412 307,674 2.7 468,595 4.1 742 44,060 1.0 23,950 0.5 356,630 3.1 743 30,665 0.7 152,383 1.3 51,172 1.2 44,792 0.9 25,000 0.5 175 4,402,947 100 4,941,429 100 11,437,290 100 : * 2006 . 2003 2004 123 , 2006 84 . ** , . : *** 741113 ' ` ' `. 19 2.5 2005 , , 28 2003 26 2004 . , () , 2006 . ( 2005) . 2.6 , ' ` , 50 . , , , ., . , , 31 2006 . , , , , 65 2004 45 2006 . ­ , , , 14 . 2.7 ('` 18, ), 60 2006 . , , 5 40 .19 , . 2006 , 3,8 ( 18 : (i) ( , ) ; (ii) : ; (iii) : , , , ; (iv) : , ; (v) : , () ; (vi) ; (vii) ; (viii) . 19 (2005). , , , , , , , . 20 2,3 ) .20 , , . 2.8 , . . ' ` ' ` 47 (29 ) 2006. , , , . , 74 . . , 3,4 2006 . 2.9 , . 3 () The intergovernmental fiscal system shares 3 percent of personal income tax (PIT) 3 () . , , 9 . . 2005 , ­ . , , , 2004 , 2005 , 21 17 2004 . ' `. 20 2002 , 5,3 , 8,61 , 10,1 , 10,8 12 . . 21 34 1995 . 21 2.10 , . 2006 , 32 , , , .22 . 2006 , 22 , . , , ( ). . 2.11 .23 , , , . 2.12 , . , , , . ( ) , , ( / ) , . 2.1 , 40 2004 53 2006 . 4,9 11,4 2006 , ( 56 2004 44 2006) . 22 : , , , , , . 23 . , -8. , . 22 , . 2-1: , 12,000 10,000 8,000 4,893 6,000 4,000 4,287 1,788 2,643 2,000 1,460 1,324 1,552 563 0 545 2003 2004 2006 8.3% 4.8% 3.5% 43.2% 55.5% 44.0% 35.3% 27.8% 38.5% 13.2% 11.8% 14.0% 100% 100% 100% : , . : . 2.13 , 2006 . , 24 , . , 31 . . 2.14 84 . 2.15 () . , 23 , , . 2.2 2006 , . , , 10 , . 10,090 MKD ( 7,888 MKD), 4,052 ­ 4,584 MKD (1352 - 2287 MKD ). , . 2-2 , 2006 On a per capita basis % (# ) 506,926 10 10,091 7,888 2,204 4,532 8% 674,168 9 50,000 4,052 2,287 1,764 1,490 23% 664,025 33 10,000 50,000 4,182 1,645 2,537 1,897 43% 32 177,428 10,000 4,584 1,352 3,232 1,808 56% 84 2,022,47 5,655 3,398 2,257 2,381 24% : , . 2.16 50.000 . 2,287 , . , , . 1,352 MKD , (3,232 ). 2.17 , , ­ 2006 . , 2006 . , 24 . . . , , . 2.18 , (4,532 ). 50,000 (1,490 ), . . , 10,000 , , 56 . , . . 2.19 , , . 2.20 . 2005 , ­ , , ­ ( ), , . , . , (), . , , . 2.21 , , 40 190 . ( 25 2002 ) 2.3 ( ) , , , .24 , -15 . 2.22 . , 2003 2004 2006 ,," .25 , 2003 ­ 2004 3,4 , .26 2-3: / % % % % 14.3 6.9 1.6 0.6 * ( )--8, : 1.1 0.3 12.0 1.0 -15 32.5 7.3 2.2 0.9 7.4 3.4 .004 .001 ( 2006) . : , 2001 , ,, : ", , .. 2.1. 24 1990- , 1990- . 25 (, , ). 26 ­ 10 14 . 2006 . 26 2.23 : , . , ­ ( 4). : (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) . ­ . (i) 2.24 ( ). 2005 27, , , , , , . , , ( ). . . 2.25 , , ( ) . ( ) .28 , . , . (ii) 2.26 , . 27 2006 . 28 , . 27 2006 . , , , . , , 20 .29 / (6 ). ( ) 2006 , , . . 2.27 , . , . (iii) 2.28 1994 , , . , , . , . , , . , , . 2.29 , , . 29 , 2006 . 28 ­ . (iv) 2.30 , . . 0,1 0,2 . ( ) 0,2 . 2.31 , : -- 0.5 1.0 0.22 0.5 ; -- 0.6 2.7 , 4 ; -- 0.3 0.8 ; -- 1.0 () ; -- 1.3 ,, "; -- 1.0 1.5 . : () , , ( ), , .30 , . (v) 2.32 , , . ( ) ­ , , , , , .31 , , 30 , ,," ,, . 31 , , , , , . 29 : (a) , ( ); () ; () ; () ; () ( ), / ; () ; () , ; () ; () ; () , ; () ; () .32 , 50 . , , . 2.33 ( / ) , . ­ , . , .33 ­ ­ ,, " ­ . 2.34 , . , ( ) ( , , ,,". , . ­ 32 , 2 5 , . , . . ( ) . 33 , , 35 , 80 ( ­ ). 30 ,," . , ,," , . ,," , . 2.35 . ( ) , . 2004 ( 2001 ) , 2007 . . , 24 , . , 2005 , 39 ( 60 ), 16 24 . , 7 ­ 10 ( 15 ), . 2.36 () . , . , . 2.37 ( ) , , ( ). . , ­ , . , . 31 , . , . 2.38 . . . .34 , , . , . . , , . 2.39 . , , .35 , 10 , , ( ). . 2.40 . . , . : 34 , . 35 . ( ), . 32 ' `, . , ; , , ;36 .37 2.41 , , , . , , . ( ) . . , . 2.42 , . , . , , . 2.43 , ( 2005) . . . , 36 . . 2005 , 3,2 0,15 . 37 1 , 0,1 ( 0,03 ) 33 . . 2.44 , , . , ­ , . 2.45 . , . 84 . : ) ,, " 4 , 75 10 , ) ( , , .). , ,, ". , . . 2.46 , , . . , . . , . 34 . 2.47 . . ( ) ( ), . . , , , . , , . , . 2.48 . , . . ,, " 38 10 . ­ , / . , . 2.49 . , , . , / . 38 . : ; ; ; , ; , . . 100 ( 20 , 5 ). . 35 1. , , . . 2.50 , . , , . , , ( 2006). 2.51 . , , .39 , ( 2-1), . , , , . , () , , ­ , . 39 , ( 2004 ), 123 , 6,000. 36 2-1 , 40, . . . . , , . ( ), ( , , .) . , , . . . , . , . , . , . , . ( ), . , .41 . ( , , ). . 2.52 , , . , . , 40 14 : (i) , ; (ii) , , ; (iii) , , ; (iv) , , ; (v) , 41 . 37 . , . ; . / , . , , , . 38 3. 3.1 , , . , . . 3.2 . . , , , . , . . 3.3 ( ) , , , . , , . ( ) , , . , , .42 ( 3.1) 42 ( ) ( ). 39 3-1 ( ) - 93.7 94.9 89.4 74.8 77.8 64.0 99.4 99.5 98.9 10.1 11.9 3.6 90.0 93.3 78.1 : 2003. 2005a. 3.4 . , 2001 11,3 , 15,5 -8, , 10 . ( 2004). 2003 , 10,2 , 12,8 3,1 ( 2005). , , . 3.5 2004 , . ( 1) , . . , , , , , . . . 2003 , 80 (78 ­ 89 ). , , . . 2002 2005 , , 40 ( ) . 3-2: 2002 % % % 476,727 50 85 74 104,344 83 86 77 87,652 67 84 72 74,065 70 90 75 57,844 80-90 98 95 54,839 75 100 60 49,657 50 90 60 48,098 90 80 70 45,213 65 65 60 : 14 ( 30.000 ) 2004 . ( ) . ( 2004) . 3.6 ( , , , , , , ) . , . . , / , , ( ). , , , . 41 . . 3.7 2002 2005 : , , , , . , . , . . . , , , . 3.8 , , 2004 49 . , , , , , ,, ", . 3.9 () , , . , . . . 3.10 , , , , , 42 . . 3.11 . ( , , , , , .). . , , . , , . . , ( , , 22 ). 3.12 , , , . . , ­ . 3.13 . , , . , . , , . 3.14 . : (1997, 2002 ), ( 2003 ), (2004), 43 (2004) 43 (2004). , , , . . , , . , , . . , .44 3.15 . , . , , . , . 3.16 . . 2001 60 25 . ( ) 3 ­ 4 . , 43 ,, ", . 44 . ( ). . 44 1991 . , . . 3.17 . ( ) 40 ­ 50 . , . , , . . , , 20 . 3.18 . 50 . . , . . . , . , 80 . , . , . , , , . 3.19 . 1994 2005 . . , , , , . , 45 . , . 3.20 45 ( ) 27 ( 2006). , 0,10 . ( 1,22 , 0,59 , 0,71 ). , 1,00 ­ 0,24 ­ 0,51 . , ,,". , , . 3.21 . , ( ) / , . , . , . ( ) . . . 45 27,07 (0,56 ) 39,89 (0.83 ) 11,73 (0,24 ) 24,25 (0.51 ) . 46 3.22 2004 49 46 ( ) . (54 ), ; (39 ) ,, " ( ). 1,6 44 . 646,4 40 . 94 , 17 . , . 3.23 . . , . 49 2004 , . , , 20 . .. . . 49 ( ), . 3.24 1,2 ( 0,5 ) 53 . , 15 . 14 12 ( ) ­ . 67 . 46,, ()," 2004. 2003 . 47 3.25 ( ). , . . , 2003 2004 . . . 3.26 . , . . , , , 15 , . . , , . 3.27 . , . 2003 18 , 10 15 . . , 2,5 5 10 . ( , ). , . , . 48 3.28 ­ . , . , . ­ , .47 2006 , . 3.29 . , , . : () ; () ; () ,," , ; () ( ) , ­ ; () . 3.30 . . 3.31 , , 47 2001 , . 2003 . 49 . , , , : (1) ( ); (2) , ; (3) . / , . 3.32 (2004, 2006). . , , . , , . . ( ) , , ­ 15. , . 50 4. . 4.1 , . - . , . , ( ) ( ). , . 4.2 , , . , . , ( ), , , ,," ,, " . . . 4.3 51 , . 34 2005 50 / / . , . . 4.4 . . , . , , , , ex post . , , . ( ) . 4.5 , . ,, " , . , . , ,, " , . , . . , . 52 4.6 , , . , , , . : (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) - ; (v) ; (vi) ( , , , / , , .); (vii) , ; (viii) / ; (ix) , ; (x) . 4.7 ,, " , , , , , . 4.8 . 2005 , ( ). 10 ­ () , , 5 ­ (). - 20 ­ / , . ­ ( ), . ­ 45 , 70 . 53 ­ . 4.9 , , . . ­ ­ . , , , , ­ .. . . , ( ) , , . . 4.10 . ( ­ , ­ ) . , , . . ( ) , . , . ,, ". . 54 4.11 ­ ­ . 34 , . . . 4.12 ,, " , . () / . , . 4.13 ,, " ( ), , () / ­ ­ . , . 4.14, ,," . (80 ­ 110) (5 ­ 16), (500 ­ 1000 ). , ­ ­ , . , , . , . . , . 55 4.15 , ­ ­ ( ) ­ . . , , . , . ex post ( ) ­ . 4.16 ( 2004) ( ) . , , , ­ . / , ,, / " . . . 4.17 . . ,, ", ( ), . , , 56 . / , ( ), . , , , . 4.18 , : a) , 48; b) ; c) ; d) ; e) ; f) . 4.19 . . ,," , , , , . , ­ ( ) , , . , , . , . 4.20 . . , 48 ,, ". 57 / , . , / . , , . , . . 4.21 . . , ( ), ( ) ( ). . , , ( ). / .49 4.22 . , ­ ­ . , , , ( ) 49 ( 1) , , , . 58 ( ). ,, " . ­ ­ . 4.23 ,, " , , . , . . ( ) . . , . . 4.24 , , , ,, ", . , , ,, " . , , : () ; () ; () ; () ; () , . - . 59 4.25 . . , . , , . 4.26 . , . / , / . , , ( 2 3). 2007 . , , , . 4.27 , , , (, ) , . , 2. . - () , . 4.28 . 60 . . , , . . (i) 4.29 , . , . , . , ,," . , ,, " . 4.30 , / . , ( ) . 4.31 . 2005 , . ­ , . ( ) . , . , , . , . , , , 61 , . , . , . . 4.32 . , , . . , . , ,, " / , . . 4.33 . , . , ( ). ­ . , ( ) . ,, " ( ), .50 , . 50 . 62 ,," . 4.34 , () , , . : () ; () ; () ; () ; () ; () . , , ( 4.1). 4.35 , . , . ( , . 63 4-1 () 1990 ( ) . , . . , , . . () . ( ). , , , ( ). 21 ( ). ,, " 15 25 % . ( 1 ­ 3 %) / . () . 0,3 %, , / 1 %, 3 %. (40 ­ 99 ). . , 5 . ­ ( 4 ). . . , . : () ; () ; () ; () ; () . , 10 % () . , , . , . 99 . . , , . , ( ). . , , , . . 64 (ii) , 4.36 , , . ,," ,," . . , , . 50 . . 4.37 , , . / . . . . ( ) . . (iii) 4.38 . , . 65 , , ,, " ­ .. / ( ). ,, " . . . / , ,, ". 4.39 . ­ . ­ .. ­ ­ . , / . , . . 4.40 ( 1). . , , , . , . 4.41 , . ( 66 ). , .51 ,, " ( ) . . . 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Berlinwasser, : () 350,000 , () ; () . , . . , , . . , , ( ) . , . / . . , . , . . . ; , . , . , . . ­ , : 1992 , 30 , Saur Neptun 75 Gdansk (), Saur International Saur International . . : () ; () ; () ; () ; () ; () . , . . : , , , . : () ; () . , . () . . 12 . , , . . , . . , , , . , 25 ­ 30 . , , . , , . . , , , . 76 ­ , : 25 ( ) International Water Ltd /. , . / . : , , . . ( / ) , , . , : , , , ( , ). , ( ). . , . ­ ­ , : ­ , .. / . , . , . , . 37.350 . (). (51,6 ) International Water UU Holdings BV, (33,18 ). . , , . ( ) 77 , . A1.1 ­ ... Source: ECSPE, , ,, : ?", Powerpoint, 1 2006 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 : / 78 A1.1 : / , 2002- 2004. 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 42.2 43.8 62.9 63.7 32.9 31.2 28.2 33.0 57.9 60.4 51.3 45.3 22.0 22.3 57.4 57.1 61.6 61.0 29.9 35.8 69.5 66.5 57.0 46.2 29.7 35.4 51.3 56.7 42.1 37.6 45.7 46.4 64.1 64.5 28.7 28.0 44.9 46.1 64.7 65.1 30.7 29.2 45.5 45.4 66.3 68.2 31.3 33.5 46.4 47.6 61.6 60.5 24.7 21.3 : 2002 2004. : ( 3), . A1.2 2004 ( %) 1x 1.5 x 2 x 20.5 39.6 55.9 19.5 37.5 53.6 21.8 42.5 59.1 17.9 36.6 49.3 21.2 40.4 57.7 : ECSPE, , ,, : , 2002-2004", 1 2006 79 A1.3 : % , 2002 ­ 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 6.2 6.5 0.0 0.0 2.3 3.2 16.0 15.9 51.4 53.4 60.4 60.8 56.4 57.3 38.1 42.5 46.5 48.5 56.9 56.6 51.4 53.3 32.1 36.2 4.9 4.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 4.0 6.0 6.3 29.3 27.1 33.1 31.7 30.9 28.5 24.1 21.7 26.2 24.4 29.3 29.2 28.5 26.0 20.8 18.4 3.1 2.8 3.9 2.6 2.4 2.5 3.4 3.2 4.4 4.2 0.6 1.6 2.5 1.7 9.6 9.3 8.7 8.8 5.8 5.8 7.9 9.3 12.1 10.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : 2002 2004. : ECSPE, , ,, : , 2002-2004", 1 2006 80 , 2004. ,, ( , )". . . Burki, Javed, Guillermo Perry and William Dillinger, eds. 1999. Beyond the Center: Decentralizing the State. World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Commission of the European Communities. 2005. 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