S P D I S C U S S I O N PA P E R NO. 0808 45178 Disability & Development in the World Bank: FY2000­2007 Jeanine Braithwaite, Richard Carroll, Daniel Mont and Karen Peffley May 2008 Disability & Development in the World Bank FY2000­2007 Jeanine Braithwaite, Richard Carroll, Daniel Mont and Karen Peffley May 2008 Disability & Development in the World Bank 2002-2007 Table of Contents 1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 A. Objectives................................................................................................................... 1 B. How the Theme Fits in the SRM Framework and How Bank Thinking on Disability Has Evolved.................................................................................................................... 1 C. Types of Interventions/Activities............................................................................... 3 2. Methodology.................................................................................................................. 3 3. D&D Portfolio Activities at the World Bank 2002-2007........................................... 3 A. Types of D&D Activities........................................................................................... 5 Development of Disability Diagnostics, Statistics and Measurement Capacity......... 5 Inclusive Education..................................................................................................... 6 Health and Rehabilitation ........................................................................................... 6 Disability Caused by Conflict and Natural Disasters ................................................. 6 Accessibility to Participate in Community Life.......................................................... 7 Disability Activities within the Three Core Areas of SP&L ...................................... 7 Operational Tools and Guidelines .............................................................................. 8 B. Regional initiatives and D&D-Specific Projects........................................................ 8 C. Partnerships................................................................................................................ 8 D. Summary of Results of D&D Activities .................................................................... 9 4. Future Activities and Strategies ................................................................................ 13 A. Developing a Results Framework............................................................................ 13 B. Emerging Opportunities for D&D............................................................................ 14 C. Partnerships.............................................................................................................. 15 Table 1: Projects by Region, Number and Lending Amount.............................................. 4 Table 2a.: AFR Region D&D Activities........................................................................... 10 Table 2b.: EAP Region D&D Activities........................................................................... 10 Table 2c.: ECA Region D&D Activities........................................................................... 11 Table 2d.: LCR Region D&D Activities........................................................................... 12 Table 2e.: MNA Region D&D Activities ......................................................................... 12 Table 2f.: SAR Region D&D Activities ........................................................................... 12 Figure 1: Projects with a Reference to Disability............................................................... 4 Annex 1: Disability Publications and Training Events 2003-2007 ................................. 16 Annex 2: Key Examples of Roles for the Bank at Different Levels................................. 23 ii Disability & Development (D&D) in the World Bank 2002-2007 1. Introduction A. Objectives The objectives of this paper are: 1) to present the record of World Bank's involvement in disability as part of its overall development strategy; 2) to share with development partners some of the good practices the Bank has discovered; and 3) to stimulate new ways to address the problems of people with disabilities through partnerships, better practices and the further mainstreaming of disability into the work of the Bank. B. How the Theme Fits in the SRM Framework and How Bank Thinking on Disability Has Evolved As both a cause and a consequence of poverty, the issue of disability is central to the mission of the Bank as well as to many of the MDGs. For example, as many as one-third of all primary school children not attending school have a disability, and lack of maternal health care is a major cause of disability in developing countries. A paper commissioned by the Bank estimates that GDP lost as the result of labor costs alone is in the range of 5- 7 percent worldwide. This loss results both from disabled people's inadequate access to the labor market along with a lack of services for disabled persons, which compels other household members to withdraw from the labor market. Disability is not a rare event, but rather a normal part of the life-cycle and something that all of people are likely to experience. The World Bank estimates that roughly 10 to 12 percent of the world's population has a disability, and as many as one-fourth of all households have a disabled member (Mont 2007). These people face major barriers that prevent them from working, attending school, building families, or even participating in civic activities. Disability was a neglected topic in the World Bank before the implementation of the Social Protection Sector Strategy in 2001. Without a formal sector or structure, regional vice presidential units (RVPUs) had taken up disability on an ad hoc basis, as a component in a few projects, or as a reference in a poverty report or other research. The 2001 Social Protection Sector Strategy From Safety Net to Spring Board introduced a new social risk management approach that helped focus the World Bank's work on fighting poverty of the more vulnerable groups in society, including people with disabilities. In pursuing this new focus, it has become clear that disabled people are disproportionately represented among the world's poor, and that the poverty of people with disabilities is both deeper and more difficult to overcome. In response to this challenge, a small Disability and Development (D&D) team was created at the Human Development Network-Social Protection (HDNSP) with an Advisor on D&D appointed in 2002. RVPUs began to designate Regional Disability Coordinators for Regional Working Groups on Disability and all regions now have disability coordinators. Initially, the D&D team focused efforts on raising awareness and organizing training events to sensitize World Bank staff to the issue. Success was mixed--training events were attended by few task team leaders (TTLs) and unrealistic expectations were raised among Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and disabled people's organizations (DPOs) by two high profile international conferences (in 2002 and 2004). However, the Bank was able to advocate for disability as an issue, which raised awareness among other development agencies and helped NGOs better make their case to address disability. The World Bank began to move into specialized areas that were necessary to develop the evidence base for the case to include disability into World Bank operations: data and disability prevalence, inclusive education, accessibility, legal and safeguards, health, conflict management, and natural and man-made disasters. A list of papers, notes, toolkits and training events undertaken is available on the HDNSP D&D website and provided in Annex 1. As a result, the Bank has been able to raise awareness that disability is a key issue for development, given the vicious circular nature of poverty and disability. Poverty causes many disabilities which are prevented in more developed countries, and households with disabled members are often poorer than average. In 2004, HD management realized that D&D work at the World Bank needed to be reoriented towards a more operationally relevant approach to "mainstreaming" and incorporating disability concerns and inclusive policies into World Bank lending and economic and sector work (ESW). The first measure was to produce operational toolkits. Later, in 2005, activities shifted more towards improving the evidence base and results framework for interventions in disability inclusive policies. These efforts are focused in several key areas: monitoring disability in operations at the World Bank, data, prevalence and development of disability indicators; disability and poverty; inclusive education; health and rehabilitation; countries affected by conflict; accessibility; social protection (disability pensions and grants and labor market); operational tools and guidelines; and partnerships. In 2005, the first loan dedicated to disability, the Iraq Emergency Disabilities Project for Iraq, was established to promote the delivery of improved rehabilitation and prosthetic services that reduce the burden of physical disability. The Bank has also forged partnerships, most notably facilitating the creation of the Global Partnership on Disability and Development (GPDD), which consists of various stakeholders, including disabled person organizations, NGOs, and development agencies. The Bank has provided a Development Grant Facility to support the secretariat, 2 established a multi-donor trust fund, and is promoting a broader participation of the global South. C. Types of Interventions/Activities The Bank's comparative advantage in supporting disability interventions lies in its capacity to address complex, multi-sectoral issues in a consistent, coordinated, fiscally responsible and operational manner. The Bank's strengths lie in the following areas: (i) helping countries understand the economic reasons/advantages for pursuing inclusive development; (ii) providing the analytical work in order to develop policies, programs and targeted safety nets; and (iii) ensuring that Bank programs and projects help with incremental implementation of the Convention. A three-pronged approach to pursue the D&D objectives include continuing the work the Bank has undertaken in the last several years to mainstream disability into existing programs and work through promotion; improve the evidence base through data measurement, collection and program and policy analysis; and continue outreach and awareness building of disability as a development issue that is crucial for sustainable reduction of poverty as well as reaching some key MDGs. The specific areas of D&D that the Bank will address are described in Section 3. 2. Methodology A baseline of World Bank activity in disability was undertaken in 2006. Since disability is not a World Bank sector or theme, it is not possible to quantify and analyze D&D activities in the same way as other SP&L activities. In the case of D&D, a simple criterion was adopted to estimate the D&D portfolio: if the lending documentation or report mentioned disability in any way, it was counted with a judgment on proportionality. 3. D&D Portfolio Activities at the World Bank 2002-2007 During FY2002-2007 6.70 percent of World Bank projects by number and 6.65 percent of new lending commitments mentioned disability, although a specific amount dedicated to specific disability aspects could not be determined. The total volume of these new lending commitments was $4.8 billion. Disability was mentioned in 6 percent of ESW during the FY02-FY06 period. Another indicator of progress is that many World Bank country offices and Public Information Centers now provide both physical and communications access. Figure 1 and Table 1 show the increasing importance of D&D activities in Bank Lending operations. 3 Figure 1: Projects with a Reference to Disability 60 6,000.0 s s ectj 50 5,000.0 ectj )sno roPforeb 40 4,000.0 illi 30 3,000.0 20 2,000.0 m$SU muN roPfoeulaV in( 10 1,000.0 0 0.0 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 Fiscal Year Number of projects Total amount of Projects Table 1: Projects by Region, Number and Lending Amount that Refer to Disability Number of projects mentioning Disability Lending Commitments for projects mentioning Disability by by region and fiscal year, FY02-07 region and fiscal year (in US$ million), FY02-07 Region FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 Total FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 Total AFR 0 4 0 2 0 20 26 0.0 240.5 0.0 85.0 0.0 1,058.6 1,384.1 EAP 1 1 0 3 2 4 11 0.0 138.8 0.0 79.0 104.0 579.4 901.2 ECA 4 1 1 4 2 11 23 44.2 300.0 100.0 197.0 147.3 532.8 1,321.3 LCR 3 2 3 4 5 7 24 347.0 72.0 218.7 702.5 194.8 730.0 2,265.0 MNA 0 4 0 4 1 3 12 0.0 388.5 0.0 178.1 10.0 120.0 696.6 SAR 0 0 4 3 1 7 15 0.0 0.0 765.7 357.0 120.0 605.0 1,847.7 Total 8 12 8 20 11 52 111 391.2 1,139.7 1,084.4 1,598.6 576.1 3,625.8 8,415.8 4 A. Types of D&D Activities The history of D&D activities at the World Bank is not as long nor is the volume of associated lending as high as other areas of SP&L. In any case, lending volume is not a good measure of the importance of D&D activities in the Bank's work. This is partly because providing access to disabled persons can be low-cost, particularly for new construction. For example, for an additional cost of 1 to 2 percent of school construction, the building can be accessible to all. The Bank's D&D activities are growing. Major disability activities include: · Development of disability diagnostics, statistics and measurement capacity · Inclusive education · Health and Rehabilitation · Disability caused by conflict and disasters · Accessibility to participate in community life · Disability activities within the three core areas of SP&L · Operational Tools and Guidelines · Regional initiatives · Partnerships Development of Disability Diagnostics, Statistics and Measurement Capacity Prevalence of Disability. A working group on improved disability measurement and statistics begun by the UN Statistical Agency and supported by the World Bank through a $235,000 DGF and also through donated staff time. The so-called Washington City Group is working actively to improve the measurement of disability and statistical systems. The World Bank aims at assisting countries to provide reliable data for making more inclusive policies and to implement monitor and evaluate these policies. Definitions, measurements, and prevalence of disabilities vary substantially across countries. Many developing countries seriously underestimate the prevalence of disability. Often families hide disabled children or family members out of stigma. Where people with disabilities are not visible in society, it becomes even more difficult to assess prevalence. Recent studies in selected developing countries indicate a disability prevalence of 10 to 12 percent of the population, with about 2-3 percent of the entire population having severe impairments (Mont, 2007). The World Bank promotes a modern, functional approach to disability which is a better platform for designing inclusive policies than the previously pre-dominant medical approach. Additional details of the World Bank's work in this area are provided in Annex 2. Disability and Poverty. The D&D team is producing a survey paper about disability and poverty, based on a review of all 154 poverty assessments undertaken by the World Bank. According to this draft review, a surprisingly high percentage of poverty assessments (80.5 percent) had some mention of disability, but less than 10 percent (11 by count) had information detailed enough to assess the relative poverty rate among 5 households with and without disabled members, and all of these were in only one World Bank region - Europe and Central Asia (ECA). The team is also working on an empirical analysis of poverty and disability that can now be done because of new data coming on line. Inclusive Education The World Bank's D&D team has a priority focus on inclusive education. Universal Primary Education by the year 2015 is one of the Millennium Development Goals. Universal primary education cannot be obtained without including all children, including those with disabilities. Inclusive education is the education framework for including children with disabilities and was originally based on a principle stating that all should have the opportunity to learn together. The D&D team produced a series of Education Notes on inclusive education and the cost of making schools accessible both in terms of physical layout and also for information & communications technology. Health and Rehabilitation The World Bank's commitment to achieve good health, nutrition and population outcomes, the MDGs and the adoption of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework underscores the importance of inclusive health policies Support to more inclusive health policies involves the collection of evidence and development of more inclusive public health policies, and access to health, especially that of rehabilitation. The D&D team has provided technical support to operations and studies on disability and health in some of these areas. Knowledge gained is available on the World Bank's intranet and internet sites and will soon be consolidated in a toolkit on health and disability. Since 2006, the World Bank is partnering with the World Health Organization on the first World Report on Disability, Rehabilitation, and Inclusion, co-authoring several chapters as well as working on its editorial and advisory committees. This joint report is expected to be launched in 2009. Disability Caused by Conflict and Natural Disasters Conflict and disaster are two important causes of disabilities. The emphasis on disability in these settings is often on the emergency phase with a focus on reintegration of ex- combatants and medical rehabilitation of physical injuries. Much of the data availability on disability in these situations has been largely limited to the specific case of land mines. The problem, however, is much more complex with a large impact on the affected countries' opportunity for sustainable and equitable growth. The World Bank has unique comparative advantages to address this issue at all phases from emergency to reconstruction, and from fragile state to sustainable development. The D&D team has also worked on mental health and conflict. Several operational tools and publications are available within this area, and the team has revised a draft tool-kit on disability in conflict-affected countries. With support from Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD) and other TFs, the D&D team and operational teams in the regions are presently working in this area, especially in Sub- 6 Saharan Africa. In SAR, the World Bank was very active in addressing disability aspects of natural disasters (e.g. Pakistan earthquake and the tsunami). Accessibility to Participate in Community Life Accessibility is a very important part of the inclusion of people with disabilities. An accessible environment is essential to the rights of people with disabilities to participate in community life. This includes: access to transportation; access to water supply and sanitation; technology access; access to political participation; appropriate sources of communication and media to obtain information; and an infrastructure that resolves physical barriers to equal access for disabled persons as members of the community. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) are adopting policies and guidelines on the accessibility of new construction. In the World Bank, a joint guidance note on disability-inclusive social analysis (between D&D and Social Development Department (SDV) is completed and dissemination is taking place. The D&D team has produced a note about accessibility in schools, and has undertaken an intensive literature search on the cost of accessibility in new construction. There are surprisingly few references available and they date to the 1970s in Sweden and 1980s in the US, but find that universal design costs only 1-3 percent of new construction if designed at the beginning. The World Bank has done extensive work on bus, rapid transport and other forms of accessible transport, including guidelines for accessible transport done by the SDV department with support from D&D. Disability Activities within the Three Core Areas of SP&L The D&D team at HDNSP has also undertaken some initial work in the three core areas of social protection: · Expanding Opportunities: Helping the creation of good jobs through better labor market regulations, active and passive labor market policies, and wage setting processes; · Providing Security: Assisting in better managing risks to reduce vulnerability, securing an asset-base and being able to engage in higher risk/higher return activities; · Enhancing Equity: Providing minimum levels of subsistence and helping to correct market-based distributive outcomes. D&D produced or supported work in `providing security' on disability systems in Latin America, and earlier work on Poland and disability insurance in general, on social safety nets; and looked at OECD employment practices in the `expanding opportunities'. 7 Operational Tools and Guidelines The D&D team focused on providing operational tools, including a toolkit for operationalizing disability which is available internally at disabilitydev, a database of international and national legislation also on the internal web, and many short notes on operationally relevant topics on both the Bank's external1 and internal websites. Additionally, HDNSP partnered with SDV to produce Social Analysis and Disability: A Guidance Note in March 2007. B. Regional initiatives and D&D-Specific Projects Regional and country initiatives in disability have been gaining momentum. Four regions are particularly active and developed regional strategies and/or working groups Europe and Central Asia (ECA), East Asia and Pacific (EAP), Africa (AFR) and South Asia Regions (SAR). Each region has a disability focal point person who works across sectors and helps link sector colleagues to the D&D team expertise. Primary areas of work in lending and non-lending activities include, inter alia, the following: Support for national disability strategies or policies, and their related action plans for implementation TA for collecting baseline data, developing Management Information Systems, and mapping disability prevalence AAA assessing technical aspects of programs, conducting economic analysis and projections, and examining disability in relation to conflict situations Sponsoring high-level, high visibility conferences on disability Committing a country-based Development Marketplace to disability and creating small grants programs to support DPOs Mainstreaming disability into education, community-based rehabilitation, transport, CDD and other projects/Social Funds and Developing a few stand-alone disability projects in disaster and post-conflict situations C. Partnerships The World Bank has provided and continues to provide significant support to the Global Partnership on Disability and Development (GPDD), "a dynamic new initiative to accelerate inclusion of people with disabilities and their families into development policies and practices" according to the GPDD website hosted by HDNSP.2 "The GPDD was formed to increase collaboration among development agencies and organizations to reduce the extreme poverty and exclusion of a substantial number of children, women and men with disabilities living in poor countries. This population 1www.worldbank.org/disability 2www.worldbank.org/disability/GPPD 8 includes those born with disabilities and people who become disabled through wars and other violence, traffic or work injuries, diseases, disasters and other causes." The World Bank has supported the GPDD through a Development Grant Facility. Initially obtained for one year to finance activities on better disability data, the DGF was recently extended for two additional years to assist the GPDD in its interim operations, until a permanent Secretariat can be formally established. Other important partnerships include continuation of and new financial commitments from donors (Norway, Finland, Denmark, Italy, Japan, Bank of Netherlands Partnership Program, ESSD from SDV) within the World Bank (ESSD Disability window, ESSD general call, secondees). These funds are supporting the work of the regions on disability projects such as country studies and to do analytical work. D. Summary of Results of D&D Activities To these ends, the Bank has had some notable achievements. Within the HD hub, the Bank has contributed significantly to the improvement of disability data collection through surveys, censuses, and administrative data, and has provided knowledge management and operational tools designed to help TTLs make their projects more inclusive. Currently, the hub is collaborating with the WHO on the First World Report on Disability, Rehabilitation and Inclusion. In the regions, a growing number of activities are emerging. For example, · Multi-Country Demobilization & Reintegration Program in Africa targets an estimated 450,000 ex-combatants in seven countries. Services include the provision of physical rehabilitation assistance (prosthesis and orthesis), counseling, vocational training and/or support for micro-enterprise activities. · Primary Education for Disadvantaged Children Project in Vietnam has combined project funds of US$ 243 million for technical support to improve administration, enhance delivery of acceptable quality education; and develop a policy on inclusive education and accessible schools · Disability and Child Protection Project in Bangladesh will establish a $30 million Social Fund to finance NGO and private provision of services, training and empowerment for disabled people. · Data Collection in LAC , including a pilot of disability questionnaires in the household surveys of Bolivia and Ecuador, and awareness and outreach through a video demonstrating the importance and complexity of data on disability · Disability Component in Egypt's Social Protection Initiative Project ­ to develop and test integrated programs for children with disabilities and youth at risk through a range of providers, and to use the experience of these programs to develop a new strategy for improving services. · ECA Disability Study analyzing the economic costs of disability to be published in book form, which includes four country studies, including a disability survey, piloted in Uzbekistan. 9 Other projects include micro-finance, social funds, developing national disability policies, and classroom tools promoting inclusive education, and supporting Development Marketplaces entirely focused on Disable Peoples Organizations (DPOs). And interest expressed by the Bank's client countries is growing daily, spurred in part by the Convention but also by a strong and growing movement within civil society. Tables 2a.-2f. provide additional examples of D&D activities by region. Table 2a.: AFR Region D&D Activities · 3 country surveys are underway in Zambia, Uganda and South Africa on Disability and HIV/AIDS. · 3 country study on the economic and social status of people with disabilities in Sierra Leone, Angola and Burundi. · A policy note on people with disabilities in Sierra Leone. · Pilot on disability prevalence with referrals for children with disabilities in and out of school with the OECD in Ethiopia. · Multi-Country Demobilization & Reintegration Program supports the demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants in the greater Great Lakes region of Central Africa. The largest program of its kind in the world, currently targets an estimated 450,000 ex-combatants in seven countries: Support will also be extended to two additional countries if and when appropriate. Services typically include the provision of physical rehabilitation assistance (prosthesis and or thesis), counseling, vocational training and/or support for micro-enterprise activities. Table 2b.: EAP Region D&D Activities Vietnam · Primary Education for Disadvantaged Children Project combined project funds of US$ 243 million for technical support to improve administrative planning and management; enhanced delivery of acceptable quality education; linkages to communities; National level child development report and policy on inclusive education and accessible schools · Introduce disability questions on census. · HIV/AIDS project run by young people with disabilities received support from the Bank. This project is a fully mainstreamed project with young people with disabilities raising awareness. Cambodia, Indonesia, Mongolia and Vietnam · Building administrative capacity and develop an inclusive Educational Management Information Systems (EMIS) · The development of socially inclusive materials in Cambodia; books, TV and radio slots have been developed. · Workshop on inclusive education was held in Cambodia in May 2007 Indonesia · BNPP trust funds for baseline data collection on children with disabilities in the education sector; envisioned that there will be some policy directives supporting inclusive education as a result of this study Thailand · JSDF post Tsunami reconstruction work Philippines · Social Expenditure Management Project: component of social assistance for disadvantaged groups (US$25m) 10 · Development Marketplace (DM) support for access to justice for the Deaf; Several other DM competitions to distributed grants to various stakeholders working on independent living. · DGF for children with disabilities in the Philippines Region-wide · Access to Information: All Public Information Centers (PICs) in region ensuring accessible information; supported the translation of the UNESCO toolkit on embracing diversity into at least three languages in the region. accessible PIC resulted in an increase use of the centers by people with disabilities in Philippines · Transport: project addresses disability from the perspective of prevention and road safety. Table 2c.: ECA Region D&D Activities Uzbekistan · Regional Disability Study in print. Includes four country studies, including a disability survey, piloted in Uzbekistan. Armenia · A National Disability and Poverty Action Plan was prepared by the Armenian Democratic Forum. Romania · Pension Reforms Support: A component of the Social Sector Development Project, it supports the rehabilitation of the disabled by strengthening the capacity of the National institute for Medical Expertise and Work Capacity Recovery. It also bolsters the local medical expertise offices of the National House of Pensions and Other Social Insurances Rights ($50 million, of which $6.32 million targets the disabled). · Social Inclusion Project: Assistance given to existing or emerging programs that address the needs of the vulnerable, including people with disabilities, via four components: o Priority Interventions Program o Inclusive Early Childhood Education of Roma o Social Assistance Programs o Capacity Building for Roma Social Inclusion Lithuania · School Access for Children with Disabilities: A Lithuania Education Improvement Project is making 62 schools accessible to disabled children and is fully renovating the Vilnius School for the Deaf as well as providing teacher training. ($25.29 million). Turkey · Teacher Training: Training 6,678 Special Education Teachers in schools, reaching 150,000 students of which 35,000 were students with disabilities. · Visually and Hearing impaired primary school children are receiving specialized equipment through phase 2 of a Basic Education project. The project is building 70 special education primary schools and installing 770 computers. Special educational materials and teacher training will cover 1,340 preschool classrooms. 11 Table 2d.: LCR Region D&D Activities Principle · Mainstreaming disability measurement to promote effective policy-making for social inclusion. Main Outputs · Pilot of disability questionnaires in the household surveys of Bolivia and Ecuador. · Support for the inclusion of statistical data on disability in the National Strategies for the Development of Statistics in Central America. · Awareness and outreach through video to demonstrate the importance and complexity of data on disability. Table 2e.: MNA Region D&D Activities Egypt Social Protection Initiative Project - Disability Component Project Objective: Develop and test integrated programs for children with disabilities and youth at risk through a range of providers, and to use the experience of these programs to develop a new strategy for improving services. Main Results o Exposure to new inclusive approaches. o Awareness of issues for policy formulation. Main Outputs o A total of 36 subprojects were developed with an average cost of approximately US$100,000 per subproject. o 1,028 facilities were rehabilitated to adapt the infrastructure to the needs of disabled children. o Numerous resource materials were developed to support future interventions. Institutional Development o Impact on Ministry of Insurance and Social Affairs. o Impact on the service providers and the communities. o Impact future international collaborations. Table 2f.: SAR Region D&D Activities Principles · Mainstreaming in inclusive development. · Two country focus (Pakistan and India), others on demand. · Build on existing momentum. Strategy · Operationalizing ­ mainstreaming through prevention and inclusion. · Improving data and information. · Awareness and Outreach. Pakistan · Earthquake Disability Project: $5 million grant from IBRD surplus to support community-based rehabilitation through contracting NGOs. · Two JSDF grants: $1.6 million for Handicap International and Milestone (national DPO) for 12 establishing resource and information centers for community based rehabilitation and independent living. India · Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Program . · The project targeted 560 disadvantaged mandals in 16 districts based on levels of human, economic, and infrastructural development indicators. The disabled were then specifically selected, and the targeting was facilitated by NGOs/DPOs, as well as by the Self Help Groups of the disabled themselves. · Interventions: providing surgical corrections and assistive devices, family support programs, training para-professionals in community based rehabilitation (CBR), reviving defunct rehabilitation centers and establishing bridge residential schools for disabled children, micro credit loans, small enterprise development, and vocational training. · People with Disabilities in India: From Commitments to Outcomes, Draft June 2006. The Bank has also forged partnerships, most notably facilitating the creation of the Global Partnership on Disability and Development (GPDD), which consists of various stakeholders, including disabled person organizations, NGOs, and development agencies. The Bank has provided a Development Grant Facility to support the secretariat, established a multi-donor trust fund, and is promoting a broader participation of the global South. 4. Future Activities and Strategies A. Developing a Results Framework The overall strategic objective of the Bank's D&D work is to support the creation of more inclusive societies in our client countries that will improve opportunities, security, and equity for people with disabilities. This strategic, higher level objective needs to be measured in a way that is attributable to our activities. An indicator for opportunity would be a decrease in the difference between the employment, access to basic health and education services, and poverty rates of persons with disabilities and others, as barriers to labor market participation keep disabled persons from participation. An indicator for security could be the establishment of disability pensions and caregiver allowances in middle-income countries. An intermediate outcome indicator for equity could be the percent of public buildings with physical and communications access as an important step towards a higher level and longer term objective: full inclusion and no difference in poverty incidence among person with or without disabilities. These indicators are important to gauge progress at global and national level towards inclusion. Collecting comparable data for these indicators would require serious efforts as currently they are still not routinely monitored in borrowing countries. 13 Key outcome and process indicators include: · Strategy and plan approved by the Board and resources allocated. · Number of people trained and PRSPs, national development plans and CASs including disability, global networks, universities, training institutions etc. including disability in their work. · Knowledge easily accessible at all levels, webpage use etc. · Increased number of projects PRSPs and CASs with inclusive focus, inclusion of disability in project development outcomes. · Adoption of a policy on infrastructure by the Bank with support to the field. · International collaboration strengthened and increased appreciation from other donors, banks and civil society about our role in collaboration as a result of GPDD progress. · All infrastructure and new construction supported by Bank funding is accessible for people with disabilities. · Percentage of people employed by the Bank and others in development with disabilities, percentage of people with disabilities in national governments, universities, community-based organizations, etc. B. Emerging Opportunities for D&D A number of business opportunities could be exploited on the basis of past efforts and if adequate resources are made available: · Implementation of the UN Convention. · Growing interest from governments, international organizations and the private sector in creating business and partnership opportunities. · Strengthening of the cooperation with civil society. · Strengthening of multi-sectoral collaboration within and outside the Bank, e.g. strengthening of the collaboration between Health, Education and SP&L, and between HDN, ESSD, DEC, PREM and others within the Bank, and with other UN agencies (e.g., UNICEF, UNDP, ILO and WHO). · Addressing the large needs for addressing mental and physical disabilities in countries in conflict and post-disaster. · Strengthening international co-operation at global, regional and national levels for addressing disability in development ­ enhancing equity in development. · Involving people with disabilities in development. · Ensuring that all new construction and rehabilitation of existing construction is inclusive/ accessible. · Strengthening knowledge management including the accessibility for people with disabilities. · Strengthening of human rights, equity and poverty alleviation in international aid. · Increasing the understanding and use of inclusive development within international development. 14 As part of these activities, the D&D team aims to raise the presence of D&D considerations and activities in the World Bank portfolio. The D&D presence will be enhanced by the D&D team's efforts to provide TTLs with the evidence base and operational tools that they need to make compelling arguments to borrowing governments why disability should be incorporated into World Bank operations, and to assist governments to measure whether these results are achieved. There are many more opportunities for D&D than the team could address. This is only a selected subset, which has been further subdivided into two areas: core competencies, and areas to facilitate. C. Partnerships Global Partnership for Disability and Development (GPDD). As noted in the retrospective, the Bank played a key role in the establishment of the GPDD and is a very active member in this coalition of NGOs, Disabled People's Organizations (DPOs), multi- and bi-lateral development agencies, governments, private sector, and civil society. The D&D team will continue to support the GPDD, through providing fiduciary oversight for the MDTF, which supports the GPDD, implementing the Development Grant Facility (DGF), which HDN recently obtained for the GPDD, assisting the Task Force of the GPDD to navigate through Bank procedures, and to participate regularly in GPDD meetings and telephone conferences. UN. The Bank will continue to partner with the UN agencies, particularly UNDESA, ILO and WHO. Implementation of the UN Convention on D&D. As noted in the Implications of the UN Convention Note, countries which sign and ratify the Convention will look to the Bank and other international organizations for guidance and assistance in its implementation. The Bank's primary contribution could be to assist countries in understanding how to implement the ambitious goals of the Convention incrementally, given the resource constraints they face. A demand-driven response to country needs is an obvious basis for future Bank strategy. This could be supported by cross-support and other services by D&D. In addition, the Bank could provide a global monitoring service, similarly to our Global Monitoring Report for the implementation of the MDGs. M&E is a very important part of the Convention, which creates governance for monitoring, but leaves the technical and institutional questions of how to do it open. UNDESA, the lead agency to support the implementation of Convention, has already indicated its interest in cooperating with the Bank in constructing a results framework. The D&D team at HDNSP is capable of providing low cost assistance to the construction of this framework. It would, however, need to work more extensively with other Bank sectors and networks to develop a set of monitorable indicators for countries which sign and ratify the Convention and to strengthen national statistics to collect better data on disability should the Bank decide to engage in this activity. 15 Annex 1: Disability Publications and Training Events 2003-2007 Disability Publications 2007 Measuring Health and Disability By Daniel Mont The Lancet, April 2007. Social Analysis and Disability Guidance Note: Incorporating Disability-Inclusive Development into World Bank-Supported Projects By Social Development Department and HDNSP Disability & Development, March 2007 Measuring Disability Prevalence By Daniel Mont SP Discussion Paper No. 0706, March 2007 2006 Disability, Transport Bus Rapid Transit Accessibility Guidelines By Thomas Rickert, Access Exchange International March 2006 English, Spanish Disability and Development Team Brochure By Disability and Development, HDNSP, World Bank April 2006 Global Partnership for Disability and Development Brochure By Global Partnership for Disability and Development May 2006 Making Inclusion Operational: Legal and Institutional Resources for World Bank Staff on the Inclusion of Disability Issues in Investment Projects by Guernsey, K., Nicoli, M. and Ninio, A. October 2006 2005 Disability, Civil Society World Bank­Civil Society Engagement: Review of Fiscal Years 2002 ­ 2004 By Civil Society Team, World Bank 2005 Disability, Civil Society Issues and Options for Improving Engagement Between the World Bank and Civil Society Organizations By Civil Society Team, World Bank March 2005 16 Disability, SSN Disability and Social Safety Nets in Developing Countries By Sophie Mitra, World Bank May 2005 Disability, Transport Inclusive Design of Bus Rapid Transit - Experience from Latin America By Gerhard Menckhoff May 2005 Disability, Social Development Social Development Notes: Community Driven Development By World Bank May 2005 Disability, MENA A Note on Disability Issue in the Middle East and North Africa By Human Development Department, Middle East and North Africa Region, World Bank June 30, 2005 Disability and Inclusive Development 17 articles on this subject, in Development Outreach, Volume 7, Number 3, July 2005. Disability, Employment, Labor, Youth Report of the E-discussion on Youth & Disabilities By P. Roggero & R. Tarricone, Bocconi University, Milan-Italy and M. Nicoli & V. Mangiaterrra, World Bank October 2005 Disability, Education, Household Survey Disability, Poverty and Schooling in Developing Countries: Results from 11 Household Surveys By Deon Filmer, Development Research Group, World Bank November 2005 2004 Disability, HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS & Disability: The Hidden Risk By Global HIV/AIDS Program, World Bank 2004 Disability, HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS & Disability: Capturing Hidden Voices By World Bank/Yale University Global Survey on HIV/AIDS & Disability April 2004 Disability, Transport Transport Strategy to Improve Accessibility in Developing Countries Peter Roberts and Julie Babinard, World Bank May 2004 17 Disability, Benin La Situation Des Personnes Handicapees Au Benin: Diagnostic préliminaire et propositions d'action By Olivier Jadin June 2004 Disability, Employment, Labor Disability Employment Policy By Daniel Mont July 2004 Disability, Poverty Reduction Poverty Reduction Strategies: Their Importance for Disability By René Bonnel July 2004 Disability, Youth Early Childhood Development and Children with Disabilities in Developing Countries By Rune J. Simeonsson August 2004 Disability, Background Paper Prepared for The Disability And Development Research Agenda Meeting in the World Bank By Robert Metts November 16, 2004 Disability, DPOs, Civil Society Disability and Development: Inventory of Organizations Working on Disability By Maj-Lis Voss November 2004 Disability, HIV/AIDS, At a Glance Disability and HIV/AIDS at a Glance Factsheet By World Bank November 2004 2003 Disability, EAP Disability Issues in East Asia: Review and ways forward By Yutaka Takamine July 2003 Disability, Youth Adolescents and Youth with Disability: Issues and Challenges By Nora Ellen Groce September 2003 Disability, Mental Health, Conflict Mental Health and Conflict By Florence Baingana, World Bank Senior Health Specialist 18 October 2003 Disability, SAR The World Bank and Disability in South Asia: A Portfolio Review By Meenu Bhambani & Maj-Lis Voss, South Asia Human Development October 2003 Disability, HIV/AIDS/ At a Glance HIV/AIDS and Youth at a glance By Health-Nutrition-Population, World Bank October 2003 Disability, Mental Health, Conflict Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction: Mental Health and Conflict World Bank Social Development Note No. 13 By Florence Baingana October 2003 Disability, Mental Health, At A Glance Mental Health at a Glance Factsheet By World Bank October 2003 Disability, Education, Gender Education for All: A Gender and Disability Perspective An Unpublished Report Prepared for the World Bank By Harilyn Rousso October 2003 Disability, Pensions, Latin America Disability Pensions and Social Security Reform: Analysis of the Latin American Experience By Carlos O. Grushka & Gustavo Demarco, World Bank Social Protection Unit December 2003 Training Events 2007 Apr. 11, 2007: Preparation of the 1st Joint WHO-World Bank World Report on Disability, Rehabilitation and Inclusion Speakers: Jennifer Madans, UN Washington Group on Disability Statistics; and Jan. 23, 2007: A Function-Based Framework for Emergency Management and Planning Speakers: Jennifer Madans, UN Washington Group on Disability Statistics; and 2006 Nov 9, 2006: Measuring Disability on Censuses and Surveys Speakers: Jennifer Madans, UN Washington Group on Disability Statistics; and Daniel Mont, The World Bank Jul. 11, 2006: Inclusive Development: Tools for Operationalization (East Asia) Speakers: Christopher J. Thomas, Sector Manager, EASHD; Charlotte McClain-Nhlapo, EAP Disability 19 Advisor; Alberto Ninio ­ Lead Counsel, LEG; Jean-Roger Mercier, ESDQC; Marco Nicoli, HDNSP; and Katherine Guernsey, Consultant Jun. 14, 2006: Inclusive Development: Tools for Operationalization (Africa) Speakers: Jeeva Perumalpillai-Essex-Disability Focal Point, AFTS1; Emmanuel Akpa-Sector Manager, PREM, AFTP1; Charles Di Leva-Chief Counsel, LEG; Johannes Hoogeveen, HDNSP, Dar es Salaam; Jean-Roger Mercier, ESDQC; Marco Nicoli, HDNSP; and Katherine Guernsey, Consultant May 4, 2006: Rio de Janeiro: Experiences on CBR and Deinstitutionalization Speaker: Leda Azevedo, President, FUNLAR Apr. 4, 2006: Microfinance and Disability Speakers: Roy Mersland, Consultant, Leonard Cheshire International; Enzo Martinelli, Resource Development Manager, Leonard Cheshire International; Mike Goldberg, Senior Microfinance Specialist, World Bank; and Christopher Magarian, Director Finance Group, Japonica Intersect Mar. 23, 2006: Educational Inclusion/Exclusion: Seen Through the Eyes of a Child Speaker: Ian Kaplan, Research Associate, University of Manchester Jun. 14, 2006: Inclusive Development and the Law: Challenges and Opportunities for the World Bank [Staff Only] Speakers: Gerard Quinn, Professor of Law, National University of Ireland, Galway; Michael Stein, Visiting Profesor, Harvard Law School; John Wodatch, Chief of the Disability Rights Section in the Civil Rights Division, US Dep. of Justice; Alberto Ninio, Lead Counsel, LEGEN, The World Bank; Charlotte McClain- Nhlapo, Disability Working Group Coordinator for SAR/EAP, The World Bank; Jeanine Braithwaite, Senior Social Protection Economist, The World Bank; Katherine Guernsey, International Lawyer and WB Consultant Feb. 28, 2006: The Disability Advisor in Kosovo: Key Lessons and Limitations Speaker: Mary F. Hayden, President, LBH Institute Feb. 22, 2006: Overview of Perkins International Programs: Educating Children who are Deafblind and Blind with Multiple Disabilities; Building Capacity of Organizations for the Blind Speakers: Michael Collins, Director, Hilton/Perkins Program; Aubrey Webson, PhD, Regional Consultant for Africa and the Caribbean; Steven M. Rothstein, President, Perkins School for the Blind Feb. 2, 2006: Introducing the Employers Forum on Disability Speaker: Susan Scott-Parker, Founder/Chief Executive, Employers' Forum on Disability 2005 Dec 20, 2005: Technology International: The CITTI Project Speaker: Ms. Bridgett Perry, Project Director, Colorado Institute for Technology Transfer and Implementation Dec 15, 2005: Pakistan: Impact of the Earthquake on the Lives of Disabled People Speakers: Ms. Susan Hirshberg, Sr. Education Specialist, World Bank; Ms. Charlotte Vuyiswa McClain- Nhlapo, Regional Disability Working Group Coordinator for South Asia, East Asia & Pacific Regions, World Bank Dec 3, 2005: Fact-finding event on Post Disaster situations: Opportunities for an Accessible Built Environment Roundtable Discussion as a Special Event for the International Day of Disabled Persons 2005 20 Nov 30, 2005: Orphans, Education, Disability and Deaf Empowerment: Implications for Development in Tanzania & Nigeria Speakers: KP Perkins, Bunmi Aina, Respicius Batamula, Gallaudet University Nov 3, 2005: Developing Opportunities for Education and Economic Empowerment with People with Disabilities in Latin America: Methodologies and Approaches Promoted By LCI Speakers: Enzo Martinelli, Resource Development Manager; Désirée Roman Stadthagen, LAC Regional Program Manager, Leonard Cheshire International Oct 25, 2005: Disability in Emergency Response: An Analysis of Early Tsunami Relief Efforts Speakers: Maria Veronica Reina, President; Katherine J. Dorsey, Director of Publications; Anne Hayes, International Coordinator, Center for International Rehabilitation July 27, 2005: International Accessibility Standards for Persons with Disabilities Speaker: Betty Dion, Chair of International Commission on Technology and Accessibility, A Commission of Rehabilitation International June 29, 2005: Disability and Sports Speaker: Elise C. Roy June 14, 2005: Sharing of Experiences: USAID's Efforts to Accelerate the Inclusion of People with Disabilities Speakers: Lloyd Feinberg, Rob Horvath, USAID May 26, 2005: Psychosocial and Mental Health after Disaster: The Aid Program for Tsunami Affected Countries by JSPN Speaker: Tsuyoshi Akiyama, M.D., Ph.D., International Communication Office of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurologyvation Apr. 21, 2005: ADA fifteen years later: Lessons for Legal Frameworks in Developing Countries Speaker: John Wodatch, Chief, Disability Rights Section, Civil Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice Apr. 20, 2005: Equity in Education: Students with disabilities, learning difficulties and disadvantages Speaker: Dr. Peter Evans, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.B.Ps.S., Sr. Specialist, OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Mar. 30, 2005: A National Commitment to Inclusive Education Speaker: Manuel Campos, Director of the National Secretariat for the Social Inclusion of Persons with a Disability (SENADIS) Mar. 14, 2005: Disability and Social Safety Nets Speaker: Sophie Mitra Feb. 24, 2005: Post-polio Syndrome Speaker: Dr. Lauro Halstead, Director, Post Polio Program at National Rehabilitation Hospital Feb. 15, 2005: Inclusion of People with Disabilities and Sustainable Development: Mobility International USA (MIUSA) Speaker: Karen Heinicke-Motsch, Program Manager, MIUSA 21 2004 Nov. 10, 2004: "Independent Living Movement in Asia" and "Activities of Self-Help Groups in Asia" Speakers: Yukiko Nakanishi, President, Asia Disability Institute; Shoji Nakanishi, Chairperson, DPI Asia- Pacific Regional council Nov. 4, 2004: Improving Postsecondary Education for Deaf Men and Women Around the World Speakers: Dr. T. Alan Hurwitz, RIT Vice President for NTID and Dean/CEO of NTID; Dr. James J. DeCaro, Professor and Director, PEN-International, Professor E. William Clymer, Coordinator, PEN- International Oct. 26, 2004: What Constitutes Disabilities: Comparisons Between the Global North and the Global South Speaker: Karen Saba, Vulnerable Population Specialist Oct. 13, 2004: Is Community Based Rehabilitation a sound strategy for disabled persons in Developing Countries? - Lessons learned from CBR experiences in Ghana and Benin Speaker: Olivier Jadin Jun. 10, 2004: Vietnam Through a Disability Lens: Finding a Prescription for Greater Clarity and Action Speakers: Yen Vo; Glen W. White, University of Kansas May. 25, 2004: Disability in India: Implication for Reproductive Health Programming Speaker: Maitreyi B. Das, World Bank May 6, 2004: HIV/AIDS and Disability: Experience from Handicap International Speaker: Florence Thune, Handicap International Apr. 22, 2004: Preparing Teachers to Educate Children with Disabilities in Inclusive Settings in LAC and ECA: A Presentation of "Teacher Centered" Training Modules Developed by the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation Speakers: Maggie J. McLaughlin, University of MD; Alfredo Artiles, Vanderbilt University Apr. 14, 2004: Training & Employment of People with Disabilities: Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific Region Speaker: Debra A. Perry, ILO Mar. 10, 2004: Action for Ability, Development & Inclusion: Experience from India Speaker: Syamala Gidugu, AADI Mar. 4, 2004: Making the Business Case for Disability Management and Integrated Health Benefits in Middle Income Countries Speaker: Shelly Wolff, Watson Wyatt Feb. 10, 2004: Orphans and Vulnerable Children with Disabilities Speakers: Kevin Bales, United Nations; Judy Heumann, World Bank Jan. 22, 2004: Integrating Disability Messages into the Mainstream Media Speaker: Barbara Duncan, Rehabilitation International 22 Annex 2: Key Examples of Roles for the Bank at Different Levels Bank-wide (OPCS, Networks, IEG, DEC) · Develop "Good Practice" case studies on successful interventions in disability across sectors from developing countries which explain how countries made progress in the area. This could include strategy development, training programs, financing mechanisms, and other required technical support. · Provide support for designing and implementing pilots. · Continue support to M&E/data collection. · Help generate resources to support the regions in disability research (including financing of D&D team members' participation in regional efforts). Regions · Regional Management Teams to encourage identifying country and sector point persons to engage with the disability teams in their regions and at the center. · Specific policy decisions to ensure mainstreaming disability in the Bank's work: o only financing infrastructure which is accessible (transport, roads, public buildings, technology, etc) o ensuring reform programs include the needs of people with disabilities o ensuring in the review process of AAA and projects that disability issues have been considered and evaluated (much like gender, environment or social issues) Countries · Ensure a strategy for disability is included in the CAS with a few key actionable and measurable targets. · Provide support to national disability policy development and action plans. · Ensure disability issues have been addressed in AAA and projects during the review process · Allow for flexible budgeting to ensure cross-sectoral input and support for disability Sectors/Cross-sectoral programs · Develop a checklist in each sector for projects/programs and AAA which covers aspects of disability which should be mainstreamed · Approach disability in cross-sectoral ways, e.g.: transport projects including education and health components on road safety and emergency road services, or education programs including accessible infrastructure and school health components · Ensure accessibility to all infrastructure, services, technology, economic and social participation 23 · Conduct more economic analysis on disability and poverty, and the cost of providing disabled-friendly services/infrastructure. 24 Annex 3: Disability Data and Measurement The Disability and Development Team has been very active in improving the quality and quantity of data on people with disabilities living in developing countries. These efforts have taken place in every region and involve quantitative, qualitative, and administrative data. Accomplishments include: 1) Securing a DGF for the UN Washington Group on Disability Statistics to support their efforts to develop and test internationally comparable census questions on disability. D&D has been an active member of that group, including chairing their analytical working group and being involved in regional training sessions in Africa and Latin America to develop countries' capacity. 2) Assisting in the development of quantitative data on disability collected by the World Bank in Ecuador, India, Panama, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. 3) Overseeing the development of a qualitative data instrument which was then employed in Kenya, Yemen, and Georgia. The results of the Kenya data will inform the development of their national disability survey. In the other two countries, the results are feeding into government workshops aimed at developing a national disability policy. Earlier, we also had a combined qualitative/quantitative study in Indonesia that assessed service delivery for disabled people in that country. 4) Using BNPP funds, D&D developed a methodological paper using poverty mapping techniques to develop a technique to estimate poverty rates for small populations using matched census and survey data. This technique was employed in Uganda, Tanzania, and Mozambique. D&D also helped DEC secure some funds to test the applicability of the LSMS for data collection on disability. 5) Using BNPP funds, D&D is currently helping to integrate disability into the Educational Management Information Systems in Cambodia, Indonesia, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In conjunction with this project, D&D has also advised on the Child Development Record component of Vietnam's Primary Education for Disadvantaged Children project. 6) Supporting efforts by HDNED and the OECD to adapt a technique for measuring disability in children to developing countries. The technique has been successfully pilot tested in Ethiopia and another pilot test is about to be run in Cambodia. Plans are underway to implement data collection in a large number of countries. 7) Being involved in many capacity building activities - trainings in Central Asia (Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan), individual meetings with census bureaus in Pakistan and Vietnam, the production of a video on disability data collection with LAC, individual consultations with a large number of countries, including (in addition to those mentioned above) The Bahamas, Paraguay, and Peru. 25 8) Publishing an SP Discussion Paper on measuring disability prevalence, as well as a piece in The Lancet on issues involved with using Disability Adjusted Life Years to assess the impact of public health interventions on disability. A paper on disability prevalence in Zambia has been submitted to the European Journal on Disability. D&D staff has also been asked to speak on developing disability data for policy purposes by the American Statistical Association at their upcoming meetings. 26 Social Protection Discussion Paper Series Titles No. Title 0823 Mandated Benefits, Employment, and Inequality in a Dual Economy Rita Almeida and Pedro Carneiro, August 2008 (online only) 0822 The Return to Firm Investments in Human Capital by Rita Almeida and Pedro Carneiro, June 2008 (online only) 0821 Population Aging and the Labor Market: The Case of Sri Lanka by Milan Vodopivec and Nisha Arunatilake, August 2008 (online only) 0820 China: Improving Unemployment Insurance by Milan Vodopivec and Minna Hahn Tong, July 2008 (online only) 0819 Management Information Systems in Social Safety Net Programs: A Look at Accountability and Control Mechanisms by Cesar Baldeon and Maria D. Arribas-Baños, July 2008 (online only) 0818 Guidance for Responses from the Human Development Sectors to Rising Food Prices by Margaret Grosh, Carlo del Ninno and Emil Daniel Tesliuc, June 2008 (online only) 0817 Levels and Patterns of Safety Net Spending in Developing and Transition Countries by Christine Weigand and Margaret Grosh, June 2008 (online only) 0816 Labor Regulation and Employment in India's Retail Stores by Mohammad Amin, June 2008 (online only) 0815 Beyond DALYs: Developing Indicators to Assess the Impact of Public Health Interventions on the Lives of People with Disabilities by Daniel Mont and Mitchell Loeb, May 2008 0814 Enforcement of Labor Regulation and Firm Size by Rita Almeida and Pedro Carneiro, May 2008 (online only) 0813 Labor Markets Lending and Analytical Work at the World Bank: FY2002- 2007 by Milan Vodopivec, Jean Fares and Michael Justesen, May 2008 0812 Risk and Vulnerability Analysis in the World Bank Analytic Work: FY2000- 2007 by Valerie Kozel, Pierre Fallavier and Reena Badiani, May 2008 0811 Pension Lending and Analytical Work at the World Bank: FY2002-2007 by Richard Hinz, Melike Egelmelzer and Sergei Biletsky, May 2008 (online only) 0810 Social Safety Nets Lending and Analytical Work at the World Bank: FY2002-2007 by Margaret Grosh and Annamaria Milazzo, May 2008 0809 Social Funds as an Instrument of Social Protection: An Analysis of Lending Trends - FY2000-2007 by Samantha De Silva and June Wei Sum, July 2008 0808 Disability & Development in the World Bank: FY2000-2007 by Jeanine Braithwaite, Richard Carroll, and Karen Peffley, May 2008 0807 Migration, Labor Markets, and Integration of Migrants: An Overview for Europe by Rainer Münz, April 2008 (online only) 0806 Is the Window of Opportunity Closing for Brazilian Youth? Labor Market Trends and Business Cycle Effects by Michael Justesen, April 2008 0805 Disability and Poverty: A Survey of World Bank Poverty Assessments and Implications by Jeanine Braithwaite and Daniel Mont, February 2008 0804 Poverty Traps and Social Protection by Christopher B. Barrett, Michael R. Carter and Munenobu Ikegami, February 2008 0803 Live Longer, Work Longer: Making It Happen in the Labor Market by Milan Vodopivec and Primoz Dolenc, February 2008 (online only) 0802 Disability in Kazakhstan: An Evaluation of Official Data by Ai-Gul S. Seitenova and Charles M. Becker, February 2008 (online only) 0801 Disability Insurance with Pre-funding and Private Participation: The Chilean Model by Estelle James, Augusto Iglesias and Alejandra Cox Edwards, January 2008 0719 The Life-Course Perspective and Social Policies: An Issues Note by A.L. Bovenberg, November 2007 0718 Social Safety Nets and Targeted Social Assistance: Lessons from the European Experience by Chris de Neubourg, Julie Castonguay and Keetie Roelen, November 2007 (online only) 0717 Informality and Social Protection: Preliminary Results from Pilot Surveys in Bulgaria and Colombia by Franco Peracchi, Valeria Perotti and Stefano Scarpetta, October 2007 (online only) 0716 How Labor Market Policies can Combine Workers' Protection with Job Creation: A Partial Review of Some Key Issues and Policy Options by Gaëlle Pierre and Stefano Scarpetta, October 2007 (online only) 0715 A Review of Interventions to Support Young Workers: Findings of the Youth Employment Inventory by Gordon Betcherman, Martin Godfrey, Susana Puerto, Friederike Rother, and Antoneta Stavreska, October 2007 0714 Performance of Social Safety Net Programs in Uttar Pradesh by Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad, October 2007 0713 Are All Labor Regulations Equal? Assessing the Effects of Job Security, Labor Dispute and Contract Labor Laws in India by Ahmad Ahsan and Carmen Pagés, June 2007 0712 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Its Implementation and Relevance for the World Bank by Katherine Guernsey, Marco Nicoli and Alberto Ninio, June 2007 0711 Reaching the Poor and Vulnerable: Targeting Strategies for Social Funds and other Community-Driven Programs by Julie Van Domelen, May 2007 0710 The Macedonia Community Development Project: Empowerment through Targeting and Institution Building by Caroline Mascarell, May 2007 0709 The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context by Kathy Lindert, Anja Linder, Jason Hobbs and Bénédicte de la Brière, May 2007 (online only) 0708 Globalization and Employment Conditions Study by Drusilla K. Brown, April 2007 0707 The Kosovo Pension Reform: Achievements and Lessons by John Gubbels, David Snelbecker and Lena Zezulin, April 2007 (online only) 0706 Measuring Disability Prevalence by Daniel Mont, March 2007 0705 Social Safety Nets in World Bank Lending and Analytic Work: FY2002- 2006 by Annamaria Milazzo and Margaret Grosh, March 2007 (online only) 0704 Child Labor and Youth Employment: Ethiopia Country Study by Lorenzo Guarcello and Furio Rosati, March 2007 0703 Aging and Demographic Change in European Societies: Main Trends and Alternative Policy Options by Rainer Muenz, March 2007 (online only) 0702 Seasonal Migration and Early Childhood Development by Karen Macours and Renos Vakis, March 2007 0701 The Social Assimilation of Immigrants by Domenico de Palo, Riccardo Faini and Alessandra Venturini, February 2007 (online only) 0616 Pension Systems in Latin America: Concepts and Measurements of Coverage by Rafael Rofman and Leonardo Lucchetti, November 2006 (online only). Also available in Spanish. 0615 Labor Market Outcomes of Natives and Immigrants: Evidence from the ECHP by Franco Peracchi and Domenico Depalo, November 2006 (online only) 0614 The Relative Merits of Skilled and Unskilled Migration, Temporary and Permanent Labor Migration, and Portability of Social Security Benefits by Johannes Koettl under guidance of and with input from Robert Holzmann and Stefano Scarpetta, November 2006 (online only) 0613 The Limited Job Prospects of Displaced Workers: Evidence from Two Cities in China by Gordon Betcherman and Niels-Hugo Blunch, October 2006 0612 Unemployment Insurance in Chile: A New Model of Income Support for Unemployed Workers by Germán Acevedo, Patricio Eskenazi and Carmen Pagés, October 2006 0611 Evaluating Social Fund Impact: A Toolkit for Task Teams and Social Fund Managers by Sarah Adam, October 2006 0610 Risk and Vulnerability Considerations in Poverty Analysis: Recent Advances and Future Directions by Carlo Cafiero and Renos Vakis, October 2006 0609 Comparing Individual Retirement Accounts in Asia: Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong and PRC by Yasue Pai, September 2006 (online only) 0608 Pension System Reforms by Anita M. Schwarz, September 2006 (online only) 0607 Youth Labor Market in Burkina Faso: Recent Trends by Daniel Parent, July 2006 0606 Youth in the Labor Market and the Transition from School to Work in Tanzania by Florence Kondylis and Marco Manacorda, July 2006 0605 Redistributing Income to the Poor and the Rich: Public Transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean by Kathy Lindert, Emmanuel Skoufias and Joseph Shapiro, August 2006 (online only) 0604 Uninsured Risk and Asset Protection: Can Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Serve as Safety Nets? by Alain de Janvry, Elisabeth Sadoulet, Pantelis Solomon and Renos Vakis, June 2006 0603 Examining Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: A Role for Increased Social Inclusion? by Bénédicte de la Brière and Laura B. Rawlings, June 2006 (online only) 0602 Civil-service Pension Schemes Around the World by Robert Palacios and Edward Whitehouse, May 2006 (online only) 0601 Social Pensions Part I: Their Role in the Overall Pension System by Robert Palacios and Oleksiy Sluchynsky, May 2006 (online only) To view Social Protection Discussion papers published prior to 2006, please visit www.worldbank.org/sp. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to present the record of World Bank's involvement in disability as part of its overall development strategy; 2) to share with development partners some of the good practices the World Bank has discovered; and 3) to stimulate new ways to address the problems of people with disabilities through partnerships, better practices and the further mainstreaming of disability into the work of the World Bank. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK About this series... Social Protection Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of The World Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors ofThe World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. For free copies of this paper, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room G7-703, Washington, D.C. 20433-0001. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org or visit the Social Protection website at www.worldbank.org/sp.