World Bank Environmental Activities in Europe and Central Asia Overview The Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Region comprises 28 countries, with all but Turkey in various stages of transition from centrally planned economies. Eight countries shortly will be joining the EU, while others still have a large unfinished reform agenda that encompasses profound and far reaching economic and social changes. Region-wide, the number of people living in poverty1 is about one in five, or roughly 90 million, with rates varying significantly, from below 10 percent in countries in Central Europe to 68 percent in Tajikistan. Civil conflicts, natural disasters, refugees and ethnic problems are major complicating factors in Central Asia, the Balkans, and the Caucasus. Nonetheless, in most of the region, growth has resumed and a market- oriented framework has taken hold. The economic recovery is set to continue into 2003 and beyond, making the region one of the most economically dynamic in the world. The transformation from plan to market has played a key role in the past twelve years and has improved environmental management over the past decade. Progress has been made in tackling the legacy of environmental pollution created by the inefficiencies of the output-focused command economy that existed in the Soviet Union. Where substantial progress in industrial restructuring and realigning the public and private sectors to a market-based economy has occurred, pollution intensity has been reduced as industry modernizes, incorporates abatement techniques, and shifts to less-polluting sectors. Reforms have also resulted in the development of new ways to better safeguard the environment. Such reforms include the use of incentives to promote more efficient use of energy, water and sewerage services to broader policy changes such as freer trade, reducing agricultural subsidies, and promoting land reform and property rights since people take more care to ensure the sustainability of their own assets. Thus, in many countries in the region, economic growth already is accompanied by a heightened recognition that environmental considerations are critical to the 1 Poverty is defined as those with incomes less than $2 per day. 1 health and prosperity of people. Yet some serious environmental problems persist and concerted action is needed to ensure that the economic recovery now underway does not lead to a revival of the old environmental threats. Regional Differences The ECA region represents 17% of the world’s land area, 8 % of the world population (about 500 million people, with 35 percent living in rural areas), 19% of the world’s arable land, 23% of the world’s forests and 12% of renewable freshwater resources. Protecting the environment depends to a large extent on the existence of strong legal and regulatory institutions, and management capacity. As such, one way to highlight regional environmental differences is by comparing the strength of institutions across countries. Based on this table, countries in ECA can be grouped into the following sub-regions in terms of their environmental performance: EU Accession Countries At the forefront of reform and change within the region are the eight EU accession countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia), which have finalized negotiations with respect to the EU Environmental Acquis. These countries are working hard to harmonize their legal and regulatory framework with those of EU environmental directives. New entrants will need help paying for the expensive environmental investments that the Accession process requires. Indeed, meeting these directives will cost the EU candidates, together with Bulgaria and Romania, about $100 billion over twenty years. South Eastern Europe and the Balkans After the EU accession countries, South Eastern European countries are performing the best in terms of environmental management, with Croatia in the forefront of reform. Areas for improvement include: strengthening capacity to enforce regulations and reaching agreement among government officials on the importance and urgency of environmental issues. Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine The Western CIS countries and Russia have made significant improvements in environmental management but there is still substantial scope for improvement and some danger of backsliding. Environmental laws and monitoring systems are in place and Ministries of Environment function fairly well. Enforcement of laws is inconsistent however, and there is a need for increased transparency and more meaningful public and civil society involvement in the environmental decision-making process. Greater cooperation between environmental authorities and other core ministries whose actions directly impact the environment (such as energy, water and transport) would also be useful. Central Asia and the Caucasus Central Asian countries, especially Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, rank the lowest in terms of environmental management capacity. These countries are the slower reformers and some of the poorest in the ECA region. A major effort will be needed to achieve the institutional reforms necessary for environmental sustainability. Areas for action include: improved monitoring and collection of environmental data and its use for decision-making; strengthening the Ministry of Environment’s capacity for policy design and its ability to influence and work with other Ministries; setting up a modern, cost effective regulatory framework that relies on market incentives to promote compliance; facilitating the financing of environmental investments from 2 public and private sources and from financial institutions; and improving public access to information, including greater participation in key environmental decisions. The countries in the Caucasus, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan are somewhat more advanced. Reasonable monitoring and many laws are in place or under discussion, but unenforceable. The environmental ministries tend to have professional staff but modest budgets. Key Environmental Challenges Most countries in ECA face common environmental issues, with some important sub-regional differences, such as in Central Asia, an arid region where the availability of water to support energy, irrigation and drinking needs remains a serious problem. Other environmental problems unique to certain countries include: war-related pollution hotspots in the Balkans and the high costs of meeting EU environmental directives for the accession countries. Globally, Russia particularly stands out: it is the world’s third largest emitter of carbon dioxide and has 22% of the world’s forests. The following are some of the most pressing environmental challenges facing countries ECA-wide: Access to high quality water supply and sanitation, particularly in rural areas ECA countries show high (91%) access to sources of improved water supply according to 2000 official data (World Development Indicators), comparable to other lower and middle income countries, and near the Millennium Development target indicator of 93%. However, there is a serious issue of water quality, which constitutes a major threat to health. Rural water supply is of particular concern. In Moldova’s countryside, for example, 60% of samples do not meet water quality standards. For non-piped water, the range is 25% in Ukraine to 65% for Moldova. Moreover, it is poor people who most often lack access to adequate water supply and sanitation. For example, the lowest quintile in Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan, have virtually no access to piped water or flush toilets. In urban areas, sustainability of access is endangered by the deteriorating financial condition of municipal water and wastewater utilities, particularly in secondary towns. Energy efficiency Despite an increase of 21% in energy efficiency since 1992, the ECA region remains the least energy efficient in the world in terms of GDP per unit of energy used. An increase of 58% in efficiency is needed if the ECA region is to reach the same energy efficiency as other countries at similar levels of development in terms of PPP GDP per kg of oil equivalent. Russia and Kazakhstan in particular have tremendous scope for improving efficiency. Carbon dioxide and other emissions Carbon dioxide emissions in ECA represent 13% of global emissions although they have declined by 28% since 1992. Compared to the rest of the world, however, emissions are still high. A decrease of 174% is needed if the ECA region is to reach the same level of CO2 per capita emissions as other countries at a similar level of development. Reductions in fossil fuel use, the main source of CO2, and improvements in energy efficiency would also help to reduce other air pollutants such as SO2, NOx , Total Suspended Particles (TSPs) and heavy metals, which pose a threat to health in some urban areas in ECA. 3 Hazardous and industrial pollution hotspots Environmental challenges from past liabilities remain an issue in highly polluting industries such as chemicals, petrochemicals, and metallurgy in many ECA countries. Potential oil spills and gas leaks from poorly maintained pipelines and construction of new lines, particularly in Russia and energy rich Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, are also problematic. Sustainable forest management At 40%, ECA has more forested area than the world average of 30%. Furthermore, forest areas are increasing in absolute numbers in every country except Albania, according to official statistics. However, the extent of continuous old growth forests and the broad shade provided by big trees is declining. Illegal logging is also problematic for some countries in the region and the deposition of nitrogen acids and heavy metals exceeds critical levels in some areas. Biodiversity ECA contains nearly 100 distinct eco-regions, on the order of 15,000 vascular plant species and 1,600 vertebrate animal species. Globally significant ecosystems include South East Turkey, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the Volga and Danube delta wetlands, the Caucasus, Carpathian, Balkan, Altai and Tien Shen mountain ecosystems, the Karst ecosystems of the Northern Adriatic, the Lake Baikal area and the Russian Far East. Many of the ECA countries have a strong tradition of protected area management, and some have also incorporated the concept of landscape conservation into broader management of land, water and forest resources. However, the first years of transition saw a deterioration in the institutions and financing mechanisms for conservation management. Increased poverty also led to pressure on natural resources, particularly from poaching and illegal logging. Since 1990, it is estimated that Tajikistan and Armenia have both lost 10% of their forest cover and the population of the endangered Siberian tiger fell to about 200, one third of the level in the 1980s. Regional Seas The management of regional seas and rivers is an important challenge for virtually all countries in the region. In addition to the drying up of a large part of the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea is threatened by pollution from the Volga and other rivers, pollution and accidental spills from the oil industry, uncontrolled poaching of sturgeon and concerns over the impact of the alien species Mnemiopsis leidyi. Regional agreements on management of the Caspian and the Aral Seas remain difficult, making Bank-assisted programs hard to implement. The Black Sea has experienced catastrophic decline in the past thirty years due to increased loads of nutrients from agricultural run-off and discharges of raw sewage and solid waste from cities, heavy metals and oil pollution. The experience of the Baltic Sea, where similar problems with pollution and oil spills are being tackled by regional cooperation, shows potential for development. Strategic Priorities and Actions ECA’s Environment Strategy is shaped by the region’s broader priorities to: facilitate EU accession for the fast-reforming countries of Central and Eastern Europe; reverse poverty and revive growth in the CIS; help bring peace and prosperity in the Balkans; and foster cooperation on regional and global environment issues. The Bank’s regional environmental strategy focuses on addressing existing environmental issues and improving environmental protection to prevent future pollution and promote sustainable use of resources. The ultimate vision of the strategy is a region where, through better environmental 4 management, quality of life is improved, quality of growth is ensured and quality of the global commons is safeguarded. As part of its evolving approach, and in fulfillment of this strategy, the Bank firmly believes in using the seventh United Nations Millennium Development Goal on environmental sustainability as a framework to measure progress made on achieving its own environmental strategy for the ECA region. The environmental targets and indicators for MDG7 are shown in Chart 1. To use the environment MDG to gauge results however, the Bank will help ECA countries collect high quality baseline data and work with partners to better define the environment MDG indicators. Chart 1: The Seventh Millennium Development Goal for Environmental Sustainability Targets and Indicators Target Indicators I. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of 1. Proportion of population with sustainable people without sustainable access access to an improved water source to safe drinking water and basic 2. Proportion of urban population with sanitation access to basic sanitation II. Integrate the principles of 3. Proportion of land area covered by forest sustainable development into 4. Ratio of area protected to maintain country policies and programs and biological diversity to surface area reverse the losses of environmental 5. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 resources GDP (PPP) 6. Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) 7. Proportion of population using solid fuels III. By 2020 to have achieved a 8. Proportion of households with access to significant improvement in the secure tenure lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers Bank Lending As of May 2003, World Bank environmental lending for projects under implementation in the ECA region (excluding funds from the Global Environment Facility or GEF, which has its Secretariat housed in the WB) totaled US$ 1.7 billion. As illustrated in Chart 2, most lending has been in three categories: pollution management (29%), land management (24%) and water resources management (23%). Projects in the pipeline (2004 to 2006) currently total US$1.4 million. In addition to the above figures, current GEF lending for projects under implementation totals US$245.6 million. GEF funding has assisted ECA countries cease production of ozone-depleting substances, establish geothermal projects, and undertake biodiversity projects. GEF pipeline lending is currently US$138 million. There are also a number of planned Prototype Carbon Fund projects in ECA aimed at helping countries to take advantage of carbon trading mechanisms. 5 Chart 2 Thematic Breakdown of Environmental Lending for Projects Under Implementation (Total = US$ 1.7 billion, excluding GEF) Other Env & NRM Biodiversity 2% 2% Climate Change Water Resources 12% Mngt 23% Env Policy/Institutions 8% Land Mngt 24% Pollution Mngt & Env Health 29% Results on the Ground Following are examples of environmental advances in ECA due in part to joint actions taken by governments, in partnership with the World Bank, and in many instances with other donors. • Investments in water supply infrastructure are benefiting the population of transition countries in ECA . Bank projects in the ECA transition countries under implementation have about 12 million direct beneficiaries. About 2.5 million additional people will directly benefit through the improved water services supported by Bank projects currently under preparation. • Rural communities are becoming owners of their water supply systems and making decisions on their water services. 150 communities in rural areas of Kyrgyz Republic are taking responsibility for their water supply systems that will be rehabilitated with Bank support after a comprehensive reform of the rural water supply sector. About 300,000 beneficiaries will own, operate and maintain the community water systems. • Water supply has served as a mechanism for post-conflict reconciliation. A post-conflict Bank operation in Bosnia-Herzegovina not only restored water supply services to over 800,000 people in war afflicted areas, but also reintegrated ethnically divided utilities that are now working as professional commercial enterprises. • Safe drinking water has been brought to rural areas in Uzbekistan. Some 2 million rural people in the western part of the country (Karakalpakstan and Khorezm) now have safe and reliable water thanks to a US$75 million loan that financed additional trunkmains and household connections. • The management of over 1 million hectares of land is being improved through ongoing forestry and biodiversity projects in the ECA region. 6 • The Turkey Eastern Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Project, completed in 2002, resulted in the rehabilitation of 88 micro-catchments in 11 provinces, planting of 27,000 ha of trees for soil conservation purposes, restoration of about 20,000 ha of degraded rangeland and forest land with vegetation cover to support sustainable livestock production, development of over 14,000 ha of rainfed horticulture; and creation of over 12,000 hectares of small scale irrigation, reducing water conveyance losses. • The Danube Delta Biodiversity Conservation Project has been successful in strengthening and enabling local institutions to monitor and manage protected areas effectively, by working with local community groups to ensure a sustainable use of resources and restore some wetlands to their original condition. Over 7,000 ha of abandoned polders have been ecologically restored, which is internationally recognized as the largest area ever successfully restored to its original condition. • Improvements in farming practices achieved by the Poland Rural Environmental Protection project have led to less water pollution from manure. A total of 950 small and medium-sized sustainable farms were equipped with tanks for proper storage and handling of manure. Nutrient Management Plans were developed for 17,000 hectares of farmland, in addition to 370 Farm Management Plans. • Progress is being made to clean up oil contaminated sites in Azerbaijan using bioremediation technology. The Urgent Environmental Investment Project has also assisted the Government to reorganize its environmental management system, and a number of regulations have been piloted to test institutional capacity. The project will also cleanup a site contaminated with mercury and address the problem of declining sturgeon stocks by constructing a new fingerling hatchery. • Aral Sea. The GEF Aral Sea Water and Environment Project finances investments in wetland restoration, dam safety and water flow monitoring and the preparation of National and Regional Water and Salt Management Strategies. The studies are nearly completed, which will provide the technical and analytical basis for optimizing water, salt and energy management in the Aral Sea Basin. Pilot projects in dam and reservoir safety have been completed and work has begun on a study of how the Syr Darya river's cascades can be operated as an integrated system to minimize flood risks. Equipment and training have been given to the Kyrgyz Republic for carrying out hydrographic surveys and estimating sedimentation rates for reservoirs. Seventeen new transboundary water monitoring stations are operational and others are nearing completion. • Progress has been made in strengthening environmental institutions . A World Bank administered Institutional Development Fund grant in Albania supported institutional capacity building for the Butrint National Park, a recently designated UNESCO world heritage site, containing one of the Mediterranean coast’s greatest classical archeological and natural environmental sites. Butrint is now one of the country’s largest tourist destinations. 7 Analytical and Advisory Activities The aim of analytical and advisory services is to support policy reform dialogue on environmental issues in ECA and to ensure the development of sound sector strategies, and the formulation and implementation of effective lending programs. Over the past year, the Bank has completed a number of important reports analyzing environmental issues in the ECA region, including: • A Review of Environmental Assessment Systems: Russian and International Experience • Belarus Environment Sector Strategy • Coping with the Cold: Heating Strategies for Eastern Europe and Central Asia’s Urban Poor • Environmental Impact Assessment Systems in ECA Countries • Irrigation in Central Asia: Social, Economic and Environmental Considerations • Meeting the Environment Millennium Development Goal in Europe and Central Asia • Meeting the EU Environmental Acquis: Cost Estimates for Accession Candidates • Serbia and Montenegro Country Environmental Analysis • Ukraine’s Road to Effective Environmental Management: An Environmental Public Expenditure Review • Water Resources Strategy for the Europe and Central Asia Region • Biodiversity Strategy for the Europe and Central Asia Region In addition to preparing reports, the Bank has also been taking the initiative to ensure that environmental issues receive greater consideration during PRSP and CAS discussions. Efforts will continue in this area since environmental issues are not always given adequate attention when designing CAS and PRSP documents. Partners Various development partners, including International Financial Institutions (IFIs), bilateral donors, United Nations bodies and international donors are involved in supporting environmental activities in the ECA region. The World Bank Group aims to maintain strong relationships with its partners to ensure the exchange of knowledge and complementarity of its lending and analytical activities. Key partners include: Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Department for International Development (UK), Nordic Development Fund, Governments of Switzerland, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, USA, European Commission, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Global Environmental Facility (GEF), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health Organization (WHO), WWF Forest Alliance, Regional Environmental Center (REC) in Hungary. Project Listing Attached is a list of the Bank’s completed, ongoing and pipeline ECA projects that have environmental benefits. 8 ANNEX 1 World Bank Environmental Projects in Europe and Central Asia (As of May 2003, millions of US$) ENV Country Name FY Status Loan Amt ENV Amt Total % Albania Agriculture Sector Adjustment Loan (ASAL) 1993 Completed 20 2.6 13 Albania Durres Water Supply Rehabilitation 1994 Completed 11.6 2.9 25 Albania Structural Adjustment Credit (SAC) 1999 Completed 45 6.3 14 Total Compl. 76.6 11.8 Albania Forestry 1996 Implementation 8 5.28 66 Albania Land Development 1998 Implementation 10 3.3 33 Albania Irrigation And Drainage II 1999 Implementation 24 6.96 29 Albania Fishery Development 2002 Implementation 5.6 1.46 26 Albania Power Sector Rehabilitation And Restructuring 2002 Implementation 29.9 4.19 14 Total Impl. 77.5 21.19 Albania Environment Cleanup 2004 Pipeline 5 3.75 75 Albania Integrated Water / Ecosystem Management (GEF) 2004 Pipeline 4.285 4.285 100 GEF Albania Karavastava 2004 Pipeline 1 GEF Albania Butrint Biodiversity 2004 Pipeline 1 GEF Albania Irrigation 3 2005 Pipeline 8 2.64 33 Albania Natural Resource Management 2006 Pipeline 7 1.75 25 Total Pipeline 26.285 12.425 Total 180.385 45.415 Aral Sea Aral Sea Water & Environment Management (GEF) 1998 Implementation 12.2 6.832 56 GEF Total 12.2 6.832 Armenia Irrigation Rehabilitation 1995 Completed 43 21.5 50 Armenia Power Maintenance 1995 Completed 13.7 4.52 33 Armenia Structural Adjustment Credit (SAC) 4 2001 Completed 50 6.5 13 Total Comp. 106.7 32.52 Armenia Municipal Development 1998 Implementation 30 5.1 17 Armenia Title Registration 1999 Implementation 8 2 25 Armenia Irrigation Dam Safety 1999 Implementation 26.6 7.71 29 Armenia Natural Resource Management 2002 Implementation 8.3 3.74 45 Armenia Natural Resource Management (GEF) 2002 Implementation 5.12 2.5088 49 GEF Total Imple. 78.02 21.0588 Armenia Municipal Water And Waste Water 2005 Pipeline 20 8.6 43 Armenia Geothermal (GEF) 2006 Pipeline 6.1 6.1 100 GEF Armenia Urban Heat 2007 Pipeline 10 3.3 33 Total Pipeline 36.1 18 Total 220.82 71.5788 Azerbaijan Farm Privatization 1997 Implementation 14.7 5.44 37 Azerbaijan Urgent Environment Investment 1998 Implementation 20 9 45 Azerbaijan Agriculture Development And Credit 1999 Implementation 30 6.9 23 Azerbaijan Irrigation And Drainage Rehabilitation 2000 Implementation 42 13.86 33 Total Imple. 106.7 35.2 Azerbaijan Irrigation Distribution System & Management Improvement 2003 Pipeline 30 5.1 17 Azerbaijan Shah-Dag Rural Environment 2005 Pipeline 8 4 50 Azerbaijan Shah Dag Rural Environment (GEF) 2006 Pipeline 5 3 60 GEF Total Pipeline 43 12.1 Total 149.7 47.3 Belarus Forest Biodiversity (GEF) 1993 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Belarus Forest Development 1994 Completed 41.9 27.65 66 Belarus Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) Phaseout (GEF) 1997 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Total Comp. 41.9 27.65 Belarus Social Infrastructure Retrofit 2001 Implementation 22.6 7.46 33 Belarus UNFCCC National Communication (GEF Enabling) 2001 Implementation 0.31 0.31 100 GEF Total Imple. 22.91 7.77 Belarus Post Chernobyl Recovery 2005 Pipeline 45 22.5 50 Total Pipeline 45 22.5 Total 109.81 57.92 Bosnia-Herzegovina Water, Sanitation & Urgent Works 1996 Completed 0 0 25.0 Bosnia-Herzegovina Emergency District Heat Rehabilitation 1996 Completed 0 0 0.0 Bosnia-Herzegovina Electric Power Reconstruction 2 1998 Completed 25 12.5 50.0 Bosnia-Herzegovina Reconstruction Assistance - Republic Srpska 1998 Completed 17 3.4 20.0 Bosnia-Herzegovina Emergency Gas Rehabilitation 1998 Completed 10 6 60.0 Bosnia-Herzegovina Forestry 1998 Completed 7 5.81 83.0 Total Comp. 59 27.71 Bosnia-Herzegovina Solid Waste Management 2002 Implementation 18 5.94 33.0 Total Imple. 18 5.94 Bosnia-Herzegovina Forest Development and Conservation TA 2003 Pipeline 3.7 2.66 71.9 Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia Social development (Water Quality/Ecosystem) 2006 Pipeline TBD TBD GEF Total Pipeline 3.7 2.66 Total 80.7 36.31 Bulgaria Energy I 1993 Completed 93 66.03 71.0 Bulgaria Environment Remediation Pilot 1998 Completed 16 9.28 58.0 Bulgaria Agriculature Sector Adjustment Loan (ASAL) I 1999 Completed 75.8 21.98 29.0 Bulgaria Financial Enterprise Sectoral Adjustment Loan (FESAL) 2 2000 Completed 100 25 25.0 Bulgaria Agriculature Sector Adjustment Loan (ASAL) 2 2001 Completed 50 6.5 13.0 Total Comp. 334.8 128.79 Bulgaria Environment Private Support Structural Adjustment Loan 2000 Implementation 50 24.5 49.0 Bulgaria Registry and Cadastre 2001 Implementation 30 6.6 22.0 Bulgaria Wetland Restoration (GEF) 2002 Implementation 7.5 6.525 87 GEF Total Imple. 87.5 37.625 Bulgaria Pomoriisko Lake Conservation (GEF Medium Size) 2004 Pipeline 0.7 0.7 100 GEF Bulgaria Forest Development (GEF) 2004 Pipeline 5 5 100 GEF Bulgaria Forest Development 2005 Pipeline 30 16.8 56.0 Total Pipeline 35.7 22.5 Total 458 188.915 Central Asia Central Asia Biodiversity (GEF) 1999 Implementation 10.15 4.5675 45 GEF Total 10.15 4.5675 Croatia Emergency Reconstruction 1994 Completed 128 21.76 17.0 Croatia Highway Sector 1995 Completed 80 11.2 14.0 Total Comple. 208 32.96 Croatia Coastal Forest Reconstruction 1997 Implementation 42 28.14 67.0 Croatia Municipal Environment Infrastructure 1998 Implementation 36.3 24.32 67.0 Croatia East Slavonia Reconstruction 1998 Implementation 40.6 20.71 51.0 Croatia Kopacki Rit Wetlands (GEF Medium Size) 1999 Implementation 1 0.56 56 GEF Croatia Karst Ecosystem Conservation (GEF) 2002 Implementation 5.07 2.2815 45 GEF Croatia Real Property Registry & Cadastre 2003 Implementation 25.7 12.85 50.0 Total Imple. 150.67 88.8615 Croatia Energy Efficiency (GEF) 2003 Pipeline 7 7 100 GEF Croatia Energy Efficiency 2004 Pipeline 5 5 100.0 Croatia Renewable Energy Restructuring (GEF) 2004 Pipeline 6 3 50 GEF Croatia Coastal Cities Pollution Control 2005 Pipeline 100 100 100.0 Croatia District Heat 2007 Pipeline 30 4.2 14.0 Total Pipeline 148 119.2 Total 506.67 241.0215 Cyprus Industrial Finance Restructure 1991 Completed 30 6 20.0 Cyprus South East Coast Sewerage & Drainage 1992 Completed 32 14.4 45.0 Total Comple. 62 20.4 Total 62 20.4 Czech Republic Power & Environment Improvement 1992 Completed 246 123 50.0 Czech Republic Biodiversity (GEF) 1994 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Czech Republic ODS Phaseout (GEF) 1995 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Czech Republic GHG - Kyjov Waste (GEF) 1999 Completed 0 0 67 GEF Total Comple. 246 123 Total 246 123 Estonia District Heat Rehabilitation 1994 Completed 38.4 19.2 50.0 Estonia Haapsalu/Matsalu Bay 1995 Completed 2 1.5 75.0 Estonia Agriculture 1996 Completed 15.3 3.83 25.0 Total Comple. 55.7 24.53 Total 55.7 24.53 Europe and Central Asia Lake Ohrid Conservation Albania/FYR Macedonia (GEF) 1998 Implementation 4.1 3.28 80 GEF Europe and Central Asia Baltic Sea Region - Phase 1 (GEF) 2003 Implementation 5.5 5.5 100 GEF Total Imple. 9.6 8.78 Total 9.6 8.78 Georgia Municipal Infrastructure Rehabilitation 1995 Completed 18 5.04 28.0 Georgia Oil Institution Building 1997 Completed 1.4 0.39 27.9 Georgia Municipal Development 1998 Completed 20.9 2.72 13.0 Georgia Structural Adjustment Credit 3 1999 Completed 60 7.8 13.0 Georgia Energy Sectoral Adjustment Credit 1999 Completed 25 3.5 14.0 Total Comple. 125.3 19.45 Georgia Integrated Coastal Management 1999 Implementation 4.4 3.92 89.1 Georgia Integrated Coastal Management (GEF) 1999 Implementation 1.3 1.157 89 GEF Georgia Agriculture Research Extension and Training (GEF) 2000 Implementation 2.48 0.62 25 GEF Georgia Energy Transit Institution Building 2001 Implementation 9.6 5.57 58.0 Georgia Irrigation Drainage and Rehabilitation 2001 Implementation 27 7.83 29.0 Georgia Protected Areas Development (GEF) 2001 Implementation 8.7 5.829 67 GEF Georgia Forestry 2003 Implementation 15.7 9.11 58.0 Total Imple. 69.18 34.036 Georgia Tbilisi Water Supply 2004 Pipeline 15 4.95 33.0 Total Pipeline 15 4.95 Total 209.48 58.436 Hungary Energy Environment 1994 Completed 100 60 60.0 Hungary Budapest Urban Transport 1995 Completed 38 7.6 20.0 Hungary ODS Phaseout (GEF) 1996 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Total Comple. 138 67.6 Hungary Municipal Wastewater 2000 Implementation 31.6 21.17 67.0 Total Imple. 31.6 21.17 Hungary Small Hydro Power (GEF Medium Size) 2003 Pipeline 0.9 0.45 50 GEF Hungary Black Sea Nutrient Reduction (GEF) 2004 Pipeline 7.5 7.5 100 GEF Total Pipeline 8.4 7.95 Total 178 96.72 Kazakhstan Petroleum Technical Assistance 1994 Completed 15.7 5.34 34.0 Kazakhstan Real Estate Registry Pilot 1997 Completed 10 3.3 33.0 Total Comple. 25.7 8.64 Kazakhstan Irrigation & Drainage 1996 Implementation 80 36 45.0 Kazakhstan Uzen Oil Field Rehabilitation 1997 Implementation 109 54.5 50.0 Kazakhstan Atyrau Pilot Water 1999 Implementation 16.5 4.13 25.0 Kazakhstan Syr Darya Control/Northern Aral Sea 2001 Implementation 64.5 32.25 50.0 Total Imple. 270 126.88 Kazakhstan Nura River Cleanup 2003 Pipeline 40.4 40.4 100.0 Kazakhstan Drylands Management Project (GEF) 2003 Pipeline 5 5 100 GEF Kazakhstan North East Kazakh Water Supply and Sanitation (Vodocanal) 2004 Pipeline 80.8 48.48 60.0 Kazakhstan Agriculture Support Services 2005 Pipeline 25 8.25 33.0 Kazakhstan UST-Kamenogorsk Environment Remediation 2006 Pipeline 32 32 100.0 Kazakhstan Urban Water Supply 2 2006 Pipeline 50 12.5 25.0 Kazakhstan Forest Rehabilitation 2007 Pipeline 35 15.05 43.0 Total Pipeline 268.2 121.28 Total 563.9 256.8 Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz - Telecommunications Reform 1994 Completed 18 7.2 40.0 Kyrgyz Republic APEAC 1995 Completed 45 6.3 14.0 Kyrgyz Republic Sheep & Wool Improvement 1996 Completed 11.6 1.97 17.0 Total Comple. 74.6 15.47 Kyrgyz Republic Power & Districti Heat 1996 Implementation 20 5 25.0 Kyrgyz Republic Irrigation Rehabilitation 1998 Implementation 35 11.55 33.0 Kyrgyz Republic Agricultural Support Services 1998 Implementation 15 10.05 67.0 Kyrgyz Republic Flood Emergency 1999 Implementation 10 4 40.0 Kyrgyz Republic Land Registration 2000 Implementation 9.4 2.35 25.0 89.4 32.95 Kyrgyz Republic Power Supplement 1998 Pipeline 15 3.75 25.0 Total Pipeline 15 3.75 Total 179 52.17 Latvia Jelgava District Heat 1995 Completed 14 5.18 37.0 Latvia Liepaja Environment 1995 Completed 4 3.12 78.0 Latvia Municipal Services Development 1996 Completed 27.3 6.83 25.0 Total Comple. 45.3 15.13 Latvia Solid Waste Management 1998 Implementation 8 5.36 67.0 Latvia Solid Waste Management (GEF) 1998 Implementation 5.12 2.9696 58 GEF Latvia Education Improvmt 1999 Implementation 31.1 12.44 40.0 Latvia Liepaja Soid Waste Management 2001 Implementation 2.2 1.1 50.0 Total Imple. 46.42 21.8696 Total 91.72 36.9996 Lithuania Klaipeda Environment 1995 Completed 7 4.69 67.0 Lithuania Klaipeda Geothermal 1996 Completed 5.9 3.89 65.9 Lithuania Siauliai Environment 1996 Completed 6.2 5.15 83.1 Lithuania Klaipeda Geothermal (GEF) 1996 Completed 6.9 0 66 GEF Lithuania Energy Efficiency/Housing 1997 Completed 10 3.3 33.0 Lithuania Vilnius District Heat 2002 Completed 17.1 4.79 28.0 Total Comple. 53.1 21.82 Lithuania Municipal Development 1999 Implementation 20.1 6.63 33.0 Lithuania Klaipeda Port 2000 Implementation 35.4 17.7 50.0 Lithuania Education Imprvement 2002 Implementation 25.4 7.11 28.0 Total Imple. 80.9 31.44 Lithuania Vilnius Heat Demand Management (GEF) 2003 Pipeline 10 5 50 GEF Total Pipeline 10 5 Total 144 58.26 Macedonia, FYR Water Utility Improvement 2001 Completed 29.3 9.67 33.0 Total Comple. 29.3 9.67 Macedonia, FYR Mini-Hydropower Project (GEF Medium SIze) 2000 Implementation 0.75 0.75 100 GEF Macedonia, FYR Biodiversity Strategy (GEF ENABLING) 2001 Implementation 0.34 0.34 100 GEF Macedonia, FYR Power 1998 Implementation 35 17.5 50.0 Macedonia, FYR Irrigation Rehabilitation 1998 Implementation 12.5 4.13 33.0 Total Imple. 48.59 22.72 Macedonia, FYR Geothermal 2005 Pipeline 0.8 GEF Total Pipeline 0.8 Total 78.69 32.39 Moldova Energy 1996 Completed 10 3.3 33.0 Total Comple. 10 3.3 Moldova First Cadastre 1998 Implementation 15.9 4.61 29.0 Moldova Country Biodiversity Priorities (Ii) (GEF Enabling) 2001 Implementation 0.3 0.3 100 GEF Moldova Biodiversity Conservation (GEF Medium Size) 2002 Implementation 0.98 0.98 100 GEF Moldova POPs Action Plan (GEF ENABLING) 2003 Implementation 0.412 0.412 100 GEF Total Imple. 17.592 6.302 Moldova Water Supply and Sanitation 2003 Pipeline 12 3.96 33.0 Moldova Agriculture Pollution Control GEF 2004 Pipeline 5 3 60 GEF Moldova Environment Protect (GEF) 2006 Pipeline 5 5 100 GEF Total Pipeline 22 11.96 Total 49.592 21.562 Poland Energy Restructuring Development 1990 Completed 250 65 26.0 Poland Heat Supply Restructuring 1991 Completed 340 47.6 14.0 Poland Forest Biodiversity (GEF) 1992 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Poland Forestry Development 1994 Completed 146 125.56 86.0 Poland Katowice Heat Supply 1995 Completed 45 45 100.0 Poland ODS Phaseout (GEF) 1997 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Poland Hard Coal Sectoral Adjustment Loan 1999 Completed 300 84 28.0 Poland Coal Adjustment 2 2002 Completed 100 25 25.0 Total Comple. 1181 392.16 Poland Coal To Gas Conversion (GEF) 1995 Implementation 25 18.75 75 GEF Poland Bielsko-Biala Water 1996 Implementation 21.5 14.41 67.0 Poland Power Transmission 1996 Implementation 160 52.8 33.0 Poland Flood Emergency 1998 Implementation 200 100 50.0 Poland Geothermal And Environment (Podhale) 2000 Implementation 38.2 38.2 100.0 Poland Rural Environemnt Protection 2000 Implementation 2.5 2.5 100.0 Poland Geothermal & Environment (Podhale) (GEF) 2000 Implementation 5.4 5.4 100 GEF Poland Rural Environment Protection (GEF) 2000 Implementation 3 3 100 GEF Poland Krakow Enrgy Efficiency 2001 Implementation 15 9 60.0 Total Imple. 470.6 244.06 Poland Biecz Biomass (GEF Medium Size) 2003 Pipeline 0.8 0.4 50 GEF Poland Krakow Energy Efficiency (GEF) 2003 Pipeline 11 11 100 GEF Poland Coal Sectoral Adjusment Loan I 2004 Pipeline 200 100 50.0 Poland Stargard Geothermal (GEF) 2005 Pipeline 2.5 1.25 50 GEF Total Pipeline 214.3 112.65 Total 1865.9 748.87 Regional Baltic Sea 2 (GEF) 2006 Pipeline 5 GEF Total 5 Romania Danube Delta Biodiversity (GEF) 1995 Completed 0 0 80 GEF Romania Bucharest Water Supply 1997 Completed 25 15 60.0 Total Comple. 25 15 Romania Petrol Sector Rehabilitation 1994 Implementation 175.6 43.9 25.0 Romania Second Roads 1997 Implementation 150 30 20.0 Romania General Cadastre 1998 Implementation 25.5 25.5 100.0 Romania Biodiversity Conservation Management (GEF) 1999 Implementation 5.5 3.63 66 GEF Romania Mine Closure 2000 Implementation 44.5 5.79 13.0 Romania Agriculture Pollution Control (GEF) 2002 Implementation 5.15 4.017 78 GEF Romania Forest Development 2003 Implementation 25 12.5 50.0 Romania Energy Efficiency (GEF) 2003 Implementation 10 6.7 67 GEF Total Imple. 441.25 132.037 Romania Irrigation Rehabilitation 2004 Pipeline 80 52.8 66.0 Romania Hazardous Mitigation 2004 Pipeline 151.3 151.3 100.0 Romania Hazard Mitigation (GEF) 2004 Pipeline 5 5 100 GEF Total Pipeline 236.3 209.1 Total 702.55 356.137 Russian Federation Oil Rehabiliation 1993 Completed 610 158.6 26.0 Russian Federation Oil Rehabilitation 2 1994 Completed 500 165 33.0 Russian Federation Energy Efficiency 1995 Completed 106.5 63.9 60.0 Russian Federation Emergency Oil Spill Recocery & Mitigation 1995 Completed 99 74.25 75.0 Russian Federation Coal 1996 Completed 25 4.25 17.0 Russian Federation GHG Red In Natural Gas (GEF) 1996 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Russian Federation Coal Sectoral Adjustment Loan 2 1998 Completed 800 112 14.0 Total Comple. 2140.5 578 Russian Federation Land Reform Implementation Support 1994 Implementation 80 27.2 34.0 Russian Federation Environment Management 1995 Implementation 110 73.7 67.0 Russian Federation Housing 1995 Implementation 400 132 33.0 Russian Federation Enterprise Housing Divst 1996 Implementation 300 51 17.0 Russian Federation Community Social Infrastructure 1996 Implementation 200 44 22.0 Russian Federation ODS Consumption Phaseout - 3 Tranches (GEF) 1996 Implementation 51.5 51.5 100 GEF Russian Federation Special Initiative For ODS Production Shutdown 1996 Implementation 8.5 8.5 100 GEF Russian Federation Biodiversity Conservation (GEF) 1996 Implementation 20.1 11.256 56 GEF Russian Federation Sustainable Forestry Pilot 2000 Implementation 60 27 45.0 Russian Federation Coal/Forestry Guarantee Facility 2001 Implementation 0 0 0.0 Russian Federation Municipal Water & Waste Water 2001 Implementation 122.5 40.43 33.0 Russian Federation Municipal Heating 2001 Implementation 85 11.05 13.0 Russian Federation Khabarovsk Habitat Conservation (GEF Medium Size) 2002 Implementation 0.75 0.6225 83 GEF Total Imple. 1438.35 478.2585 Russian Federation Stavropol Geothermal (GEF Med Sz) 2004 Pipeline 0.8 0.4 50 GEF Russian Federation Krasnodar Agriculture Pollution GEF 2004 Pipeline 5 5 100 GEF Russian Federation Primorsky Habitat Conservation (GEF Medium Size) 2004 Pipeline 0.8 0.536 67 GEF Russian Federation Rostov Nutrient Discharge & Methane Reduction (GEF) 2005 Pipeline 10.5 6.93 66 GEF Russian Federation Fire Management Amur (GEF) 2005 Pipeline 5 2.5 50 GEF Russian Federation Karelia Rehabilitation Heat (GEF) 2006 Pipeline 2 GEF Total Pipeline 24.1 15.366 Total 3602.95 1071.6245 Serbia & Montenegro Montenegro Environment Infrastructure 2002 Implementation 0 0 0.0 Total Imple. 0 0 Serbia & Montenegro Real Estate Cadastre 2004 Pipeline 8 1.6 20.0 Serbia & Montenegro Environment (Montenegro) 2004 Pipeline 5 5 100.0 Serbia & Montenegro Energy Efficiency 2004 Pipeline 10 6.7 67 Total Pipeline 23 13.3 Total 23 13.3 Slovak Republic Biodiversity (GEF) 1994 Completed 0 0 50 GEF Total Comple. 0 0 Slovak Republic Conservation CEE Grasslands (GEF Medium Size) 2000 Implementation 0.73 0.73 100 GEF Total Imple. 0.73 0.73 Slovak Republic Industrial Cogenation (GEF) 2004 Pipeline 2 2 100 GEF Slovak Republic Trvdosin Geothermal (GEF Medium Size) 2004 Pipeline 0.8 0.4 50 GEF Total Pipeline 2.8 2.4 Total 3.53 3.13 Slovenia Environment 1996 Completed 23.9 20.55 86.0 Slovenia ODS Phaseout (GEF) 1996 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Total Comple. 23.9 20.55 Slovenia Real Estate Registry 1999 Implementation 15 3.75 25.0 Total Imple. 15 3.75 Total 38.9 24.3 Tajikistan IB Technical Assistance 1996 Completed 5 1.1 22.0 Tajikistan Emergency Flood Assistance 1999 Completed 5 1.4 28.0 Total Comple. 10 2.5 Tajikistan Farm Privatization Support 1999 Implementation 20 3.4 17.0 Tajikistan Rural Infrastructure Rehabilitation 2000 Implementation 20 8 40.0 Tajikistan Pamir Private Power 2002 Implementation 10 3.3 33.0 Total Imple. 50 14.7 Tajikistan Community Watershed Development 2004 Pipeline 10 8 80.0 Tajikistan Cmmunity Orienhted Watershed Development (GEF) 2004 Pipeline 4.5 2.7 60 GEF Tajikistan Dashtidzhum Biodiversity Conservation (GEF Medium Size) 2004 Pipeline 1 1 100 GEF Total Pipeline 15.5 11.7 Total 75.5 28.9 Turkey Ankara Sewerage 1990 Completed 173 100.34 58.0 Turkey Bursa Water & Sanitation 1993 Completed 129.5 58.28 45.0 Turkey East Anatolia Watershed 1993 Completed 77 50.82 66.0 Turkey In Situ Generation Conservation (GEF) 1993 Completed 0 0 57 GEF Turkey ODS Phase-Out 1994 Completed 0 0 0.0 Turkey Antalya Water Supply 1995 Completed 100 57 57.0 Turkey Baku-Ceyhan Oil Export Pipe Technical Assistance 1997 Completed 5 3.35 67.0 Total Comple. 484.5 269.79 Turkey ODS Phaseout 2 1996 Implementation 0 0 0.0 Turkey National Transmission Grid 1998 Implementation 270 37.8 14.0 Turkey Cesme Water Supply & Sewerage 1998 Implementation 13.1 3.28 25.0 Turkey Privatization Of Irrigation 1998 Implementation 20 5.8 29.0 Turkey Emergency Flood Recovery 1999 Implementation 369 92.25 25.0 Turkey Marmara Earthquake Emergency Reconstruction 2000 Implementation 505 111.1 22.0 Turkey Biodiv/Natural Resource Management (GEF) 2000 Implementation 8.19 5.1597 63 GEF Turkey ARIP 2002 Implementation 600 102 17.0 Total Imple. 1785.29 357.3897 Turkey Renew Energy 2003 Pipeline 205 123 60.0 Turkey Community Development & Heritage 2003 Pipeline 12.2 6.1 50.0 Turkey Agriculture Pollution Control (GEF) 2003 Pipeline 6 6 100 GEF Turkey Watershed Rehabilitation 2004 Pipeline 37.7 32.42 86.0 Turkey Seismic Risk Mitigation 2005 Pipeline 400 400 100.0 Turkey Forest Management 2005 Pipeline 50 25 50.0 Turkey Agriculture 2006 Pipeline 200 66 33.0 Total Pipeline 910.9 658.52 Total 3180.69 1285.6997 Turkmenistan Water Supply And Sanitation 1997 Completed 30.3 3.94 13.0 Total 30.3 3.94 Ukraine Biodiversity Prot (GEF) 1993 Completed 0 0 100 GEF Ukraine Danube Delta Biodiversity (GEF) 1995 Completed 0 0 75 GEF Ukraine Coal Pilot 1996 Completed 15.8 6.32 40.0 Ukraine Agriculture Sectoral Adjustment Credit 1997 Completed 300 87 29.0 Ukraine Sevastopol Heat Supply Improvement 2001 Completed 28.2 9.31 33.0 Total Comple. 344 102.63 Ukraine Kiev District Heat. 1998 Implementation 200 40 20.0 Ukraine ODS Phase-Out (GEF) 1998 Implementation 23.2 23.2 100 GEF Ukraine Kiev PB Energy Efficiency 2000 Implementation 18.3 4.58 25.0 Ukraine Lviv Water and Waste Water 2001 Implementation 24.3 8.02 33.0 Ukraine Country Biodiversity Priorities (II) (GEF Enabling) 2001 Implementation 0.32 0.32 100 GEF Ukraine Azov-Blk Sea Corridor Biodiversity Conservation (GEF) 2002 Implementation 6.9 4.968 72 GEF Total Imple. 273.02 81.088 Ukraine Intercoastal Zone Management 2005 Pipeline 5 GEF Ukraine PAL 3 2006 Pipeline 250 32.5 13.0 Ukraine Environment Pollution 2006 Pipeline 20 16.6 83.0 Total Pipeline 275 49.1 Total 892.02 232.818 Uzbekistan Cotton Sub-Sector Improvement 1995 Completed 66 14.52 22.0 Uzbekistan Pilot Water Supply 1997 Completed 5 1.25 25.0 Total Comple. 71 15.77 Uzbekistan Rural Water Supply & Sanitation 1998 Implementation 75 30 40.0 Uzbekistan Tashkent Solid Waste 1998 Implementation 24 16.08 67.0 Total Imple. 99 46.08 Uzbekistan Drainage 2004 Pipeline 60 45 75.0 Uzbekistan Karshi Pumping Cascade 2004 Pipeline 55 15.95 29.0 Total Pipeline 115 60.95 Total 285 122.8 Loan Env. Country Amount Amount Albania 991.02 278.898 Aral Sea 12.2 6.832 Armenia 220.82 71.5788 Azerbaijan 149.7 47.3 Belarus 109.81 57.92 Bosnia, Herzegovina 80.7 36.31 Bulgaria 458 188.915 Central Asia 10.15 4.5675 Croatia 506.67 241.0215 Cyprus 62 20.4 Czech Repbulic 246 123 Estonia 55.7 24.53 Europe and Central Asia 9.6 8.78 Georgia 209.48 58.436 Hungary 178 96.72 Kazakhstan 648.2 292.467 Kyrgyz Republic 179 52.17 Latvia 91.72 36.9996 Lithuania 144 58.26 Macedonia, FYR 78.69 32.39 Moldova 49.592 447.857 Poland 1865.9 748.87 Regional 5 0 Romania 702.55 356.137 Russian Federation 3602.95 1071.6245 Serbia and Montenegro 23 13.3 Slovak Republic 3.53 3.13 Slovenia 38.9 24.3 Tajikistan 75.5 28.9 Turkey 3180.69 1285.6997 Turkmenistan 30.3 3.94 Ukraine 892.02 232.818 Uzbekistan 285 122.8 Total ECA Region 15196.392 6076.8716