REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER & NATURAL RESOURCES NORTHERN WATER SERVICES BOARD (NWSB) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) PROJECT REPORT FOR PROPOSED KINNA WATER SUPPLY PROJECT UNDER NORTHERN WATER SERVICES BOARD Works carried out under Contract No.: CWSB/WaSSIP-AF/C/37/2016 Zamconsult Consulting Engineers Limited DECEMBER 2017 Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Name and Address of Proponent: Northern Water Services Board P.O. Box 495-70100 Garissa - Kenya , Kenya Signed: ____________________________Date: 8th December 2017 Eng Zablon I. Oonge PhD Lead Environmental Expert NEMA Reg. No 0217 For: NWSB Disclaimer This Environmental Impact Assessment report is being submitted in accordance with the terms and conditions of Contract in respect of provision of consultancy services for Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report on the Proposed Kinna Town Water Supply Project. It has been carried out in full observance of the ESIA regulations (Kenya Gazette Notice No. 56 of 13 June 2003) in compliance with the Environmental Management and Coordination (Amended) Act, 2015 and subject to terms and conditions of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) 2 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION The Government of Kenya in partnership with the International Development Association (IDA) under the titles of Borrower and bank respectively have arranged for credit towards the cost of Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project – Additional Financing (WaSSIP- AF). This funding is channeled through several water Services Boards of which the Coast Water Services Board and Northern Water Services Boards form part. Coast Water Services Board (CWSB) and Northern Water Services Boards are independent Parastatal (Government Owned and Autonomous) created under the Water Act, 2016 but established through separate Gazette Notices. They operate under the Parent Ministry of Water and Irrigation and in accordance with: The provisions and regulations of the Water Act, 2016, The State Corporation Act Cap 446, Other Relevant Provisions of the Laws of Kenya and Rules and Regulations given in form of circulars by the Parent Ministry and Ministry of Finance. The Northern Water Services Board which is a Parastatal covering seven counties of the Northern Kenya region access this funding through the Coast water services Board which is another agency covering the Coast of Kenya region. This is so because it was decided that the CWSB had the capacity to undertake the project having handled World Bank funded projects before. The seven counties and sub counties covered by Northern water Serviced Board region are as tabulated in table 1.1 hereunder. Table 1.1 Counties in the NWSB Region S/No County Sub counties 1 Garissa County Garissa, Ijara, Daadab, Lagdera and Fafi 2 Wajir County Wajir South, Habaswein, Wajir East, Wajir North and Wajir West. 3 Mandera County Mandera East, Mandera South, Mandera North, Mandera West, Lafey and Banissa 4 Marsabit County Moyale, Marsabit central, Laisamis, Loyangalani, 5 Isiolo Isiolo, Garbatula and Merti 6 Samburu Samburu East, Samburu Central and Samburu North 7 Laikipia Laikipia East, Laikipia West, Laikipia North i ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Map 1.1 Counties in the NWSB Region Figure 1-1 Google Maps image of project area ii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report The main objective of for this project is aimed at improving the access to water for the Kinna people by increasing the water supply by approximately 480m3/day at the end of the project period. For this to be realized, Kanchoradi borehole 1 which is already in existence ought to be equipped with a standby power generating set, submersible pump and other accessories. Water distribution lines of 4.5km in length will be laid of which will entail ;2km long of 110mm diameter uPVC Class C, 1km long of 90mm diameter uPVC Class C, 500m long of 75mm diameter uPVC Class C, 500m long of 63mm diameter uPVC Class C. An elevated tank of 100m3 will be elevated on a 15m high steel tower and also 4 water kiosks will be rehabilitated. Kanchoradi borehole 2 which was drilled in the year 2014 financed by WASSIP will also be equipped with a Power Generating set, Pump and a 10m3 plastic Tank which is installed on a 10m high GI Tower. This is the borehole being targeted for integration into the water supply system under this project. The Proposed Kinna Water Supply Project is estimated to cost Kshs 53,422,432.36 which is about 53,422 USD Equivalent. Kinna experiences perennial drought and hence the need for a sustainable solution to this chronic problem of lack of sufficient safe water. The consulting services will therefore cover the town of Kinna and its environs expected to be along the water transmission routes and around the water source. The center is in Kinna location of Kinna Division under Garbatulla Sub County of Isiolo County. The town is located at approximately 260 Kilometers to the North West of Garissa Township via the Garissa – Modogashe - Benane -Garbatulla Kinna Road. Garbatulla town which is its sub county headquarters is located approximately 50km to the East of Kinna, while Maua a renowned town of Meru County is located some 48 kilometers to the western side of the project area. In order to address the challenges of inadequate water supply experienced in the Kinna area, NWSB through the CWSB engaged Zamconsult Consulting Engineers to undertake an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment in order to acquire a NEMA license before the commencement of the projects. The report is to capture all guidelines that have been provided by the World Bank. In compliance with the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, the Consultant carried out the Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Works in order to develop an ESIA report for submission to NEMA. NEMA would thereafter issue a license in order for the works to proceed METHODOLOGY The ESIA was carried out in a manner considered to be commensurate with the scale, technicality and sensitivity of the project. The chief stages in the process included proposal definition, screening, scoping, key informant & household consultations, impact assessment, mitigation, review, decision making and monitoring. To maintain high standards for this ESIA, recommendations have been inculcated into the project development process. This is meant to serve as a stepping-stone to consent from environmental regulators and financial backers and a management tool for use during project planning and execution. It will iii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report also help evade unnecessary impacts, delays and unanticipated costs. By use of a holistic approach, the consultant obtained the necessary baseline data and information on the key aspects of the ESIA study. The following two major data collection and analysis processes were applied to carry out the ESIA. 1. Desktop studies 2. Field investigations The main purpose of the field investigation was to verify information and data collected during the desktop study and earlier field investigation and collection of any new information that may assist in the assessment of impacts and design mitigation measures. LEGAL FRAME WORK There are several laws and regulations that exist that govern issues of environmental concern in Kenya. Some of those relevant to water and sanitation issues include the Environmental Management Co-ordination Act, the Water Act 2016 and the Public Health Act, among others. However, the most significant act that specifically addresses the issues of environmental impacts of development projects, including those on housing development, roads, water and sanitation, is the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 2015. The Kenya Government's Environmental Policy aims at integrating Environmental Aspects into National Development Plans. The broad Objectives of the National Environmental Policy include: Optimal use of natural land and water resources in improving the quality of Human Environment; Sustainable use of natural resources to meet the needs of the present generations while preserving their ability to meet the needs of future generations; Integration of Environmental Conservation and Economic Activities into the process of sustainable development; Meeting national goals and international obligations by conserving bio-diversity, arresting desertification, mitigating effects of disasters, protecting the ozone layer and maintaining an ecological balance on earth. Kenya has approximately 77 statutes which relate to Environmental concerns. Most of these statutes are sector specific, covering issues such as public health, soil erosion, protected areas, endangered species, water rights and water quality, air quality, noise and vibration, cultural, historical, scientific and archaeological site, land use, resettlement, etc. Previously, Environmental Management Activities were implemented through a variety of instruments such as policy statements and sectorial laws and also through permits and licenses. For example, the Physical Planning Act of 1996 empowers local authorities to request existing facilities to conduct environmental assessments, while under the Local Government Act of 1998, it is an offence to emit smoke, fumes or dust which may be a source of danger, discomfort or annoyance. With the enactment of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Bill in December 1999, the institutional framework for environmental management was strengthened. iv ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report In addition to the local legislation, the Consultant identified the various World Bank operational policies relevant to the project. Some of these policies include Operational Policy (OP) 4.01, OP 4.04, OP 4.11, as well as the World Bank Policy on Access to Information, 2010 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS The general environmental and social impacts which may result from the proposed project is presented in this chapter. The emphasis will be initially on the specific impacts that are likely to result from the nature of works (e.g. trenching, excavation, laying of pipelines and construction of water kiosks) and works category (e.g. water supply). A minimal range of environmental and social implications will surely arise from the Kinna water supply project, notably along the pipeline routes and also at the borehole site. In general, successful implementation of the project will have high socio and economic benefits to the people and will contribute to the health and wellbeing. Overall, expected negative impacts are related to pipeline and associated works such as construction of the valve chambers, washouts and water kiosks. These impacts are localized and not considered significant and long-lasting and can be mitigated through appropriate mitigation measures. The severity and duration of these impacts can be minimized by ensuring that the excavation and construction works are limited to short working sections, and that works are carried out rapidly and efficiently. Nevertheless, environmental impact assessments (ESIA) are now recognized as an essential component in any development project and as an important decision-making tool, and the appropriate procedures were followed. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN This was prepared to reduce, minimize or altogether eliminate the adverse impacts. Positive impacts are project enhancements and do not require mitigation. Environmental / Mitigation Action Plan Responsibility Social Impact Loss of flora and Site clearance should be limited to the fauna minimum area required for the execution of the works. Contractor The records of the number and tree species cut Supervisor – to be kept. project Engineer to consult Replanting of the trees after the completion of the project. v ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental / Mitigation Action Plan Responsibility Social Impact Top soil should be stockpiled separately from KFS on appropriate the subsoil. After completion of works, the replanting subsoil should be backfilled first then top soil seedlings should be restored on top to facilitate natural regeneration of those areas. Sub-County Environmental officer Air pollution Vehicles and other equipment emissions Contractor would be kept to a minimum by servicing and maintaining the equipment to manufacturer’s Supervising specification. In, addition the contractor to be Engineer encouraged to use unleaded and low sulphur content petrol and diesel respectively for all equipment and vehicles The Contractor should also make use of the readily available labor for carrying out construction activities. Loss of structures, Follow recommendations of the RAP NWSB/County Loss of livelihoods, screening report. However, the pipelines are government/Nation Loss of housing located along within existing road reserves al Land with no encroachment of businesses in the Commission pipeline routes as such there will be no loss of housing, livelihoods and land and therefore no need for RAP. Noise and Dust Use protective clothing like helmets and dust Contractor masks on construction crew. Supervising Avoid night time construction when noise is Engineer loudest. Avoid night-time construction using heavy machinery, from 22:00 to 6:00 near residential areas; No discretionary use of noisy machinery within 50m of residential areas; vi ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental / Mitigation Action Plan Responsibility Social Impact Good maintenance and proper operation of construction machinery to minimize noise generation; Installation of temporary sound barriers if necessary; and Construction sites and transportation routes will be water-sprayed on dry and windy days up to three times a day, especially if these sites are near sensitive receptors, such as residential areas or institutions. Impacts on Cultural Use of “chance find” procedures provided in Contractor Heritage the appendices Supervising Engineer County Officer- Water Energy and Natural Resources NWSB Community Leaders Local Administration Generation of solid Provide adequate waste disposal facilities. Contractor and liquid waste Ensure collection of all solid waste from generation points, safe transportation to a Supervising central point where they are sorted out and Engineer safely disposed according to type to protect the WSP environmental resources. Put in place adequate and efficient sanitary facilities for handling liquid waste especially waste water to protect the river from pollution. vii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental / Mitigation Action Plan Responsibility Social Impact Pit latrines can be used in areas where the other services are not available or feasible Pollution of water Ensure proper solid and liquid wastes disposal Contractor, resources mainly from the construction camps and offices. Supervising Engineer Ensure proper measures are in place for collection and disposal of spilled oils and County Water lubricants. Officer Health and safety Provision of Personal Protective Equipment Contractor (ear muffs, gloves, dust masks and helmets) for the construction crew Supervising Engineer Employ a safety and health officer on site. NWSB Provide First aid kit and appropriate procedures and safety measures Ensure that all construction machines and equipment are in good working conditions to prevent occupational hazards. Provide workers training on safety procedures and emergency response such as fire, oil and chemical spills, pipe bursts and other serious water loss risks. Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness, prevention and management of HIV/AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia and workshops or during community Barazas. Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of drinking water. Provide condom dispensers at appropriate locations coupled with awareness campaigns viii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental / Mitigation Action Plan Responsibility Social Impact to workers and surrounding communities on HIV/AIDS throughout the construction period Provide enough toilets within the camp Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito breeding sites. Provide appropriate human and solid waste disposal facilities In general comply with operating occupational health and safety law requirements Unaccounted For Ensure proper and accurate records on WSP Water (UFW) production and consumption are kept through metering to detect any UFW in the system. beneficiaries Have a leak detection program to identify aging pipes for replacement to control UFW. Any leakages and bursts to be repaired promptly. If these standards are met the tariffs are likely to be within affordable range. Gender balance Ensure equitable distribution of employment The contractor opportunities between men and women The Supervising Provide toilets and bathrooms for both male Engineer and female workers on site Service Delivery Provide appropriate signage to warn motorists The Contractor and other road users of the construction activities, diversion routes to ward off traffic accidents. Communicate any intended disruption of the services to enable the people to prepare e.g. by having emergency water storage and provision facilities. ix ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental / Mitigation Action Plan Responsibility Social Impact Areas being trenched to be temporarily cordoned off to avoid people and animals accidentally falling into open trenches. In the event that delivery trucks damage parts of the road, repair the spots in consultation with the local authorities. Provide adequate water storage facilities to ensure adequate supplies to meet the new demand. Ensure proper maintenance of the water works Use pipes of good quality materials x ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Public participation is a very important component of ESIA studies. For this project, public consultation was conducted at two levels namely:  Direct interviews with individuals in the project area were done on the 5th June 2017  Interviews with key informants in the project area were done on the 5th June 2017 MONITORING, REVIEW AND EVALUATION This consists of measures to be used to monitor the effects on a long term basis, including the collection of data, the analysis of data, and the enforcement procedures which are available to ensure implementation of the project as per the ESMP. Appropriate monitoring indicators have also been outlined. These include but not limited to:  Parameters of ambient air quality (particulates, NO and CO),  Number of complaints by local people on dust and additional traffic, etc.  Incidence rates of dust induced lung diseases.  Levels of air pollution.  Parameters of EMCA Noise and excessive vibrations Regulations  Number of complaints by local people on noise and vibrations  Parameters of EMCA Water Quality Regulations 2006 and others such as WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.  Parameters of EMCA Waste Management Regulations 2006 and others such as OSHA.  Number of occupational related accidents or fatalities over a period of time including police records on injuries and fatality rates.  Prevalence rates for STI’s and HIV.  Availability of condoms, and contraceptive supply. Overall, it is recommended that a monitoring team be established to ensure regular monitoring, review and evaluation throughout all the phases of the project. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The ESIA concludes that the project will have substantial positive environmental benefits. It will supply sufficient potable water to meet projected future demands of domestic and other uses in the project area. The pipelines will be laid along the road reserves and no structures will be affected and therefore no need for the resettlement action plan. The adverse impacts on the physical and natural environment will be “in sum total,” not significant, and can be handled through the recommended mitigation measures. There are incremental costs required to achieve these. i ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ....................................................................................... 3 1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE.......................................................................................... 3 1.3 ESIA OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 4 1.4 PROJECT LOCATION............................................................................................... 5 1.5 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 6 2 proposed project Description and alternatives .................................................................... 7 2.1 the background of the proposed project ...................................................................... 8 2.2 Design Component .................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Project Cost ............................................................................................................... 14 3 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT ........................................................................... 15 3.1 Alternative Sites for Setting up the improvements ................................................... 15 3.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS .......................................................... 15 3.3 No Action Alternative ............................................................................................... 15 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 16 4.1 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 16 4.2 TOPOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 16 4.3 Geology and soils ...................................................................................................... 17 4.4 DRAINAGE .............................................................................................................. 17 4.5 BIODIVERSITY ....................................................................................................... 18 4.6 social-ECONOMIC INFRUSTRUCTURE............................................................... 18 4.6.1 Education ........................................................................................................... 18 4.6.2 Health Facilities ................................................................................................. 19 4.6.3 Livestock keeping .............................................................................................. 19 4.6.4 Crop farming ...................................................................................................... 19 4.6.5 Tourism .............................................................................................................. 20 4.6.6 Business ............................................................................................................. 20 4.6.7 Transport industry .............................................................................................. 20 4.6.8 Religion .............................................................................................................. 20 4.6.9 Water sources ..................................................................................................... 21 4.6.10 Boreholes water quality and quantity ................................................................ 21 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC SURVEY ....................................... 23 5.1 Population dynamics and household characteristics ................................................. 23 5.2 Socio-economic activities and land use patterns ....................................................... 24 5.3 Drinking Water Issues ............................................................................................... 28 i ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 5.3.1 Sources and Quality of Drinking Water............................................................. 28 5.3.2 Distance To and Ownership of Drinking Water Sources ................................... 30 5.3.3 Cost of Drinking Water ...................................................................................... 32 5.3.4 Common mode of transporting water and the challenges they face .................. 33 5.4 Waste Disposal .......................................................................................................... 33 5.4.1 Existing Waste Disposal Systems ...................................................................... 34 5.5 Availability of Toilet Facilities ................................................................................. 34 5.6 Awareness of the Proposed Project ........................................................................... 35 5.7 Perceived Impacts of the Proposed Project ............................................................... 36 5.8 Common Diseases & Medical Interventions Taken .................................................. 39 5.9 HIV/AIDs Issues ....................................................................................................... 41 5.9.1 Awareness and Sources of Information ............................................................. 41 5.9.2 HIV/AIDs Testing and Prevention..................................................................... 43 5.10 Environmental Issues in the Project Area ................................................................. 44 5.10.1 Key Issues of Environmental Concern .............................................................. 44 5.10.2 On-going Environmental Conservation Initiatives ............................................ 45 6 Relevant legislative/regulatory FRAME WORK ............................................................. 47 6.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION (AMENDED) ACT OF 2015 ............................................................................................... 47 6.2 THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION AMENDED ACT 2015 AND ITS TOOLS .............................................................................................. 48 6.2.1 Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 ................... 48 6.2.2 Water Quality Regulations (2006) ..................................................................... 48 6.2.3 The Environmental Management and Coordination (waste management) Regulation, 2006 ............................................................................................................... 48 6.2.4 EMCA (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009 49 6.2.5 Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2009 49 6.2.6 Water act 2016 ................................................................................................... 50 6.2.7 The public health act (CAP. 242) ...................................................................... 50 6.2.8 The Constitution of Kenya 2010 ........................................................................ 50 6.2.9 The Land Act, 2012 ........................................................................................... 51 6.2.10 Physical Planning Act (Cap 286) ....................................................................... 51 6.2.11 Occupational Health and Safety Act .................................................................. 51 6.2.12 The HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act ............................................... 51 6.2.13 National Gender and Development Policy ........................................................ 51 6.2.14 The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 ......................................................................... 52 6.2.15 The Children Act, 2001...................................................................................... 52 ii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 6.2.16 The County Governments Act, 2012 ................................................................. 52 6.2.17 World Bank Operational Policies ...................................................................... 52 6.3 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION AND WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS) GUIDELINES ........................... 54 7 PUBLIC Consultation....................................................................................................... 55 7.1 LEGAL REQUIREMENT ........................................................................................ 55 7.1.1 Government Policy on Public Consultation ....................................................... 55 7.2 PERSONS OR AGENCIENCIES CONSULTED .................................................... 55 7.2.1 Overview from the Chairman- Water Users Association .................................. 56 7.2.2 Overview from the Medical Officer .................................................................. 56 7.2.3 Overview of KWS Officer-Mr. Tom Piyo ......................................................... 56 7.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ..................................................................................... 56 7.3.1 Findings of the Meetings ................................................................................... 56 8 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ............ 58 8.1.1 Impact Identification .......................................................................................... 66 8.1.2 Impact Prediction ............................................................................................... 66 8.1.3 Mitigation of Impacts ......................................................................................... 67 8.1.4 Impact Category ................................................................................................. 67 8.1.5 Impacts emanating from the proposed project ................................................... 68 8.1.6 Planning Phase Impacts ..................................................................................... 68 8.1.7 Construction Phase Impacts ............................................................................... 68 8.1.8 Impacts during operation and maintenance ....................................................... 76 8.1.9 Impacts during de-commissioning ..................................................................... 79 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMMP) ................................................................................................................................. 80 9.1 Possible Enhancement Measures .............................................................................. 80 9.2 Mitigation measures .................................................................................................. 80 9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ................................. 88 9.4 Implementation arrangements- Role and responsibilities of each actor ................... 94 9.4.1 Contractor .......................................................................................................... 94 9.4.2 Supervising Engineer ......................................................................................... 94 9.4.3 County officer (Water, Energy and natural resources) ...................................... 94 9.4.4 Northern water services board ........................................................................... 94 9.4.5 Local administration .......................................................................................... 95 9.4.6 Kinna WSP......................................................................................................... 95 9.4.7 Environmental supervisor. ................................................................................. 95 9.5 GRIVANCES REDRESS MECHANISMS .............................................................. 96 iii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................. 97 11 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 98 12 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 99 12.1 APPENDIX 1 SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE ............................................................. 99 12.2 Chemical Analysis of Kinna Kanchoradi Boreholes............................................... 103 12.3 SUMMARY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION ....................................................... 107 12.3.1 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at the chief’s office at kina location on the 5th June 2016 at 11.00 am...................................................................... 107 12.3.2 List of Attendance ............................................................................................ 109 12.3.3 Public Consultation Photos .............................................................................. 112 12.4 “CHANCE FIND” PROCEDURES ....................................................................... 114 iv ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Google Maps image of project area .........................................................................ii Figure 1-1 Borehole Locations .................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2-1Electoral/Political Organization Map of Isiolo West Constituency where Kinna forms Part ................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2-2Administrative Boundaries of Isiolo County ............................................................ 8 Figure 2-3 Kanchoradi borehole I ............................................................................................ 10 Figure 2-4Standby Generator at Kachorandi 1 Borehole ........................................................ 10 Figure 2-5 Kanchoradi borehole 2 ........................................................................................... 11 Figure 2-6Consultant Seeking Clarification from the Borehole Attendant ............................. 11 Figure 2-7: Distribution Networks ........................................................................................... 13 Figure 4-1: Kinna’s Topography ............................................................................................. 17 Figure 4-2: Rocks at Kinna ...................................................................................................... 17 Figure 4-3Section of Kinna Health Centre .............................................................................. 19 Figure 5-1: Household members by age group ........................................................................ 23 Figure 5-2: Education level of Kinna residents ....................................................................... 24 Figure 5-3: Economic activity of the household heads ............................................................ 25 Figure 5-4: Crops grown in Kinna ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 5-5: Livestock kept in Kinna ........................................................................................ 26 Figure 5-6: businesses conducted in Kinna ............................................................................. 26 Figure 5-7: Average household income per month.................................................................. 27 Figure 5-8: Religions practiced in Kinna ................................................................................. 27 Figure 5-9: common fuel used in Kinna .................................................................................. 28 Figure 5-10: common sources of water in Kinna..................................................................... 28 Figure 5-11: Perceived water quality in Kinna ........................................................................ 29 Figure 5-12: Frequency of fetching water in Kinna................................................................. 29 Figure 5-13: Adequacy of water supply in Kinna .................................................................... 30 Figure 5-14: distance of the water sources .............................................................................. 31 Figure 5-15: ownership of the water sources ........................................................................... 31 Figure 5-16: payment for water ............................................................................................... 32 Figure 5-17: Cost of water in Kinna ........................................................................................ 32 Figure 5-18: Transportation of water in Kinna ........................................................................ 33 Figure 5-19: challenges faced in transporting water ................................................................ 33 Figure 5-20: methods of disposing waste in Kinna ................................................................. 34 Figure 5-21: households that own toilets ................................................................................. 35 Figure 5-22: The common type of toilet in Kinna ................................................................... 35 Figure 5-23: knowledge on the proposed project .................................................................... 36 Figure 5-24: The figure shows the effects of the proposed works ........................................... 37 Figure 5-25 Positive effects of the project ............................................................................... 37 Figure 5-26: negative effects of the project ............................................................................. 38 Figure 5-27: mitigation measures that would be undertaken to reduce the negative effects of the project................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 5-28: common diseases in Kinna .................................................................................. 39 Figure 5-29: The figure shows the measure taken when the Residents are sick ...................... 40 Figure 5-30: ownership status of the health facilities in Kinna ............................................... 40 Figure 5-31: distance of the health facilities ............................................................................ 41 i ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 5-32: awareness of HIV/AIDS in Kinna ...................................................................... 42 Figure 5-33: sources of HIV/AIDS .......................................................................................... 42 Figure 5-34: household members affected by HIDS/AIDS ..................................................... 43 Figure 5-35: The awareness of Kinna residents on the prevention of HIV/AIDS ................... 44 Figure 5-36: awareness of HIV/AIDS voluntary testing areas in Kinna ................................. 44 Figure 5-37: environmental issues of concern in Kinna .......................................................... 45 Figure 5-38: environmental conservation initiatives in Kinna ................................................ 45 Figure 5-39: The groups involved in conserving the environment in Kinna ........................... 46 Figure 5-40: how the proposed project will help in conserving the environment ................... 46 Figure 13-1Chemical Analysis of Kinna Kanchoradi Borehole II ........................................ 103 Figure 13-2Kachoradi borehole 1 tested yield ....................................................................... 104 Figure 13-3Public Consultation Meeting List of Attendance ................................................ 111 Figure 13-4 Consultant giving a presentation on the water supply projects .......................... 112 Figure 13-5Chief seeking clarification .................................................................................. 112 Figure 13-6 The public listening to the consultant ................................................................ 113 Figure 13-7Water Users Association Chairman raising a concern ........................................ 113 ii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report TABLE OF TABLES Table 2-1Cost Estimate ............................................................................................................ 14 Table 4-1 Public Primary Schools ........................................................................................... 18 Table 4-2 Private Primary Schools .......................................................................................... 19 Table 4-3 Present Domestic Water Demands (m3/day) .......................................................... 21 Table 4-4 Institutional Water Demands (m3/day) ................................................................... 21 Table 4-5 Present, Initial, Future and Ultimate Daily Commercial Water Demands (m3/day) .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Table 4-6 Summary of water demand (m3/day) ...................................................................... 22 Table 4-7 Comparison of water production against Overall water Demand m3/day .............. 22 Table 6-1 Permissible Noise Level for a Construction Site ..................................................... 49 Table 6-2 IFC regulations for permissible noise levels ........................................................... 49 Table 8-1 Characterization of expected impacts ...................................................................... 59 Table 8-2 Noise level Guidelines ............................................................................................. 77 Table 9-1: The Proposed Environmental and Social Mitigation and Management Plan (ESMMP) ................................................................................................................................. 80 Table 9-2: Proposed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ........................................... 90 Table 9-3: Table Showing a Sample Grievance Form ............................................................. 96 Table 12-1Water Consumption Rates Guideline ................................................................... 105 i ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report LIST OF ACRONYMS AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CBD Central Business District CBO Community Based Organization EMCA Environment Management Coordination ACT ESMMP Environmental and Social Mitigation and Management Plan ESMP Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan TOR- Terms of reference OHS- Occupation health and safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment G.O.K Government of Kenya HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ID No. Identity Card Number Kshs. Kenya Shillings KFS Kenya Forestry Service KWS Kenya Wildlife Service NWSB Northern Water Services Board CWSB Coast Water Services Board NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization PAP Project Affected Person PPE Personal Protective Equipment STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases WRMA Water Resources Management Authority i ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report WSB Water Services Board WSP Water Services Provider WSS Water Supply and Sanitation Services m3 cubic metres M Meters Km- kilometers P.a- per annum Mm- millimeters GHG Greenhouse Gas Emissions ii ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT Kinna Town depends on ground water for its water needs. The present water production is estimated at 80m3/day which is far below the overall demand. With the equipping of the boreholes, the total water production is estimated to rise to 396, 715m3/day. However, due to limitation of power supply, the boreholes are not connected to electricity and therefore rely on generators A part from limitation of power, the supplying has other two challenges namely:- 1. The water supply is not adequately reaching the designated communal water point's people due to poor design combined with the poor state of the infrastructure. 2. Kanchoradi borehole I is in a poor condition with the Gen-set and pump not working efficiently. While Kanchoradi borehole II has not been connected to the system. 3. Widespread poverty that makes it difficult for the residents to pay for water service 4. Persistent bursts of the Rising Main owing to its poor class of pipe. 5. Inadequate capacity on the part of the WUA who are running the service hence impeding their ability to deliver. In order to stimulate economic growth and end perennial water problem in Kinna Town, the Northern water services board assisted with the world bank intends to Rehabilitate and Augment Kinna town Water Supply. Further support through capacity building and institutional strengthening will consolidate the gains in the water provision sector thereby bringing about improvement and sustainable infrastructure development. The proposed Kinna water supply project is targeted at investments on equipping of Kanchoradi borehole 1 and Kanchoradi borehole 2 and also the laying of a combined 4.5 km long 90mm uPVC Main Class D (Pressure class 12.5MPa) as the rising main and laying the 4km distribution lines as here below  2km long of 110mm diameter uPVC Class C  1km long of 90mm diameter uPVC Class C  500m long of 75mm diameter uPVC Class C  500m long of 63mm diameter uPVC Class C  Erect 1No. 100m3 elevated tank on a 15m high Steel Tower  Construct/Rehabilitate 4No. Water kiosks. 1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE 3 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report The TOR requires that an ESIA Study of proposed water supply system be carried out. The ESIA study will therefore be a study of potential environmental impacts of the project. An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) with comprehensive mitigation measures and environmental monitoring plan will be drawn and the proponent advised accordingly. The analysis includes, but not limited to the following:  Evaluation on the project impacts on flora, fauna, soils, air, water and identification of other impacts likely to be generated by the proposed project  A description of actions taking place during the main phases of the project (construction, operation, and maintenance) which could lead to environmental damage;  Preparation of plan drawings which show the location of the facility relative to the local bio-physical and socio-cultural environmental features;  Identification of the potential impacts of the facility relative to surrounding land use  Preparation of an action plan for the repair of the damage done and for the prevention of any negative effects resulting from the new work.  Formulation of a plan to prevent anticipated undesirable impacts from being actualized.  Evaluation of the relationship of the proposed project to existing policies, legislation and institutional framework; 1.3 ESIA OBJECTIVES The overall objective of the ESIA is to ensure that all environmental consequences due to the construction and operation of the proposed Kinna town water supply system are evaluated and addressed as part of the mitigation measures incorporated into the proposed Kinna town water supply system. The specific objectives of the assignment are:  Analyzing the physical, biological, and socio-economic environment of the project area with respect to results of the proposed project’s preliminary design.  Screening of potential issues, concerns and impacts relative to siting, construction and operation of various designed components to distinguish those that are likely to be significant for a particular subcomponent and warranting further study.  Recommending measures to mitigate adverse issues, concerns and impacts, to aid the detailed design process.  Preparing a preliminary Environmental and social Management Plan indicating impact areas, recommended mitigation measures, and method of monitoring impacts, particularly during construction and operation phases.  Proposing an Environmental Monitoring Plan (ESMP) and the Institutional Set Up For Implementation of the above Environmental Management Plan.  To fulfil the legal requirements as outlined in section 58 to 69 of the Act and Regulation 7 of the EIA Regulations.  To obtain background biophysical information of the site, legal and regulatory issues associated with the project;  To assess the legal and regulatory framework governing the project;  To allow for public participation; 4 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  To lower project cost in the long term;  To compile an ESIA Project Report for submission to NEMA. Generally, ESIA also aims to ensure that development projects are implemented in a sustainable manner. Sustainable development is increasingly becoming a common synonym to environmental management in infrastructure development. It refers to a pattern of resource use that is aimed at meeting present day human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met in future generations. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. 1.4 PROJECT LOCATION Kinna is located in Isiolo County of Kenya. Kinna is located at coordinates at coordinates 0° 19' 18" North, 38° 12' 24" East. The center is in Kinna location of Kinna Division under Garbatulla Sub County of Isiolo County. The town is located at approximately 260 Kilometers to the North West of Garissa Township via the Garissa – Modogashe - Benane -Garbatulla Kinna Road. Garbatulla town which is its sub county headquarters is located approximately 50km to the East of Kinna, while Maua a renowned town of Meru County is located some 48 kilometers to the western side of the project area. Figure 1-1 Borehole Locations 5 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 1.5 METHODOLOGY The ESIA was undertaken at a level that was considered to be commensurate with the scale, complexity and sensitivity of the project. The key stages in the process included proposal definition, screening which included key informant & household consultations, impact assessment, mitigation, review, decision-making and monitoring, as part of the preparation of this project report. For this ESIA to be good, recommendations have been integrated into the project development process. This should not be seen as a barrier to development or as an unnecessary cost. As well as being a stepping-stone to consent from environmental regulators and financial backers, it is a management tool for use during project planning and execution and will help avoid unnecessary impacts, delays and unexpected costs. The consultant used a holistic approach to obtain the necessary baseline data and information on the below-listed aspects of the ESIA. An in-depth desk study, field observation, and wide consultation with stakeholders, key informant interviews and structured socio-economic interviews were carried out so as to obtain the requisite data and information on the following themes:  Human Environment including; Socio-economic, Socio-cultural and Socio-legal  Natural Environment including; Flora, Fauna, Soil, Water, Air, Climate and Landscape  Built environment including; Material Assets, Historical /Archaeological Sites and Monuments and  Aesthetic Environment The consultant used the available information to derive or predict or assess impacts and classify them under human, natural and built environment at pre-construction stage, Construction Stage and Operation stage of each project sub-component. Any negative impact was widely assessed and the most suitable mitigation measure apportioned as a solution to the problem. Positive impacts were noted as such and further reinforced by statements of actions that enhance their productivity and sustainability in the development process during and after the implementation of the project. ESIA was done for all the stages of the project including planning, construction, and operation and decommissioning. 6 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 2 PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND ALTERNATIVES The project is located at Kinna Town Isiolo County as shown in the map below: Figure 2-1Electoral/Political Organization Map of Isiolo West Constituency where Kinna forms Part 7 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 2-2Administrative Boundaries of Isiolo County The project intends to improve the water supply in Kinna town and its environs through  Equipping of Kanchoradi borehole 1 (the old borehole) with a standby Power Generating set, Submersible pump and other accessories.  Laying a combined 4.5 km long 90mm uPVC Main Class D (Pressure class 12.5MPa) as the rising main  Laying 4km of distribution lines as here below  2km long of 110mm diameter uPVC Class C  1km long of 90mm diameter uPVC Class C  500m long of 75mm diameter uPVC Class C  500m long of 63mm diameter uPVC Class C  Erect 1No. 100m3 elevated tank on a 15m high Steel Tower  Construct/Rehabilitate 4No. Water kiosks.  Equip Saldiq community with a 50m3 Elevated Steel Tank on a 10m high Tower 2.1 THE BACKGROUND OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 8 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Currently, Kinna town is served by water from the Kachoradi borehole 1 which was drilled in the year 2009 with the aid of the funds from the Northern Water Services Board and Kachoradi 2 which was drilled in 2014 from the with the help of Wassip funds. Kanchoradi borehole 2 has not been connected to the existing water supply. Nevertheless, the borehole was equipped with a Power Generating set, Pump and a 10m3 plastic Tank which is installed on a 10m high GI Tower. The borehole is targeted for the integration into the water supply system under this project. Konchoradi 1 borehole has a yield of 20m3hr but has not been fully equipped. The borehole is connected to the hospital storage tank through its mains. Its rising mains were constructed with the help of the Kenya Red Cross. However, the rising main has been plagued by bursts owing to the poor class of pipe used. The Rising main is dilapidated and leaking and hence in dire need of replacement. The storage tank situated at the health center compound with the capacity of 100m3 gravitates water to the four water kiosks in Kinna Town. The steel tank is hoisted on poorly done concrete columns. The tank is served by the Kanchoradi borehole I through the Rising main above. There are also 2No small Plastic Water tanks of 10m3 each hoisted on 6m high GI girders situated in the same compound. The two plastic tanks are meant to serve the Health Centre only. The town does not have individual connections as water is accessed through the communal water points (Water Kiosks) which are served via a 63mmm uPVC Distribution Mains. Unfortunately, the communal water points suffer low pressures most of the time as they are situated at relatively high places compare to the storage tank at the hospital which is meant to serve them hence cancelling the pressure head created by Elevating the Tank. The Water Supply is being run by the community through a Water User association. The WUA has employed 4 staff i.e. an operator and 3No. Kiosk attendants. However, the staff has little knowledge on water management and therefore needs capacity building in regard to water management. 9 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 2-3 Kanchoradi borehole I Figure 2-4Standby Generator at Kachorandi 1 Borehole 10 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 2-5 Kanchoradi borehole 2 Figure 2-6Consultant Seeking Clarification from the Borehole Attendant 11 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 2.2 DESIGN COMPONENT This chapter illustrates the criteria in which the raising mains will be laid together with the distribution mains networks of the water. It also illustrates the places where the tanks are located together with the borehole sites. 12 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 2-7: Distribution Networks 13 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 2.3 PROJECT COST The Proposed Kinna Water Supply Project is estimated to cost Kshs 50,000,000 which is about 500,000 USD Equivalent. Table 6 below has the details. Table 2-1Cost Estimate BOQ UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT NO. DESCRIPTION (KSHS) 1 Preliminaries and General Items 8,507,250 2 Equipping of Kanchoradi Boreholes 2,650,200 3 Rising Main 9,433,000 4 100M3 Steel Elevated Tank 4,778,600 5 Distribution System 9,095,900 Allow construction of 4No Water Kiosks complete with roof slab and 10m3 Plastic 6 Tank and related plumbing works 4 400,000 1,600,000 7 Cost of ESMP 2,005,600.00 SUB-TOTAL 1 FOR KINNA 36,064,950 50M3 Steel Elevated Tank for Saldiq 3,796,560 SUB-TOTAL 2 FOR KINNA & SALDIQ 41,867,110 Add 10% Contingencies 41,867,11 16% VAT 7,368,611.36 SUB-TOTAL 2 FOR KINNA & SALDIQ 53,422,432.36 14 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 3 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT This chapter highlights all the alternatives considered during the design of the improvements, these included looking at different locations as well as technology employed in the design. The following alternatives were considered. 3.1 ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR SETTING UP THE IMPROVEMENTS This alternative considered the setting up of new raising mains and the distribution networks. The current raising mains and distribution network are laid along the road reserves and provides water to the water kiosks. With this, it was considered wise to just rehabilitate the raising mains and the distribution networks and the new mains with the distribution networks will be laid along the road reserve. An alternative site for the tank was considered, however, its location was prone to cause resettlement issues even though land is communally owned and therefore the present location of the old tank was considered hence its rehabilitation. 3.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS The design arrived at took into consideration the available land. The pipelines will be laid along the road reserves and as such, there is no need for land acquisition. Land acquisition will upscale the cost of the project as compensation will need to be done and thereby also a crises of resettlement will arise. As such there is no design alternative that is foreseen as it will be a cost effective option in the longer term and environmentally sustainable. 3.3 NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE The No Action Alternative is the future without the planned Project. The alternative entails not rehabilitating the boreholes, raising mains and the distribution network together with avoiding the construction of any new raising mains and distribution networks and tanks. With this therefore, the people of Kinna will therefore continue to experience the perennial water shortage problem. The immediate and surrounding environment will continue to be negatively impacted due to water scarcity. In the long run, the biodiversity of Kinna will be negatively impacted. 15 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT 4.1 CLIMATE Kinna and indeed the most of the surrounding Divisions are classified as an arid zone. The neighboring Divisions which share the same ecology in the County are Central and Oldonyiro Divisions which together give a combined 30% of the total area of the County. This climate range extends from Barsalinga area to Archers Post-as well as the Garba Tulla areas. For the details refer to the Isiolo County Climatic Map 2.3 below. Four main seasons are identified in the County. These are the hot and dry season from mid- December; the long rains from the end of March to the end of May; the cool and dry season from June to September and the short rains from mid-October to mid-December. Monsoon winds are present throughout the year and they attain their peak during the months of June, July and August. Map 2.3 Isiolo County Climatic Map 4.2 TOPOGRAPHY The area is flat located on plain grassland with stone outcrops lagga. The mean annual temperatures range between 20 - 35°C. 16 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Relatively flat area with vegetation in Vegetation in Kinna Kinna Figure 4-1: Kinna’s Topography 4.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS The Geology of Kinna Town can be found in Report No. 103-Geology of the Isiolo area dated 1989 by Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Mines and Geological Department. Isiolo County is comprises interfaces of Tertiary and sediments of the Miocene, Jurassic/ Pleistocene period, alongside sediments of volcanic origin, mainly the tuffaceous volcanic sediments of the Tertiary period, with the former overlying the latter conformably at some points. The Miocene Sediments comprise mainly coral limestones, kunkar deposits, dolomites, gypsites and montmorrillonitic clays. The carbonate sediment aquifers are fairly productive but excessively salinized to the point of being intolerable for domestic and drinking purposes, considering the obvious bicarbonate concentrations and hardness. The Tertiary sediments are products of Tertiary igneous activity and comprise the following: Pumice, volcanic tuff, volcanic dusts, trachytes, and phonolites. The point of contact between the Tertiary and Pleistocene form highly productive aquifers. The site recommended for borehole sinking lies in one such contact zone comprising the Tertiary volcanics overlying the older beds of limestone sediments. Figure 4-2: Rocks at Kinna 4.4 DRAINAGE 17 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report The major source of water is from Kanchoradi borehole I from which water is pumped into the storage tank that is situated at the hospital compound from which it gravitates into the four Communal Water Points (Water Kiosks). Occasionally during the rainy season the populace rely on Seasonal springs/Rivers like the Murera River, which drains into river Tana at some point due west. These seasonal Rivers are located at a radius of at least a kilometer away. 4.5 BIODIVERSITY The County is surrounded by desert and semi desert rangelands. Seasonal Rivers provide water to the people of Kinna. Even though the rivers are seasonal, they provide water for livestock and for domestic consumption. The area is also rich in wildlife as it borders Meru National Reserve. A Baboon walking though the Shrubs A tortoise walking along the road at Kinna 4.6 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC INFRUSTRUCTURE 4.6.1 Education Kinna has a robust education system with 7 primary schools and one secondary school. 4.6.1.1 Primary Schools There are seven (7) primary schools five (5) of which are public while two are private schools. The tables below have the details: Table 4-1 Public Primary Schools S/ No School Population 1 Kinna Primary School 540 2 Garimadid Primary School 600 3 Qoticha Primary School 278 18 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 4 Aligani Girls Primary Schools 312 5 Wako Wario Mixed 215 Table 4-2 Private Primary Schools S/ No School Population 1 Rising Star Primary 180 School for the disadvantaged 2 Alimazuru Mixed 200 4.6.1.2 Secondary There is only one secondary school named Kinna Secondary Mixed School with a population of 260 students. 4.6.1.3 Tertiary Institutions There are no tertiary institutions based in Kina location. 4.6.2 Health Facilities The town has a Health Centre which was initially owned by the Ministry of Health and now by the Isiolo County Government. The facility is operational and is headed by a clinical officer. The facility has a bed capacity of 15 and an outpatient capacity of about 60 people per day. They offer the following services among others Curative In-patient Services, Family Planning, HIV Counselling and Testing and also Immunization Figure 4-3Section of Kinna Health Centre 4.6.3 Livestock keeping The keeping of livestock is a long held practice maintained by the Kinna residents and this accounts for most of the livelihood incomes in the pastoralist lifestyle. 4.6.4 Crop farming With a dry and dusty County and surrounding landscapes, Kinna plants are few and far between, and the nearby black lava desert adds even more lack of vegetation to the area. A few 19 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report scrubs can be found, and there are some areas set aside for agriculture, which break the sparseness of the landscapes. Most of the crop farmers practice on small scale for subsistence use because of the minimal rainfall of the area. The crop farming is practiced on irrigation from the borehole water. 4.6.5 Tourism Kinna wildlife is fairly scarce, with a fair range of domestic animals and occasional desert dwelling species such as hyrax, jackal, snakes, tortoises and an assortment of lizards to be seen. The town borders Meru National Park where large game including elephant, lion, cheetah and a number of antelope species can be found. Kinna birdlife is mostly limited to desert species. Kinna cultures include the following:  Livestock and trade plays a key role in sustenance and income  Food and drink is an important social tradition  Music and dance play a key role in many local cultures  Art and tribal dress varies for each tribe within the town As a small town with a low population, and a very arid and dry environment, the town is not known for its habitats. Water impurities, pollution, desertification and over grazing are some of the environmental concerns in Kinna. 4.6.6 Business Kinna town also supports a wide range of businesses. These include: retail/wholesale shops, hardware, chemists, agro vets, hawking, book shops, butcheries, open-air markets, groceries, hotels/bars and, among others 4.6.7 Transport industry Kinna local transport options include:  Car  Bus  Truck  Camels 4.6.8 Religion Islam is the religion of the Kinna Residents 20 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 4.6.9 Water sources Kinna town is served by the Northern Water Services Board. The people of Kinna have their own Water Users Association which are under NWSB. There is no sewage system in Kinna town. Water source is the seasonal rivers and the Kinna Kachoradi Springs. Other sources of water include boreholes, shallow wells, pans for human and livestock consumption. 4.6.10 Boreholes water quality and quantity The chemical analysis of the Kinna Kachoradi borehole 11 and the tested yield of Kachoradi 1 is highlighted at the Appendix 13.2. The water consumption rates guidelines are also provided in the Appendix 13.3. Consumption Present Initial Future (2027) Ultimate rate (2016) (2017) (2037) Population 11,154 11,830 21,307 38,373 Daily Demand for 30l/capita/day 335 355 639 1,151 3 Water (m /day) Table 4-3 Present Domestic Water Demands (m3/day) Water Demand m3/day Consumptio Present Initial Future Ultimate Institution Current n rate demand demand demand demand(2037 Population (2016) (2017) (2027) ) Boarding 50l/h/d 260 10.4 11.1 21.0 39.8 Schools Day Schools 5 l/h/d 2,325 11.625 12.4 23.5 44.5 200l/bed or Health Centre 5000 Lts 15 5 5.3 10.1 19.1 Minimum Administration 25 l/h/d 30 0.75 0.8 1.5 2.9 offices TOTAL 27.8 29.6 56.1 106.3 Table 4-4 Institutional Water Demands (m3/day) Category Rate Water Demand m3/day 21 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Units Present Initial Future Ultimate 2016 2017 2027 2037 Shops 50 l/d 20 1.00 1.07 2.02 3.83 Butcheries 100 l/d 6 0.60 0.64 1.21 2.30 Hotels/Tea shops 150 l/d 7 1.05 1.12 2.12 4.02 Lodges 500 l/d 5 2.50 2.67 5.05 9.57 Mosque 300 l/d 11 3.30 3.52 6.67 12.63 Garages 300l/d 4 1.20 1.28 2.42 4.59 Total - 9.65 10.29 19.49 36.93 Table 4-5 Present, Initial, Future and Ultimate Daily Commercial Water Demands (m3/day) Consumer Water Demand m3/day Category Present 2016 Initial 2017 Future 2027 Ultimate 2037 Domestic demand 335 355 639 1,151 Institutional demand 28 30 56 106 Commercial demand 10 11 20 37 TOTAL WATER 373 396 715 1,294 DEMAND(TWD) Table 4-6 Summary of water demand (m3/day) Water Demand m3/day Present 2016 Initial Future Ultimate 2037 2017 2027 Overall demand 373 396 715 1,294 Present production 772 772 772 772 Table 4-7 Comparison of water production against Overall water Demand m3/day 22 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC SURVEY The socio-economic situation of the area was captured based on findings of a household survey carried out using a structured questionnaire. The survey focused on various environmental and socio-economic features as presented in the preceding sub-sections. 5.1 POPULATION DYNAMICS AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS The general trend shows that most of the people fall in the 5-18 and 19-35 Yrs age groups as shown in figure 5-1 Household Members by Age Group Over 65 Yrs 49 - 65 Yrs 2% 7% 36 - 49 Yrs 9% 0 - 5 Yrs 17% 19 - 35 Yrs 27% 5 - 18 Yrs 38% Figure 5-1: Household members by age group The study established that most residents had attained basic education level as shown in Figure 5-2, hence they could read and write and thus they could concur with the information that was disclosed to them.28% had not attained any educational level and 48% had attained primary level, this indicates that there is low prevalence of the residents not being educated, and the need for the residents to be informed more about the project.. 23 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Household Literacy Level College/ university 6% Secondary None 18% 28% Primary 48% Figure 5-2: Education level of Kinna residents 5.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND LAND USE PATTERNS Formal employment (7%) is prevalent in Kinna town. Business (31%) is the main socio- economic activity practised in this region. There is need to create sustenance of the major socio- economic activity and innovating new ideas and activities in order not to pressure the major socio-economic activity. Figure5-3 shows that formal employment and business are the major activities hence there is need to diversify. 24 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Household Head Occupation / Economic Activity Informal employment 1% Pastoralism 13% Crop farming 23% Business 31% Livestock farming 25% Formal employment 7% Figure 5-3: Economic activity of the household heads Type of Crops Pawpaw 1% Vegetables Maize 31% 35% Beans Mangoes 25% 8% Figure 5-4: Crops grown in Kinna Maize is the major crop grown at kina at 35% followed by vegetables at 31% and Beans at 25%. 25 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Sheeps are the major livestock kept by Kinna residents at 39% as shown in figure5-5 Priority should also be given to other animals kept so that they may not be extinct from Kinna and the major livestock kept should be made a major resource for the area. Type of Livestock Camels Donkey 1% 1% Cow 24% Goats 35% Sheep 39% Figure 5-5: Livestock kept in Kinna Of the total population practising business, (25%) are into the Jua Kali sector while (20%) is onto shops.41% is into grocery business. With this trend, there is need for the diversification of the business opportunities to the local residents. Type of Business Shop 20% Grocery 41% Bodaboda 12% M-pesa Jua kali 2% 25% Figure 5-6: businesses conducted in Kinna Most Kinna residents (84%) earn less than KShs 15,000 while 16% earn above Kshs 15,000 as shown in figure. New income generating methods should be practised in order to increase the 26 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report per capital income of the households and the region in general. This indicates that the income generating methods isn’t sufficient enough. Average Household Income per Month Kshs. 30, 000 - 50,000 Kshs. 15, 000 - 30,000 2% 14% Less than Kshs. 15,000 84% Figure 5-7: Average household income per month Islam is the major religion practised at Kinna with 100% residents as shown in figure 5-8. Religion Muslim 100% Figure 5-8: Religions practiced in Kinna Firewood (92%) is the main source of energy for the community. There is need to revise the sources of energy by the community in order to avoid deforestation. The commonly used fuel does not sustain the environmental system hence may lead to expansion of the desert, other 27 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report economic and environmental friendly fuel are the least used as shown in figure. Kinna residents should be educated and trained on eco-friendly systems to avoid creating a future environment catastrophe Fuel used by Households Charcoal 8% Firewood 92% Figure 5-9: common fuel used in Kinna 5.3 DRINKING WATER ISSUES 5.3.1 Sources and Quality of Drinking Water The study established that the common sources of water in Kinna are protected spring/river., Private tab, and shallow wells. As indicated in Figure 5-10, 6% of the people are supplied by public taps while 2% rely on water from boreholes. This implies that the government needs to put in more efforts to increase fresh water supply to her people. Common Source of Water Unprotected spring 2% Private tap 24% Protected spring / river 39% Public tap 6% Borehole Shallow well 2% 27% Figure 5-10: common sources of water in Kinna In terms of water quality, this study observed that 69% of Kinna residents consider their fresh water supplies as of bad quality while the 1% deem their fresh water to be of good quality. This is illustrated in Figure 5-11.This disparity is reasonable as residents who do not receive public 28 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report tapped water rely on untreated freshwater sources such as shallow wells and boreholes. The ongoing water supply project, again, is expected to ensure that Kinna residents are supplied with water of the recommended quality. Water Quality Good 1% Fair 30% Bad 69% Figure 5-11: Perceived water quality in Kinna 43% of the population fetch water everyday, 36% fetch every alternate day of the week as shown in Figure5-12 . The government then should work on redusing the time spent in fetching water daily by ensuring water services are close to the people. Fetching Water Frequecy Once a week 21% Every day 43% Every alternate day of the week 36% Figure 5-12: Frequency of fetching water in Kinna 29 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report In most cases the existing water supply is not enough to meet the needs of all the people. 76% of the population felt that the water being currently provided wasn’t adequate whereas the remaining 24% were being adequately supplied(Figure 5-13). Water Supply Adequate 24% Not adequate 76% Figure 5-13: Adequacy of water supply in Kinna 5.3.2 Distance To and Ownership of Drinking Water Sources Kinna residents travel varying distances to access drinking water sources. The distance to most of the water sources is less than a kilometer as shown in figure5-14. This implies that much time and energy is spent in search of water and it is hoped that this challenge will cease upon completion of the water supply project. Figure 5-15 breaks down the water sources they travel to access in terms of their ownership. It is apparent that half of the population access public water sources. 30 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Distance to Water Source Above 2 KM 12% Less than 0.2 KM 1 - 2 KM 40% 26% 0.2 - 1 KM 22% Figure 5-14: distance of the water sources Ownership Status of the Water Source NGO 14% Private Public 25% 60% Faith based 1% Figure 5-15: ownership of the water sources 31 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 5.3.3 Cost of Drinking Water The study established that 27% of the people paid for their fresh water needs as indicated in figure 5-16. As further shown in Figure 5-17, 64% of Kinna residents spend more than Kshs2 for a 20 liter gallon of fresh water. This is quite costly, implying that a families with low income strain a lot to get water. NWSB should ensure that the people get affordable water supply and it is in this light that water supply infrastructure is presently been expanded in the County. Water Payment Yes 27% No 73% Figure 5-16: payment for water Amount Paid per 20 Litre Gallon Kshs. 10 7% Kshs. 5 39% Kshs. 2 54% Figure 5-17: Cost of water in Kinna 32 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 5.3.4 Common mode of transporting water and the challenges they face The common mode of transporting is carrying on the head 62.7%, Rolling 3.7%, hand driven carts 29.9% (Figure5-18 ) .Their is need to provide piped water to avoid tiresome and expensive modes of transporting water ,since the residents also spend by paying for water. The challenges they face are fatigue(41%) and loss of time(40%) as illustrated in Figure5-19 . Common Mode of Transporting Water Rolling the water Jerrican on the ground 3.7% Bodaboda (bicycle / motorbike) 3.7% Hand driven carts / wheelbarrow 29.9% Carrying on the head 62.7% Figure 5-18: Transportation of water in Kinna Challenges Faced in Transporting Water 2% 17% Loss of time 40% Physical fatigue due to travelling for long distances Students missing School 41% Human wildlife conflict Figure 5-19: challenges faced in transporting water 5.4 WASTE DISPOSAL 33 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 5.4.1 Existing Waste Disposal Systems The study established that burning was the most common waste disposal system for solid waste in Kinna. 70% of the respondents burn their solid waste (Figure 5-20). As it is well known, open-air burning is not a sustainable management option for solid waste as it is environmentally unfriendly due to release of GHGs to the atmosphere. Waste Disposal Methods 11% 18% 1% Compost pit / burying Collection by the council Burning 70% Dumping in open areas Figure 5-20: methods of disposing waste in Kinna 5.5 AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES The study probed the availability of toilet facilities in Kinna area. It was established that 56% of the people had toilets for their households (Figure5-21), with pit latrine being the most common among 100% of the residents. 34 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Household with Toilet No 44% Yes 56% Figure 5-21: households that own toilets Type of Toilet Pit latrine 100% Figure 5-22: The common type of toilet in Kinna 5.6 AWARENESS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 35 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Public awareness of any infrastructure project plays a key role in its implementation and success. Thus, this study sought to establish the level of awareness of the proposed project among Kinna residents. As shown in Figure5-23, 7% of the people were not aware of the proposed project, and therefore numerous sensitization efforts need to be put in place by the client and the consultants to aid in the residents sensitization of the project. Knowledge on Proposed Works No 7% Yes 93% Figure 5-23: knowledge on the proposed project 5.7 PERCEIVED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT All infrastructure project have positive and well as negative impacts. In order to probe further their degree of awareness of the project, respondents were challenged to indicate their personal perceptions of how the project would affect them. 82% of the people perceive that the project will affect them positively as indicated in Figure5-24 while the remaining 18% felt that this project would affect them negatively. The perceived positive and negative impacts are shown in Figure5-25 and Figure 5-26, respectively. 36 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Effects on Proposed Works Adversely 18% Positively 82% Figure 5-24: The figure shows the effects of the proposed works Positive Effects Alleviate water shortage 10.1% Employment for the youth 9.2% Reduced livestock diseases 6.5% Growth of town with water supply 13.0% Improved business 5.6% Improved hygiene 17.3% Reduced cases of waterborne diseases 17.7% Reduced time and cost of travel to look for water 20.6% Figure 5-25 Positive effects of the project 37 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Adverse Effects Spread of diseases (STD, HIV/AIDS) 45% Interruption of services (water, electricity, transport) 5% Loss of grazing land/trees/crops 9% Dust and noise 41% Figure 5-26: negative effects of the project How to Mitigate Adverse Effects Compensate the structure / crop / trees owners 3% Educate the public and the construction crew on health and safety 40% Avoid night time construction 6% Inform the public about any interruption of services 51% Figure 5-27: mitigation measures that would be undertaken to reduce the negative effects of the project 38 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 5.8 COMMON DISEASES & MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS TAKEN This study established that Malaria still remains a significant health concern in Kinna town among 33% of the population. According to the 2010 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS), malaria prevalence in Kenya ranges from 5% in urban areas; 12% in rural areas and 38% in regions around Lake Vitoria. Thus, alongside projects such as this in Kinna town, the government should consider measures to fight malaria in the region. By improving water availability and management in Kinna town, it is anticipated that this project will reduce the amount of stagnant water in the town thus minimizing breeding sites for mosquito. This, to an extent, may reduce malaria cases. However, further efforts should be put in place by the government to rid Kinna town of the Malaria pandemic. Figure 5-28 shows the common diseases and the percentage of respondents who considered them a key concern. Common Diseases 3% 1% Malaria 5% Measles Eye problems 16% 33% Diarrhea Cholera 13% Intestinal worms 21% Respiratory infections 6% Skin rashes 2% Typhoid / Bilhazia Figure 5-28: common diseases in Kinna While sick, the respondents take a number of actions. This study established that 85% of the people seek medical attention while the rest either seek prayers, herbal or traditional doctors’ help. This raises concerns of the possible risks posed by non-medical health interventions among a significant proportion of 15% of the population, as shown in Figure 5-29. 39 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Measures Taken when Sick Take herbs Visit a witch / 5% traditional doctor Prayed for 1% 9% Seek medical attention from a health centre 85% Figure 5-29: The figure shows the measure taken when the Residents are sick The type/ownership of available health facilities was also probed by this study. The results indicated that majority of the people rely on public health services while about 15% depended on private-health facilities as shown in Figure5-30 . However, as shown in Figure5-31, the distance to the nearest health facilities still remains a challenge, especially in Kinna town. This calls for intensification of health services to such areas. Ownership Status of Health Facilities Traditional 2% NGO 3% Faith based 6% Private 15% Public 74% Figure 5-30: ownership status of the health facilities in Kinna 40 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Distance to Health Facility Above 5 KM 5% 3 - 5 KM 6% Less than 1 KM 1 - 3 KM 50% 39% Figure 5-31: distance of the health facilities 5.9 HIV/AIDS ISSUES 5.9.1 Awareness and Sources of Information HIV/AIDs remains a major health challenge in Kenya and infrastructure projects have been found to have a significant bearing on its spread. In terms of awareness, this study showed that most of the people (100%) are aware of HIV/AIDS (Figure5-32). As further shown in Figure 5-33, the dominant source of information on HIV/AIDs among Kinna town residents is the media, particularly Radio and TV although health facilities, religious groups and families also play a significant role in disseminating such information. In terms of HIV/AIDs spread. This study established that 97% of the household were not affected by HIV/AIDS as shown in figure 5-34. Only 3% revealed that at least someone in their household has ever suffered from the endemic. 41 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report HIV/AIDS Heard 100% Figure 5-32: awareness of HIV/AIDS in Kinna Source of HIV/AIDS Information School drama festival 1% Newspaper 10% NGO / CBOs 16% Health worker/ clinic 31% Relative/ friend 3% Religious leaders 11% Posters 4% Billboards 1% Radio/TV 23% Figure 5-33: sources of HIV/AIDS 42 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Household Member Affected by HIV/AIDS Yes 3% No 97% Figure 5-34: household members affected by HIDS/AIDS 5.9.2 HIV/AIDs Testing and Prevention This study showed that 82% have the knowledge that HIV/AIDS as shown in figure5-35 can be prevented. Although there is a high % of people who are aware of HIV/AIDS prevention there is quite a number who don’t know it could be prevented. The government should inform and sensitize the people on methods available for HIV/AIDS prevention. The study also showed that most of the people know where they could get HIV/AIDS voluntary testing and counseling as shown in figure5-36. The people should be encouraged to go for testing in order for them to be aware of their status and be counseled, 43 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report HIV/AIDS Don't know 10% Can't be prevented 8% Can be prevented 82% Figure 5-35: The awareness of Kinna residents on the prevention of HIV/AIDS Those who know where to go for HIV/AIDS Voluntary Testing No 13% Yes 87% Figure 5-36: awareness of HIV/AIDS voluntary testing areas in Kinna 5.10 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE PROJECT AREA 5.10.1 Key Issues of Environmental Concern The study established the key issues of environmental concerns as shown in figure5-37 .the government should consider practicing on environmental and sensitize the community on its importance. The environmental issues could help the town note where environmental challenges occur and prevent them 44 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental Issues of Concern Drought 20.5% Deforestation 17.3% Solid waste 1.8% Mosquitoes and malaria spread 9.4% Extinction of endangered species 3.2% Overgrazing 17.3% Water shortage 30.7% Figure 5-37: environmental issues of concern in Kinna 5.10.2 On-going Environmental Conservation Initiatives The study established that there were conservation initiatives going on in the town as shown in figure5-38. Tree Planting, educating the public and cleaning of mosquito breeding sites are the major environment conservation initiatives. The government should encourage and give more option of conserving the environment. The study established that most of the Non- Governmental organisations were involved with the conservation as indicated in figure5-39. The government should give initiatives to the groups that are mostly involved in conservation programs so as to motivate them. The study established that the project would assist with the conservation as indicated in figure5-40. The project would ensure creativity of conserving the environment by giving new ideas brought in by the professionals .The professionals would be putting up different conservation methods to adhere to NEMA. Environmental Conservation Initiatives 8% Tree planting 8% 36% Educating the public Cleaning of mosquito 48% breeding sites Collection of solid wastes Figure 5-38: environmental conservation initiatives in Kinna 45 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Those Involved in Conserving the Environment Youth groups 15.4% Community Based Organizations 24.5% Non Governmental Organizations 36.4% County council 13.3% Women groups 10.5% Figure 5-39: The groups involved in conserving the environment in Kinna Proposed Work Help in Environmental Conservation No 11% Yes 89% Figure 5-40: how the proposed project will help in conserving the environment 46 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 6 RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE/REGULATORY FRAME WORK There are several laws and regulations that exist that govern issues of environmental concern in Kenya. Some of those relevant to water and sanitation issues include the Environmental Management Co-ordination Act, the Water Act 2016 and the Public Health Act, among others. However, the most significant act that specifically addresses the issues of environmental impacts of development projects, including those on housing development, roads, water and sanitation, is the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 2015. In addition to the local legislation, the Consultant has identified some World Bank Policies of relevance to the project. The following is an outline of the legislative, policy and regulatory framework for which the Proponent shall observe and implement in an effort to comply with Environmental Sustainability. 6.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION (AMENDED) ACT OF 2015 This Act is an amendment of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act of 1999. The amended Act covers virtually all diverse environmental issues which require a holistic and coordinated approach towards its protection and preservation for the present generation without compromising the interests of the future generation to enjoy the same. Consequently, the amended act provides for the legal regime to regulate, manage, protect and conserve biological diversity resources and access to genetic resources, wetlands, forests, marine and freshwater resources and the ozone layer to name a few. The Environmental Management and Coordination (Amended) Act, 2015 harmonizes the various requirements of the other existing laws and regulations by stipulating that where the provisions of any existing law conflicts with itself, then the provisions of the Environmental Management and Coordination (Amended) Act, 2015 shall prevail. This way, the act is able to minimize any conflicts in enforcement of the various environmental laws and regulations as applied to the relevant sectors. The Environmental Management and Coordination (Amended) Act, 2015 represents the culmination of a series of initiatives and activities coordinated by Government and stakeholders. It accentuates the right of every person in Kenya to live in a clean and healthy environment and obliges each and every one to safeguard and enhance the environment. It is the master plan for the environment in Kenya and contains a National Environment Policy, Framework Environmental Legislation and Environmental Strategy. The Act gives power to the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) which is a semi-autonomous government agency mandated to exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the Government of Kenya in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment. NEMA is the body in charge of ensuring developments adhere to the policies and frameworks set out by the Authority. 47 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report The amended act highlights the need for an ESIA which is presented in this report. 6.2 THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION AMENDED ACT 2015 AND ITS TOOLS The Act has several regulations that aid in its implementation the relevant regulations are highlighted in the sections below: 6.2.1 Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 These Regulations stipulate the importance of conducting an ESIA as well as the procedure necessary. The Regulations highlight the various reports and their contents to be submitted to NEMA for licensing. The regulations highlight the ESIA process which includes:  Submission of a ESIA project report to NEMA for review or licensing  In some cases the Authority will request for a full study report for some projects for which the applicant will be required to prepare a Terms of Reference and submit a study report. The project and study reports will be conducted before the implementation of the development in question, the reports will be subject to approval by NEMA, which will provide a license after the its review. The regulations also calls for Environmental auditing and monitoring that will be carried out during the construction or operation of the enterprise, the regulations provide the format of the audit report which will be provided to NEMA. 6.2.2 Water Quality Regulations (2006) Water Quality Regulations apply to water used for domestic, industrial, agricultural, and recreational purposes; water used for fisheries and wildlife purposes, and water used for any other purposes. Different standards apply to different modes of usage. These regulations provide for the protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other water sources. These regulations provide the standards for domestic water usage, which will be important for this project as the water will be used domestically by the people of Kinna. Of particular importance is the suspended solids concentration requirements which is a maximum of 30 mg/L. The IFC standards provide a maximum suspended solids quantity of 50mg/l, this is higher than the local standards, and as such the local standards will take precedence. The water from the boreholes will have to meet the above regulations during its operation. The design has been carried out to meet these standards. 6.2.3 The Environmental Management and Coordination (waste management) Regulation, 2006 The Waste Management Regulations are meant to streamline the handling, transportation and disposal of various types of waste. The aim of the Waste Management Regulations is to protect human health and the environment. The regulations place emphasis on waste minimization, cleaner production and segregation of waste at source. These regulations will be of great importance particularly during the construction phases of the project. During the Construction, the Contractor will have to meet the requirements of the regulations, by providing solid waste sorting and transportation using a licensed transporter who will dispose of the solid waste to the designated receptacle. 48 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 6.2.4 EMCA (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009 These Regulations determine the level of noise that will permissible in particular during the construction of the improvements, the following factors will be considered:  Time of the day;  Proximity to residential area;  Whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant;  The level and intensity of the noise;  Whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type of electronic or mechanical means; and,  Whether the noise is subject to be controlled without unreasonable effort or expense to the person making the noise. The Contractor will have to meet the requirements of these regulations particularly during the construction process, where some of the construction activities are bound to make some level of noise. These regulations are summarised in the table below: Table 6-1 Permissible Noise Level for a Construction Site Facility Local Maximum Noise Level Permitted in Decibels Day Night 1. Health facilities, 60 35 educational institutions, homes for disabled etc. 2. Residential areas 60 35 3. Areas other than 1 and 2 75 65 above In addition, the IFC regulations for permissible noise levels are summarized in the table below: Table 6-2 IFC regulations for permissible noise levels Facility Maximum Noise Level Permitted in Decibels Day Night 1. Residential; institutional; 55 45 educational 2. Industrial; commercial 70 70 Comparatively both regulations are relatively similar, as such the local regulations will be used. 6.2.5 Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2009 The objective of the Regulations is to provide for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution to ensure clean and healthy ambient air. It provides for the establishment of emission standards for various sources such as mobile sources (e.g. motor vehicles) and stationary sources such as the rehabilitation of the borehole pumps and generators. The Contractor will have to ensure all his machinery do not exceed the emissions made in the regulations (presented 49 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report in the first schedule of the regulations). In addition, the operation of the improvement works will not exceed the requirements set in the third schedule of the regulations 6.2.6 Water act 2016 This Act is an update of the Water Act of 2002. It makes provision for the provision of clean and safe water in adequate quantities and to reasonable standards of sanitation for all citizens. The Act gives power to Water Works Development Agencies which are charged with: (a) Undertaking the development, maintenance and management of the national public water works within its area of jurisdiction. (b) Operating the waterworks and providing water services as a water service provider, until such time as responsibility for the operation and management of the waterworks are handed over to a county government, joint committee, authority of county governments or water services provider within whose area of jurisdiction or supply the waterworks is located. (c) Providing a reserve capacity for purposes of providing water services where pursuant to section 103, the Regulatory Board orders the transfer of water services functions from a defaulting water services provider to another licensee. (d) Providing technical services and capacity building to such county governments and water services providers within its area as may be requested; and (e) Providing to the cabinet secretary technical support in the discharge of his/her functions under the constitution of this Act. In accordance to Article 152 of the Act, NWSB under whose jurisdiction the project falls, will transition into a Water Works Development Agency. However, this transition has not yet occurred, as such the Consultant will still report to the NWSB. 6.2.7 The public health act (CAP. 242) Part IX Section 8 & 9 of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Any noxious matter or waste water flowing or discharged into a water course is deemed as a nuisance. Part Xll Section 136 states that all collections of water, sewage, rubbish, refuse and other fluids which permits or facilitates the breeding or multiplication of pests shall be deemed nuisances The Act addresses matters of sanitation, hygiene and general environmental health and safety. This Act will govern the Contractor’s activities on site including ensuring the health and safety of employees including providing health services when it comes to venereal diseases. In addition, this law justifies the need for the improvements needed on the boreholes that is currently occurring. The improvements made will aid in the provision of clean water. 6.2.8 The Constitution of Kenya 2010 Article 42 states that every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. The constitution provides guidance on steps that may be taken in case any of any infringement on these rights. In addition, the constitution provides for the establishment systems for carrying out environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment. In addition to the protection of the environment, the constitution states that the land in Kenya belongs to the people of Kenya collectively as a nation. The constitution classifies the land in Kenya into different categories. These categories will dictate whether compensation will be required for the acquisition of a way leave. The categories include: public (including oceans, land between high and low water marks, all roads and thoroughfares). 50 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report The Constitution is critical in identifying the need for this project, since it intends to improve the general environment of the people of Kinna and it will govern the means to ensuring the method in which the project is carried out, by providing an EIA which is provided in this report. 6.2.9 The Land Act, 2012 This Act applies to all land declared as public land in Article 62 of the Constitution and all private land as declared by Article 64 of the Constitution. The Act identifies all public land, of importance to this project will be on the way leave where the rehabilitation of the pipelines will be laid. The enactment of the Land Act, Sec 157(2), criminalized encroachments on public land as follows: i) Unlawful occupation of public land is an offence which attracts fines of up to KES 500,000 and if a continuous offence, a sum not exceeding KES 10,000 for every day the offence is continued; ii) Wrongful obstruction of a public right of way is an offence and attracts a fine of up to KES 10,000,000 and if a continuous offence, a sum of up to KES 100,000 for every day the offence is continued; and iii) In addition to these criminal sanctions, any rights over land that were obtained by virtue or on account of an offence may be cancelled or revoked. 6.2.10 Physical Planning Act (Cap 286) The act state that while giving due considerations to the rights and obligations of landowners, there shall be compensation whenever a materials site, diversion or realignment results into relocation of settlement or any change of user whatsoever of privately owned land parcels. Under the physical planning act, physical development activities are supposed to be carried out according to the physical plans. Accordingly, the processes of physical planning involve two stages; the plan making stage and the development control stage. The former involves drawing up the actual plan to indicate the various activities and zones whereas the later involves the process of determining applications by developers to carry out specific development activities. This ESIA covers the proposed borehole and distribution network rehabilitation. 6.2.11 Occupational Health and Safety Act This legislation provides for protection of workers during construction and operation phases of the project. This act will provide some of the mitigation measures for any negative impacts in particular those concerning the workers within the site. 6.2.12 The HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act This is an Act of Parliament to provide measures for the prevention, management and control of HIV and AIDS, to provide for the protection and promotion of public health and for the appropriate treatment, counseling, support and care of persons infected or at risk of HIV and AIDS infection, and for connected purposes. This Act will ensure that the Contractor makes provision for VCT services for employees and locals, as well as promotes public awareness. This will go a long way in ensuring stigmatization of HIV and AIDS is reduced as well as managed during the construction period 6.2.13 National Gender and Development Policy The National Gender and Development Policy provide a framework for advancement of women and an approach that would lead to greater efficiency in resource allocation and utilisation to ensure empowerment of women. The National Policy on Gender and Development is consistent with the Government’s efforts of spurring economic growth and thereby reducing poverty and unemployment, by considering 51 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report the needs and aspirations of all Kenyan men, women, boys and girls across economic, social and cultural lines. The policy is also consistent with the Government’s commitment to implementing the National Plan of Action based on the Beijing Platform for Action (PFA). The overall objective of the Gender and Development Policy is to facilitate the mainstreaming of the needs and concerns of men and women in all areas in the development process in the country. This law will be of relevance to the contractor in ensuring that all genders are given an equal opportunity during recruitment during the construction phase and operation phase of the project. The employers will also provide adequate facilities for all genders within the project site. 6.2.14 The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 This Act protects people and employees from any unwanted sexual attention or advances by staff members. This act ensures the safety of women, children and men from any sexual offences which include: rape, defilement, indecent acts. This law will govern the code of conduct of the Contractor’s staff and provide repercussions of any wrong doing. 6.2.15 The Children Act, 2001 This Act protects the welfare of children within the Country. The Act identifies Children as a person below the age of 18 years old and protects them from exploitation. Of importance to this project, is section 10, which protects the child from:  Economic exploitation.  Any work that interferes with his/ her education, or is harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. 6.2.16 The County Governments Act, 2012 The promulgation of the 2010 Constitution brought about County Governments. This Act highlights the role of the County Government. The County Government will oversee all development activities within the County, as such will be a major stakeholder for the proposed project. 6.2.17 World Bank Operational Policies 6.2.17.1 Operational Policy (OP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment, 2001 This policy helps ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects so as to ensure it doesn’t negatively affect the environment. It also supports integration of environmental and social aspects of projects in the decision-making process. The policy requires public consultation and disclosure for Category "A" and B projects which include Sewerage systems. In our case the case project is a category B project as the project impacts are anticipated to be specific to the project site and reversible with implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. According to the policy, objectives of disclosure & consultation include:  To enable affected groups and interested parties (emphasis on NGOs) to understand likely implications of project;  To enable affected groups and interested parties have input into project design.  Public consultations in this case were done in form of structured questionnaires which were taken from door to door by enumerators and results analyzed by the consultant. 52 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 6.2.17.2 Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats, 2001 The policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy Promotes environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions. The operation of the water supply project will enhance the habitat for trees and other creatures as there will be provision of water in the long run. 6.2.17.3 Operational Policy (OP/BP) 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources, 2006 The objective of this policy is to assist countries in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance. PCR may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or under water. The cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. This policy applies to all projects requiring a category A or B environmental assessment, project located in, or in the vicinity of recognized cultural heritage sites. Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people’s cultural identity and practices 6.2.17.4 The Bank's Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement This is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement. The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects. The borehole and the distribution networks are located in public land and along the road reserves and therefore there is no resettlement that will occur. 6.2.17.5 World Bank Policy on Access to Information, 2010 The World Bank policy on access to information sets out the policy of the World Bank on public access to information in its possession. This Policy supersedes the World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information, and took effect on July 1, 2010. This Policy is based on five principles:  Maximizing access to information. 53 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  Setting out a clear list of exceptions.  Safeguarding the deliberative process.  Providing clear procedures for making information available.  Recognizing requesters’ right to an appeals process. In disclosing information related to member countries/borrower in the case of documents prepared or commissioned by a member country/borrower (in this instance, safeguards assessments and plans related to environment, resettlement, and indigenous peoples, OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessments, OP/BP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples, and OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement); the bank takes the approach that the country/borrower provides such documents to the Bank with the understanding that the Bank will make them available to the public. 6.3 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION AND WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS) GUIDELINES These are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines1 are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These General EHS Guidelines are used in addition to the local guidelines in order to provide mitigation measures for the various environmental and social impacts that will be identified in this report. 1 WBG – Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at- ifc/policies-standards/ehs-guidelines 54 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 7.1 LEGAL REQUIREMENT 7.1.1 Government Policy on Public Consultation The overall objective of the Government is to involve communities in policy formulation and implementation at the local level. More specifically, the Community Action Planning Programme objective is to put in place a durable system of intra-community co-operation through collective action, which creates communal discussion forums for the implementation of development activities. 7.2 PERSONS OR AGENCIENCIES CONSULTED The key issues which are associated with an establishment of the Kinna water supply project will often relate to pollution, biodiversity, pollution, community safety, communicable diseases and employment and trade opportunities. Efforts were made to contact all with the information on the following issues.  Assessment of the baseline environmental and social conditions  Consideration of feasible and environmentally &socially preferable alternatives  Requirements under Kenya country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements  Protection of human rights and community health, safety and security (including risks, impacts and management of project’s use of security personnel)  Protection and conservation of biodiversity  Sustainable management and use of renewable natural resources (including sustainable resource management through appropriate independent certification systems)  Use and management of dangerous substances and major hazards assessment  Labour issues (including the four core labour standards), and occupational health and safety  Socio-economic impacts & fire prevention and life safety  Impacts on affected communities, and disadvantaged or vulnerable groups  Cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects  Consultation and participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project  Efficient production, delivery and use of energy  Pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. With that, a cross section of persons were consulted on the 5th June 2017 in Kinna as indicated below. 55 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report No Name Office Designation Contacts 1 Mr. Hassan Guyo Kinna Health Medical Officer +254700133711 Centre 2 Mr Tom Piyo Meru National KWS Officer +25480059700 Reserve 3 Omar Abduba Water Users Chairman +254725327365 Association 7.2.1 Overview from the Chairman- Water Users Association The chairman expressed the need for the realization of the project. He acknowledged the need for water for the people of Kinna. He reiterated that at present the water from the boreholes isn’t adequate to serve the people of Kinna as the pumps and the distribution mains plus the water kiosks are dilapidated and therefore cannot serve adequately. Further, he acknowledged the project and anticipated for its start and completion as it will aid in alleviating the water shortage problem. 7.2.2 Overview from the Medical Officer The medical officer indicated the dire need for water at Kinna. He also pointed out that the water supplied to the hospital isn’t enough to satisfy its demands at present. At times, the health facility has to close down due to water shortage. Further, he postulated that with the realization of the project, waterborne diseases brought about by the consumption of dirty and raw water from the seasonal rivers will diminish. 7.2.3 Overview of KWS Officer-Mr. Tom Piyo The KWS Officer acknowledged the situation at Kinna postulating that immediate interventions are needed to alleviate the problem. He also indicated the wild animals like the elephants at times of drought stay to Kinna for search of water. He also indicated that the people of Kinna inhabit well with the elephants. When the elephants stray to the town, the locals call them to come and secure the elephants. 7.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION The Consultant carried out public consultation in the form of a consultative meeting where, the Consultant presented the project to the local community, comprised of stakeholders, including representatives of the current residents of the project areas among others. The Consultant held a meeting on 5th June 2017 at the chief’s office in Kinna Location, minutes, photos and an attendance sheet of the meeting are presented in appendix 12.2. The meeting was attended by 26 participants from all the affected project locations. The participants were made up of village elders, women representatives, youth representatives, a NWSB representative and the local administration. 7.3.1 Findings of the Meetings The meetings included a presentation by the Consultant on the proposed works, the various environmental and social impacts that may arise from the project. The consultant however pointed out that the Designers had tried their very best to minimize project impacts and that the proposed improvements would be located within along the road reserve. She highlighted the mitigation measures for all the impacts in accordance to the EMP. 56 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Being a public consultation meeting, feedback from the stakeholders was obtained with majority of the stakeholders approving of the project however the needs of the residents in the projects area be looked after due to the fact that most of them were low income earners and providing them with an extra charge of the water bills is an added overload on them. However, they proposed that the bills on water be fair. In addition, the residents were all of the opinion that the project was long overdue with many residents complaining of deficiencies in the water supply. The meeting was successful, with the public accepting the project. 57 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 8 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT This chapter presents the general environmental and social impacts which may result from the proposed project. The emphasis will be initially on the specific impacts that are likely to result from the nature of works including excavation and concrete works. The construction of the improvements at the existing boreholes and the water distribution networks will greatly benefit the environment, however some of the project activities will have negative effects on the environment. In general, successful implementation of the project will have high environmental and socio economic benefits to the people and will contribute to the health and wellbeing. Overall, expected negative impacts are related to the improvements to the existing distribution lines including construction of the tank. These impacts are localized and not considered significant and long-lasting and can be mitigated through appropriate mitigation measures. The severity and duration of these impacts can be minimized by ensuring that the excavation and construction works are limited to short working sections, and that works are carried out rapidly and efficiently. Table 2.1 presents a characterization of expected impacts. 58 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Table 8-1 Characterization of expected impacts Characterization of Impacts Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility Aspect Predicted Impact Mediu Long Direc Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative m Ter Reversible t t Term e Term m Increased local pollutant emissions and trace constituents such as VOCs Increased GHG emissions Ambient such as CH4 and CO2 X X X X Air Quality Increased levels of dust and particle emissions from construction vehicles and equipment X X X X Contamination of soil/water groundwater from oil spills pollution during construction X X X X X 59 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Characterization of Impacts Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility Aspect Predicted Impact Mediu Long Direc Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative m Ter Reversible t t Term e Term m Surface water pollution from construction wastes X X X X X Increase of noise and Noise and vibration levels due to vibrations construction activities X X X X General construction related health and safety Health & risks for workers X X X X X Safety HIV/AIDS and increased disease risks. X X X X X X X Socio- Improvement of local and economics regional socio-economy X X X 60 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Characterization of Impacts Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility Aspect Predicted Impact Mediu Long Direc Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative m Ter Reversible t t Term e Term m Employment and job creation during construction and operation phases X X X X X generation of both solid solid and and liquid waste at the liquid construction camps and waste along the project route X X X X X X Improvement in public Health and health and sanitation safety through improved potable water supply. X X X X X 61 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Characterization of Impacts Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility Aspect Predicted Impact Mediu Long Direc Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative m Ter Reversible t t Term e Term m Increased clean water supply to the target WSP areas which could reduce incidences of water borne diseases hence significant Water improvement on public health X X X X X Enhanced water quality, quantity and distribution. X X X X X Vandalism and illegal connections/tapping X X X X X X Characterization of Impacts Aspect Predicted Impact Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility 62 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Characterization of Impacts Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility Aspect Predicted Impact Mediu Long Direc Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative m Ter Reversible t t Term e Term m Mediu Long Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative Direct m Ter Reversible t Term e Term m Increased levels of dust and Ambient particle emissions from Air construction vehicles and Quality equipment X X X X X Contamination of soil from Soil the oil spills during Pollution construction X X X X X Increase of noise and Noise and vibration levels due to vibrations construction activities X X X X General construction Health & related health and safety Safety risks for workers X X X X X 63 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Characterization of Impacts Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility Aspect Predicted Impact Mediu Long Direc Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative m Ter Reversible t t Term e Term m HIV/AIDS and increased disease risks. X X X X X X X Improvement in public health and sanitation through reduced use of dirty water. X X X X X Improvement of local and regional socio-economy X X X Socio- Employment and job economics creation during construction and operation phases X X X X X solid and generation of both solid liquid and liquid waste at the waste construction camps X X X X X X Impacts on Flora and Loss of flora and fauna Fauna within the project site X X X X 64 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Characterization of Impacts Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility Aspect Predicted Impact Mediu Long Direc Indirec Short Irreversibl Positive Negative m Ter Reversible t t Term e Term m Increased harassment of Gender females within and around the site X X X X Crime Managem Increased insecurity ent around the project sites X X X X Child Labour and Potential for exploitation of Protection child labour X X X X Risk of social conflict as a Labour result of increase in influx influx population x x x x x 65 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report The general environmental and social impacts which may result from the proposed project is presented in this chapter. The emphasis will be initially on the specific impacts that are likely to result from the nature of works (e.g. trenching, excavation, laying of pipelines and construction of water kiosks) and works category (e.g. water supply). A vast range of environmental and social implications will surely arise from the Kinna water supply project, notably along the pipeline routes. In general, successful implementation of the project will have high socio and economic benefits to the people and will contribute to the health and wellbeing. Overall, expected negative impacts are related to pipeline and associated works such as construction of the valve chambers, washouts and water kiosks. These impacts are localized and not considered significant and long-lasting and can be mitigated through appropriate mitigation measures. The severity and duration of these impacts can be minimized by ensuring that the excavation and construction works are limited to short working sections, and that works are carried out rapidly and efficiently. Nevertheless, environmental impact assessments (ESIA) are now recognized as an essential component in any development project and as an important decision-making tool, and the appropriate procedures were followed. 8.1.1 Impact Identification The identification of impacts in the ESIA study generally used the following methods:  Compilation of a comprehensive list of key environmental impacts. These are such as changes in air and water quality, noise levels, wildlife habitats, bio-diversity, landscape, social and economic systems, cultural heritage, settlement patterns, and employment levels.  Identification of all the sources of impacts such as dust, spoils, vehicles emissions, water pollution, construction camps, etc. using checklists or questionnaires. This was followed by listing possible receptors in the environment (e.g., crops, communities, and migrant labors) through surveying the existing environmental and socio-economic conditions and consultation with concerned parties.  Identifying and quantifying various environmental and socio-economic impacts through the use of checklists, interaction matrices and overlays. 8.1.2 Impact Prediction Prediction of impacts technically characterizes the causes and effects of impacts, and their secondary and synergistic consequences for the environment and the local community. It examines each impact within a single environmental parameter into its subsequent effects in many disciplines (e.g., deterioration of water quality and resulting socio-cultural changes). It draws on physical, biological, socio-economic, and anthropological data and techniques. In quantifying impacts, it employs socio-cultural models, economic models, and expert judgments. 66 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report It is worth noting that as prediction techniques of environmental impacts, by their nature, involve some degree of uncertainty. 8.1.3 Mitigation of Impacts Each predicted adverse impact is evaluated to determine whether it is significant enough to warrant mitigation. This judgment of significance has been based on one or more of the following:  Comparison with laws, regulations or accepted standards;  Consultation with the relevant decision makers;  Reference to present criteria such as protected sites, or endangered species  Consistency with government policy objectives  Acceptability to the local community or the general public 8.1.4 Impact Category First the likely significance of the potential issues of concerns has been determined and ranked according to the following:  Potential environmental impacts which are deemed to be highly significant and need thorough investigation in the ESIA  Potential environmental impacts that are deemed to be moderately significant, and will require reasonable investigation in the ESIA  Potential environmental impacts that are deemed unlikely to be significant, and will need to be listed, and addressed in some way, but which will not require detailed assessment in the ESIA. Secondly, the following characteristics have been defined for each impact: 8.1.4.1 Nature:  Positive: applies to impacts that have a beneficial economic, environmental or social result, such as additional economic activity or enhancement of the existing environmental conditions.  Negative: applies to impacts that have a harmful or economical aspect associated with them such as economical cost, loss or degradation of environmental resources. 8.1.4.2 Effect:  Direct: applies to impacts which can be clearly and directly attributed to a particular impacting activity.  Indirect: applies to impacts which may be associated with or subsequent to a particular impacting activity, but which cannot be directly attributed to it. 67 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 8.1.4.3 Time Range:  Short Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear within a 1 year period, or within the construction phase.  Medium Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear within a 5 year period following the construction phase.  Long Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear in a period greater than 5 years following the construction phase. 8.1.4.4 Reversibility:  Reversible: applies to impacts whose significance will be reduced and disappear over time (either naturally or artificially), once the impacting activity ceases.  Irreversible: applies to impacts whose significance will not be reduced nor disappear over time (either naturally or artificially), once the impacting activity ceases. 8.1.5 Impacts emanating from the proposed project The impacts are identified in to three stages:  Pre-construction/planning phase impacts  During construction and  Post construction(operation phase) 8.1.6 Planning Phase Impacts These are commonly associated resettlement of displacement of trees, crops, land, structures and businesses along the pipeline routes. It should be noted that the pipelines will be located along road reserves as such land acquisition is not foreseen. In addition the road reserves in the project area have minimal encroachment, with the businesses and stalls located away from the road reserve, the only features that may be affected by the proposed project include: i) Natural vegetation along the pipeline way leave within the road reserve Mitigation measures  The pipeline runs along roads and footpaths, the extension of the lines will be located along footpaths and roads so as to avoid land acquisition.  On construction completion, access routes will be reinstated to their pre-project conditions for both people and animals. 8.1.7 Construction Phase Impacts Most of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the construction phase will be negative and temporary, and can be mitigated with the use of standard environmental management procedures. The potential social impacts or nuisance will be those typically 68 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report associated with construction activities involving vehicles, equipment, and workers. The predicted impacts include the following: 8.1.7.1 Site Related Oil Spills During construction, oil spills may result from construction site equipment and storage. Mitigation Measures  The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks for the construction machinery though induction and safety training;  In case of spillage the Contractor should isolate the source of oil spill and contain the spillage using sandbags, sawdust, absorbent material and/or other materials approved by the Resident Engineer;  The Resident Engineer and the Contractor should ensure that there is always a supply of absorbent material such as saw dust on site during construction, readily available to absorb/breakdown spill from machinery or oil storage;  All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced regularly and stored in an area approved by the Resident Engineer;  The Contractor should assemble and clearly list the relevant emergency telephone contact numbers for staff, and brief staff on the required procedures.  All vehicle works should be done in one place to avoid chances of spillage in different parts of the camp 8.1.7.2 Soil-Related Impacts All construction activities have some minor impacts on the soil. However, these are localized and restricted locally to the excavation of trenches for the water pipes. It is expected that these impacts are also short-lived during construction and mitigation measures are recommended. The key impacts will revolve around soil erosion, contamination, disturbance of the natural soil structure, piling of soil along public access routes, improper replacement of soil to its original position, mixing of layers and compaction thus reducing the ecological function of the soil. Mitigation Measures  The valuable top soil containing organic material, nutrients as well as seeds and the soil fauna would be excavated separately and piled in an adequate manner for re-use.  In cases where it is identified that during construction there is a danger of increased run-off or erosion of trenches, temporary drainage channels or holding ponds can be employed  After completion of the construction works, immediate restoration spreading piled top soil and by sowing adequate grass cover and planting of trees will be followed, therefore the impact is temporary and reversible.  Plan emergency response measures in case of accidental oil spills. 69 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 8.1.7.3 Impact on Water Resources Potential environmental impacts associated with water resources include sedimentation, foreign material spills, pollution slumping, disturbance to drainage and removal of vegetation. Vegetation and solid waste, if allowed to accumulate in water ways, may cause localized pooling and flooding. Improper handling of construction wastes and increased waste water production may cause pollution of the seasonal river. This may affect the river eco-system. Mitigation Measures  Construction materials and other debris (lime, cement and fresh concrete, etc.) shall be prevented from entering waterways.  Ensure protection of the river ecosystem by proper handling of cement during civil works. 8.1.7.4 Social - Economic Impacts During construction the project will have clear benefits with regard to local employment opportunities. The project will additionally require various skills and services which may not be available on the local level but certainly on the regional level, e.g. masonry workers, plumbers, etc. for which appropriate personnel will be contracted. The increase in employment will temporarily lead to an overall increase of income directly and indirectly (through increased demand of other local services). Consequently, farmers will also benefit from higher income levels as they sell their products. New businesses will grow such as food vending to construction workers. With availability of tap water there will be a possibility of increased investor interest in tourism related developments in the area and possible increase in property values for land with access to piped water. In migration of people from different regions may lead to behavioral influences and this may increase the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The land in Kinna is communally owned. The project components will be located within public land (road reserves) and on community land belonging to the Borana tribe, who in accordance to the World Bank O.P 4.12, were consulted and have agreed to provide the necessary way leave and land for the project implementation based on the conditions provided in the community resolution forms and the public consultation meetings Mitigation Measures  Unskilled construction and skilled (if available) labor to be hired from the local population as far as possible to minimize on influx of foreigners into the community. 70 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  Use of manual labor during trenching works where possible to ensure more employment of locals and hence ensure project support throughout the construction process.  Sensitize workers and the surrounding community on awareness, prevention and management of HIV / AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia, and workshops or during community Barazas.  Ensure effective and matching contractual provisions for contractor to manage labour influx  Use of existing clinics to provide VCT services to construction crew and provision of ARVs for vulnerable community members  The Contractor should enforce and maintain a code of conduct for his employees 8.1.7.5 Air Quality Construction activities of bush clearing, materials delivery, trench excavation and construction traffic will generate a lot of noise and dust especially during the dry seasons. The area is predominantly dry thus dust is already a pre-existing problem. Vehicular traffic to the proposed sites is expected to increase especially during delivery of raw materials. Vehicular traffic emissions will bring about air pollution by increasing the fossil fuel emissions into the atmosphere. The access roads are earth roads. Trucks with heavy loads will further damage these earth roads. Mitigation Measures  Use protective clothing like helmets and dust masks on construction crew.  Construction sites and transportation routes will be water-sprayed on regularly up to three times a day, especially if these sites are near sensitive receptors, such as residential areas or institutions.  All the vehicles and construction machinery should be operated in compliance with relevant vehicle emission standards and with proper maintenance to minimize air pollution.  Digging of trenches should be done manually so as to avoid too many trucks and machines in the area. The use of manual labor will also benefit the community socio- economically.  Use of other dust palliative measures to reduce dust emissions 8.1.7.6 Construction Noise and vibration Noise and vibration generated during construction by heavy construction machinery, such as excavators, bulldozers, concrete mixers, and transportation vehicles. Generally, construction noise exceeding a noise level of 70 decibels (dB) has significant impacts on surrounding sensitive receptors within 50m of the construction site. Mitigation Measures 71 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  Avoid night time construction when noise is loudest. Avoid night-time construction using heavy machinery, from 2200 to 0600hrs near residential areas.  No discretionary use of noisy machinery within 50 m of residential areas and near institutions such as schools  Good maintenance and proper operation of construction machinery to minimize noise generation.  Installation of temporary sound barriers if necessary.  Selection of transport routes for large vehicles to avoid residential areas.  Where possible, ensure non mechanized construction. This includes, employing locals during the trench excavation. 8.1.7.7 Biodiversity and Conservation Impacts Removal of vegetation as well as trees will lead to loss of plants and animal habitat. The biodiversity affected includes insects such as butterflies and worms, small mammals, reptiles and birds. Water contamination with cement will cause it to be highly alkaline and toxic to plants and animals living in watercourses. Mitigation Measures  Re-plant the indigenous vegetation as much as practical once work is completed.  Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be removed such as trees.  Minimize the amount of destruction caused by machinery by promoting non mechanized methods of construction.  Ensure protection of the areal ecosystem by proper handling of cement during civil works.  Cement mixing should be done in a designated area away at a safe distance from natural water courses. 8.1.7.8 Public Health, Safety & HIV & AIDS Impacts Construction staff and the general public will be exposed to safety hazards arising from construction activities. The pipelines are to be placed primarily along the access roads these roads have pedestrian and vehicular traffic and this may cause an increase in the number of accidents. The project works will expose workers to occupational risks due to handling of heavy machinery, construction noise, electromechanical works etc. Construction activities of bush clearing, materials delivery, trench excavation and concrete mixing and construction traffic will generate a lot of dust and this may affect the respiratory system. The high temperatures in the area will expose the workers to difficult working conditions. Construction sites may be a source of both liquid and solid wastes. If these wastes are not well disposed these sites may become a breeding ground for disease causing pests such as mosquitoes and rodents. 72 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report At the concrete mixing plant the exposure of human skin to cement may lead to damage of the skin. In migration of people from different regions may lead to behavioral influences which may increase the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Improper handling of solid wastes produced during and civil works such as spoil from excavations, scrap metal, mortar, paper, masonry chips and left over food stuff present a public nuisance due to littering or smells from rotting. Open trenches during the project duration pose a risk to the general public as they access the different sides of the trenches. Improved clean water supply to the area will lead to improved public health and quality of life through reduced risk of waterborne and water-related diseases; and increased public satisfaction Mitigation Measures  Ensure that all construction machines and equipment are in good working conditions to prevent occupational hazards.  Establish a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) for both civil and electromechanical work.  Appoint a trained health and safety team for the duration of the construction work.  Use of dust masks while working in dusty environment to avoid respiratory related sicknesses.  Provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).  Provide workers with adequate drinking water and breaks.  Provide workers training on safety procedures and emergency response such as fire, oil and chemical spills, pipe bursts and other serious water loss risks.  Roads passing through population centers will be water sprayed to reduce dust.  Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness, prevention and management of HIV/AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia and workshops or during community Barazas. Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of drinking water.  Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito breeding sites.  Provide appropriate human and solid waste disposal facilities  Provide crossing points along the trenches to allow people to maintain their normal activities, also cautionary signage should be provided along the trenches.  Provide clean toilets for workers 8.1.7.9 Service Delivery Impacts The construction activities will cause disruption of services such as water supply and transportation within the project area. Where the water pipe crosses the road, excavation of trenches and laying down of the water pipes may cause disruption of transport within the project area. Trucks with heavy loads of construction materials may damage murram roads 73 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report during the construction process. The trucks may get stuck on bad road sections (sandy soil is difficult to negotiate through) and these may cause disruption of transport. The current water storage facilities may not be enough to handle emergencies brought on by the interruption in water supply. Areas of special attention include the learning and health care institutions. The completion of the water project will alleviate the water problem and ensure better management of water supply as water losses will be detected. Metering will allow better pricing of water resources and could contribute to better water use management by consumers. Improved clean water supply to the area, sanitation and hygiene for residents with access to tap water will lead to improved public health and quality of life through reduced risk of waterborne and water-related diseases; and increased public satisfaction within the project area. This will lead to population growth and informal settlements causing increased waste water production and increased demand for emergency water supply from existing reservoirs Mitigation Measures  Provide appropriate signage to warn motorists and other road users of the construction activities, diversion routes to ward off traffic accidents.  The contractor should communicate any intended disruption of the services to enable the people to prepare e.g. by having emergency water storage and provision facilities.  Areas being trenched to be temporarily cordoned off to avoid people and animals accidentally falling into open trenches.  In the event that delivery trucks damage parts of the road, repair the spots in consultation with the local authorities.  Provide adequate water storage facilities to ensure adequate supplies to meet the new demand.  Ensure proper maintenance of the water works  Use pipes of good quality materials 8.1.7.10 Gender Empowerment Impacts There is need to promote gender equality in all aspects of economic development and more so in construction. Women roles in construction are mainly confined to supply of unskilled labor and vending of foodstuffs to the construction workers. Where available skilled women will be used. The increase in the distribution of water to the inhabitants will immediately transform their ways of life, especially for women who are the first concerned when it comes to water supplies. Women who are the main economic players will have more time to spend on other economic activities. Mitigation Measures  Ensure equitable distribution of employment opportunities between men and women 74 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  Provide toilets and bathrooms for both male and female workers on site 8.1.7.11 Child Labour and Protection The Children Act of Kenya prohibits contractors from “employing children in a manner that is economically exploitative, hazardous, and detrimental to the child’s education, harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. It is also important to be vigilant towards potential sexual exploitation of children, especially young girls. The contractor should adopt a ‘Child Protection Code of Conduct’; that all staff of the contractor must sign, committing themselves towards protecting children, which clearly defines what is and is not acceptable behaviour. Mitigation Measures  Ensure no children are employed on site in accordance with national labor laws  Ensure that any child sexual relations offenses among contractors' workers are promptly reported to the police 8.1.7.12 Impacts on Cultural Heritage The Consultant did not identify any potential cultural sites that may be affected by the proposed project, however there is potential of uncovering a buried cultural site during construction and provisions must be made. The cultural sites include archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction. Mitigation Measures  Use of “chance find” procedures by the contractor _ See Appendix 12.4 for “Chance Find” procedures 8.1.7.13 Liability for loss of life, injury or damage to private property Some of the Construction activities may lead to accidents that may be mild or fatal depending on various factors. During the implementation of the proposed project, accidents could be due to negligence on part of the workers, machine failure or breakdown or accidental falls into the trenches. These incidents can be reduced through proper work safety procedures. In addition, during Construction, there may be damage to private property that may not be foreseen. Mitigation Measures  Provision of PPE.  The workers should receive requisite training especially on the operation of the machinery and equipment  There should be adequate warning and directional signs.  Ensuring that the prepared code of conduct for staff is followed to prevent accidents.  Develop a site safety action plan detailing safety equipment to be used, emergency procedures, restriction on site, frequency and personnel responsible for safety inspections and controls.  Cordon off unsafe areas  Provide first Aid kit within the construction site.  Recording of all injuries that occur on site in the incident register, corrective actions for their prevention are instigated as appropriate.  Contractor to ensure compliance with the Workmen's Compensation Act, ordinance regulations and union agreements.  The Contractor to repair any damage done to private property. 75 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 8.1.8 Impacts during operation and maintenance During the operation of the constructed water supply project no substantial negative environmental and social impacts and risks are anticipated. 8.1.8.1 Socio - economic potential positive or beneficial impacts Numerous socio-economic potential positive or beneficial impacts from successful implementation of the project will include:  Better access to safe drinking water leading to improved standard of living; and changes in exposure to both communicable and non-communicable diseases;  Improvements in domestic hygiene and a reduction in health risks that were associated with poor water quality or inadequate access to services, as a result of improvements in drinking water quality and its availability;  The program will contribute to increase in local development and employment as the local population are likely to be employed during the construction phase and after construction due to water related investments;  Promote a more sustainable use of water resources with improvements in the infrastructure to reduce losses and introduction of better metering and billing procedures to encourage more efficient use of water;  A comprehensive metering program (of production and consumers) is expected to keep the on Non-Revenue Water (NRW- technical and commercial losses) at an acceptable level;  Sanitation will also be promoted with its attendant improvement in the health of the people such as reduced incidence of water borne diseases.  Improvements in metering and administrative billing procedures;  The program is expected to contribute to poor communities well-being associated with improved services, stability, and health.  Employment creation will be the key positive environment impact as operation and maintenance personnel will be required for the rest of the project life. The availability of water and easy access will trigger other developments and businesses. Other potential impacts typically associated with operation and maintenance activities are such as: 8.1.8.2 Generation of both solid and liquid waste The establishment of an adequate water distribution system will be mostly beneficial to the local community, however with the provision of water comes the increase in the generation of solid and liquid waste. Water supply will lead to an increase in the generation of solid and liquid waste. Mitigation Measures 76 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  Provide adequate waste disposal facilities. Ensure collection of all solid waste from generation points, safe transportation to a central point where they are sorted out and safely disposed according to type to protect the environmental resources.  Put in place adequate and efficient sanitary facilities for handling liquid waste especially waste water to protect the seasonal rivers from pollution.  Come up with regular trash collection system in the site areas so as to avoid accumulation of waste.  In the long term the respective WSP should invest in a waste water collection and treatment system for Kinna town to ensure proper handling of waste water. This would also help in protecting local environment from possible contamination with direct sewage. 8.1.8.3 Leaks and burst During the project duration there may be leaks and bursts caused by various reasons such as excessive pressures, illegal connections, among others Mitigation Measures  A program of leak detection to be put in place to identify aging pipes for replacement to avoid major bursts and frequent repairs. In case of unavoidable major repairs, mitigation measures similar to those applied during construction to reduce the impacts of noise, dust, disturbance of flora and fauna.  Leaks and pipe bursts to be promptly repaired to avoid contamination of water resources especially shallow ground water.  Constant policing of network to check for illegal connections 8.1.8.4 Noise Noise nuisance from vehicles and repair equipment. During O&M activities vehicles are required for inspection of pipelines to detect any leakage and repair equipment is required in case need arises and in the process of these activities undesirable noise will be generated. Table 8-2 Noise level Guidelines Noise Level Guidelines One Hour LACQ (dBA) Receptor Daytime (07:00-22:00) Nighttime (22:00-07:00) 77 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Residential; institutional; 55 45 educational Industrial; commercial 70 70 Mitigation Measures  During normal operations the noise generated from vehicles has insignificant impact. However during major repairs the equipment used can generate unacceptable levels of noise and mitigation measures similar to those applied during construction to be used. 8.1.8.5 Impact on Water Resources As mentioned earlier the generated solid and liquid waste from the project area will make itself through its natural water courses, including ground water. Thus the entire water system and as a result the ecological system will be negatively affected. Mitigation Measures  Wastewater will be channeled to the sewerage system if available or constructed septic tanks. Pit latrines can be used where sewerage system is not available or where construction of septic tank is not feasible.  All solid waste will be collected from generation points, safely transported to the central place where it is sorted out by type and then safely disposed according to type. 8.1.8.6 Socio - Economic Impacts The expected improvements in metering and administrative billing procedures are likely to cause social and economic impact as this may result in higher water bills Mitigation Measures  The project will make use of the respective WSP approved rates and this impact is not foreseen 8.1.8.7 Impact on flora and fauna. Impact associated with repair and replacement activities when there are leaks or bursts on pipelines will be loss of vegetation and disturbance flora and fauna. Mitigation Measures  A program of leak detection to be put in place to identify aging pipes for replacement to avoid major bursts and frequent repairs. In case of unavoidable major repairs, 78 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report mitigation measures similar to those applied during construction to reduce the impacts of disturbance of flora and fauna.  Leaks and pipe bursts to be promptly repaired to avoid contamination of water resources especially shallow ground water.  After the repair works the land to be levelled to allow vegetation regeneration. 8.1.8.8 Land subsidence This impact results from the over extraction of the ground water from the borehole. Mitigation Measures The pumps at the borehole sites are designed in such a way that ensures safe yields and thus, there is no risk of over extraction. 8.1.9 Impacts during de-commissioning De-commissioning of the Project is not envisaged. Project components however will be rehabilitated over time having served their useful life. 79 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMMP) By design, the potential positive impacts of the project can readily be optimized while the potential negative environmental and social impacts are mostly restricted to the planning and construction period. These are assessed and considered as minor to medium, being reversible and short-term and can be managed through well-defined mitigation and monitoring measures. 9.1 POSSIBLE ENHANCEMENT MEASURES Possible enhancement measures of beneficial impacts would include the following:  Construction should adhere to recommended best construction practices that make effective and economical use of locally available resources including materials, expertise and labor.  Ensure that the poor and other vulnerable groups adjacent or along the pipeline route will be catered for by the project to safely satisfy their basic water needs in future.  Ensure that social services provide education on appropriate hygienic conditions and water conservation, taking into consideration gender particular roles and responsibilities.  Carrying out periodic assessment of different components of the water production, transmission and distribution system to initiate immediate rehabilitation whenever problems are identified to reduce system leakage and bursts losses. 9.2 MITIGATION MEASURES Mitigation measures have already been discussed in Chapter 8. However, a brief summary is included in the Environmental and Social Mitigation and Management Plan (ESMMP) in Table 9-1: The Proposed Environmental and Social Mitigation and Management Plan (ESMMP). Also considered in this management and monitoring plan are the persons responsible for implementation. Table 9-1: The Proposed Environmental and Social Mitigation and Management Plan (ESMMP) Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact Construction Loss of flora Re-plant the vegetation as much as Contractor 600.00 and fauna possible once work is completed. Supervising Spare the vegetation that must not Engineer necessarily be removed such as County Officer- trees. Water Energy and Natural Resources 80 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact Minimize the amount of destruction caused by machinery by promoting non-mechanized methods of construction. The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks e.g. using dispersants or adding biological agents to speed up the oil breakdown for the construction machinery though induction and safety training (the contractor will propose a method of clean-up which will be subject to approval); Construction Air quality Use protective clothing like dust Contractor Cost included in masks on construction crew. PPE Supervising Construction sites and Engineer transportation routes (those that are Cost of water murram and earth standards) will be spraying and water-sprayed on regularly up to vehicle three times a day, especially if these maintenance sites are near sensitive receptors, included in such as residential areas or Contractor’s cost institutions (schools, hospitals, etc.). All the vehicles and construction machinery should be operated in compliance with relevant vehicle emission standards and manufacturer’s specification to minimize air pollution. Construction Noise pollution Avoid night time construction when Contractor Included in noise is loudest. Avoid night-time Supervising Contractor’s costs construction using heavy Engineer machinery, from 22:00 to 6:00 near residential areas. 81 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact No discretionary use of noisy machinery within 50 m of residential areas and near institutions such as schools Good maintenance and proper operation of construction machinery to minimize noise generation. Where possible, ensure non mechanized construction to reduce the use of machinery Construction Site Related Oil The Contractor should ensure that Contractor 50,000.00 Spills the employees on site are aware of Supervising the company procedures for dealing Engineer with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks e.g. using dispersants or adding biological agents to speed up the oil breakdown for the construction machinery though induction and safety training (the contractor will propose a method of clean-up which will be subject to approval); even though, no significant use of machinery is expected. In case of spillage the Contractor should isolate the source of oil spill and contain the spillage to the source of leakage before it makes its way into the rivers, using sandbags, sawdust, absorbent material, and/or other materials approved by the Resident Engineer; The Resident Engineer and the Contractor should ensure that there is always a supply of absorbent material such as saw dust on site during construction, readily available to absorb/breakdown spill 82 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact from machinery or oil storage, this can be incinerated after use; All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced regularly in accordance to the manufacturers specifications and stored in an area approved by the Resident Engineer; The Contractor should assemble and clearly list the relevant emergency telephone contact numbers for staff, and brief staff on the required procedures. Construction Soil Related In cases where it is identified that Contractor Included in the Impacts during construction there is a danger Supervising Contractor’s cost of increased run-off or at the project Engineers site, temporary drainage channels or holding ponds can be employed After completion of the construction works, restoration of the ground by sowing adequate grass cover and planting of trees will be followed, therefore the impact is temporary and reversible. In areas prone to erosion, provision of soil stabilization in form of a retaining wall or planting of trees, subject to approval by the Resident Engineer Plan emergency response measures in case of accidental oil spills. Impacts on Ensure proper solid and liquid Contractor, 10,000.00 Water wastes disposal mainly from the Supervising resources construction camps, sites and Engineer offices. County Water 50,000.00 Ensure proper measures are in place Officer for collection and disposal of spilled oils and lubricants. 83 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact Construction Public Health & Sensitize workers and the Contractor 200,000.00 Safety surrounding communities on Supervising awareness, prevention and Engineer management of HIV/AIDS through staff training, awareness NWSB campaigns, multimedia and workshops or during community Barazas. Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of drinking water. Construction HIV & AIDS Sensitize workers and the Contractor Included in Impacts surrounding communities on sensitisation costs Supervising awareness, prevention and above Engineer management of HIV/AIDS through staff training, awareness Isiolo County campaigns, multimedia and Government workshops or during community NWSB Barazas. Provide information, education and communication. Use of existing clinics to provide 150,000.00 VCT services to construction crew and provision of ARVs for vulnerable community members Provide Condom dispensers at 50,000.00 appropriate locations Construction Socio- Unskilled construction and skilled Contractor Included in economic (if available) labour to be hired from Supervising Contractor’s cost impacts the local population as far as Engineer possible to minimize on influx of foreigners into the community. Use of manual labour during excavation and construction works where possible to ensure more employment of locals and hence ensure project support throughout the construction process. Ensure effective and matching contractual provisions/obligations (Terms of the contract) for contractor to manage labour influx. 84 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact Sensitize workers and the surrounding community on awareness, prevention and management of HIV / AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia, and workshops or during community Barazas. Use of existing clinics to provide VCT services to construction crew and provision of ARVs for vulnerable community members The Contractor should enforce and maintain a code of conduct for his employees Construction Gender Ensure equitable distribution of The contractor empowerment employment opportunities between The Supervising men and women Engineer Provide toilets and bathrooms for both male and female workers on 100,000.00 site Construction Crime Fencing around project area. Contractor Included in Management contractor’s cost Working with local committees Supervising (e.g. “nyumba kumi) to provide Engineer security within the site in addition to the Contractor’s own security. Removing any employee who persists in any misconduct or lack of care, carries out duties incompetently or negligently, fails to conform to any provisions of the contract, or persists in any conduct which is prejudicial to safety, health, or the protection of the environment. Taking all reasonable precautions to prevent unlawful, riotous or disorderly conduct by or amongst the contractor's personnel, and to 85 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact preserve peace and protection of persons and property on and near the site. Prohibiting alcohol, drugs, arms, and ammunition on the worksite among personnel. The contractor and Supervision Consultant should register in a log all events of a criminal nature that occur at the worksite or are associated with the civil works activities. The contractor and Supervision Consultant should report all activities of a criminal nature on the worksite or by the contractor's employees (whether on or off the worksite) to the police and undertake the necessary follow-up. Crime reports should include nature of the offense, location, date, time, and all other pertinent details. Construction Child Labour Ensure no children are employed on Contractor and Protection site in accordance with the law Supervising Ensure that any child sexual Engineer relations offenses among Local contractors' workers are promptly Administration reported to the police Construction Gender Equity, The works contractor should be Contractor Sexual required, under its contract, to Supervising Harassment prepare and enforce a No Sexual Engineer Harassment and Non- Discrimination Policy, in Local accordance with national law where Administration applicable. The contractor should prepare and implement a gender action plan, Construction Impact on Implementation of chance find Contractor 25,000.00 cultural sites procedures see appendix 12.4 86 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact Supervising Engineer Construction Liability for Provision of PPE. To the Contractor 30,000.00 loss of life, construction workers at any time Supervising injury or they are involved in the Engineer damage to construction. The PPE should private property include clothing, helmets, and goggles. The workers should receive requisite training especially on the operation of the machinery and equipment There should be adequate warning and directional signs. 50,000.00 Ensuring that the prepared code of conduct for staff is followed to prevent accidents. Develop a site safety action plan 40,000.00 detailing safety equipment to be used, emergency procedures, restriction on site, frequency and personnel responsible for safety inspections and controls. Cordon off unsafe areas Provide first Aid kit within the construction site. Recording of all injuries that occur on site in the incident register, corrective actions for their prevention are instigated as appropriate. Contractor to ensure compliance with the Workmen's Compensation Act, ordinance regulations and union agreements. The Contractor to repair any damage done to private property. 87 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Project Environmenta Cost (K.Shs.) Phase l / Social Mitigation Measure Responsibility Impact Construction Miscellaneous As prescribed by the Environmental Environmental 75,000.00 Environmental Supervisor Supervisor issues Operation Generation of Sorting of all debris collected by the NWSB solid waste screens before transport to the relevant facilities. Continuous removal of solid waste to prevent overloading of the system to ensure efficiency in the cleaning of the combined storm and waste water. All transporters used should have a license from NEMA. Operation Noise Pollution All transportation vehicles should NWSB be kept in good working order, serviced regularly in accordance to the manufacturers’ specifications. All transportation vehicles should be licensed by NEMA Operation Increased NWSB incorporates the “pro-poor” Kinna WSP Tariffs policy in its billing. 9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN The purpose of the Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for the proposed project is to initiate a mechanism for implementing mitigation measures for the potential negative environmental impacts and monitor the efficiency of these mitigation measures based on relevant environmental indicators. The Environmental and Social Mitigation and Management Plan in Chapter 8 identified certain roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders for implementation, supervision and monitoring. The objectives of the ESMP therefore are:  To ensure that the recommendations in the approved ESIA report are adhered to by the various institutions  To ensure that the environmental and social mitigation and their enhancement actions are well understood and communicated to all involved stakeholders.  To ensure that the proposed environmental and social remedial measures are implemented during the project execution stage 88 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental and social remedial measures  To evaluate the effectiveness of various evaluation techniques and procedures  To provide the Proponent and the relevant Lead Agencies with a framework to confirm compliance with relevant laws and regulations. Conversely, environmental monitoring provides feedback about the actual environmental impacts of the project. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment. They are also used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to facilitate any needed project design or operational changes. A monitoring program, backed up by powers to ensure corrective action when the monitoring results show it necessary, is a proven way to ensure effective implementation of mitigation measures. By tracking the project’s actual impacts, monitoring reduces the environmental risks associated with the project, and allows for project modifications to be made where required. In order to implement the monitoring plan, the Consultant proposes an additional cost of K.Shs. 150,000.00 per month for and environmental consultant during the construction period. Table 9-2 presents the indicators that will be used to monitor the implementation of the water supply project. The indicators are selected based on the project and major anticipated impacts. 89 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Table 9-2: Proposed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan Environmental Frequency of Responsibilit Area Performance Indicators Monitoring Requirements Corrective Action Component monitoring y Constructio Public health and  Prevalence rates of  Physical inspection Monthly Environmenta Investigate non- n Camp safety common diseases. l Supervisor compliance and  Documentation Number make  Provision of condoms, of complaints recommendations contraceptives and  Interview with residents Implement mosquito nets. recommendations  Conduction of campaign meetings on transmission of diseases like HIV/AIDS and other STDs.  Availability of adequate solid waste bins.  System of safe disposal of both solid and liquid waste in place.  Availability of first aid facilities.  Outpatient attendance registers.  Compliance with the Health and Safety Act. Solid and liquid  Presence of scattered  Physical inspection Monthly Environmenta Implement wastes litter. l Supervisor recommendations  Number of complaints. Contractor 90 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental Frequency of Responsibilit Area Performance Indicators Monitoring Requirements Corrective Action Component monitoring y  Signs of obstruction of water courses. HIV&AIDS  Number campaign  Inspection of HIV/AIDS Quarterly Contractor Implement meetings on transmission prevention services recommendations Environmenta of diseases like within the site. l Supervisor HIV/AIDS and other  Number of condoms, STDs. ARVs provided.  Number of condom dispensers within the site.  Number of ARVs provided to vulnerable persons Project Site Solid and liquid  Scattered litter  Physical inspection Monthly Environmenta Implement wastes l Supervisor recommendations  Signs of obstruction of  Number of complaints water ways. Contractor  Flow of wastewater on the ground surface.  Provision of sanitary facilities to the construction crews.  Pollution of the spring/seasonal rivers like the Murera River Noise  Level of noise generated.  Liaise with other Monthly Environmenta  Implement stakeholders. l Supervisor recommendatio  Provision of PPE. ns 91 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental Frequency of Responsibilit Area Performance Indicators Monitoring Requirements Corrective Action Component monitoring y  Compliance with existing  Documentation on noise standard issued by complaints about noise NEMA. Air pollution  Level of dust generated.  Physical inspection Monthly Environmenta  Implement l Supervisor recommendatio  Provision of PPE.  Interview residents ns including workers  Liaise with other stakeholders Flora and Fauna  Amount of vegetation  Documentation of Quarterly Environmenta  Implement removed uprooted trees l Supervisor recommendatio ns  Change in spring/river  Physical Inspection biodiversity Gender  Number of female  Review of company staff Quarterly Environmenta  Implement Empowerment employees records. l Supervisor recommendatio ns  Number of male and  Physical Inspection female toilets Cultural Heritage  Records of identified  Review of records Monthly Environmenta  Implement cultural sites l Supervisor recommendatio ns Crime  Number of reported  Review of records Monthly Environmenta  Implement Management crimes l Supervisor recommendatio  Interviews with staff and ns  Number of complaints local community Child Labour  Record of employees  Review of records Monthly Environmenta  Implement including IDs l Supervisor recommendatio ns 92 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Environmental Frequency of Responsibilit Area Performance Indicators Monitoring Requirements Corrective Action Component monitoring y  Interviews with staff and local community Gender Equity  Number of complaints  Review of grievance Monthly Environmenta  Implement and Sexual redress forms. l Supervisor recommendatio Harassment ns  Interviews with local community Loss of Life,  Record of accidents and  Review of records Monthly Environmenta  Implement Damage to damages done l Supervisor recommendatio  Interviews with staff and Private property ns local community. 93 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 9.4 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS- ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EACH ACTOR 9.4.1 Contractor The contractor has the major responsibility for safety and health during the construction phase on the projects only, and has the duties to plan, manage, monitor and coordinate the construction phase taking into account the general principals of prevention to ensure:  Safety & Health-the project is carried out without risks to health or safety.  CPP – to be drawn up as soon as practicable prior to setting up a construction site and updated, reviewed and revised so it continues to be sufficient.  Coordination of the implementation of the relevant legal requirements to ensure that the employers etc. apply the general principals of prevention in a consistent manner and follow the CPP.  Contractor training etc. – Ensure the necessary information, instruction, and training is received and appropriate supervision to comply.  Cooperation with others – cooperate with any other person at the site or an adjoining site to enable others to perform their duties etc.  Site rules – draw up.  Welfare – ensure compliance throughout the construction phase.  Liaison with PD – for the duration of the project and in particular regarding any information which is needed to prepare the H&SF or may affect the planning and management of the pre-construction phase.  H&SF – is appropriately updated, reviewed and revised from time to time.  Provide Site Inductions  Prevent unauthorized access to the site.  Workforce cooperation – arrangement which will enable the PC and workers to cooperate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure health & safety at work and checking effectiveness.  Workforce consultation – consult workers in good time on matters connected with the project which may affect their health, safety or welfare.  Workforce communication – ensure workers can inspect and take copies of certain information.  Display the project notification on the site. 9.4.2 Supervising Engineer The supervising engineer will assist NWSB in the direct oversight of the water supply project. He assist NWSB in determining the equipment required and justification through conducting feasibility studies. He will also ensure the safety of workers on sight. 9.4.3 County officer (Water, Energy and natural resources) County officers will have the role in administration and management. They shall be responsible for the coordination, management and supervision of the general administrative functions in the county. They will ensure the facilitation and coordination of citizen participation in the development of policies and plans and delivery of services regarding the water supply project and also in the provision and maintenance of the water supply project. The county officers will also ensure that the project empowers the community. 9.4.4 Northern water services board On the project NWSB will need to ensure that the following duties have been fulfilled. Make suitable arrangements for managing a project so that health, safety and welfare are secured. 94 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report NWSB will assemble the Project Team and ensure that the functions and responsibilities of the Project Team are clear. NWSB will Maintain and review the Management Arrangements to ensure they remain relevant throughout the life of the project. NWSB will Provide Pre-Construction Information. Pre-construction information is information already in the Client’s possession (such as an existing health and safety file, survey data, structural drawings, etc) or which is reasonable to obtain. This must be provided as soon as practicable to each Designer (including the Principal Designer) and Contractor (including the Principal Contractor) who is bidding for work on the project or has already been appointed. A Health and Safety File is only required for projects involving more than one contractor. The Client must ensure that the Principal Designer prepares a Health and Safety File for their project. Its purpose is to ensure that, at the end of the project, the Client has the information that anyone carrying out subsequent construction work on the water supply will require to be able to plan and carry out the work safely and without risks to health. Where a construction project must be notified, NWSB must submit a notice in writing to the relevant enforcing authority NWSB may, for practical reasons, agree that one of the other duty- holders for the project complete this notification. Where this is the case, NWSB should confirm this in writing with the relevant duty holder. 9.4.5 Local administration The local administration will aid in ensuring that laws and regulations are adhered to the latter and also that the project goes on smoothly without external interference. 9.4.6 Kinna WSP Kinna WSP will be responsible for the day to day management of the water project after its realization on behalf of the NWSB. It will also aid in incorporating the “pro-poor” policy in its billing. 9.4.7 Environmental supervisor. Environmental supervisor will advise NWSB and the contractor on how to minimize the project impact on the environment and, in some cases, oversee the delivery of impact reduction strategies. HE/SHE will typically develop and then measure the success of the schemes for waste management, recycling, pollution reduction and pollution prevention. Depending on the role, responsibilities could include:  implementing environmental policies and practices  devising strategies to meet targets and to encourage best practice  devising the best tools and systems to monitor performance and to implement strategies  ensuring compliance with environmental legislation  assessing, analysing and collating environmental performance data and reporting information to internal staff, clients and regulatory bodies  confirming that materials, ingredients and so on are ethically or environmentally sourced  managing environmental strategy budgets  liaising with internal staff including senior managers and directors  Acting as a champion or cheerleader for environmental issues as per the project.  providing environmental training to staff at all levels  writing plans and reports  keeping up to date with relevant changes in environmental legislation and initiatives including international legislation where applicable 95 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report  producing educational or information resources for internal staff, clients or the general public  liaising with regulatory bodies such as the Environment Agency (NEMA) 9.5 GRIVANCES REDRESS MECHANISMS The table above, shows the performance indicators as part of the monitoring plan. Some of these indicators will be as a result of grievances raised by stakeholders. This section identifies the procedures in which stakeholders can present their grievances for redress. Different grievances require different timeframes for their handling as their nature necessitates their handling by different agencies. However due to their sensitive nature, the stakeholders agreed that three weeks will be enough to address any grievance that arises as a result of the works. The Consultant proposes that the Supervising Engineer’s office be in charge of collecting and forwarding the grievances to the relevant authority of redress. The filing of grievances for accurate record keeping is important. If the complainant is not able to express his/her complaint in writing, he/she can be assisted by a local leader (Area Chief) to file the complaint at the complaints desk in the project office. To ease follow-up, each complaint will be registered and assigned a unique reference number. The office will then evaluate the application and determine what implementing agency will resolve the issue. The figure below shows a sample of a complaint form: Table 9-3: Table Showing a Sample Grievance Form Grievance Form Issue Ref. Complainant’s Description of Proposed Redress Resolved No. Name Date Grievance Measure (Y/N) 96 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS As has been alluded in this report, the following can be said in summary. The implementation of the proposed Water Supply Project has the following benefits:  There will be an increased supply of clean water to Kinna town and along the pipeline routes. This will in turn lead to an improvement in the public health of the population due to the reduction of water related ailments.  The water supply to communities through off-takes and pipeline extension will reduce the time required and distance travelled to fetch water. This time so availed can be used in other economic activities thus enhancing the quality of life and living standards in the project area.  Employment and skills transfer opportunities will be created for the local population; this will improve the general socio-economic wellbeing of the community  The negative environmental impacts identified are mostly confined to the construction phase of the project. Mitigation measures proposed are adequate and will be monitored and evaluated during project implementation. The recommendations and issues which arose from public participation and consultation have been effectively highlighted and incorporated in the report after the said public participation and consultation meetings were held. The ESIA concludes that the project will have substantial positive environmental benefits. It will supply sufficient potable water to meet projected future demands of domestic and other uses in the project area. The adverse impacts on the physical and natural environment will be “in sum total,” not significant, and can be handled through the recommended mitigation measures. There are incremental costs required to achieve these. 97 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 11 REFERENCES  Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006.  Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water & Wastewater) Regulations, 2006.  Republic of Kenya (2004), State of Environment Report, NEMA,  Nairobi Republic of Kenya (2004), District Environment Profile, NEMA, Nairobi  Republic of Kenya, Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999), Government Printer, Nairobi Republic of Kenya, Water Act (2002), Government Printer, Nairobi  Republic of Kenya, Water Supply Design Manual (MWI, 2005), Government Printer, Nairobi  Republic of Kenya, Public Health Act, Cap 242, Government Printer, Nairobi.  Republic of Kenya, Environmental Impact Assessment/Audit Regulations 2003, (Legal Notice No.101) Government Printer, Nairobi  The Constitution of Kenya 2010  The Land Act, No. 6 of 2012  World Bank Operational Policies 98 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 12 APPENDICES 12.1 APPENDIX 1 SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE 99 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 100 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 101 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 102 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 12.2 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF KINNA KANCHORADI BOREHOLES Figure 12-1Chemical Analysis of Kinna Kanchoradi Borehole II 103 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 12-2Kachoradi borehole 1 tested yield 104 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Table 12-1Water Consumption Rates Guideline CONSUMER UNIT RURAL AREAS URBAN AREAS High Medium Low High Medium Low potential potential potential Class Class Class Housing Housing Housing People with 1/head/ individual day 60 50 40 250 150 75 connections People without 1/head/ connections day 20 15 10 - - 20 Livestock unit 1/head/ day - 50 Boarding schools 1/head/ day 50 Day schools with WC without WC 1/head/ 25 day 5 Hospitals Regional 400 District 1/bed/ + 20 1 per outpatient and day day 200 other (minimum 5000 1/day) 100 Dispensary and 1/day 5000 Health Centre Hotels High Class 1/bed/ 600 Medium Class day 300 Low Class 50 Administrative 1/head/ 25 offices day Bars 1/day 500 Shops 1/day 100 Unspecified 1/ha/day 20,000 industry 105 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Coffee pulping 1/kg factories coffee 25 (when re-circulation of water is used). 106 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 12.3 SUMMARY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION 12.3.1 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at the chief’s office at kina location on the 5th June 2016 at 11.00 am 1) Present • Marion Orina - Zamconsult Consulting Engineers (Consultant) • Kevin Morang’a - Zamconsult Consulting Engineers (Consultant) • Omar Abduba – Water Users Association Chairman • Jarso Ali Jeremiah - Chief of South Kinna Location • Halake Jillo - Chief of North Kinna Location • General Public 2) Introduction The meeting started at 11.00am and was chaired by the area chief, who introduced the Consultant to the attendees. He then invited the Consultant to give her presentation. 3) Presentation on project by the consultant The consultant provided an elaborate explanation of the project, its scope and its anticipated outcomes and the laws which govern the Environmental and social process as well as the significance of the public consultation meeting. She also explained about the projects impacts in all the phases both positive and negative. The consultant explained the need of the project to the general public. She explained that there was need to replace some existing line and also add extra new lines to cater for rising demand for the fresh water. The consultant explained the various phases of the projects with their associated impacts both positive and negative. The phases are planning, construction, operation and decommissioning. The consultant indicated that the planning phase has already been accomplished and the project is at the construction phase. The consultant indicated that there would be no displacement of people as the pipelines will be laid along the road reserves. The consultant further explained the measures to be taken to mitigate the disturbances that will arise as a result of the project and assured the general public that incase the contractor failed to adhere to the set regulations, they could address their concerns to the resident engineer present on the ground for the relevant action to be taken. 4) Questions, Answers and feedback The Consultant then invited the attendees to raise whatever issues they had, in order to have full knowledge on the project. Q1) Jarso Ali Jeremiah, the chief of South Kinna Location pointed that consultation were not carried out in regard to the Chiodina project which was done some year ago. Regarding that project, problem pertaining to finances arose and the locals did not know how much was spent. Some phases of the project were not completed like the tanks and the pipelines. They were later done by the Red Cross. The project up to now has done been completed and the water has not reached the Water Kiosks. CDF allocated a sum of KSHS 600,000 to build the tank and do the water distribution networks. Even though, all this was done, the water is not being utilized due to the mechanical problems. With this background information, the chief requested that all the necessary information be disseminated to the general public. At this juncture, he thanked the consultant for holding the public consultation to brief the public on the project components. He further articulated that the places where the water Kiosks are located are not appropriated and proposed that their locations be changed. Further, he postulated that the locals have a 107 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report problem with the water management. He proposed that the water users association present at Kinna location do not have any knowledge in regard to water management and therefore there is need for capacity building. The consultant indicated that capacity building is possible and NWSB is ready to provide them with staff that can take them through the processes of water management. She further articulated that all information pertaining to the project will be made available for the general public and it was the reason for the public consultation. Q2) Omar Abduba, the water user’s chairman, reiterated on the concerns raised by the chief. He also did indicate that there is lack of knowledge for water management and proposed for capacity building. Further, he indicated that the locals have a problem with the payment of the water. The locals have a notion that water is free since it is gravitated. The consultant responded that water management is very important. For the maintenance of the project in the foreseeable future, payment of the water is very necessary. She further articulated that some funds obtained from the water payments are the ones used for the repairs of pipe bursts when they occur and any other cost that may arise. Q3) Abdi Hakula indicated that Koticha B has not received any water since the boreholes were sunk and therefore there is need for the village to be served. He further articulated that the management of the water be done by the NWSB as the locals have little knowledge of water management. The consultant reiterated that capacity building can be done to the water users association and therefore gain the needed knowledge of water management. The consultant further indicated that Koticha B is schedule to be served by clean water in the current proposed water supply project. Q4) Adija Roba asked to know whether they will be provided with individual connections and also indicated that they have no problem with the payment of water. The consultant indicated that the water will be supplied to the Water Kiosks as per the current project deliverables. The locals will get the water from the Water Kiosks. Q5) Conclusion The Consultant asked if the people were in support of the project. The locals, by a show of hands approved of the project, stating that their recommendations given in the meeting should be taken into account. The meeting ended at 12.20 pm with a word of prayer. 108 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 12.3.2 List of Attendance PROPOSED WORKS CONTRACTS UNDER NORTHERN WATYER SERVICES BOARD PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING Venue; Kinna Chiefs Office Date Name ID NO Village/Orgainzation Telephone No SHUKRI MOHAMED 27021614 706790113 ISACK ABDIRAHMAN 26322278 716592044 ADHAN KULURA FATUMA DOTI 721373746 SALAD MOHAMED 24332069 KOTICHA B ABDI ABKULA KONSO 875516 JAMIA 724210190 FATUMA GUYO 824430 KOTICHA B 718044008 HUSSEIN DARASO 233737434 JAMIA 718697075 OSMAN ABKULLA 8053102 KOTICHA C 715088267 IBRAHIM JILLO ABDI 23376117 CHARABDICHA 718155174 HUSSEIN GANGE OMAR 81508 KOTICHA C 719418652 ISSA ABDIMUR IBRAHIM 30473326 JAMIA 790657391 ALI WAKO LIBAN 27598599 CHARABDICHA 711107796 MOHAMED S TAD 23376014 MOSA 72262019 MOHAMED ALI JAMIA 718071751 SADIA SUBANE 24331488 JAMIA 719531084 FATUMA GALGALO 21305430 JAMIA 707627066 ASAH GOLICHA 25974418 JAMIA 700992913 HADIJA ROBA 367740 CHARABDICHA 717564860 ABDIRIZAK BILLA 31459490 CHARABDICHA 708172861 HUSSEIN DOTTI 30471481 KOTICHA C 706111923 ADAN GUYO 23367253 ODHA 708679435 MOHAMED JAA 20273700 KOTICHA C 704265794 IBRAHIM GOLICHA 8052800 ODHA 719251382 JARSO ALI 79365 CHIEF 715766636 SULEIMAN SHIKH IBRAHIM 304726341 JAMIA 7011422835 109 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 110 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 12-3Public Consultation Meeting List of Attendance 111 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 12.3.3 Public Consultation Photos Figure 12-4 Consultant giving a presentation on the water supply projects Figure 12-5Chief seeking clarification 112 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report Figure 12-6 The public listening to the consultant Figure 12-7Water Users Association Chairman raising a concern 113 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD Proposed Kinna Town Water supply system ESIA project Report 12.4 “CHANCE FIND” PROCEDURES Chance find procedures are an integral part of the project ESMMP and civil works contracts. The following is proposed in this regard, if the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall:  Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find;  Delineate the discovered site or area;  Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until the responsible local authorities take over;  Notify the supervisory Project Environmental Officer and Project Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Sports, Culture and the Arts immediately (within 24 hours or less); Responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Sports, Culture and the Arts would then be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by an archaeologist of the National Museums of Kenya. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, namely the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of Sports, Culture and the Arts. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding irremovable remains of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by relevant local authorities. Construction work may resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Sports, Culture and the Arts concerning safeguard of the heritage. 114 ZamConsult consulting Engineers LTD