How countries nurture COORDINATION Human Capital Coordination across government WHHOOLE OF OLE OF GO OV VE GOV RNME ERN MENT TY EV UI ID IN EN NT CE CO Greater coordination across government and among development partners, as well as investments in complementary sectors, can substantially advance the ABOUT THIS SERIES human capital agenda. This four-part series explores the strategies Chile: linking sectoral governments have deployed to overcome the myriad barriers to effectively invest programs together in human capital. It focuses on a whole Chile’s Crece Contigo (ChCC) has innovatively of government approach that (i) sustains and effectively linked programs around children’s efforts across political cycles; (ii) coordinates developmental needs and matched municipal or across government; and (iii) designs policies local networks to national policies and programs. and programs that use and expand the Rather than being a single program, ChCC is a evidence base. system of coordinated cross-sectoral programs and services targeted at investing in children under While adopting any one of these strategies age 9 and their families. About 70 percent of the can help build human capital, countries programs that ChCC encompasses existed before it that have implemented all three in tandem was set up. are often among those that have made major strides in improving human capital The program’s multidimensional nature strengthens outcomes. In this series, we examine the the work undertaken by different sectors and it is jointly managed by three key ministries: Health, various dimensions of this approach using Education, and Social Development. The program country examples and conclude with was developed to leverage existing institutions by a look at how success across all three focusing on creating new coordination structures strategies has led to meaningful gains and while largely maintaining the pre-existing organization lasting benefits. of service delivery. More than a decade later, ChCC extends nationwide and reaches the majority of Chilean families. worldbank.org/humancapital Ethiopia: aligning Pakistan: making complementary development partners investments in technology Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program In Pakistan, the government deployed (PSNP) is an example of harnessing synergies technology to effectively improve the quality across government and development partners. of services delivered. The Punjab Information Together, 11 development partners have worked Technology Board built a bespoke smartphone to create effective implementation arrangements app that allowed rural health workers delivering that span multiple ministries and provide a vaccines to click a button to save location data unified stream of technical advice to support whenever they injected a child. While it took a the government-led program.1 few months for all health workers to be trained to consistently use the app, hundreds of thousands of As a result of PSNP, substantial improvement in food data points were soon created. When these were security was observed between 2006 and 2014, linked to satellite maps, planners were able to see reflected in a fall in the mean food gap (the number which villages were being served and which ones of months a household reports food shortages) by were being missed. Gaps in coverage revealed more than a month. This improvement was most flaws in the vaccination plans. In some cases, substantial among households with greater initial staff were not deployed to the right places and in food insecurity. More specifically, in 2011, the others there was confusion around which teams project was credited with reducing the national were responsible for which locations. The data poverty rate by an estimated 1.6 percentage also showed where teams had failed to do their points—bringing more than 1.4 million people out job and where health workers were not reaching of poverty.2 Recent research also suggests that their targets because the provincial government PSNP is more effective than the redistribution of was not paying their transport allowances.4 income taxation in achieving poverty reduction.3 Indonesia: harnessing the power of communities Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs are often used to link sectoral interventions at either the household or community level. Indonesia’s Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) is a CCT providing direct cash benefits predicated on household participation in locally-provided health and education services. Families are also required to attend Family Development Sessions which include health and nutrition modules aimed at behavioral change. Started in 2007, PKH today benefits approximately 10 million poor households, raising nutrition levels in families and ensuring that children stay in school longer.5 Although these efforts have helped lower the overall stunting rate, which has fallen by 7 percentage points since 2013, stunting remains high at 30.8 percent. To combat this, Indonesia has begun implementing a multisectoral National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention to ensure that all households with pregnant women or children under age two can access Women using a daycare center funded under the Productive Safety Nets Program in Arsi, Ethiopia. Photo: Binyam Teshome/World Bank the complete package of services essential to preventing stunting. The National Strategy Many countries have reduced involves coordination among 23 ministries that costly energy subsidies and play a role in ensuring that every village and every household has access to a core package directed the savings toward of services proven to help reduce stunting. These include the Ministries of Health, Public human capital investments. Works (for water and sanitation), Education (early childhood development), Social Affairs (social protection programs), Agriculture (food supply), EGYPT: Communication (behavior change), as well as the redirected US $14 billion/year Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Villages (decentralized service delivery at the district to cover 9.5 million poor people and village levels). The strategy also involves alignment across many layers of government to increased food subsidies 300% ensure delivery of stunting reduction services at the frontline, since Indonesia is a highly expanded school lunch program decentralized country with 81,000 villages.6 to cover 12 million children Egypt: creating fiscal space increased long-run GDP growth through subsidy reform by 1 percentage point Many countries have reduced costly energy subsidies and directed the savings toward human capital investments. In 2014, Egypt embarked on fuel and electricity subsidy reform and within three years managed to cut subsidies by more than half. The reduction in energy subsidies created US$14 billion dollars per year in fiscal space which the government used to through strengthened Community Development roll out cash transfer programs that now reach Councils (CDCs). The project is implementing 9.5 million poor, increasing food subsidies by a large citizens’ scorecard initiative in all of the 300 percent, and expanding the school lunch country’s 34 provinces to improve delivery of program to cover 12 million children. Recent infrastructure, health and education services. analysis has found that long-run real GDP growth Its initial results on citizen engagement are in Egypt will increase by approximately one impressive. Since its launch in 2016, 77 percent percentage point as a result of this reform.7 of citizens have participated in local development council elections, with women’s participation at 70 percent. The project builds on the foundation Afghanistan: community- of the National Solidarity Program—the driven development government’s community development program, which mobilized almost US$2.5 billion and worked Community-Driven Development projects are through more than 35,000 community-elected particularly effective in improving human capital CDCs to support over 88,000 community-level outcomes in countries affected by fragility, infrastructure projects in the areas of transport, conflict and violence where government health, education, and water and sanitation. institutions and services are weak or under stress. In Afghanistan, the Citizens’ Charter Afghanistan Project aims to improve the delivery of core infrastructure, emergency support, and social services to participating communities APRIL 2019 no. 2 of 4 Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda: multisectoral approaches A recent multisectoral approach to improve access to basic social services, expand economic opportunities, and enhance environmental management for communities hosting refugees across Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda has shown great promise. Launched in 2016, the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) will ultimately be implemented in 11 refugee hosting districts across the Horn of Africa over a five-year period. It aims to reach 2.5 million people in host communities and 110,000 refugees to provide livelihoods support to 75,000 households. The project has five key components: social and economic services and infrastructure; environmental and natural resource management; livelihoods; project management that includes monitoring and evaluation as well as knowledge sharing; and support to the Intergovernmental Authority on Development for expansion of the regional secretariat on forced displacement and mixed migration.8 The project has already benefitted over 218,000 people in Ethiopia, nearly half of whom are women. Of this total, over 12,000 children have gained improved access to primary schools, more than 20,000 people have gained improved access to health centers and 76,000 have gained improved access to water.9 ENDNOTES 1 Monchuk, Victoria. 2014. Reducing poverty and investing in people: the new role of safety nets in Africa—experiences from 22 countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 84457. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2 Hirvonen, Kalle, Guush Berhane, and John Hoddinott. 2015. The Implementation of the Productive Safety Nets Programme, 2014: Highlands Outcomes Report (2015), Ethiopia Strategy Support Program and International Food Policy Research Institute. November 2015. The Human Capital Project is a global 3 Hirvonen, Kalle, Giulia Mascagni, Keetie Roelen. 2018. Linking taxation and social effort to accelerate more and better protection: Evidence on redistribution and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. Interna­ investments in people for greater tional Social Security Review. Volume 71, Issue 1, March 2018. 4 How smartphones plugged vaccine gaps in rural Pakistan. The Telegraph, equity and economic growth. The October 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/01/smart- Project is helping create the political phones-plugged-vaccine-gaps-rural-pakistan/ space for national leaders to prioritize 5 World Bank. 2018. Indonesia—Cash, Counseling, and Community Mobilization: Providing Nutri­ tion-Sensitive Training and Mobilizing Communities in the PKH transformational investments in health, Conditional Cash Transfer Program (English). education, and social protection. The 6 World Bank. 2018. Indonesia: Making the Resources Work to Reduce Child Stunt- ing; https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/12/20/indonesia-making- objective is rapid progress toward a the-money-work-to-reduce-child-stunting world in which all children are well- 7 Griffin, Peter, Thomas Laursen, James Robertson. 2016. Egypt: Guiding Reform nourished and ready to learn, can attain of Energy Subsidies Long-Term. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7571. World Bank. real learning in the classroom, and can 8 World Bank. 2017. Kenya receives US$ 100-million World Bank Financing to Miti­ enter the job market as healthy, skilled, gate Effects of Forced-Displacement. Press Release, April 26. and productive adults. 9 World Bank. 2019. Community-Driven Development’s Contribution to the Human Capital Project Initiative. Prepared by GSURR. FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT: worldbank.org/humancapital