43015 / / 2007 / / ( ) / . , , , , , . , , , . www.worldbank.org/AIDS ( «»). , , iii . (jdebeyer@worldbank). , . . () : / (), , . . : , , © 2007 / 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 . ii / - / : /. . , . - , , , . : , , , /, , , , , , . : , , , , , , . : Rosalia Rodriguez-Garcia, World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, MSN G8-802, Washington DC, 20433. Email: rrodriguezgarcia@worldbank.org - / ii « » - / / , 3 / /, , / , «» iii .......................................................................................................................VI ....................................................................................................................... VII / ..................................................................................................... 1 .............................................................................. 1 1.................................................................................................................................... 1 1. : ................................................. 1 2. / ........................................................... 3 3. .................. 5 3.1. ...................................................................... 5 3.2. ........................................................................... 5 3.3 ...................................................... 7 3.4. ........................................................... 10 4. .......................... 12 1: / ............................................................................................................ 14 2: - ..................................................................... 16 3: ................................................................. 19 4: ............... 21 5: ........ 24 6: , ........................................... 29 7: ......................................................................................................................... 30 5. .......................................................................... 31 5a. ........................................................................... 32 5b. ........................... 33 5c. ......................................................................................... 34 6. ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.................................................................................................................................. 36 .............................................................................. 36 ............................................................................ 39 3.................................................................................................................................. 39 ................................................................................................................................. 39 ................................................................................................................. 93 ( ).................................................... 97 1: .................................................................................... 98 iv 2: / .......................................................................... 102 3: ................................... 108 1: ............................................................................. 3 2: ....................................................................................................... 6 3: ............................................................ 7 4: ............................................ 10 5: .................................. 11 6: , ..................................... 12 7: ................................ 16 8: , ....... 17 9: , ()................................................................................................... 18 10: , () ............................................................................................................. 19 11: / HIV/AIDS................................................................................................... 20 12: - ............................................................................................................................. 22 13: ............ 25 14: .............................................................................. 26 15: /........................ 27 16: ........................................................................................................ 28 17: : «»................ 31 v . , , . , / , , , , , . . 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() .12 , , / , 3 (). 4 , . , , , , , . . , , .13 12World Bank, 2006 13Rodriguez-Garcia and White, 2005 9 4: 1970- 1990- 2000- 2010- - , , / : R. Rodriguez-García, GHAP, World Bank, 2007. 3.4. , . , , . , - , , . « » « », , , .14 ( - ). , , (. 5). «..., ...» 14Kusek, Rist and White 2004. 10 .15 (. 1.) , , - , , . , . - . , . , , , . 5: : Binnendijk, 2000; Kusek and Rist, 2004. 15 «..., ...» : / , Y. 11 4. / , , . , , , , , . . , (. 6). , / : (a) ? (b) / ­ ? : (1) /, (2) , (3) , , , . 6: , , · · · · ( ) · , : GAMET, GHAP, World Bank, 2007. 12 . . /. , : « », , , .16 . , . - :17 1. , . 2. , , , , , , , . 3. , , , . 4. , , , -. 5. , , , . 6. - . 7. . 16. UNAIDS Country Harmonization Assessment Tool (CHAT). [: /. /. 17Practical Guidelines for Intensifying HIV Prevention: Towards Universal Access, 2007, p.23. 13 8. , , . 9. , , . 10. , , , . 11. -, , , , . 12. - . 2 . . , / .18 1: / /, , , . «» , , , , /. , , , . / , , , 18. : ASAP Strategy Planning Road Map , : at www.worldbank.org/ASAP 14 , , . . - , (, /, ). - - , , (, /, , , ). . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , . (. 7). , , . , , .19 19Rodriguez-Garcia and White, 2005, p.29. 15 7: - . - . - , , , , , «», . « » , . - . , «» . : , , . , . : : UNAIDS (1998). Expanding the Global Response to HIV/AIDS through Focused Action: Reducing Risk and Vulnerability: Definitions, Rationale and Pathways, Geneva. 2: - / ( ). . - (., , 5). , (, 15 - 19 , , 2010 48% 75%; 2012 50%). / , , , , , , (. 8). 16 8: , - , /, . , /, , , , . /. - , /, . : Practical Guidelines for Intensifying HIV Prevention: Towards Universal Access, 2007, p.5. «». ( « »). . : ? , , ?20 , , . 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( ). · , ? ­ , . · ? · ? · , - ? 4: , « » . , , . , , , , . , , . , , (. 12). - , . -, 21 - .23 12: - 1. 2. - 3. , 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. - / - , 10. - 11. , : UNAIDS, Policy Position Paper, Intensifying HIV Prevention, 2005, p.32. , : · , , - , /. · . · -. · , . · . · . 23WHO. National AIDS Programmes-A Guide to Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluating National Antiretroviral Programmes. 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(Eds.) op. cit. 2007. 29 (. 2). . : . , . (.. , ) () . , .29 5 () 6 () , . - . : · / · (.. ) · · , · · · · , , : · , ? · ? · ? 7: , . «» . , , 29World Bank, 2007 30 , , , , , . (. 17). 17: : «» ( ) (2002/03 .) (. 06 .) 1. 2008 17,5% 18,5% - ( ( 2006) 17,5 19,5; - : , 1 17,5 18,5 (, 2003 2006 ( 20 49 ) .) , 2003) 2. 2008 16,5% 18,5% - ( 2003) ( 2006) 16,5 18,5; - , 1 16,5 18,5 (, 2003 2006 ( 15 24) .) 3. 2008 59,40% 31,60% , , /, 15 19 , ( 2003) ( 2006) 59,4% 45% 4. 2008 , .: 30%, . 41%, . 17% . 29% . ( 2003) ( 2006) , 30% 45% 17% 30% ( 15 24 ) : (Zambia Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2006). 5. , , , . . , , , , , . 31 5a. , , , : · : , , . , . . . · , , , , , . · , . ·, . ·: , . , , , . · : / ( , ) ; - . · . · , . , , , , : 32 · , , · · · · , , .30 , , . , ; (i) , (ii) . 5b. : · . · . · . · , , . · - . 30White, Rodriguez-Garca and Balasundaran, 2005, pp. 33-43. 33 · , , , - () (). · . · , , . : · , , , - . · , / . , , , / , . , /. « ...» , . 5c. , . , : ·«» 31 · 32 () (), , ; , . 31 = «» /, www.worldbank.org/asap. 32. 6 www.worldbank.org/asap 34 6. / / . , , , /, , , , , , , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , () (). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 35 / 2 , / . , . , . : · , , . «» , , . · , . - , , , , . · , , . 36 · , - , . , . , , -, . · ( ) . , , , , . · , , , . , . · , , , , . · , . . · , 1 - 2 , , . 3 - 5 . , 5 , . · : 1. 37 2. , ( ) / 3. . 38 3 . , . : , , . , . 39 , , . - .. . /. . /. , 2007. 1 1: 3: · · · · 4: · · , 2: 5: · · · · - 2 40 , , «, » , , , 3 7 / 1 2 6 - 3 ­ 5 ­ 4 4 41 , . : 1. 2. , . : . 5 : ? · , / (, . . ? · · , , · , ­ . 6 42 , : , ? , , , . , . , . , ? () () () : Self-Assessment in Managing for Results by R. Rodriguez-Garca and E.M. White. World Bank Working Paper # 41, 2005. 7 , Box 2.1: Elements of Results Based Management 1. Identify clear and measurable objectives. . St 2. Select indicators that will be used to measure Planning M Pe progress towards each objective. . Pe 3. Set explicit targets for each indicator, used to rategic easur rfo judge performance . ement rm rform an 4. Develop performance monitoring systems to c e regularly collect data on actual results. ance 5. Review, analyze and report actual results vis-à-vis . M the targets. , anagemen . 6. Integrate evaluations to complement performance information not readily available from performance , monitoring systems. . t 7. Use performance information for internal management accountability, learning and decision making processes, , , , and also for external performance reporting to stakeholders and partners. . :Source: A. Binnendijk, Results Based Management in the Development Co-Operation Agencies, OECD/DAC, 2001 , ­ , ­ 8 . 43 , : · , · · . 9 7 / 1 2 6 - 3 5 ­ ­ 4 10 44 : 1. , 2. , ­ , 3. 4. , , . 5. . 6. . 11 () 1 , . 2 , . ­ ­ . 3 ­ , , . , . 4. ­ « ». , , . 12 45 ? : ? ­ , . , «», , , . : Guide to the Strategic Planning Process for a National Response, UNAIDS, August, 2000.13 · · / · · · / · · · · / · · · · ­ · · · · · · · · 14 : P. Osewe, WBI, World Bank. Presentation in St. Lucia, 2006 46 · , . · . · , . 4 8 , , . · , , ­ . · . ­ . : Self-Assessment in Managing for Results by R. Rodriguez-Garca and E.M. White. 15 World Bank Working Paper 41, 2005. - - · . · , . · . · . · . · / (, - , ). · . · , . · (, , ). 16 47 / 11 : 1. ? 2. 1000 100 ? 3. ? : 4. ? : , 17 . : ­ . ­ , . ­ : , , (.., ). ­ . ­ . : ­ , . ­ , : , , , , , . (, , ). ­ , . 18 48 ? 1 2 ­ , , . ­ , , , , . ­ . : David Wilson Presentation, GHAP, World Bank, 2006. . . UNAIDS Practical Guidelines for Intensifying HIV Prevention, 2007. 19 ? 2 2 · ­ ­ . · , - , - (, , ). 20 49 - HIV INFECTION IN RUSSIA - 2% MSM 1% 5% IDU 92% 21 : , 2002 - - 2% 6% ­ 92% 22 : Shields et al, 2004 50 - 1% 4% - 32% 55% 6% 2% : Padian and Bertozzi, 2005 23 - , - 2002--2005 . . 1 500 . , - , - 1 000 - 500 0 2002 . 2003 . 2003 . 2004 . 2004 . 2005 . 2005 . : B. Schwartlander, Global Fund to Flight Aids, Tb and Malaria, 2006. 24 51 , - , -, - , ( , , , ) - ­ - ? ? : David Wilson Presentation, GHAP, World Bank, 2006 25 - · , , . · ­ , , ­ . . · , , . . 7: . 26 52 : , . , , , . , . 27 (, 2007 .) 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 = (PMTCT) MECP MECP con Prueba = 28 53 - (, 2007 .) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Prevalencia RN Cobertura VIH+ = 29 = , : · , · · . · 30 54 7 / 1 2 6 - 3 5 ­ ­ 4 31 ­ 2 ( ) : · , · (, , ). 32 55 · , ( ) " " ( ) · · , · · (, , ), 33 : Binnenen and Kusek&Rist, 2004. , , : 1. ? ( )) = 2. ? = 3. , ­ ? = (.., ) 4. ? = 5. , , ? = : . . 66 73. . . 103. 34 56 . ­ , ( ) . , ( ) . , ( ) . , , , ( ) 35 () , ? · . · : - ( ) - (, ) . , 2007. 36 57 , : ( , , ­ .. ) . (. , ) . , . . : . 37 37 38. , + = , , - - - - ­ c- 60% 40% 50% 38 : : Ten Steps to a Results-based M&E System by J.Kusek and R. Rist, 2004, p. 91. 58 : ­ 1. 1. , 20% 2005 . 50% 2010 . 2. 2. - 35% 2004 . 70% 2010 , . - 3. 3.1 48% 2006 . 60% 2010 . 15-24 , 6 . 3.2 23% 2006 . 50% 2010 . 15-24 , (: R. Rodriguez- Garcia, GHAP, World Bank, 6 2007.) . 39 : ­ 1. 1. 10% 2006 . 80% 2010 . - -, - 2. 2. 35% 2006 . 95% 2010 . , 3. 3. , -20% 2006 . -90% 2010 . 4. 4. 50% 2006 . 10% 2010 . , 12 - - ( 2, 3, 5 5. - 5. 70% 2006 . 85% 2010 . , - 24 . 40 : R. Oelrichs, GHAP, World Bank, 2007. 59 , ....... ......... : J.Kusek and R. Rist, 2004, p. 118. 41 1 2 1. . 2. . 3. ( ) ( ) . 4. , . 42 60 2 2 5. , (, ). 6. , : , , , , , / . 43 , , : , . , . , . : , , , 44 61 () () : ... ... (a) (b) -. . 45 , : · , · , · . 46 62 7 / 1 2 6 - 3 5 ­ ­ 4 47 3 , : · ? , ? · ? ­ : , , . · ? ­ : , . · ? · ? · , , ? 48 63 , (, ) ( = ) ( = ) (, , ) (, , ) (, , , ) 49 - HIV INFECTION IN GHANA GENERAL POPULATION 15% -SEX WORKERS 85% 50 : Cote et al, 2004 64 , : , , , , , 51 , 1990- . , ­ . , - . , , - . : 15-49 ­ 0.9-3.5%. 52 : UNAIDS 2006 Report 65 , · · · 53 · , , ? (a) (b) ? / ? 54 66 : - Know HIV Status Don't Know HIV Status - 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 55 : Yip, 2005 USA China : , . 56 : MAP review, 2004; GARFUND, 2004. 67 , : · , · · . 57 7 / 1 2 6 - 3 5 ­ ­ 4 58 68 4 1 2 : : ·, · · , . , . : UNAIDS Practical Guidelines for Intensifying HIV Prevention,59 2007. ­ ­ ­ 2 2 1. : · ; · - · 2. / , . 3. , . ­ . : , . 60 69 : , : · · · · · 61 : · · · · · · · : J.C. Brown, D. Ayvalikli and N. 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