84313 December 20th, 2013 1 1 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views and position of the Executive Directors of the World Bank, the European Union, or the Government of Romania. Table of Contents The TRACE diagnostic is part of work done under the Romania Executive Summary /1 Regional Development Program – a Reimbursable Advisory Service activity, undertaken by the World Bank at the request Methodology /7 of the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Background /9 Administration, with EU funding. The report was written by a National Legislation Regarding Energy /9 team comprised of Manuela Moț, Ranjan Bose, Sebastian Background Cluj-Napoca /15 Burduja, and Marcel Ionescu-Heroiu. Cristina Zirimis has provided logistical and administrative support throughout the Cluj-Napoca Sector Analysis /19 process. The team would like to thank the colleagues at the District Heating /19 Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration Street Lighting /23 (particularly Ionuţ Trincă, Costel Jitaru, and Bogdan Ţigău), as Municipal Buildings /24 well as the colleagues in the Cluj-Napoca City Hall and the Cluj Power Sector /27 County Council, who supported the team throughout. The Urban Transport /29 team would also like to thank peer reviewers Stephen Water Sector /35 Hammer, Feng Liu, Paula Restrepo, and Pedzi Makumbe, for Solid Waste /37 the excellent feed-back provided. Energy Efficiency Recommendations /41 TRACE (Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy) was Urban Transport /42 developed by ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Municipal Buildings /48 Program), a unit of the World Bank, and is available for Street Lighting /50 download and free use at: http://esmap.org/TRACE. District Heating /52 Annexes /55 1 1 Executive Summary The limitations of TRACE The fact that TRACE is simple and easy to implement, also means that Why a study on energy efficiency? there are limitations with respect to the depth of analysis. For example, The main impetus for this report (and for the reports prepared for the the tool may identify District Heating as the a priority sector in terms of other six growth poles) is a request received from the Ministry of Regional potential energy savings, but it does not go into detail on the required Development and Public Administration. The request came within the costs to complete district heating rehabilitation projects. Thus, even if the context of on-going preparations for the 2014-2020 Programming Period, energy savings potential is assessed to be high, the costs may be even with Energy Efficiency being one the major themes of the Europe 2020 higher, and an investment in the sector may not be warranted. Similarly, strategy, and a critical priority for all EU Member Countries. Within although TRACE specifically focuses on the service areas that fall within Romania, local authorities that will want to access energy efficiency funds the purview of local authorities, the tool cannot factor in the institutional under the 2014-2020 Regional Operational Programme will need to first and legislative mechanisms that need to be in place to make a specific prepare energy efficiency strategies. The TRACE tool is specifically energy efficiency recommendation possible. targeted at local authorities, and is a good instrument for drafting such strategies. Boundaries of studied area While this work focuses on the growth poles in Romania, the analysis was What is TRACE? limited to the boundary of the center city. The reasoning for this is quite The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is a simple and simple: it is prohibitively difficult to collect individual indicators for all the practical tool for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities, The constituent localities of a metropolitan area. In most cases, this would tool helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and have required in-depth discussion with over 20 localities, ensuring that all identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors — these localities had the necessary indicators for a particular service area, transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, and ensuring that they used the same methodology for the calculation of solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and these indicators. Nonetheless, the sector analysis and recommendations practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. took the metropolitan scale into consideration, and the section on sound urban planning practices was done at the full metropolitan level. The advantages of TRACE TRACE is one of the most powerful energy efficiency tools, specifically Summary of findings developed for cities. It is simple, easy to implement, and quite intuitive, After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began its transition from a centralized and it allows a quick assessment of energy savings potential in six key system to a market-run economy. Today the country is a member of the public service areas: urban transport; water and wastewater; municipal European Union (EU) and NATO. After more than a decade of economic buildings; street lighting, power and centralized heating; and, solid waste restructuring and political change, the country has taken significant steps management. The tool can be implemented relatively quickly and is not to catch up with the economic performance of more developed EU data- or cost-intensive. Moreover it allows local authorities to get a rapid countries. Although radical reforms brought about significant changes, the assessment of their city’s energy performance, and t o identify sectors that standard of living of Romanians is still behind the EU average. may be subjected to a more in-depth analysis. Cluj-Napoca (Cluj) is one of cities where such disparities are less pronounced, as the region is more developed and prosperous than most regions in the country. Cluj has developed quite well in the past few years, and it has become one of the most flourishing cities in the country, having 1 a good growing potential. At present, the city is an important economic clients. Subsidies are going to be gradually eliminated by the end of 2017, center, home to several local brands that have become famous when the liberalization of the market will be complete. Energy production nationwide as well as in Europe. Moreover, Cluj is known today as the from renewable sources is encouraged, and Green Certificates are “capital” of the IT sector in the country, due to an aggressive expansion of provided to such producers. this field in recent years. The local government has a number of ambitious projects to The city’s recent growth has led to significant changes in the develop the city, improve its performance and quality and, not in the social and economic life of Cluj residents. Most of these developments least, open the doors for more energy efficiency projects. Such plans have positively affected people’s life, whereas a few were accompanied by include expanding the public transport to the wider metropolitan area, inconveniences and difficulties. developing non-pedestrian networks, purchasing non-polluting buses, For instance, the increasing number of cars in the city caused improving the street lighting system, continuing rehabilitation of heavy traffic congestion, high fuel consumption, and large greenhouse educational facilities, and so forth. emissions. With only few parking lots, a handful of dedicated bus lanes, Cluj is one of the most advanced cities in Romania and it should and lacking needed ring roads to help re-route through-city traffic, continue to build on this foundation to become more developed and commuting has become quite a struggle for both private and public flourishing. Based on the results of the implementation of the TRACE tool, transport. The district heating system is undergoing significant challenges this report outlines some ideas on how that can be done. TRACE (Tool for following the massive disconnection of tens of thousands of customers in Rapid Assessment of City Energy) is a simple and quick diagnostic tool that last ten years. Despite some modernization and rehabilitation work that is used to assess a city’s energy performance in six service areas (urban has been performed on the network, some of the obsolete heating pipes transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, solid waste continue to deteriorate, allowing for water leakages and heat losses. management, public lighting, and power and heat) and to provide Although the water system is covering the entire city and all water recommendations for improving energy efficiency. In each of the service connections are metered, part of that infrastructure has also deteriorated areas, TRACE uses a benchmarking algorithm to evaluate energy cost throughout the years and is prompting heavy water losses in the network. savings potential, and factoring in the level of influence of local But there are also notable things Cluj has managed to accomplish authorities, it prioritizes what the authorities should do according to in the past few years. All streets in the city are lit; old inefficient bulbs where the biggest savings can be achieved. have been replaced with modern, efficient ones and, thus, reduced the To complete data collection and to get a more comprehensive electricity consumption; the transport network is well developed, idea of issues in the city, a World Bank field trip was organized in January connecting the city from one side to another; the generation of solid 2013. Work in Cluj-Napoca was carried out in close collaboration with waste is lower than other cities in the region; and the percentage of solid local authorities and public and private utility services providers. At the waste recycled is good. Most of the municipal buildings need end of this quantitative and qualitative analysis, several recommendations rehabilitation work to decrease heating consumption and reduce heating were drawn out. These are summarized below. bills. Nonetheless, thermal rehabilitation of residential buildings as well as some of the public schools and kindergartens improved the overall energy Non-Pedestrian Network Development efficiency. The city authorities are carrying on with the plans started in the late 2000s Electricity tariffs are regulated by the national government. The with regard to non-pedestrian trasport, and they are working on government is still subsidizing the energy price for domestic users. expanding the network to the wider metorpolitan area. The city However, the liberalization of the energy sector has already started for government is currently implementing a project to build 20 km of bike the industrial users and will continue this year with the non-domestic lanes connecting Cluj to Floresti and Apahida, in addition to the existing 40 2 km. People will be able to bike using 58 km of dedicated bike lanes and Parking Restraint Measures rent out 500 bicycles from 50 self-service bicycle docking stations in the One of the best ways to deal with traffic congestion is the development of wider metropolitan area. “Park and Ride” facilities. City government is taking into consideration this efficient method to promote multimodality by linking parking to public Public Transport Development transport. People who travel to the city drive their cars to these facilities, Cluj has a well-developed public transportation system and a testimony to from where they take public transport to get to their workplace. In this is the fact that half of the commuters in the city use public transit for addition, local authorities are planning on building underground parking, their daily trips. Local authorities plan to further invest in the efficiency of as well as hiking prices for remaining parking spaces in the city center. the current system by purchasing new, energy-efficient rolling stocks, However, before such facilities are developed, one has to have a better expanding the tram network, extending the public transport system to the understanding of commuting patterns in the larger metropolitan area, and metropolitan area, and introducing e-ticketing. If the electric bus project the extension of public transport infrastructure should precede the will go through, then Cluj will be the first city in Romania to have such development of such facilities. means of public transportation. Municipal Buildings Benchmarking Program Traffic Flow Optimization The municipal building stock numbers around 100 units, of which 75% are As everywhere else in the country, traffic congestion is a major problem educational facilities. Given that there is no database tracking the energy for both Cluj residents and city managers. In order to tackle this issue, the performance of these buildings, it is important to first get an idea of which local government should focus on measures channeled at changing driving buildings offer the greatest saving potential. This can be done through a patterns by technical optimization of traffic signaling or by means of benchmarking process, using a number of key indicators. Eventually, by information. For instance, information displayed through GPS or radio- publishing the analysis and updating the data on regular basis, this process based systems could inform drivers about route switching options and the may enable competition among building managers and, eventually, can availability of parking spaces. In the long run, local authorities should take lead to a productive exchange of data and collaboration. firm steps toward finishing the city’s ring road to ease traffic congestion in Cluj and provide commuters with alternative commuting routes. Municipal Buildings Audit and Retrofit In order to draw a plan for how resources can be allocated to improve the Traffic Restraint Measures energy performance of the municipal buildings in the city, a full audit As the number of private cars has gone up in the recent years, local should be performed on the existing stock of 100 buildings. Depending on authorities should identify ways to curb private vehicle usage and focus on results, the city government may have to allocate money for energy more sustainable, efficient, and less costly transport alternatives. The efficiency upgrades, purchasing of new equipment, and some renovation Local Council has already limited private inter-regional bus operators to of buildings. The City Hall has already started a program to rehabilitate the only three “legal” stops in the city, and such buses will be totally banned educational units in the city, and is committed to carry on with such from entering the city once “Park and Ride” facilities and intermodal initiatives in the future. terminals will be developed. The local public administration aims to enforce reduced speed zones in the city center. The city may consider City-Wide Integrated Public Lighting Assessment further initiatives, such as setting up “no driving days” to educate and lead Although the energy consumption per lighting pole in the street lighting by example. network is comparable to other cities in the region, there is still room for improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. This can be done 3 through an evaluation of existing lighting poles, together with an number of priority recommendations (usually around 10), were selected assessment of running and maintenance operations. At the end, the main from the list prepared by the team. findings should be published and presented to the media, citizens, and In some cases, local authorities have chosen priority sectors and different stakeholders. recommendations that did not necessarily offer the highest savings potential. A more in-depth discussion on each of those recommendations, Street Lighting Audit and Retrofit including the position of local authorities is discussed in the Energy The next step in improving the energy efficiency of the street lighting in Efficiency Recommendations Section. The Matrix below provides a Cluj should be an audit of the lighting system and, subsequently, the snapshot of the priority sectors and recommendations chosen for the City completion of retrofit work where appropriate. This approach will help of Cluj-Napoca. city authorities reduce the maintenance cost and develop the system by reducing service interuptions. Cross growth pole comparison Having the benefit of implementing TRACE in seven of the largest cities in Street Lighting Timing Program Romania, the team identified a number of common challenges, and a Most of the mercury lamps of the street lighting system in Cluj were number of common approaches for addressing energy efficiency issues. replaced with more efficient sodium vapor ones. The city government is For example, it became quite obvious that almost every city with a district thinking to further implement solutions for reducing energy consumption heating in Romania has issues running this system in an efficient manner. by introducing a street lighting timing program. The light can be adjusted District heating systems in Romanian cities were almost exclusively built for specific needs in a particular area, according to varying weather and before 1989, and they now have large segments of o leaky and poorly activity levels. For instance, more light is needed in the evenings when insulated pipes. Moreover, the district heating systems were not built to more people are out than in the night time when there is less activity on also serve large industrial facilities (which now are largely gone), and they the streets. were not designed for individual metering (i.e. with a vertical distribution system in apartment blocks, instead of a horizontal system). Because of Prioritizing Recommendations the losses in the system (which ultimately get reflected in the monthly The process used by the team to get to the recommendations presented bill), because heating cannot be adjusted or turned off when not needed, above was twofold. On the one hand, the TRACE tool has a step-by-step and because of the high and growing price of thermal energy, many mechanism analysis system, which enabled the team to identify a number people have decided to de-branch themselves from district heating of priority sectors. The chosen priority sectors usually included sectors networks. Virtually, every growth poles has witnessed disconnection from with a high energy and money savings potential, and sectors where local the centralized heating system, as people have resorted to individual authorities had a high degree of control. Sectors which were either under heating options (e.g. individual gas powered heating units). In some cities, the control of private operators, or the control of county councils or such as Brașov, the share of people who de-branched from district heating national level authorities, were usually not considered. represents a large majority of the population; in other cities, such as For each of these priority sectors, the team has chosen a number Constanța, the number of people who left the centralized heating system of key recommendations, based on the discussions with the public utility is lower. operators, and based on the site visits and data collection. In turn, these recommendations were discussed with local authorities, and a limited 4 Matrix with energy efficiency priorities and proposed programs PRIORITY 1 Energy spending in the sector Potential savings Private Vehicles $64,000,000 $4,500,000 Responsible Energy savings Time of Cost Institution potential implementation 1. Non-motorized transport modes City Hall $$$ ** > 2 years 2. Parking restraint measures City Hall $ ** > 2 years 3. Traffic restraint measures City Hall $$ ** 1-2 years 4. Traffic flow optimization City Hall $$ *** > 2 years PRIORITY 2 Energy spending in the sector Potential savings Public Transport $6,000,000 $1,800,000 Responsible Energy savings Time of Cost Institution potential implementation 5. Public transport development RATUC $$$ *** > 2 years PRIORITY 3 Energy spending in the sector Potential savings Municipal Buildings $3,800,000 $1,400,000 Responsible Energy savings Time of Cost Institution potential implementation 6. Municipal buildings audit and retrofit City Hall $$$ *** 1-2 years 7. Buildings Benchmarking City Hall $ ** 1-2 years PRIORITY 4 Energy spending in the sector Potential savings Street Lighting $1,400,000 $400,000 Responsible Energy savings Time of Cost Institution potential implementation 8. City-wide integrated public lighting assessment City Hall $ ** 1-2 years 9. Street lighting audit and retrofit City Hall $$ *** 1-2 years 10. Street lighting timing program City Hall $ *** < 1 year PRIORITY 5 Energy spending in the sector Potential savings District Heating $18,000,000 $6,900,000 Responsible Energy savings Time of Cost Institution potential implementation 11. District heating network maintenance RATCJ $$$ *** > 2 years 5 Priority sectors for energy efficiency improvements in growth poles The importance of good urban planning for energy efficiency Brasov Cluj Constanta Craiova Iasi Ploiesti Timisoara While TRACE does not explicitly deal with this issue, urban planning plays a crucial role in energy efficiency. Cities that promote and encourage a Private Vehicles 3 1 1 2 2 3 2 dense and compact urban development pattern tend on the whole to be Public 2 2 3 1 4 4 4 more energy efficient. On the whole, dense cities require less investment Transport District Heating 1 5 2 1 2 1 in public services infrastructure development and maintenance (roads, Municipal water networks, sewer lines, street lighting, solid waste management, 5 3 4 3 3 5 5 public transport, etc.), they allow higher profitability for public transport Buildings Street Lighting 4 4 5 4 5 - 3 operators (since every transit stop serves on average more people than in Solid Waste less dense cities), they enable walking and biking as means of commuting, - - - - - - - Management they discourage car use and transport-related pollution, they can help Water and lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, they require less energy 6 - - - - - - Wastewater Local Authority expenditures for the delivery of key public services (e.g., pump costs for - - - 5 - 1 - water, fuel costs for garbage collection).It is estimated that the energy Management consumed for transport needs in a city with a density of less than 25 For most growth poles, urban transport (private vehicles and public people per hectare may reach an annual average of 55,000 mega joules transport) was identified as a key sector, although cities like Iași and per person. By comparison, in an urban area with a density of 100 people 1 Timișoara (which have the largest tram networks in Romania outside per hectare, this figure is about three times lower. Consequently, a Bucharest), generally have energy efficient public transport systems and separate section on spatial planning was introduced in the report, as such have this sector lower on the priority list. discussing some key related issues for each city studied. A more complete Generally, solid waste management, as well as water and analysis of spatial planning challenges in Romanian cities is included in the wastewater, did not make it on the priority list of growth poles. For one, Enhanced Spatial Planning report. solid waste management systems in Romania tend to largely be operated by private companies, and energy efficiency improvements in these systems are accrued by these private operators. On the other hand, water and wastewater systems are generally run by public companies, with county councils being the majority shareholders. Also a number of the growth poles had drafted or were in the process of drafting Covenant of Mayors SEAP reports (e.g. Brașov, Cluj - Napoca, Timișoara), while others (e.g. Ploiești or Craiova) were considering to start the process. All in all, every growth poles that has been part of this study has undertaken energy efficiency measures in the past years, and all have good practice lessons they can share with other cities. 1 European Environment Agency. 2006. Urban sprawl in Europe: The ignored challenge. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency (Report No. 10/2006). 6 Methodology 3. Assessment and Ranking of Individual Sectors During the city visit, a number of meetings and interviews are The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) TRACE consists of conducted to collect additional data across city departments and three principal components: (i) an energy benchmarking module which agencies, augmenting benchmarking results with contextual compares key performance indicators (KPIs) among peer cities (ii) a sector information. At the end of the first phase, a prioritization process takes prioritization module which identifies sectors that offer the greatest place to identify sectors with the greatest technical energy savings potential with respect to energy-cost savings, and (iii) an intervention potential. Energy costs are also weighed, as is the ability of city selection module which functions like a “playbook” of tried -and-tested EE authorities to control or influence the outcome. Priority sectors are measures. These three components are woven into a user-friendly reviewed in detail in the second phase. software application that takes the city through a series of sequential steps: from initial data gathering to a report containing a matrix of energy The main frame of TRACE efficiency recommendations tailored to the city’s individual context, with implementation and financing options. The steps are as follows: 1. Collection of Candidate City Energy Use Data TRACE contains a database of 28 key performance indicators (KPIs) collected from over 100 cities. Each of the data points that make up these KPIs is collected prior to the application of the tool and, as TRACE is launched, this collection of information will grow with current and reliable data. 2. Analysis of City Energy Use Against Peer Cities The performance of a city is compared with a range of peer cities — selected by the city based on population, climate, and human development—to determine their performance in each of the six sectors (3-6 KPIs per sector). The benchmarking process provides an overview of energy performance so the city can assess its relative rankings against peer cities in each sector. The Relative Energy Intensity (REI), or in simpler terms the percentage by which energy use in a particular sector could be reduced, is calculated using a simple formula. The formula looks at all the cities that are performing better on certain KPIs (e.g., energy use per street light), and estimates the average improvement potential. The higher the number of cities in the database, the more accurate the final result are. 7 4. Ranking of Energy Efficiency Recommendations Recommendations are then assessed based on five different factors: TRACE contains a playbook of over 60 tried and tested energy finance; human resources; data and information; policy, regulation and efficiency recommendations in each of the sectors. Some examples enforcement; and assets and infrastructure. This step helps cities better include: rank measures that are within its capacity to implement effectively. TRACE  Buildings | Lighting Retrofit Program then enables recommendations to be plotted on the basis of two  Organizational Management | Energy Efficiency Task Force, attributes on a 3x3 matrix (energy savings potential and first cost), with an Energy Efficient Procurement additional filter that enables the user to sort recommendations based on  Power & Heat | Solar Hot Water Program on Buildings implementation speed.  Public Lighting | LED Replacement Program for Traffic Lights  Transport | Traffic Restraint in Congested Urban Areas, City Bus Recommendations in each priority sector are quantitatively and Fleet Maintenance qualitatively evaluated based on key data, including institutional  Waste | Waste Management Hauling Efficiency Program requirements, energy savings potential, and co-benefits. Those  Water & Wastewater | Pump Replacement Program recommendations carried forward will be supported by implementation options, case studies, and references to tools and best practices. The TRACE Benchmarking Module 5. Report Preparation and Submission A Final City Report records the city review, along with city background information and various aspects of the city visit included in introductory sections and annexes. The report includes:  City background information, such as city contextual data, key city development priorities, energy efficiency drivers, barriers etc.  An analysis of the six sectors, including a summary of the benchmarking results.  A summary of sector prioritization based on city-owned and city-wide scales  A draft summary of recommendations provided as the City Action Plan  An Annex section, with a more in-depth discussion on energy efficiency recommendations and best-practice cases. The Final City Report enables the city to move forward with the most feasible recommendations in a structured manner to allow the city to eventually improve its overall rankings, performance, and save money. 8 Background Romania joined the EU, many Romanians left the country to pursue better opportunities in Western Europe. Other factors responsible for this th decline are the aging of population as well as a significant rise in number The 7 largest country by population in the European Union (EU), of the families with no children. Romania is predominantly urban, Romania is located in Southeastern Europe, in the lower basin of Danube although the urbanization level is still below that of countries in Western river. It has a stretch of coastline along the Black Sea and also owns much Europe; half of population resides in municipalities, cities and towns, of the Danube Delta. Romania borders Hungary, Serbia in the West and while up to 10% lives in the capital city. South West, Bulgaria in the South, the Republic of Moldova in the East, According to the final results of the 2012 census, the most and the Ukraine in the North and East. Almost 50% of Romania’s territory populous cities in Romania are the following: is part of the Carpathian Mountains range. The country has a temperate continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters. As part of the Table 1. Ranking of select Romanian cities by population communist bloc countries for nearly half a century, Romania brought down the authoritarian regime with the 1989 Revolution, and then it City 2012 census 2002 census / Rank began its transition from a centralized system towards democracy and București 1,883,425 1,934,449 (#1) market economy by implementing a series of structural changes and Cluj-Napoca 324,576 318,027 (#3) reforms. If initially the economy was centered on agriculture, during Timișoara 319,279 317,651 (#4) communism it gradually shifted to an industrial one, ultimately making Iasi 290,422 321,580 (#2) significant steps towards a service-based economy over the past two Constanța 283,872 310,526 (#5) Craiova 269,506 302,622 (#6) decades. In 2004 Romania joined NATO and three years later it became a Brașov 253,200 283,901 (#8) member of the EU. Galați 249,432 298,584 (#7) After a period of massive economic restructuring and political Ploiești 209,945 232,452 (#9) change, the country has taken significant steps to catch up with the Oradea 196,367 206,527 (#11) economic performance of more developed EU countries. Although government policies and radical reforms brought about significant Source: National Institute of Statistics, 2012 Census (http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/) changes, income levels of Romanians are still behind the average level in the EU countries. In addition, the disparities within Romania mean that there are significant differences in terms of standards of living between National Legislation regarding Energy Efficiency the country’s regions. The country is divided into 41 counties, plus the Romania’s energy consumption per capita is almost twice as low as the capital city, București (Bucharest), and into eight development regions average in the EU, at 1.6 toe (ton of oil equivalent). Between 1990 and (although regions do not have formal administrative powers as of April 2000, energy consumption fell by an average of 5 % per year, and then 2013). Apart from București, each development region is organized increased slightly after 2000 by 1.3% per year. At the beginning of the around a growth pole center (city), and comprises four to seven counties. economic crisis in 2009, energy consumption dropped by 14 percent, and Despite of being among the most populous countries in Europe, Romania then increased by only 1.3%in 2010. Amid the economic recession, the has experienced a decline in population in recent years. The stable country’s GDP followed a similar decreasing trend and fell by 8.3%. Energy population declined by 7.1% over the last decade, from nearly 22 million efficiency at the national level has increased significantly between 1990 to 20.1 million, according to the final results of the 2012 census. However, and 2000, from 23% to 39%. It is a consequence of the rising share of high the population decline did not necessarily come as a surprise. After efficiency power sources (hydropower) in the electricity mix, as well as 9 improving efficiency of thermal power plants. However, it still remains such agreements reached 10 to 20% in energy savings. Large consumers lower than the EU average. must carry out energy audits and energy efficiency improvement In the early 1990s, Romania created its first institutional programs, while an energy balance must be produced every year for those framework for energy efficiency when the Romanian Agency for Energy consuming 1,000 toe/year and every two years for those who use Conservation, the country’s main specialized body in the field of energy between 200 and 1,000 toe/year. From 2000 onwards an energy saving efficiency, was established. Ten years later Romania adopted the National certificate has been issued for all new buildings, single-family dwellings Energy Efficiency Strategy, a document outlining steps to be taken to and apartment that are sold or rented. Heat insulation work benefitted increase energy efficiency. In the 2000s, Romania ratified the Kyoto from tax breaks and co-financing was provided for renovation work. 4 Protocol to the United Nations Conventions on Climate Change, under The Second Energy Efficiency Action Plan focuses on energy which the country has committed to cut its emissions of greenhouses savings in the primary energy and power sectors, and promotion of energy gases, between 2008 and 2012, by 8% from 1989 levels. from renewable sources. 5 The Romanian Fund for Energy Efficiency became operational in The First National Strategy for Energy Efficiency for 2004-2015 2003 and ever since it has provided subsidies for investments to 27 energy set an ambitious 40% target in energy intensity reduction for the period efficiency projects promoted by large industrial operators, totalizing $14.4 2005-2014. Decrease in energy intensity should be achieved through 2 million. In order to comply with EU requirements, the Government programs promoting high energy standards for new installations, as transposed the Directive No.2006/32/EC regarding energy efficiency following: 41% in buildings, 29% in the energy sector, 16% in industry, and among the end users and energy suppliers into national legislation, 14% in transport. Few years later, the National Strategy for Energy 6 requiring EU member states to undertake steps to reduce energy Efficiency for the period 2007-2020 set further targets to reduce energy consumption by at least 9 % for 2008-2016, as compared to consumption intensity by 41% through 2020 by advancing feasible solutions to cover for the previous five years. the country’s future energy demand at a lowest price. By then, estimated The Energy Road Map for Romania was approved in 2003 during primary energy savings and reduction of losses should achieve anything the negotiations for EU membership. Pursuant to EU Directive on energy between 25% and 40% (20-25% in industry, 40-50% in buildings, and 35- reduction, the First Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the period 2007- 40% in transport), by improving efficiency in the power sector. The energy 20103 set an energy saving target of 2.8 Million toe by 2016, and it further saving target was set to 3.4 Million toe by 2020. In this context, 1.9 Million aims for 1.5% annual reduction for the period 2008-2016. The toe saving is expected to come from fuel substitutions, 800 ktoe from high intermediate target of 940,000 toe by 2010 was far exceeded, as Romania efficiency co-generation (Combined Heat and Power), and 600 ktoe from achieved 2.2 Million toe in energy saving. The plan document foresees new coal-fired units. great potential for energy savings for the industrial sector through voluntary long-term agreements between industrial agents and the 4 Government, in addition to investments in equipment to oversee energy Second Energy Efficiency Action Plan available at: consumption. Estimates indicate that EU countries that have implemented http://www.minind.ro/dezbateri_publice/2011/PNAEE_12_cu_anexe_2_1108201 1.pdf 5 The First National Strategy for Energy Efficiency for the period 2004-2015 2 Romanian Fund for Energy Efficiency available at: http://www.minind.ro/domenii_sectoare/H163-04.html 6 http://www.free.org.ro/index.php?Itemid=112&id=96&lang=ro&option=com_cont National Strategy for Energy Efficiency for the period 2007-2020 - updated ent&task=view version for the period 2011-2020 available at: 3 First Energy Efficiency Plan for the period 2007-2010 available at: http://www.minind.ro/dezbateri_publice/2011/Strategie_2007_actualizata_2011_ http://ec.europa.eu/energy/demand/legislation/doc/neeap/romania_en.pdf 01092011.pdf 10 The main objective of the National Strategy Regarding the policy was drafted in 2010, in the very difficult context of the economic 7 Thermal Power Supply of Cities approved in 2004 addresses key issues crisis. It encouraged the use of liquid bio-fuels, liquid gas, geothermal and concerning energy efficiency of the heating system. The thermal power clean energy, as well as the integration of biogas into the natural gas grid supply system is built on obsolete technologies and old pipeline networks, and retrofitting technologies. The Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable with low energy efficiency, very high losses (35 % on average), in addition energy set the national target for the share of energy from renewable to high production, transport, and distribution costs. Poor insulation of sources in gross final production of energy at 24% for 2020. The expected buildings adds another 15% to the losses. Actions meant to increase total energy consumption in 2020 was set at 30,278 ktoe, of which energy efficiency include implementation of large scale co-generation 7,267ktoe in renewable energy. Targets for specific industrial sectors have plants, modernization of network, diversification of primary energy used been designed, such as 10% for transport, 22% for heating, and 42% for for thermal power production, and installation of meters in residential electricity. buildings. Resource consumption for the centralized heating systems Romania received support from the European Bank for should diminish by 612,000 tons. However, the modernization of the Reconstruction Development (EBRD) to help companies open credit lines entire heating system is very costly, and it requires investment of billions for energy efficiency projects. The country receives financial support of euro. through the Operational Sector Program for Boosting Economic 8 The Strategy for Use of Renewable Energy Sources, approved in Competitiveness aimed at increasing energy efficiency. Small and 2003, encourages energy production from renewable sources in order to medium-sized enterprises may receive up to 65% financial support for a increase the share of electricity produced from such sources. Romania’s period of three years to help them obtain environmental certificates for potential of renewable energy sources is estimated at 14,718 ktoe. appliances and office equipment. 10 However, the development of such energy potential is constrained by Government Ordinance 22/2008 regarding energy efficiency obsolete technological limitations, economic efficiency, and and promotion of energy from renewable energy sources to end environmental restrictions. Therefore, the plan is pushing for transfer of consumers requires local public administrations in towns with a unconventional technologies from experienced companies, joint-ventures, population greater than 20,000 people to produce action plans to and private public partnerships. The target shares for renewable energy generate the most efficient energy savings in the shortest period of time sources out of the total energy consumption were set at 33% for 2010, (3 to 6 years). Similarly, companies and local and central government units 35% for 2015 and 38% for 2020. Use of renewable energy could result in owning more than 25 vehicles must develop fuel consumption monitoring 1.8 Million toe energy saving from primary sources by 2020. The National and management programs. 9 Renewable Energy Action Plan outlining the renewable energy national The National Multiannual Program for the Thermal Rehabilitation of the Residential Buildings Built between 1950 and 1990 7 National Strategy regarding the thermal power supply of cities started in 2005 and was improved each year. The program is coordinated http://www.termopitesti.ro/HG%20882-2004.pdf by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration 8 The National Strategy for Using of Renewable Sources was approved by (MRDPA) and it is developed in partnership with local authorities. It aims Government Decision 1535/2003 available at: http://leg- at increasing the energy performance of buildings, improving the quality armonizata.minind.ro/leg_armonizata/energie/HG_1535_2003.pdf of life for inhabitants and, not in the least, contributing to a better 9 The National Renewable Energy Action Plan – available at (in Romanian) http://www.minind.ro/pnaer/PNAER_29%20iunie_2010_final_Alx.pdf English 10 version is available at Government Ordinance 22/2008 available at: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/action_plan_en.htm (click on http://www.dreptonline.ro/legislatie/og_eficienta_energetica_consumatori_finali “Romania”). _surse_regenerabile_energie_22_2008.php# 11 townscape. Public buildings and dwellings built between 1950 and 1990 buildings) will not receive further support through the thermal are very poorly insulated and offer low thermal comfort, causing rehabilitation multiannual program. However, the good news is that the significant loss of energy. The key beneficiaries of the program are program has been extended to houses that have been developed between owners’ associations. Thermal insulation can reduce maintenance costs 1950 and 1990. The new regulation also clears the way for local for heating and hot water consumption and decrease heat loss and authorities to establish the so-called “thermal rehabilitation tax”. This tax consumption. It can achieve up to 25% energy efficiency, while the will be paid by buildings that did not have any financial contribution to the heating bills are expected to drop by 40% during winter time. Moreover, rehabilitation process. in the summer, rehabilitated buildings can better keep the appropriate Following the success of the rehabilitation program, the thermal comfort of the dwellings without additional costs for air Government thought about reducing the public funding accessible for conditioning. A guide regarding how the rehabilitation work should be such projects, and loans with government guarantee were made available. 11 14 done is available on the Ministry’s website . According to Emergency Ordinance 69/2010 owners associations must 12 A few years later, Government Ordinance 18/2009 regarding have 10% down payment, while the rest is covered from a bank loan. The the thermal rehabilitation of blocks of flats added more consistency to the owners’ associations pay back the loan from the savings obtained over the program by specifying the minimum level of the thermal rehabilitation. heating bills before the thermal insulation work is complete. This new The execution work is financially supported from Government’s state program includes old buildings built between 1950 and 1990, those budget (50%), the local budget (30%), and by o wners’ associations (20%). developed after 1990, and individual homes. Since 2009 MDRAP provided funding equivalent to USD 190 million (RON The Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of the 15 660 million) for the rehabilitation of 3,500 multi-story residential buildings buildings requires the Member States to adopt a methodology for in over 100 municipalities and cities. The law allows for the local city calculating the energy performance of the buildings, that should include councils to grant tax exemptions on residential buildings for owners who thermal characteristics, heating insulation, water supply, the air- have performed rehabilitation work from their own funds. conditioning installations, the built-in lighting installations, indoor climatic At the end of 2012, Government Emergency Ordinance conditions, and not in the least, electricity produce by co-generation. The 13 63/2012 brought some changes to the rehabilitation program EU law is concerning both existing and new buildings. The law is coordinated by the MRDPA. According to new regulations, residential exempting the historical buildings, worship facilities, temporary buildings, buildings within municipalities that have applied for funding through the residential buildings intended for a limited annual time of use, and stand- Regional Operational Program (Priority Axis 1 Development of Growth alone buildings of which the surface area does not exceed 50 square Poles– Intervention Axis 1.2 Thermal rehabilitation of residential meters. The main objective of the law is to have all new building close to nearly zero-energy by December 2020. Same criteria are applicable by 11 st The guide is available at: December 31 , 2018 to new buildings occupied and owned by public http://www.mdrt.ro/userfiles/constructii_ancheta_publica_contr429_contr411.pd authorities. Member States should come up with national plans that put f) 12 Government Ordinance 18/2009 available at: 14 http://www.mdrl.ro/_documente/lucrari_publice/reabilitare_termica/OUG_reabil Emergency Ordinance 69/2010 approved by Law 76/2011 available at: itare.pdf Methodological regulations available at: http://www.dreptonline.ro/legislatie/oug_69_2010_reabilitarea_termica_cladirilo http://www.mdrl.ro/_documente/lucrari_publice/reabilitare_termica/Norme.pdf r_locuit_finantare_credite_bancare_garantie_guvernamentala.php 13 15 Government Emergency Ordinance 63/2012 available at: Directive 31/2010/EC available at http://eur- http://www.mdrt.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/programul-operational-regional-2007- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010L0031:EN:NOT 2013/-8748 12 into practice the definition of nearly zero-energy building, and the Sixty-one cities in Romania are signatories of the Covenant of intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new Mayors, the mainstream European movement involving local and regional buildings by 2015. At the same time, the Member States must issue an authorities voluntarily committing to increasing energy efficiency and use energy performance certificates that should include the energy of renewable energy sources on their territories, as well as reducing CO 2 performance of the building along with recommendations for cost emissions by 20% by 2020. Participants to the Covenant must submit a improvements. This certificate should be available when renting and Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) outlining actions they plan to selling a building/unit. The municipal buildings with a total floor area of undertake with regard to energy savings. 22 out of 61 cities have over 500 square meters and buildings of the same size frequently visited submitted their SEAP to Brussels, namely: Aiud, Sântana, Petrosani, by public, must display the energy performance certificate in a prominent Făgăraș, Zlatna, Moinesti, Arad, București (District 1), Baia Mare, place where this could be clearly visible. After July 9, 2015 the 500 square Timișoara, Cugir, Satu Mare, Vaslui, Alba Iulia, Bistrița, Mizil, Slobozia, meters threshold will lower to 250 square meters. Brașov, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Avrig, and more recently Cluj-Napoca. As part of EU requirements, Romania adopted Law 372/2005 addressing the energy performance of residential buildings. An energy Energy Sector performance certificate is issued based on the final energy consumption At the end of 2012, Romania’s installed capacity of electrical power plants of buildings and apartments. The country also transposed into national was 18,481 MW, while the netto available power was 15,998 MW, 16 19 legislation EU Directive 2003/30 EC on the promotion of the use of bio- according to Transelectrica. The netto power provided was 11,424 MW, fuels or other renewable fuels for transport. Government Emergency and domestic consumption accounted for 7,413 MW. In February 2013 17 Ordinance 1844/2005 established a 2% share of renewable energy in the the split of domestic consumption by types of energy production showed transport sector by the date of Romania’s accession to EU (2007) and a that the largest share is based on coal (33% - 2,593 MW), followed by 5.75% share by 2010. hydro carbons (23.9% - 1,877 MW), hydro energy (24.8% - 1,948 MW), 18 The Government Emergency Ordinance 70/2011 establishes and nuclear (18.1% - 1,419 MW). Wind energy is almost nonexistent, with social protection measures for the cold season, helping low-income only 0.3% or 24 MW. residents pay the heating bills. The Government is supporting people who The electricity sector is unbundled, with several players in the use the district heating system, as well as heating systems using a field. There are quite a few companies in charge with production, a different type of fuel, be it natural gas, wood, coal, etc. The financial aid significant number of distributors, and a noteworthy number of suppliers. range for single people and families with low income benefitting from aid However, there is only one player responsible for energy transmission and from the state budget can range between 10 and 90%. Local city budget who owns the entire transmission network, Transelectrica, a state-owned can also provide financial support between 7% and 63% of the total company. Energy production is divided into seven major producers, 20 heating bill. namely Complexul Energetic Oltenia, Complexul Energetic Hunedoara, 19 RET Plan - Period 2010-2014, and perspectives for 2019 16 Directive 2003/30/EC available at: http://eur- http://www.transelectrica.ro/PDF/Planul%20de%20Perspectiva%20al%20RET%20 lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:123:0042:0042:EN:PDF 2010-2014-2019%2013dec.pdf 17 20 Government Emergency Ordinance 1844/2005 available at: Complexul Energetic Oltenia was established in 2012 after the merger of four http://ngo.ro/pipermail/mediu_ngo.ro/2006-February/004597.html large energetic companies, namely Societatea Nationala a Lignitului Oltenia Tg. Jiu, 18 Government Emergency Ordinance 70/2011 regarding social protection Complex Energetic Turceni, Complex Energetic Craiova, and Complex Energetic measures in the cold season. Rovinari. 13 Nuclear Electrica, CE Arad, SC Electrocentrale Deva, Hidroeletrica, and from renewable energy and sent to the national grid. The law is forcing OMV Petrom. CEZ, ENEL Energie Muntenia, Enel Energie, E.ON, and suppliers to purchase a mandatory quota of green certificates from the Electrica Distributie (with its three branches, namely Electrica Distributie total amount of electricity distributed to the end users. A number of Transilvania Nord, Electrica Distribuție Transilvania Sud, and Electrica certificates are annually available. The Green Certificate has unlimited Distribuție Muntenia Nord) are the distribution companies. Energy validity, and it can be traded separately from the electricity associate distributors are by default energy suppliers. Accordingly, the main through bilateral contracts or on the green certificates centralized market. suppliers are Electrica Furnizare, CEZ, ENEL Energie (responsible for The price varies from 27 EUR (to protect the producer) to 55 EUR (to Dobrogea and Banat zones), ENEL Energie Muntenia, and E.ON Energie protect the consumer). At the end of 2012, 300 Million Green Certificates Romania. Of 177 energy suppliers registered in the country, only 20 were available in Romania for the period 2013-2019. The EU approved in companies are actually active. July 2012 an additional distribution of 71.4 Million Certificates for greenhouse emissions for 2013-2019. 21 The Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE) was established in Recently, in June 2013, the Romanian government reviewed the 1999 and is the regulatory body in the field of electricity (including heat compensation scheme granted to renewable energy producers, and cut produced in co-generation) and natural gas. The Agency is dealing with off the number of green certificates, as a „temporary suspension” until licensing, issuing technical and commercial regulations, and protecting of March 2017 for hydro and solar/photovoltaic energy, and by January 2018 22 the interests of consumers and investors. The agency regulates tariffs for for wind energy . The new provisions, which are effective July 1st, 2013, energy and natural gas for domestic and non-domestic clients, approves are amending the Law 220/2008 for promoting energy from renewable the calculation methodology to set up tariffs and prices, and sets tariffs sources. The new law is cutting down the number of green certificates. for captive consumers (those who cannot choose the energy provider). It For each 1 MWh produced, the new small hydro plants with an installed also establishes tariffs for electricity companies, transmission and capacity of less or equal to 10 MW will receive one green certificate less, distribution systems and for activities associated with heat production same for the wind energy plants. In case of solar energy facilities, the through co-generation. OPCOM is the Romanian energy market operator number of green certificates was cut down by two. In this way, the new established in 2000, as a joint stock company subsidiary of the Romanian small hydro plants would get 2 certificates instead of three, the solar Transmission and System Operator, Transelectrica. The company is plants would be awarded four certificates instead of six, while the wind providing the framework for the commercial trades’ deployment on the facilities would receive one certificate instead of two. wholesale electricity market; it exercises the role of Day-Ahead market Following the legislative elections in December 2012, the new operator and administrator of the Green Certificates, as well as of the structure of the Government includes a Delegated Minister for Energy, a greenhouses emissions certificates trading platform. Green Certificate is a new institution expected to add more consistency to the country’s energy mechanism promoting energy produced from renewable sources such as policies. from hydro used in power plants with installed capacity up to 10 MW of wind, solar (photovoltaic), geothermal and natural gas associated, Liberalization of the natural gas and electricity markets biomass, biogas, gas from the landfill waste fermentation and from The Memorandum of Understanding agreed with the IMF, the World fermentation of sediment from sewage treatment of used waters. Energy Bank, and the European Commission in March 2012 opens the market for producers receive a Green Certificate for each MW of energy produced 22 More information available at: 21 More information on ANRE available at: http://www.anre.ro/ http://media.hotnews.ro/media_server1/document-2013-04-2-14540999-0- proiect-privind-suspendarea-schemei-sprijin.pdf 14 electricity and natural gas. The regulated price for electricity for domestic The municipal area is spread over a surface of 179.5 square and non-domestic consumers will be gradually eliminated by 2017, while kilometers, while population density is 1,722 inhabitants/square for natural gas the same principle will be applied by 2018. kilometer, a lower figure compared to other comparable cities in the The price increase for natural gas for non-domestic consumers country. There are 324,576 people residing in Cluj, half the population of (economic agents and industrial consumers) is going to be 35% for years Cluj County. Unlike most of the major cities in the country that lost people 2013 and 2014 altogether. For domestic consumers, the price will go up in the past decade, Cluj is among the few urban centers where the by 10% in 2013, by another 10% in 2014, and by 12% each year from 2015 population registered actually a slightly increase since the 2002 census, by through 2018. Electricity prices will go up gradually, in parallel with the 2%. 16% of local residents (almost 50,000 people) have declared increasing of the quota of electricity traded in the free market. The price Hungarian as their mother tongue, which makes Cluj home to the second of electricity for non-domestic consumers went up already starting in largest urban Hungarian minority after Târgu-Mureș. September 2012, when the quota traded in the free market increased by The Metropolitan area accounts for 392,562 people and 15%, with an additional 30% in January 2013. The elimination of regulated comprises, in addition to the City of Cluj, 17 communes: Aiton, Apahida, tariffs will be complete by January 2017. Domestic consumers will pay Banciu, Bonțida, Borșa, Căianu, Chinteni, Ciurila, Cojocna, Feleacu, more starting July 2013. By the end of 2017 when the gradual elimination Florești, Garbau, Gilău, Jucu, Petreștii de Jos, Tureni, and Vultureni. Over of regulated price will be concluded, domestic consumers will be able to the past years, a small migration from urban to neighboring areas has choose their energy supplier. The supplier must introduce the been observed. “competitive market component” to the final bil l, providing to the clients information that should help them choose the best offer, such as prices Main city square in Cluj-Napoca depending on voltage, tariffs for transport and distribution, payment methods and due days, and meter readings. Background Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca, commonly known as Cluj, is the capital of the county with the same name located in the northwestern part of Romania. Geographically, the city is located in the northwestern part of the historical province of Transylvania, at almost equal distance from Bucharest, Budapest, and Belgrade. Cluj is situated at the intersection of Apuseni Mountains, the Transylvania Plain, and the Someș Plateau, on the banks of the Someșul Mic River. The city has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters, influenced by proximity to the mountains. Situated at the juncture of a few major national and international roads, with an international airport close by, Cluj has a good road and rail connection to București and major cities, as well as to Budapest. The city is an important hub in the European road network, located on three different European routes (E60, E81 and E576), and on a few other main Source: vedereturistica.ro national roads. 15 The number of people who moved to the metropolitan zone is greater buildings built between 1950 and 1990. Initially, the program was received than those who left the urban area, a fact that stands as proof for the with some reticence, as most people complained about the burden of co- region’s social and economic stability. The Cluj Metropolitan Area is sharing financing. Moreover, they were reluctant to pay for building spread over 1,510 square kilometers, which accounts for almost a quarter improvements as no one was interested in joining a brand new program of the surface area of the county (23%). The wider metropolitan area is that involved financial support from their part. Although the process was home to a few natural parks and protected areas, including Botanical slow in the beginning, eventually quite a number of owners’ associations Garden Cluj, Fânețele Clujului Reservation, and Lacul Știucii Reservation. became interested in improving the thermal performances of their Cluj is an important economic center, home to several local buildings, a process that would not only reduce heating consumption and brands that have become famous in Europe, such as beauty care heating bills, but also change the aesthetic aspect of their buildings. manufacturer Farmec, Ursus breweries, pharmaceutical company Terapia Ranbaxy, dairy producer Napolact, or Transilvania Bank. Cluj houses the Thermally insulated buildings in Cluj-Napoca headquarters and national offices for a number of European and international companies in the field of oil, construction, real-estate, and confectionaries that have poured into the city massive investments and have boosted the local economy. The economy predominantly relies on services, trade, and industry. The city is acknowledged as a hub for IT and the software sector. Over 90% of private companies in the wider metropolitan area are operating in Cluj. There are three industrial parks in the metropolitan area and a few more are to be developed. Florești and Apahida are the main communes in the region and they have attracted massive strategic investments from multi-national corporations. In the mid-2000s, Nokia, a large Finish telecommunications producer, invested over EUR 200 million to open a factory at Jucu, but the company closed down the facility in 2011. In the meantime, the factory was taken over by DeLonghi, an Italian appliance producer, who planned to start production by the end of 2012. Local Energy Efficiency Laws If in 2009 local authorities had difficulties finding beneficiaries, by 2010 Efforts have been made by local authorities to link Cluj to various national they had some issues in honoring their requests, as waiting lists grew programs aimed at reducing energy consumption and increasing efficiency longer by the day. Many household associations gave up waiting for public with regard to energy supply. Actions have targeted all stakeholders funding and moved to start similar projects with their own funds. By the including suppliers, distributors, and end users. After Bucharest, Cluj is summer of 2011, almost 25% of the 83,779 apartments in the city were the main recipient of the rehabilitation program of old residential thermally rehabilitated, out of which only 4,848 benefitted from public buildings coordinated by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public assistance. This public initiative had strong local impact and generated a Administration. From 2009 to 2011, Cluj received RON 57 Million for the thermal rehabilitation of approximately 5,000 apartments from 273 16 fast response from the private sector, as it catalyzed approximately $60 done by strategically using spatial planning tools. The less dense and the million in private local investment. more scattered a city is, the larger its energy expenditure will be. Basically, The city is also taking part in the thermal rehabilitation of without density public transportation is less viable and more people rely residential buildings program with government guaranteed loans. The on private cars for commuting; commutes in private cars tend to be longer municipality is providing support to household associations to submit at in sprawled areas and city streets tend to congested, with cars spending no charge the design papers that have been prepared with financial more time in traffic. Water and sewage networks have to cover a much 23 support from the local budget . Starting in 2013, the City Council is wider area, requiring more energy for pumping and water delivery. providing tax breaks for corporate owners of so-called “green Garbage trucks have to run longer collection routes and spend more time 24 buildings.” The term refers to buildings that have a high level of energy delivering waste to disposal sites. The street lighting network has to cover efficiency and hold an internationally recognized certificate (such as LEED, a greater number of streets and consume more energy. A district heating BREEAM, DGNB). Also, residents can benefit from 50% tax breaks if the network becomes less viable in areas with small density because of the building in which they live has been rated as “A class” in terms of energy high production and distribution costs, and because heat losses are larger efficiency. when the distribution network is bigger. In 2011, the Mayor of Cluj signed the Covenant of Mayors under Of course, as a study of the World Bank has shown, the large which the city agreed to reduce energy consumption and emissions. majority of cities worldwide (whether they are located in the developed or Under the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP), a document prepared the developing world), are losing density. As more people come to rely on and submitted to Brussels at the end of 2012, the city government cars, they are also more willing to move further away from city centers. assumed responsibility to cut off energy consumption and greenhouse With an increase in expandable incomes, they can also afford larger 25 emissions by 20% by 2020, compared to 2011 levels, and increase the homes. share of renewable energy by 8%. The plan lays down 69 measures whose Local authorities are not powerless though in addressing those implementation requires EUR 180 million investments. According to the challenges. They have a number of tools they can use to ensure that the Cluj SEAP, the target sectors for improving energy efficiency are buildings - loss in density is not too pronounced, and to ensure that the city expands equipment/facility (municipal, residential, and tertiary buildings), public in an organized, compact, and sustainable fashion. Unfortunately, such transport, local energy production from renewable energy, heating & tools were not skillfully used in recent years in Cluj. cooling system, and public procurement to include green procurement As the two figures below show, Cluj’s mass has expanded guidelines. significantly along the East-West axis, although overall it remains fairly dense in the central areas. The surrounding hills have prevented highly Urban Growth and Energy Challenges in Cluj inefficient urban sprawl, to some extent, but also pushed the city’s growth While the TRACE tool does not directly address this issue, one of the most along its main horizontal axis, which is less optimal than a more controlled efficient ways of encouraging energy efficiency in cities is by promoting expansion in all directions. Under the current trends, people and dense development patterns and compact urban expansion. This can be businesses locating further and further away from downtown areas will reduce the city’s energy efficiency and further strain the delivery of public 23 services. City Council decisions available at: Smart policies in spatial and urban planning can help promote a http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/userfiles/files/hcl%20179.pdf 24 Cluj Local Council Decisions available at: more compact development pattern, which means lower costs for public http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/userfiles/files/225.PDF transportation, water, energy, heat, and natural gas delivery, solid waste 25 SEAP Cluj report management, etc. By contrast, chaotic expansion on green-fields outside 17 the city will mean reduced density and higher expenditures for providing needed services to the areas’ residents. As the number of comm uters grows, so do congestion and pollution; already, the Florești -Cluj road experiences some of the worst traffic in the country. And if the quality of life is perceived to be decreasing, the city will be increasingly exposed to the risk of losing its most critical resource needed for continued economic growth – its people. This is why achieving sustainable development and building a highly efficient city are critical tasks for Cluj’s local authorities. Cluj’s urban mass 18 Cluj-Napoca Sector Analysis most significant cost savings could be achieved. This list is leading to a set of recommendations that are likely to have the biggest impact in terms of The following analysis and recommendations are primarily about how energy efficiency, for the lowest amount of effort and resources invested. Cluj-Napoca can become a more sustainable city. Although the focus will Preliminary on-site interviews and field visits have helped form a stay on energy efficiency, the scope of the analysis goes beyond that. more accurate picture of sustainability, challenges, and opportunities in Energy is easy to quantify and to measure, and is a good binding element Cluj. The following sections include a brief analysis of each of the six for thinking about a city in a comprehensive way. Almost everything that sectors analyzed with TRACE, along with some salient findings. is done in a city requires some form of energy input. Thus, TRACE (Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy) is not just a tool for assessing potential District Heating energy and cost savings, but it is also an instrument that allows local Hot water and thermal energy in the city are provided by Regia Autonomă authorities and policymakers to think about cities as a whole. Eventually, de Termoficare Cluj (RATCJ), an autonomous public company in which TRACE is a diagnostic tool that helps cities become more sustainable. Cluj-Napoca City Hall is the main shareholder. The Company has lost a TRACE is focusing on six municipal service areas: urban transport considerable pool of customers in the past decade, from 84,000 (public transport and private transport), municipal buildings, water and households in the mid-2000s to only 34,000 today, as people switched to wastewater, power and heat, street lighting, and solid waste. For each of individual heating units. RATCJ is currently supplying heat and hot water these service areas, TRACE requires the collection of a number of to 1,518 Ownership Associations in residential buildings, with a total of indicators. These indicators are both energy related (e.g., the fuel 34,000 apartments (corresponding to 41% of the total number of 26 consumption of the public transport fleet) and not (e.g., urban transport apartments in the city ), catering to 90,000 people. 11,000 apartments modal split). The indicators on energy help analyze energy and cost are equipped with modern equipment, including meters, heat allocators, savings potential in each sector, while the non-energy indicators give a and thermostatic valves. The company is operating with 130 employees, more clear picture of these public utility services, and help choose the down from 1,000 in the past. most appropriate recommendations so that they go beyond just energy The district heating network is made up of a thermal plant of 143 issues. MW with 109 sub-plants and 300 boilers, and a co-generation plant. Heat Energy and cost savings potential are assessed through a is generated by both co-generation plants and thermal power stations. benchmarking process. Individual indicators selected for Cluj are The system is split between neighborhood heating plants (at street level) compared with similar indicators from other cities included in the TRACE where each facility is serving 20 to 40 residential buildings; and the database. There are few different ways to make this comparison. Cities primary network with 30 thermal small plants connected to residential can be compared based on level of development, climate, or population. buildings. Most of the 400 km of network were built in the 1960s and Those cities that do better than Cluj on a particular indicator can become 1970s, and so far only 200 km have been rehabilitated. Although most of a benchmark that Cluj itself can aspire to. For example, if several cities the 300 boilers are 25 years old, they are quite efficient. have lower energy consumption per passenger kilometer in the public The vertical water distribution system often creates transport sector, it is an indicator that city government in Cluj could inconveniences for residents in upper floors, who must wait longer to get achieve energy savings in the ‘Public Transport’ sector (e.g., by hot water. Water intensity and temperature is monitored by a SCADA- modernizing the bus fleet, purchasing energy efficient rolling stock, etc.). type system. There was an attempt to replace conventional energy with The energy and cost savings potential is calculated for each of the six 26 service areas. Subsequently, a priority list is drawn based on where the SEAP Cluj report 19 energy produced from renewable sources, and several solar thermal Rhein Energie AG, and E.ON Ruhrgas International AG, respectively. Today facilities and heat pumps were installed in recent year. However, as of 10% of heat is co-generated, from one large plant and two-decentralized today, the share of renewable heat generation is less than 1%. facilities. The main co-generation facility is providing heat and electricity Over the course of time, the City Hall was concerned with the to 11,000 apartments and a few education facilities in the Gheorgheni network rehabilitation and made noteworthy investments in the neighborhood. modernization of the system to address energy efficiency issues. Co-generation plant Thermal power plant Source: RATCJ With a very high efficiency rate of 84%, the plant operates with four From 1998 until today millions of Euros went to the modernization of sub- natural gas-based water boilers of 8 MW, 14 MW, 16MW, and 24MW - a plants, network rehabilitation, and modern equipment. With EUR 20 total installed capacity of 62 MW. The installed capacity for electricity in million loans from the European Investment Bank, RATCJ managed to co-generation is 4.5 MW, with three turbines of 1.5 MW each. Most of the upgrade the network and neighborhood heating, and replace manual electricity produced is sent to the national network and so Green operation with an automated one. The company used its own resources to Certificates are earned. The power generation cost is 0.04 EUR/kWh. The replace 55% of the network, including 14 pipelines and five boilers, and plant is producing 40.2 GWh of heat and 37.5 GWh of electricity for which install 5,000 connection meters across the city. it uses 9 million cubic meters of natural gas. The system is very efficient as RATCJ benefitted from support from the Romanian Agency for it operates based on heat demand. In the cold season, from October Energy Efficiency to change boilers burners and install heat allocators for through August, all four boilers operate, while in the summer only two of monitoring heat consumption in residential buildings. RATCJ received little them are in use. money under the District Heating 2006-2015 program aimed at improving The tariffs for heat vary depending on the type of customer. As of the district heating network. Since 1998 RATCJ is operating a combined 2012, the full price for heat was 350 RON/Gcal, but the population paid heat and power (CHP) system, through Colonia Cluj-Napoca Energie, a only RON 198.5 per Gcal including VAT. The difference from RON 350 to joint-venture established in partnership with two German companies, RON 198.5 is subsidized by the City Hall. 20 27 Old radiator 287.2/Gcal. In 2012 RATCJ sold a total of 260,000 Gcal ; 95% is catered to domestic consumers who live in old, communist-type neighborhoods built in the 1960s. One of the main reasons for which RATCJ has lost so much of its customer base has to do with how it charged them in the past. More specifically, households were charged not what they actually consumed, but paid heating bills according to the size of their apartment, and paid hot water bills according to the number of people living in the apartment. This was perceived by many as unjust, as they had to pay relatively high bills even if they did not happen to be at home. To address this issue, RATCJ has started to introduce individual billing, allowing more and more customers to pay for what they actually consumed. The way this was done was through the introduction of heat meters for individual heating units, Source: ftr.ro allowing people to control how much heat they received. 90% of the natural gas necessary to generate hot water is Heat Tariff – RON per Gcal purchased from Petrom, the largest Romanian oil company and a natural gas producer. The gas pipe lines are directly linked to RATCJ, and have been so since 1962. In 2011, the total gas consumption of Cluj exceeded 278 million cubic meters, with private households responsible for 43.6% of consumption, and economic agents and public entities accounting for the rest. District heating pipeline Source: ANRSC Each year the municipality pays around EUR 15 million in heat subsidies, which is about 5% of the city budget, a figure that puts a big burden on Source: Napoca News city finances. Economic agents pay more, RON 307.8/Gcal including VAT, while public institutions pay between RON 255.4/Gcal and RON 27 1 Gcal = 1.16 MWh 21 Of total consumption, 43 million cubic meters (431 GWh/a) were used for successful among residents, these units are criticized for lack of supplying heat via the district heating network. Three quarters of the appropriately enforced regulations and for posing serious environmental operating budget is for fuel expenses, 15% for maintenance, 8% for concerns. electricity, and 5% for salaries. However, the poor quality of the network and the lack of funds Like most district heating companies in Romania, the main culprit available for rehabilitation of obsolete pipelines, as well as poor quality for losses is the leakage in the transmission and distribution networks. services, are additional explanations for why district heating is not Losses accounted for 27.4 % for the period 2011-2012 (35% on transport - appealing to people. RATCJ is not eligible to apply for EU funds that could primary network, and 20% on distribution - secondary network). Part of help improve and revive the network because of its double role as heat the loss is incorporated in the final price paid by customers and in the producer and distributor. Moreover, the EU does not perceive district subsidies borne by the local government. heating as a public service, because in most European countries heat and It is not a secret that the local district heating company has been hot water is provided by privately held companies. This could explain, in a tight corner in recent years, dealing with several challenges from perhaps, why the EU has been so reluctant in financing such programs so reducing heat consumption and loss of clients to lack of funds for far. rehabilitation work. The main problem of the district heating system is the massive loss of its customer base, and thus, diminishing heat production. Chimneys from individual micro-heating units, protruding through outer walls In the past two decade the company lost 50,000 customers, as people disconnected from the district heating system and switched to micro- heating units. This had a great impact on heat production. According to the Cluj Integrated Development Plan, the amount of thermal energy distributed between 1996 and 2006 dwindled by 50%, from 1.2 million Gcal to a little over 600,000 Gcal. Currently, the amount of heat sold is even lower, only 260,000 Gcal. The decline in the number of clients has several reasons. Following the drop in natural gas prices as early as 2000s, many customers, fed up with paying high bills to RATCJ, saw in this a good opportunity to switch from a centralized system with several inconveniences to an individual, self-controlled one. Basically, instead of paying for the losses in the system, and the over-consumption of other, people decided to only pay for what they actually consumed. At that time, Hungary restricted the micro-heating units on its territory and so a large number of second-hand gas-based micro-heating units poured into Romania at very reasonable prices. Not in the least, RATCJ complains that disconnections from the system have been done in people wanted to feel independent and break away from any constraints a very chaotic way, and most of the time related laws were not enforced. and restrictions that would remind them of the old communist regime, The fluctuation of clients is preventing RATCJ from developing a medium and they did not find attractive the centralized system, in any of its forms. and long-term strategy. Some people who disconnected from the system Small, tiny chimneys protruding from the outer walls of kitchens in old reconsider their decision and want to reconnect; then again, after a while, communist buildings speak for themselves about how popular micro- they want to switch back to individual micro-units… and so on. RATCJ is heating units have become in the city. But in spite of being pretty arguing that it is almost impossible to have reliable estimates of its 22 number of clients and build a strategy accordingly. For their part, local million from the city budget were spent to cover the street lighting authorities avoid making a decision pertaining to substantial rehabilitation expenditures. work because of the inconveniences that such projects cause to the city. The management of the street lighting system is done by the This would require digging up the streets, which may disrupt private sector. Siemens Austria, through two of its energy saving transportation and commuting for months or even years. The national companies, Siemens Elin Austria and Siemens Gebäudemanagement & Government is equally unsupportive of the centralized heating system. Services GmbH, is responsible for the street lighting infrastructure and Lack of a coherent policy at the national level and lack of support for maintenance work. In 2007, Siemens signed a EUR 12 million concession substantial investments are adding up to the deterioration of the system, agreement for the street lighting system with City Hall Cluj for a period of 29 raising serious questions about its sustainability in the medium-to-long 15 years . The municipality is paying annually 800,000 EUR to Siemens; in term. exchange, the company is taking care of the modernization and expansion of the system by delivering services, installing equipment, and performing Street Lighting maintenance work on the public lighting infrastructure. The street lighting system in Cluj-Napoca has continuously expanded in recent years to cover new streets, old streets that had not been covered Energy consumed per light pole previously, as well as parking lots in neighborhoods and uncovered spaces in-between residential buildings. All 403 km of streets in the city are lit. The expansion process resulted in the installation of thousands of modern lighting poles. For instance, 2,159 new lighting poles were installed in 2011 only, while 561 lighting systems were replaced during the same year. Rehabilitation and modernization of the city public lighting system was carried on the following year, when 11.5 kilometers of lighting 28 network were modernized, including replacement of 650 light poles. Overall, street lighting in the city is relying on 18,000 light poles. Since 2007, City Hall spent RON 66 million for the modernization of the system. Most of rehabilitation and modernization work has been done mainly from the city budget and with some support from the National Agency for Energy Conservation (ARCE). The city is doing pretty good in terms of energy consumption for the street lighting. The annual electricity consumption per lighting pole in 2012 (487 kWh) put Cluj city at the lower range in the TRACE data base, comparable to cities like Sarajevo, Belgrade, or Tbilisi. In 2012, USD 1.4 29 Siemens press release available at : https://www.cee.siemens.com/web/ro/ro/corporate/portal/Presa/canalstiri/Page 28 Information on public lighting available at: s/siemens_austria_modernizeaza_iluminatul_public_al_municipiului_cluj- http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/userfiles/files/iluminat%20public%202012.pdf; napoca.aspx http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/userfiles/files/Extindere%20iluminat%202011. pdf 23 The company hopes that through modernization work, 30% energy saving Lighting pole with vapor sodium lamps can be achieved annually, a figure that would help significantly reduce operational costs. Initially, the modernization process focused more on the downtown area, but subsequently the attention shifted to other neighborhoods. All inefficient mercury light bulbs have been replaced with more energy efficient sodium-vapor light bulbs. Currently, 99% of the street lighting functions with sodium-vapor bulbs with an output ranging from 75 Watt to 150 Watt. Street lighting consumption for 2012 was 8.7 million kWh, which would account for 487 kWh for each of the existing 18,000 lighting poles in the city. This figure places Cluj in the lower side of the TRACE database compared to cities with similar climate. At the same time, Cluj’s performance is the best among all seven growth poles in the country. It is The Electricity expenditure cost the municipality almost USD 1.4 million, which is about 0.5% of the city budget. The street traffic Not in the least, another challenge to the system is posed by the small lighting system is LED-based and has a very little consumption. number of staff within the City Hall responsible with public lighting. There Despite expanding the street lighting network throughout the are only few people dealing with this issue and even those are under-paid. city, the system is dealing with several issues in this area. One of the key The lack of personnel and investments makes it quite difficult to develop problems of the public lighting in the city is the ownership of the land on new projects and bring innovations to the system. which the light poles have to be installed. Parts of new streets that are currently being developed belong to private owners. As such, local authorities cannot intervene there, and it also does not make sense to use Municipal Buildings public money to light-up private spaces. In order to avoid such Some of the buildings in Romania built before the World War II were inconveniences in the future, the city government should rule that the never reinforced, while some of the buildings developed between 1945 responsibility of lighting private spaces should stay with the developers. until the 1977 earthquake did not follow the most optimal construction Some of the light poles are owned by Electrica Distributie Transilvania standards, nor did use appropriate construction materials. Nord (the regional electricity distribution company). Electrica is also After the 1977 earthquake in which dozens of large buildings in responsible for starting the street lighting system every night. Initially, București collapsed and thousands were seriously damaged, the building they installed a light-sensitive system which would only start the light- standards in the country have improved, as the government imposed bulbs when it was sufficiently dark outside. tougher construction standards. Buildings built right after the earthquake However, this system often misfired, so local authorities decided until mid-2000s followed certain rules aimed at improving the safety and to start the lighting from a central system – i.e., someone turns on the comfort of the buildings. For instance, the new regulation required that entire system when they decide it is sufficiently dark outside. The system the thermal insulation of the walls in residential buildings would ensure an does not allow adjusting light intensity based on how dark it is outside, or indoor temperature of 18 degrees Celsius. In the case of hospitals, the based on the time of the day (e.g., in the early hours, like 2 AM, there is required indoor temperature was slightly higher, i.e., 21 degrees Celsius. no need to have as much light in the city as in the late afternoon). The new buildings constructed after 2005 comply with new thermal insulation policies, thus raising the quality and comfort of thermal 24 insulation, as well as the energy efficiency. Starting 2005, from the The majority of municipal buildings are connected to the local planning phase only, all constructions require compliance with energy district heating network, which is supplying heat and hot water. According efficiency standards. to the City Hall, in 2011, the total electricity consumption in municipal However, there are still buildings with thin wall insulation and buildings was 7,856,000 kWh, which would account for 17 kWh per square quite poor-quality material and equipment. In this context, the lack of meter. This is a very small figure, which should normally stand for quality of structural elements that usually enclose a building, such as extremely efficient energy consumption. However, this figure is walls, roof tops, windows, leads to high heat consumption, which questionable compared to the given floor area of 456,000 square meters, ultimately becomes a heavy burden for residents’ pockets. Cluj also falls but also to what municipal buildings from comparable cities would within this trend. normally spend. In the same year, public buildings in Cluj-Napoca Local authorities in Cluj have 100 municipal buildings under their consumed 69,791,548 kWhth of fuel for heating. management with a total surface of over 450,000 square meters. Of This stands for 153 kWhth per square meter, a figure comparable these, 78 are education facilities, i.e., kindergartens, primary schools, and to other cities in the TRACE database. The city is performing better than high-schools. One educational unit may include more than one building, some of the growth poles in Romania, such as Craiova, Ploiești or Brașov such as sports hall, dining halls, dormitories, art and performance halls, but consumes more heat per square meter of municipal building, such as building annexes, etc. The city’s public property assets include two Iași or Constanța. According to the figures provided by municipality, administrative buildings in the city center and eight neighborhood city electricity and heating for all municipal buildings cost a little over USD 3.7 halls, as each city neighborhood has its own city hall. million, which stands for 1.5 % of the annual city budget. Municipal Buildings Heat Consumption - kWhth per square meter City Hall Cluj-Napoca Source: primariaclujnapoca.ro The city government has actively supported energy savings and encouraged buildings, public and private, to be pro-active and save energy The city government is also managing a municipal hospital and five public in any of its forms. Quite a few steps have been taken in this respect, parking structures. In addition, there are a number of commercial spaces including funding thermal rehabilitation work and providing incentives to that are leased out, and for which the municipality is not paying heating bringing down energy consumption. Most of improvements were and electricity bills. implemented starting in 2002. A large majority of municipal buildings built 25 in the 1960s and 1970s have undergone rehabilitation work to improve Buildings. A “Green Building” project was initiated by the municipality, energy efficiency. Thus, over 95% of schools are now equipped with which aims to install solar panels on buildings to help complement the thermopane (double-glazed glass) windows. Most of the schools that have thermal system. The program is yet to be approved by the local city their own boilers have had them replaced with high-efficiency ones (i.e., council. To make the city more attractive, the municipality is developing a with a minimum efficiency of 92%). Also, in most buildings, they have project called “Green City - Smart City” that allow people learn about installed energy efficient bulbs and have insulated roofs and basements. buildings directly from their cell phones. One will simply take a picture As it was already mentioned before, the local city council has with one’s phone of the building and the history of the building will be recently approved the “Green Building Law” that eliminates local taxes for displayed on the cell’s screen. corporate buildings that enforced green building standards, and are Education facilities are a good example of how successful and therefore called “green buildings”, starting in fiscal year 2013. According useful building rehabilitation processes can be, and how they can make a to the law, “a green building” is a building that is highly efficient, and difference in terms of energy efficiency. Many of the 14 public daycares holds an internationally recognized certificate of LEED, BREEAM, and operating in Cluj, serving altogether more than 1,000 children from age 0 DGNB types. The law also has a provision giving residents a 50% tax break to 3, have undergone rehabilitation work that helped significantly improve provided the building in which they live is rated as “A class building” in energy efficiency and, thus, reduced the heating bills. A 1,442 square terms of energy efficiency. meters five-story building built in the 1960s, Daycare Lizuca, is a good example in this respect. In 2012, the daycare underwent rehabilitation Amera Tower, first “Green Building” in Cluj work worth RON 120,000 (approximately USD 37,000) from the city budget. Daycare Lizuca Source: ameratower.ro In order to benefit from these tax breaks, residents and corporate building owners must prove that the building meets the required criteria, and submit along with their application an energy performance “A class” certificate, an international certificate “Green building,” and the conformity declaration issued by the Romanian Council for Green 26 Walls were thermally insulated, new double-glazed windows replaced the It is quite obvious that thermal insulation combined with individual old ones, one balcony was closed, and the old roof top was replaced. The heating systems can bring good results in terms of energy consumption daycare also got disconnected from the centralized heating system and and expenditures. New buildings connected to individual micro-heating switched to a natural gas-based, micro-heating system with a number of systems are also paying smaller bills. The local council is requiring all new micro units installed on several floors. After the work was completed, the kindergarten buildings to have green certificates. heating bills dropped by 25% in the following winter. If in 2009 the heating But despite the city government’s good work, much still remains cost was 40 RON/square meter, in 2012 it dropped to 29.3 RON/square to be done. Data collection on municipal buildings is scarce and often not meter. reliable; it is not centralized, nor regularly monitored, and not strategically Now the building is paying only for natural gas consumption, used to promote energy efficiency measures. The city government does which is measured in cubic meters. Other daycares that have undergone not have an energy efficiency task unit that could take on such issues, similar rehabilitation work and also switched to an individual heating better plan the steps the city should do to increase efficiency, and system and accomplished comparable results or even better, managing to prioritize actions. Some simple measures also remain to be widely save up to 60% of heating bills. implemented – e.g., automatic lighting systems, which only turn on when someone is in the room. Such measures were already put in place in many New radiator and individual natural gas based unit at Daycare Lizuca apartment blocks. Some apartment blocks have systems that turn on all the lights in the stairwell for a couple of minutes, while others have motion-sensors which trigger a light switch for an individual light-bulb when someone is on that floor. Thus, the light turns on only on a particular floor, and only stays on for as long as the person is there. Only a few heat thermostats allowing the heat level to be adjusted have been installed in some buildings that are branched to the central heating system. More of these should be installed. Not in the least, financial support with regard to energy efficiency in buildings is often hard to undertake, because funds are allocated from the central budget, based on the number of pupils in the educational facility. Thus, schools with a low number of students receive only limited funds, and in order to be able to undergo modernization work, they often have to rely on the City Hall to Table 2: Comparison heat consumption supplement the budget. Building Square 2012 2009 meter 2 (RON/m /year) 2 (RON/m /year) Power Sector Daycare 1 156 12.00 44.30 There are 34 power suppliers in Cluj-Napoca, but most of the electricity Daycare Lizuca 1,441 29.30 40.00 comes from Electrica Distribuție Transilvania Nord, one of key power Daycare 3 330 34.00 83.00 suppliers in the country. The company is catering for six counties, Daycare 4 2,100 17.00 New building including Cluj. 80% of Electrica’s costumers are domestic clients living in residential buildings, households, and municipal buildings. 27 The company is supplying electricity for the street lighting and with a installed capacity less than 10 MW. As explained earlier, Green public utilities companies. In 2012, the estimated total power Certificates can be earned for each MW of renewable energy supplied to consumption within the municipal territory was 1,271,356,000 kWh in the national grid. In Romania, hydro-power has the largest share of 2012, slightly up from 1,231,445,000 kWh in 2011. The losses amounted renewable energy production, a quota that has varied in the past years to 5.7%, equivalent to 84, 615,148 kWh. Electricity within the municipal from 26 to 30% of the gross domestic consumption of electricity. territory is mainly generated by three gas-operated municipal The country’s technical hydropower potential is harnessed to cogeneration power plants (37.5 GWh/a). No electricity is generated from 36TWh/year, while the economic energetic potential is estimated at 23-25 hydropower, biomass or wind renewable sources, and there are currently TWh, with an installed capacity of 8,000 MW and a production potential only few photovoltaic systems operating. of 1,870 GWh/year. Experts consider that solar energy is Romania’s safest energy source. One square meter of horizontal surface can capture Electricity pillars and voltage meter anything between 900 and 1,450 kWh of solar energy, depending on season. Photovoltaic Park at Fântanele – Cogealac, Romania Source: electrica.ro; newsbv.ro The price of electricity depends on consumption, time of day, type of Source: renews.biz electricity, level of voltage, and type of consumer. For domestic consumers the tariff may range from RON 0.1730 and RON 0.428 per kWh City authorities looked into opportunities to diversify the city’s sources of RON 0.3748 and RON 0.5757 per kWh for medium or low voltage. People energy, and came up with a plan of reconverting a social housing with low income pay less, what is a called “social tariff.” Starting in development plan into a solar energy project. In order to maximize the November 2005, the social tariff is applying only to domestic consumers solar potential of the city, the City Hall entered into a partnership with a with a monthly income less than or equal to the minimum wage. Non- local branch of a US-based company, Green Energy Holding, to develop a domestic consumers pay more than domestic ones, anything between photovoltaic park on 197.8 hectares located in Muncii Boulevard – RON 0.15 per kWh to RON 0.8772 per kWh. Paşunea Someşeni area. However, although the project obtained all Romania is promoting renewable energy from various sources, necessary permits, the construction of the photovoltaic facility has been including wind, solar, thermal, biomass, waves, hydrogen made of delayed because of some misunderstanding between the private entities renewable sources, and electric energy produced in hydropower plants 28 involved in this project. Until the issues will be sorted out the project is number of vehicles. Moreover, streets and parking lots built in the 70s and put on hold. 80s were designed for a much smaller number of vehicles; today they Anyway, if the project will follow through, the investor would be cannot accommodate the millions of cars that are on Romania’s streets able to use the municipality land for free for a period of 49 years, and has and country roads. to put down the initial investment of 42 million EUR (including VAT). In Cluj is not different from this picture. As of 2011, 73,096 private exchange, the municipality should receive free electricity for street passenger cars were registered in the city, in addition to 4,747 mopeds, lighting for almost half a century, and some shares of the profit. Local approximately 20,000 trucks, and 2,000 garbage trucks. Almost two-third Council Decision 274/2011 establishes that Green Energy Cluj should of private vehicles runs on gas, and one-third uses diesel. Most vehicles supply to Cluj municipality 30% of the energy produced in the are used cars, only 10% of the registered private vehicles are EURO 2 and photovoltaic park, but not less than 3,500 MWh/year, i.e., 170,000 MWh EURO 3 compliant. for 49 years, equivalent of 17,850,000 EUR without VAT, at a price of 105 In fact, Cluj is known for representing a large second-hand car EUR/MWh without VAT. At the same time, the municipality should receive market. The proximity to the Western border and the easy access to 2% from the profit, including trading of green certificates, as well as 2% of neighboring countries make possible for people to bring in used and the energy production, after reaching an installed capacity of 10 MW. The cheap cars from Hungary, Austria, or Germany. Private transport in Cluj production cost for 1 MW is estimated at 191.5 EUR. After the project will city is using almost 6.5 million liters of diesel and petrol annually for which be eventually launched, the total amount of energy to be distributed to car owners must take out of their pockets more than USD 64 million. municipality could reach 46,954 MWh over the next 15 years. The Comparing to data from TRACE database, including cities from Eastern prognosis for the annual energy consumption is estimated at 12,000 Europe, Cluj is doing pretty well in terms of energy spent by vehicle per MWh, which involves an operating cost of 2.29 million EUR per year. The private car by passenger kilometer. It has in fact one of the lowest total annual expenses to produce electricity for the municipality would consumption of energy per passenger kilometer travelled. Nonetheless, amount to EUR 176,000. Overall, it is expected that the project should there is room for improvement. make EUR 5.4 million in annual revenues, of which EUR 4.8 million from the trading of green certificates. Traffic congestion in Cluj Urban Transport Private transport As many other cities in Eastern Europe, traffic in Romania is a serious problem. The key factor responsible for this situation is the constant increase in private car ownership over the past two decades. Only few people had cars before the change of regime in 1989. Cars required long waiting lists, and strict driving rules were enforced at that time. For instance, cars were classified into “even and uneven numbered,” according to their license plates; one weekend only the even-numbered cars were allowed to drive, and next weekend the odd-numbered ones. During the transition period, all kinds of new and second-hand cars Source: monitorulcj.ro poured into the country. Roads became overcrowded with the large 29 Of the total number of private cars, over 50% of are over 10 years old and The private transport energy consumption in Cluj is in the lower will reach their operating age limit soon, while only 5% cars are newer side of the TRACE database comparable to cities with similar climate. than three years. The national scrappage program (which offers people From this perspective, the city is the most energy efficient among all who bring old cars in a premium towards buying a new car) has gone a seven growth poles, with 1.649 MJ per passenger kilometer. long way in helping renew the vehicle fleet in Romania. Cluj has benefited from this program too. Private Transport Energy Consumption - MJ/ passenger km Beyond such national programs however, local authorities have also tried to implement energy efficiency measures of their own. For example, to obtain a taxi licenses, taxi operators have to use cars that are no older than 12 years. There are 2,536 taxis operating in Cluj now. Taxis must obtain authorization from City Hall, which is also responsible for regulating the tariffs and colors of the cars. Taxis charge RON 1.79 per kilometer, a tariff comparable to other growth poles. Taxi Tariffs – RON per km Access corridors from one side of the city to another are split between 8 km of roads length from East to West, and another 7 km from South to North. The City Hall is in charge with monitoring and signaling the traffic. The monitoring management system is operating from the City Hall, where they receive information in real time from 265 cameras installed throughout the city. The system helps ensure traffic safety, and identify bottlenecks or traffic congestions due to bad weather. For instance, city authorities can learn in real time about snowed-in roads and they can quickly deploy crews and equipment to clear off the streets. However, most of the time Source: Taxi companies from the growth poles they are overwhelmed by the level of traffic congestion and bottlenecks especially during rush hour. Nearly all taxies are owned by private companies, which most of the time Since the mid-2000s, city authorities have been preoccupied to tend to maximize the profit and, therefore, they have the cars out on the find alternative transportation means to decrease traffic congestion and streets 24 hours/day, with 2-3 drivers on each car. Since the number of reduce energy consumption and greenhouse emissions. parking spots for taxis was designed for only 8 hours/operation per day, and the cars run 24/7 instead, taxis are adding up to the parking difficulties in the city. 30 Traffic monitoring management system infrastructure. As of 2012, 80% of pedestrian footpaths were in pretty good shape. Bike lane in Cluj 30 The 2006 Development Strategy of Cluj-Napoca was set to develop a sustainable and efficient transport system for the wider metropolitan Source: ziare.com area. A central point to this end was reducing transport by private cars and, instead, strongly encouraging non-pollutant transportation, like Traffic has worsened in the years after the Revolution and poses serious a walking and cycling. Today the municipality is taking steps to this end by challenge to both city authorities and citizens. Cluj does not have a ring extending cycling in the city and to suburbs, by developing 18.8 kilometers corridor, so all cars heading outskirts must get into the city and most of of new bicycle lanes from Florești to Apahida via Cluj, in addition to the the times overflow into the downtown area. Parking is another serious existing 40 km. problem. There are only 5 parking lots in the city; two of them are owned On the total length of 58 km of bike lanes, 50 self-service bicycle by the City Hall, with a few others under construction. However, these docking stations in the metropolitan area are to be built. Previously, the parking structures and not sufficient and they cannot accommodate the municipality put some bike racks on one public bus, but people did not city’s growing parking needs. That is why parking is often a nightmare for really respond to that and did not use the system, signaling that some both drivers and pedestrians. Cars parked on narrow streets blocking one change in mentalities is still needed. The city has a pretty good pedestrian side of the street are common sights in the city. But many times cars are not only parked on the streets, but also on sidewalks, with pedestrians 30 rightly frustrated to detour into the street around the cars or squeeze Development Strategy for Cluj available at: between cars and buildings in order to pass. http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/doc/strategie/Strategia_Municipiului_Cluj_Nap oca.pdf Like most cities in the country, Cluj is not doing too well when it comes to public utility related data. The city lacks information on the transport mode split. The local government has no precise idea of how many people ride the public transport, how many walk, and how many of 31 them commute using their own cars. City authority must document Public Transport Mode Split information on trips, understanding exactly how many people complete trips and commute in the city and by what means. Without documenting such information, it is almost impossible to prepare a plan that the city really needs in order to develop a sustainable transport network. At last, Cluj does not yet have Park and Ride stations where people from outside the city can drive their cars, park, and then take public transportation to get into the city. However, city authorities plan to take care of this matter in upcoming years, as the Park and Ride concept is included in the city’s development strategy. Public Transport Cluj has a pretty well-developed public transport managed by Regia Autonomă de Transport Urban Cluj (RATUC), the local transport authority operating under the City Hall Cluj. In the past years, RATUC was preoccupied with finding means to reduce The public transport fleet comprises more than 340 vehicles, energy/fuel consumption, especially with regard to trams and through which a good connection is provided throughout the city, from trolleybuses, than with purchasing new rolling stock and renewing the downtown to all neighborhoods and industrialized areas located in the fleet. city outskirts. For example, from 4:30 AM through midnight, buses and The city has 23.9 km of tram network, single track. Of the 34 trams run every 5 minutes in the downtown area, and a little less trams operating in the city, few are modern and sophisticated. In 2012 the frequently in the city outskirts. On average, 140,000 one-way tickets are municipality purchased four new, modern, large trams for 6 million EUR sold daily. Half of the commuters in Cluj use public transport, a quite high from PESA, a Polish company. Each tram can carry 296 passengers and has figure comparable to the cities in the TRACE data base. an option to count passengers. These trams are twice as efficient as the RATUC is operating with 192 buses, of which 171 standard size older ones. In a short time they have became the ”stars” of the public diesel, 21 long buses, and 8 small buses that can transport up to 15 transports system in the city. people. Only 1% of the fleet, i.e. two buses, is new; 25% of buses are When many cities in Romania were giving up on their trams and between 3 and 8 years old, while three quarters of the bus fleet goes instead focusing only on buses and trolleybuses, Cluj decided to keep the beyond 8 years old. Only two buses are on EURO 4 engines, 45% are on tram network and modernize the old tram lines. It was a strategic decision gas emission European standards EURO 2 and EURO 3, while more than that later paid off. The city replaced and upgraded the tram lines half the fleet is on non-EURO. Most of the city’s 101 trolleybuses are connecting the railaway station to Mănăştur neighborhood with EU 30 pretty old; only 15 of them were modernized in recent years. million support from EU funds, and expanded the network to the 50% of the commuters rely on public transportation, a figure that periphery. places Cluj in the higher end of the TRACE database. It is the second highest percentage among the seven growth poles, after Iași. 32 Table 3: Public Transport Fleet in Cluj The trams are now connecting the downtown to industrialized areas Type of vehicle Number of Length Capacity Number Length where multinational companies are located. Keeping trams alive and vehicles vehicle of of modernizing and upgrading the network turned out to be a good bet. Now (meters) routes routes tramlines are much quieter and cars more confortable, which makes them (km) more attractive to people, and thus tram ridership went up. More residents prefer trams nowadays, unlike in previous years Buses - big 21 18 152 when people were reluctant to ride trams because of noisy, uncomfortable, and unsafe cars. According to RATUC, 46% of public -standard 171 12 99 37 97.3 transport users ride buses, 31% of the use trolley buses, and a quarter go by trams. The public transport fare in Cluj-Napoca is similar to that of -small 8 9 15 other growth poles in Romania, i.e., RON 2 per trip. Trolleybuses 101 6 22 Trolleybus in Cluj Trams 34 3 13.2 Total 335 46 132.5 Source: RATUC New energy-efficient tram in Cluj Fuel consumption went down by 50% following investments in more efficient rolling stock in recent years. However, the municipality needs 3.5 million liters of diesel to operate the bus fleet, which accounts for almost USD 5 million in 2012, i.e., 85% of the total USD 6.1 million annual budget. Electricity for trams and trolleybuses accounted for 14.2 GWh/a. Fuel consumption monitoring is done quite often through monthly reports that can point to any fluctuations on the higher side. RATUC makes the initial price recommendation for the tariff, but the final Source: monitorulcj.ro decision is taken by the Local Council. As many other cities in Romania, there are ridership incentives for certain categories of citizens. Retired people and children under age of five ride for free, while students enjoy 33 discounted fares. The City Hall subsidizes public transporation tickets and amount of time. The new modern ticketing system will help with the monthly passes with more than EUR 5.5 million per year. counting of passengers. Currently, the data on ridership is collected ad- hoc, based on „visual observation,” which is actually done very basically Public Transport Tariffs – RON/trip by counting people on buses and in stations at different times of day. RATUC is well connected to EU-level thinking, which aims to completely take out diesel-based public transport from cities by 2050, and double ridership by 2025. To this end, the City is developing a project in partnership with the Swiss Government to purchase 12 electric buses that are three times more energy efficient that conventional ones. The project is not fully approved yet. If awarded (the winner will receive between 1 and 7.4 million Swiss Francs), then five buses will be purchased in 2013, and it will be a first of its kind for Romania. With an energy consumption of 0.178 MJ per passenger kilometer, the public transport in Cluj is the most efficient among comparable cities in the TRACE database with similar climate. It is also the most efficient among the seven growth poles in Romania. Source: Local transport companies from the seven growth poles Public Transport Energy Intensity - MJ /passenger kilometer Bus stop in Cluj A few years ago, some students from the Technical University of Cluj- Source: monitorulcj.ro Napoca in cooperation with the Local Transport Authority, tried to find efficient non-diesel means of transportation. They came up with an An e-ticketing system is currently under implementation. Soon, original project in which new buses were equipped to run entirely on passengers will be able to use one ticket for several buses within a certain cooking /rapeseed oil. It was expected that the use of cooking oil would 34 diminish pollution by one third. The project was perceived as an attempt Water Sector to comply with Government Ordinance requiring that a minimum 2% of Potable Water the auto fleet should run on clean fuel. The monthly consumption of The water sector in Cluj is well managed. Apa Someş is the water provider rapeseed oil was projected for 2,000 liters per bus. for Cluj and Sălaj counties, including the City of Cluj. Overall, the company Despite being fairly well developed, the public transport system is catering potable water to 400,000 people, including 4,000 residential is facing several issues. Although the city is the lowest in terms of energy buildings and 40,000 small households. The company sits under Cluj intensity per passenger kilometer comparable to cities with similar climate County Council who has 99% of shares. 1% of the shares are divided within the TRACE data base, improving energy efficiency is the local between cities in Cluj and Sălaj counties to which the company is catering government’s primary concern. water, except for Cluj-Napoca. RATUC and the city government are both struggling to find the Primarily, the source of water comes from a nearby lake, Tarniţa, most effective and least costly means to reduce fuel consumption and and from underground aquifers in Floreşti. The underground water is of make the system become more efficient. However, authorities complain good quality, it does not require treatment except for chlorination, so that old vehicles are not helping too much in this respect, and thus they there is no need for energy consumption in this regard. Potable water is need to replace the old fleet. Overall, 50% of the buses and trams have pumped gravitationally from 30 pressure points located in Cluj into a almost reached their life cycle and need to be replaced in the immediate number of reservoirs. All water connections and pipes are connected to future. water meters. Part of the network of 600 km of pipes serving the entire The company is even thinking of developing mini photovoltaic county is old; some pipes are even 100 years or older. 400 km of the parks on land owned by RATUC, such as parking lots, to supply electricity potable water network were modernized and upgraded with support from for trams and trolleybuses. Another problem in connection to fleet the Municipal Utilities Development Program II (MUDP). The rehabilitation modernization has to do with to the company’s inability of applying for EU process continued in the last couple of years with support from EU funds, funds directly to purchase new rolling stock. Unlike Poland and Hungary, and water pumps in the distribution network were replaced with energy where public trasport authorities were able to access EU funds to buy new efficient ones. vehicles, Romania was not eligible for such expenses. According to EU regulations, aautonomous public service companies (“regii autonome”) in SCADA system water monitoring Romania, like RATUC, are not eligible for EU structural funds. This inconvenience slowed down any investments that the municipality had in mind to modernize its public transport fleet. The actual city budget cannot meet the company’s needs in this regard, and alternative funding sources must be identified. Not in the least, traffic congestion is a problem for the city government. Because streets are quite narrow, there are only 2-3 kilometers of dedicated lanes for public transportation, therefore, all public and private vehicles crowd already busy streets. Moreover, traffic lights do not grant better access and mobility to public transportation vehicles. A lot of fuel is wasted while waiting at stop lights, particularly during rush hour traffic. In peak hours, buses get stuck in traffic in certain areas of the city. 35 Water monitoring is done through a new SCADA system that cost EUR 1.5 doing too well in this respect. The main challenge to the system is the million. The system, designed based on the company’s needs, is using leakage in the distribution and transmission network due to obsolete Siemens high-tech equipment to monitor and record information through pipelines. Despite continual upgrading of the network, the leakage rate is 300 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) connected to all localities to which the still high, although it dropped from 60% in early 2000s to 50% nowadays. company is catering water. The company is preoccupied to tackle the losses and has secured funding Any problems that may occur in the water system in any of these for additional projects aimed at reducing leakages to 25% by 2018. localities can be identified in real time by dispatchers sitting in the As of the beginning of 2013, the water tariffs in Cluj are the monitoring room. The new SCADA system is going to be integrated with second lowest among the seven growth poles, after Timișo ara. the old one, which is currently keeping under control 30 pressure points located in Cluj city. In every city there is a dispatcher who can see in real Water Tariff – RON /per cubic meter (without VAT) time any activity at the water stations/pumps. Annual water production for Cluj is approximately 40,000,000 cubic meters for which 15,000,000 kWh of electricity is used. The energy expenditure accounts for a third of the budget. On average, approximately 0.3 kWh is necessary to produce one cubic meter of drinking water. This is close to the average of most cities in the TRACE data base. Cluj needs more electricity to treat one cubic meter of potable water than some of the growth poles in Romania, such as Ploiești, Brașov or Craiova, but less than Constanța or Iași. Energy density of potable water production – kWh per cubic meter source: ANRSC In the medium to long run, the company and county authorities are aware that significant financial support is needed to further make investments aimed at reducing leakages and, thus, increase efficiency of the water system. According to a feasibility study, EUR 60 million is needed to develop a project supplying water for Slaj County from the centralized system of Cluj only. The rehabilitation process must target the remaining 200 km of the old transmission and distribution network. Resources should be directed toward increasing efficiency of pumping stations by building three new reservoirs in areas where city is However, the efficiency of the system is low, as half of the water gets lost expanding, in addition to three new pumping stations soon-to-be in the transmission and distribution network due to old, leaky pipes. installed. At the same time, one should have in mind some radical changes Comparing to other cities in the data base, with its 48.8% losses Cluj is not 36 and replace old, outdated equipment with new, modern equipment, such New wastewater treatment plant construction site as devices for real-time monitoring, flow meters, pressure sensors, and electrical valves. Installation of additional 600 RTUs should allow water flow measurement at every working station/point. Wastewater Unlike other cities where separate operators deal with potable water and waste water, Apa Someș is also responsible for the waste water sector. The waste water is treated in a sewage treatment plant located east of Cluj, about 1 km from the airport, serving the city and five neighboring villages. The existing old plant is going to be replaced by the end of 2013 with a new one, at modern standards. The old plant was built in the 1970s and it was rehabilitated between 2000 and 2002. The new water treatment plant, now under construction, is a EUR 35 million project funded from EU structural funds through the Environmental Operational Programme (about 75% of the money), and with support from County Council Cluj and Apa Someș, as well as small 10 km of the total length of 35 km collection pipe network is new. Once contributions from municipalities benefiting from waste water services. the digesters will be operational and produce electricity, the waste water The waste water construction is a large project for which 80,000 cubic treatment facility will become self-reliant. The facility will be able to meters of concrete are used. The waste water treatment facility achieves supply energy to the national grid for which it can earn Green Certificates. a treatment ratio above the national average. However, compared to EU For each MW of electric power sold to energy suppliers, the plant will earn environmental standards, there still remains considerable need for action EUR 55. Moreover, the company is hopeful that the quality of sludge to reduce Phosphorus and Nitrogen from treated water before it is needed to run the digesters stays high so the plant will be able to disposed into the river. It is expected that the new plant will be able to generate approximately 80-90% of electricity needed to operate the tackle the de-nitrification problem more efficiently. Perhaps the most facility. noteworthy aspect about the new plant is the capacity to produce biogas and earn Green Certificates. Solid Waste Biogas will be produced using two old and four new digesters of Like most cities in the country, solid waste management in Cluj is in the 4,000 cubic meters each, with a total installed capacity of 1.16 MW. The hands of the private sector. Waste collection is divided between two plant is designed to produce a maximum of 23 MW. The total potential companies, Brantner-Vereș and Rosal, which have split the city into two electricity that could be generated from all digesters is as high as 8.12 areas of operation. The contracts signed with the two companies are valid GWh. Old digesters are under renovation, while news ones are still under until 2018, with the possibility of extending them for another 4 years (with construction and will be operational by the end of the year. the approval of the local council). Both operators collect municipal waste and dump it into the landfill in Pata-Rât, located about 15 km from the city center. The landfill is operated by Salprest, a company whose main shareholder is the owner of Brantner-Vereș. 37 The Environment Law approved in 1995 declared all solid waste Implementation of the master plan is done with EU structural funds landfills in the country as non-compliant with EU environmental through the Environmental Operational Programme and contribution standards. During negotiations for the EU membership, Romania assumed from the local budgets. 85% of the money necessary to execute the responsibility to close all non-compliant waste deposits, and set a road master plan for Cluj County has been already secured from EU funds, and map to achieve this end. According to this calendar, Pata-Rât was the rest should be covered by municipalities. However, until the new supposed to be shut down in 2010. However, this did not happen, and the landfill is operational, the municipality must sort out different issues facility is still functioning until the new landfill construction is going to be regarding the landfill, including property litigations over the facility at completed. The new landfill is located next to the old one, and it is Pata-Rât. expected to be operational in the fall of 2013. The initial deadline was Tariffs for solid waste collection and management are usually missed by more than half a year because the construction company who adjusted based on inflation, but they have actually changed since the won the tender declared bankruptcy and so another tender had to be contracts with the two companies were signed. As of now, domestic organized. clients pay EUR 17 /year for waste collection, transportation, dumping, The new eco-framed landfill is integrated in the Solid Waste and storage, of which EUR 1.8 is the dumping fee only. Five companies Master Plan and will cater for the entire Cluj County. The County Council is participated in the tender organized for waste collection by the City Hall a responsible for the big project and will have to organize a tender to few years ago. Among cost considerations, firm selection also choose the landfill’s private operator. According to the national policy on presupposed technical and environmental considerations – e.g., EURO 4 31 solid waste and environmental issues, solid waste management is trucks and ability to do recycling at the source. Around 50% of the handled at the county level, and so each county had to prepare a plan in operating budget of solid waste companies goes toward fuel expenses. this respect. The fuel expenditure for waste collection, transportation, and dumping at the site is USD 124,000/year. New landfill site Garbage trucks in Cluj 31 See the National Plan for Solid Waste Management, and the National Strategy for Solid Waste Management, available here: http://www.mmediu.ro/protectia_mediului/strategii_planuri.htm Source: ziuadeacj.relitatea.net 38 Both companies use 50-60 trucks to collect garbage in the city. On reach as high as 800 kg/per capita. The figure for Cluj is higher than for average, each truck makes two trips daily at the landfill to dump 25-30 Craiova, Ploiești or Timișoara, but it is almost twice less than in Constanța. cubic meters of waste for which 30 liters of diesel is used. Solid waste generation per capita in Cluj is lower than in București and other neighboring European cities like Skopje, Sarajevo, Belgrade, and also Pata-Rât landfill lower than in major cities like Warsaw or Kiev. City authorities have invested aggressively in recycling in recent years and they hope to continually build up the system. Waste is sorted both at the source and at the dump site. There is a sorting facility at the dump site, and informal workers also collect a lot of recyclables. Currently, one third of residential buildings have a selective collection system through which they can separate organic waste from paper, glass, and plastic. Percentage of solid waste recycled Source: ziare.com Solid waste per capita – kg/per capita People deposit recyclable waste in containers of different colors, which are available in front of their buildings or households. Despite of local authorities complaining that some of these containers were stolen, selective collection has been pretty successful so far. This explains why the city is doing quite well and has 28% rate of recycled waste, performing Cluj city is generating 375 kg of solid waste per capita, a figure just below much better than cities with a similar Human Development Index, like Romania’s average of 380 kg per capita. Romania is generating less solid Warsaw, Bratislava, Budapest, or București. In this way, the city is waste compared to most countries in the EU, where some of them can exceeding EU regulations requiring that at least 15% of waste be recycled. Romania has agreed with the EU to achieve a target of 60% on recycling packaging waste by 2013, otherwise the country may be penalized 39 severely. By 2020, the country has to be able to recycle 50% of the total waste collected. With a figure close to Ploiești, Cluj has the best performance among all growth poles in Romania. For example, the percentage of recycled waste in Cluj is 8 times higher than in Iași, Constanța, or Craiova. Local authorities encourage selective collection, and incentives are given to those who separate organic garbage from recyclable waste. The Local Council sets the tariffs for waste collections, and they adjust them based on whether recycling is done at the collection point. For example, people who do selective collection pay RON 5/person/month, including VAT, against RON 6.25/person/month for those who do not separate the waste. Recycling is a profitable activity. Standard rates for different types of recyclables are ranging from RON 700/ton for mixed colored plastic bottles (PET) and EUR 90 per ton of carton. (More details about tariffs for recycled waste in the table below). The bottles are usually sold to companies in Romania, while the carton collected in Cluj is sold to a company in Austria. In 2012, the selling of paper and plastic went quite well and was profitable. The tipping fee or the charge levied upon a given quantity of waste received at the waste processing facility at the dumping site is 18 RON/cubic meter. Table 4: Tariffs for recycled waste Type of recyclable waste Tariff Transparent PET bottles RON 1,900/ton Colored PET bottles RON 1,600/ton Mixed transparent and RON 700/ton colored PET bottles Carton EUR 90/ton Colorless foil RON 1,200 /ton Colored foil (plastic bags) EUR 500 /ton Source: Vereș - Brantner The new landfill is designed to capture biogas. After the landfill will be operational, it is expected that the facility will be able to produce energy. Almost 50% of the waste collected is biodegradable waste, which should be a good amount of fuel to capture biogas. 40 Energy Efficiency Recommendations considered this sector as a top priority, although an upgrade of network piping could help reduce losses, would make the system more efficient, TRACE is a tool that allows the estimation of energy savings potential in and would lower the need for public subsidies. The first sector with the different city service areas by benchmarking the performance of a city highest potential energy efficiency gains is “Private Vehicles”, even if the against other cities with similar characteristics, such as climate, level of local authority control in this sector is reduced. “Public Transport” population, or Human Development Index. For example, energy is another important sector where the municipality has already invested in consumption per street light pole in Cluj was compared to similar recent years, and where the level of local control is quite high. The third consumption of other cities within the TRACE data base, considering the and fourth service sectors of importance with a good potential of energy climate. The energy savings potential regarding the street lighting in the savings that have been highlighted by TRACE are “Municipal Buildings” city was calculated using a method that factored in the cities that and “Street Lighting”, both under local municipality control. “Potable performed better than Cluj, and the degree to which these cities Water”, “Solid Waste Management”, and “Wastewater” have a relatively performed better. The more information is available in the TRACE reduced energy savings potential – primarily because energy efficiency database, the better results it can provide. Currently, TRACE has data on improvements have already been done in recent years or are on-going, almost 100 cities, which generally allows for good comparisons. and because the level of local authority control is small. The energy saving potential is also determined by another key factor, i.e., the level of local control. The more control local public Sector prioritization authorities have over a particular service area, the higher the energy saving potential. In Cluj some public utility services are managed by the city itself, whereas some others stay with the private sector or they are regulated at the national level. Solid waste, including the landfill operation, is managed by the private sector. The water and waste water sectors are managed by authorities at the county level, and so the city of Cluj does not have any saying in this matter. The city has also a very little influence over the energy sector, as policies and regulations are decided by the Government at the national level. In addition, another service area where the local level of control was considered pretty low is “Private Vehicle”. In this sector the policies and decisions are taken by the Government, with limited scope for local involvement. After the saving potential for each sector was calculated, TRACE performed a sector prioritization automatically, based on the amount of savings potential. The sectors with the largest energy savings potential in Cluj are “District Heating”, “Private Vehicles”, and “Public Transport”. All priorities identified by TRACE were discussed with local officials to Given that district heating is a sector where local authorities allocate select a number of energy efficiency priorities for the municipality. significant subsidies every year, and given that people have continuously Overall, a number of 11 recommendations were selected by local de-branched themselves from the system, efficiency gains from energy authorities. These recommendations will be discussed in more detail in efficiency investments are unclear at this point. As such, we have not the next sections. 41 From the get-go it has to be mentioned that all recommendations Urban Transport made in this section should be seen as indicative, not as normative. While Urban transportation is the sector with the highest potential for energy the TRACE tool enables a quick overview of key energy efficiency issues efficiency gains in Cluj, and one of the priority areas of intervention for within a municipality, it does not provide an in-depth analysis of each local authorities. The municipality has already a number of forward sector. For example, in most studied cities, the sector with the highest thinking initiatives in this sector, such as the development and energy savings potential was district heating. Obviously, achieving higher implementation of a traffic masterplan, the development of non- savings in this sector usually also entail high costs. These costs may motorized infrastructure (pedestrian areas and bikle paths), development outweigh potential benefits, and may not warrant investments in the of neighborhood parking structures, and improvements of the public sector. Also, if people continue to de-branch from the system, any transport system. To a large extent, the recommendations of this report investments done to rehabilitate the network may be nothing more than fall wihin the scope of what local authorities are undertaking. The sections wasted money. below will discuss each recommendation in more detail. Similarly, urban transport recommendations should ideally have an urban mobility plan at their foundation (EBRD is in fact supposed to Non-Motorized Transport prepare mobility plans for all seven growth poles and Bucharest). The One of the top priorities for local authorities is to continue expanding non- recommendations made in this report are general in nature and draw on a motorized transportation in the city. Currently, approximately one-fifth of pre-defined list of proposed interventions in the TRACE tool. These the commuters in Cluj use non-motorized transport, but the hope is that recommendations should be viewed by local authorities as an indication this figure will increase in the years to come. An efficient non-motorised of what could be done to improve their city’s energy performance and transportation with zero fuel consumption and low infrastructure reduce the city’s energy bill. The decision to actually implement a investments is good for the enviroment, it reduces pollution, improves air recommendation or not should be done only after a comprehensive quality, and is good for people’s health. An initial investment of USD feasibility study is completed. For example, the development of a bike 1,000,000 in non-motorized means of transportation over a two-year network may have the adverse effect of reducing the share of people who implementation period of time can lead to energy potential savings use public transport instead of reducing the number of people who between 100,000 and 200,000 kWh annually. commute by private vehicles. Cluj is committed to carry on with the good work that it started in Lastly, energy efficiency interventions should not be viewed or the late 2000s. A project of EUR 4 mililon (of which EUR 3 million in EU conceived in a vacuum. Often, energy efficiency interventions have grants) to build almost 20 km of bike lanes accross the city and in the benefits that cross sectors. For example, improving the public transport wider metropolitan area, connecting Cluj to Florești and Apahida, is in network, will not only encourage a more energy efficient commuting execution mode. A total of 58 km of bike lanes for the entire metropolitan options, but it could also improve quality of life, help boost local area, with 50 self-service bicycle docking stations, of which 43 will be economies, and enable poor and marginalized communities better access located in Cluj city, will be built. Unlike other European cities where bikes to opportunities. In the same vein, interventions that aim to improve the are rented based on a daily, weekly, or monthly subscription, in Cluj energy efficiency of a municipal building could be done in tandem with people will be able to rent out 500 bicicles for free, except for an initial fee retrofits that make these buildings more resilient to disasters. that they have to pay to generate a user’s ID, so that city authorities can keep track of bikes and prevent theft. Bike-share programs proved to be very successful in other cities. Washington D.C. can testify to that. The capital city has the largest bike 42 sharing program in the United States. A very popular program among its is paying operating costs plus rights to advertising space to the City, and residents, Capital Bikeshare provides more than 1,670 bikes dispersed funds the operation from advertising revenues. across 180 locations throughout Washington, D.C. and two towns in the The development of pedestrian networks is another important metropolitan area, Alexandria and Arlington. aspect that the city government has been very pro-active about. Although local authorities in Cluj have invested significantly in improving pedestrian Capital Bikeshare in Washington, D.C. infrastructure in the city (Piaţa Muzeului is a well known success story), there is need for more pedestrian footpaths. And indeed, the municipality is interested in expanding the network of pedestrian areas (e.g., closing down the Mihail Kogălniceanu street, in front of the main building of Babeș-Bolyai University – see rendering below), and improving some of the existent pedestrian paths (e.g., in and around the Cetățuia area). Piața Muzeului, before (left) and after (right) pedestriazation Source: brokelyn.com Source: http://arhitectura-1906.ro/2011/10/planwerk/ With the installation of bike lanes, bike signaling, and the bike-share system, the US capital is today one of the most bike friendly cities in the Cities in Europe, like Oxford and Ghent, developed pedestrian networks country. People have the option of daily, monthly or yearly subscription. by closing temporarily or permanently the streets to vehicles, a measure The first 30 minutes of any trip is free, while usage fees will apply for longer trips. The bike-sharing system is currently implemented in 165 that enabled good opportunities for street markets and related initiatives. Pedestrian areas not only make the city more walking-friendly, but they cities in the world, with the largest operating in City of Hangzhou in China also increase pedestrian traffic in commercial areas, they help spur where 61,000 bicycles and 2,400 renting stations are available. At the same time, it is reccommended that city managers of Cluj business development, and they are one of the key instruments for efficient urban regeneration projects. take a look into potential private public patnerships where the branding of All measures must be accompanied by targets that should bicycles and renting facilities can create revenues for the local budget. indicate the level of expected progress over a given timeline, together This model worked out very well in Paris, the home of the Velib, the second largest bike-sharing program in the world, encompassing 20,000 with a simple but effective monitoring plan. Monitoring should have in mind, among other things, performance indicators, means of bikes and 1,450 docking stations. The city launched a private partnership between the municipality and a major advertising company. The company 43 measurement and validating measuring processes, schedule for are planning to develop a public bus system outside the city in the measurement activity, and means of auditing performance. immediate future by linking the urban area to the neighboring communes, starting with Apahida and Florești. Such plans are considered to be an Plans to turn Mihail Kogălniceanu Street into a pedestrian area immediate priority, given that explosive growth of suburban developments in Apahida and Florești was not followed by a concomitant development of alternative transport options to private cars. As such, congestion on the access ways in and out of the city is quite frequent during rush hour. Congestion on Calea Florești during morning rush hour Source: stiridecluj.ro City authorities could perform surveys of the number of bicycles in circulation by using traffic counters on roads and cycle lanes, determine the non-motorized transport mode, look at the number of new business created and the increase in firm revenues along and around pedestrian areas, as well as km of dedicated cycle and walking infrastructure. Public Transport Development Another important recommendation that came out of TRACE and discussions with local authorities are improvements and expansion of public transport system. As explained before, public transport in Cluj is Source: http://www.facebook.com/ILoveCluj quite well developed and relatively energy efficient. It is well-known that public transport has lower emissions per capita than private cars, and a The plan is even more ambitious when it comes to the tram network. The great potential to provide an equitable transport network. An efficient city government is thinking of building a tram connection from the city to public transport can tackle three problems at once: reduce the number of the airport. As a clean, efficient means of transportation, trams remain on private cars in circulation, reduce energy consumption, and improve air the top of the list, and so the local government hopes that further quality. modernization of the network can benefit from the upcoming In recent years, the city made investments in purchasing more programming of EU structural funds, as it did in the current period (2007- modern and efficient rolling stock. Efforts should continue to this end, as 2013). to further improve the system to increase its accessibility and use and, most importantly, expand it to the metropolitan area. Local authorities 44 In addition, local authorities have applied for a program financed They can put money on the card either at the metro stations or in the bus. by the Swiss Government to introduce electric buses in the city. If the People pay one trip (one ticket) and use it for multiple bus trips within two electric bus project will go through, then Cluj will be the first city in hours in the Metropolitan area. There is a small discount when switching Romania to have such means of public transportation. This premiere will from metro to bus. be a step ahead in the grand, more ambitious plan to employ electric In connection to the implementation of e-ticketing, the city transportation in the wider metropolitan area, and at the same time, will manager and RATUC must address the lack of data regarding public get the city closer to the EU level of thinking aiming to completely take transport. As of today, there is no information on transport mode split, as diesel-based public transport out of cities by 2050. there is not data regarding the number of people who use public Another way of increasing the use of public transportation means transport, who use private cars and how many walk or bike. The mere is by making public transport better, more accessible, and attractive. “visual based” counting of passengers cannot provide g ood enough Consequently, local authorities are working on introducing a single-ticket estimates of the number of people who use public transport on a daily system that could be used for more trips and means of transportation basis. within a given amount of time. Cluj is in the process of implementing the Another issue that Cluj authorities should consider is the electronic-ticketing system (e-ticketing), with a tender now underway. E- establishment of dedicated bus lanes in addition to the few existing ones. ticketing will not only reduce the cost of travel and help more people ride More dedicated lanes and giving priority to buses at intersections will the bus and commute, but it will also provide support for revenue enable buses to bypass traffic congestion, enhancing their reliability and collection and transfers, as well as counting passengers. E-ticketing works reducing travel times. This, of course, will be an added incentive for very well in Washington, D.C., where people use the Smartrip card for bus people to switch to using public transportation. Moreover, cities that have and metro trips. a good network of dedicated bus lanes have managed to tackle in a productive way bus traffic issues. Smartrip card in Washington, D.C. Special infrastructure for bus-priority signaling should also be considered. This system is linked to buses via transponders which use GIS information, and can help the flow of approaching buses either by extending green lights for them or by cutting down the cycle for cars. Also, passengers should be informed on trips about bus routes, and waiting times. Real-time bus countdown information displayed on screens at the waiting facilities will allow passengers to plan and better manage their trips, enhance attractiveness of the public transport, and thus increase the number of users. City authorities may consider changing some of the current planning regulations, too. For instance, in order to obtain planning permits, developers should be able to show how a new development links to the existing or planned public transport network. At the same time, allowing higher densities of development next to well-served public transport corridors can create a good base for public transport and should be used in connection with other planning measures, such as capping Source: WMATA/ Larry Levine parking provision to residential and office buildings. In Curitiba, Brazil, 45 high-density residential and commercial development is encouraged Traffic Flow Optimization around and within walking distance of transit stops, with lower densities Improving traffic flow is another way of improving the energy efficiency elsewhere in the city. performance of the Cluj urban transport system. As elsewhere in Romania, traffic congestion is creating lots of troubles for Cluj residents. Bus lane signaling in Cluj Traffic management can be improved by working out solutions aimed at minimizing the distance traveled and encouraging multiple occupancy vehicle travel and, thus, reducing fuel consumption. Up to 200,000 kWh energy can be saved annually with a minimum investment of USD 100,000 to USD 1 million in changing driving patterns by technical optimization of traffic signaling or by means of information. Information displayed through Variable Message Signing can tell drivers about route switching options, directional signing to destinations, and availability of parking spaces. Such a system was implemented successfully in Milton Keynes, UK, where transmission of data is done by using the existing TV network used by police. Over a 10-year period this measure helped reduce congestion and delays and saved motorists and bus users in the downtown area a considerable amount of money. Cluj itself developed a system of cameras throughout the city, which are used to monitor traffic in the city. In the long run, one of the recommendations for Cluj authorities would be to build a ring road or a beltway. City authorities are aware that such solutions are very optimal, and can ease traffic congestion in the city and provide commuters with alternatives roads in the city. Municipal officials already thought about reducing the traffic by developing a beltway or a ring road to connect one side of Cluj to another, and thus prevent cars from pouring into the downtown area. A ring road would allow the people to commute from one side of the city to another by driving their cars outside of the city, avoiding the Not in the least, RATUC and the city government should think about busy urban streets. The city has prepared some ideas in this vein but no organizing information campaigns to increase awareness on the benefits concrete steps have been taken so far, mainly due to a lack of financial of the public transport. To this end, such campaigns should focus on resources. Such projects are very costly and require a large amount of promoting public transport as a reliable, fast, comfortable, safe, cheap, money, either from EU funds or the state budget. Until then, the city is and accessible means of transportation in comparison to other benefitting from the first section of the Romanian Motorway A3, also transportation modes. known as Transylvania Motorway (Autostrada Transylvania), which will eventually link the city with București and Romania’s western border. The section between Câmpia Turzii and Cluj-Napoca Vest (Gilău) has been operational since late 2010. 46 Romanian Motorway A3 known as “Transylvania Motorway” One way to do it is by imposing taxes to enter the downtown area. The city of London imposed a “congestion charge” during week days from 6 AM through 7:30 PM, and cars that want to get into the city center during these hours must pay a high fee. Congestion charging in London Source: thetelegraph.co.uk; philtaylor.org.uk Source: buzznews.ro At some point, local authorities thought about introducing such a tax in Proposals for ring roads have been made both in Cluj’s general urban plan Cluj, but they have pushed aside this plan for now because of economic and by the National Company for Highways and National Roads. These hardship and political constraints. However, the tax option may be proposals come to complement the ring road built in the South-East of the considered in the long run. In other cities in the world authorities city, and the Transylvania Highway, which allows the bypassing of Cluj by established blanket bans, banning certain type of vehicles from cars coming through Turda or Gilău. circulation. For instance, motorcycles were completely banned in city of Guangzhou, China. However, this measure may not be acceptable to Traffic Restraint Measures people in Cluj, as it would remind them of driving restrictions from the Even though Cluj is doing well in terms of its energy consumption per car communist era. per passenger kilometer, as the number of cars will continue to rise, it is A step in this direction has been nonetheless taken by the expected that fuel use will go up, and so will greenhouse emissions. City municipality. In particular, they have introduced some restrictions for authorities should act accordingly in order to curb private vehicle usage private inter-regional buses. The city limited private inter-regional bus and replace it with more sustainable, efficient, and less costly measures. operators to only three “legal” stops in the city. Before, they used to make Traffic restraint measures aim to discourage potential drivers from using illegal stops in public bus stations, hampering traffic. Once “Park and Ride” their cars, and can lead to traffic de-congestion, less fuel consumption, facilities and intermodal terminals will be developed, inter-regional buses and increase in use of alternative transport modes, including public could be entirely banned from entering the city. Local government is transport. To this end, traffic can be restrained in many ways. 47 considering enforcing some reduced speed zones in the city center as an Generic sign for “Park and Ride” additional measure aimed at discouraging traffic in the downtown area. At the end of the day, reducing the speed limit in some zones could be just one component of a bigger plan the city managers may take into consideration in view of restricting private car use and favor the flow of public transport, cyclists and pedestrians in designated areas, by establishing the so-called “environmental islands”. The “environmental islands” may consist in few streets in certain parts of the city, and they may be the results of some measures conceived to prohibit and penalize the access of private vehicles access in designated areas, and reduce the amount of space available for private cars. A number of civic initiatives organized by the local government may also help with easing traffic congestion. The City Hall may think about Source: wikipedia.org setting up “no driving days” to educate and lead by example, actions to which people could participate voluntarily. For example, the city of Puerto People who travel to the city drive their cars to these facilities, from Princesa in the Philippines is restricting tricycles in the downtown district where they take public transport to get to their workplace. It is crucial that on a certain day of the week. (More details in Annex 2) such Park and Ride facilities are built in locations where public transport is available. In addition, cheap parking should not be available in center Parking Restraint Measures areas. The cost of transport, including parking fees, should be lower than Parking restraint measures discourage car use and provide a good that of the fuel used for the entire distance. City authorities looked into incentive to alternative modes of transportation, and they also reduce fuel this option and they decided that such projects should be further and traffic congestion. developed with support from the EU. In addition, they have in mind Solutions may include introducing provisions for residential and building underground parking and hiking prices for remaining parking corporate developments. For instance, a maximum parking allowance spaces in the city center. with low car-to-unit ratios could discourage private-car acquisition and use. The good news about this option is that it does not require Municipal Buildings immediate investments from the city budget. In London, this measure has Building benchmarking been successfully tested, and developments where there is bus Like in many cities, gathering data on municipal buildings proved to be a connectivity allocate less than 1 parking spot per unit. However, this challenging issue for Cluj. Some information on municipal buildings floor practice should be coordinated with expanding public transport in the area and energy consumption is available, but the data are not reliable. area, if necessary. For instance, according to the figures provided by the City Hall, in 2012, One of the best practices that have proven to be very useful in the annual electricity consumption for almost 450,000 square meters was dealing with traffic congestion is the “Park and Ride” concept. Although it accounted for only 8.7 million kWh. Simple math shows that the is quite a costly measure and involves serious capital investment, it is a consumption was as little as 17.2 kWh per square meter. Given this figure, very efficient way to promote multimodality by linking parking to public one may think that Cluj is the most energy efficient city in the world in transport. terms of public buildings. However, this seems too good to be true. City 48 authorities should have accurate information on all energy consumption competitions among building managers, and, eventually, open ways for a (heating, electricity, and water) for schools, kindergartens, hospitals, productive exchange of data and collaboration. public offices, and monitor such information in order to identify which buildings or groups of buildings have the highest energy saving potential. Municipal buildings audit and retrofit One of the recommendations made during the TRACE implementation David Prodan School in Cluj (left) and Napoca Technical College (right) process in Cluj was to perform an audit and retrofit of municipal buildings. The audit and retrofit program could enable cost savings in the official municipal buildings and the reduction of the carbon footprint of the city. The building audit is targeting specific energy consumption for end users and activities, such as computers, lighting, air conditioning and heating systems, etc. Depending on results, the city government may have to allocate money for energy efficiency upgrades, purchasing of new equipment, and some renovation of buildings. The Local Council Cluj building Source: scoli.didactic.ro; presalocala.com The World Bank TRACE report for Belgrade indicated that it is much more efficient to improve the energy performance of hospitals, rather than of schools and kindergartens. Education facilities are not operating during weekends and vacations, so their energy use is lower than that of hospitals which are in use 24/7 and, thus, have a much higher energy demand. To this end, a full audit of municipal buildings in the city is required. A small team of one or two people from the City Hall or external consultants should take responsibility for this task, and various departments should be involved. Building benchmarking is based on types of construction and consumption, and should include information on electricity, natural gas, and water utility, in addition to specific data on Source: wikimedia.org building construction and renovation, energy bills in the past couple of years, floor area, and types of heating. At the end of the day, the analysis The retrofit program can be executed in a cost-effective manner, by should be able to point to the most suitable energy saving options. entering into agreements with Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), who Publishing the analysis and updating the data regularly may enable will pay for the first cost of the upgrades and will share in the savings from the retrofits. 49 Audit and retrofit programs make a great impact on energy about the street lighting system in the city. Such data should cover savings. The World Bank helped the city of Kiev audit 1,270 municipal information on type of poles, type of lamps and wattage, inventory on buildings and provided support with the implementation of some park, and monument and traffic signal lamp. The analysis should compare measures on both the demand side (automation and control system) and different aspects, such as energy spent per pole, watt for different lighting the supply side (metering, tariffs). The project showed good results, as sources type, money spent on initial cost, and the lifetime operational heating consumption diminished by 26% per year, with a total of 387,000 cost per lamp. At the end, the data and main findings should be published Mwh. A model pioneered by the city of Berlin in partnership with Berlin and presented to the media, citizens, and different stakeholders. The Energy Agency aimed at retrofitting public and private buildings and potential energy savings within a year could range between 100,000 kWh helping the preparation of tenders for projects that will guarantee and 200,000 kWh. reduction in emissions by 26%. So far 1,400 buildings have entered the program and have been upgraded and recorded more than 60,400 tons Street lighting in Cluj CO2 reduction per year. (More details in Annex 7). The good news is that the local government of Cluj is implementing an audit and retrofit program in the city. At the same time, according to the new regulations, a building can be sold provided it has an energy audit certificate, as well as an energy performance certificate. At the same time, the local public administration is committed to continue the rehabilitation of educational units in the city to improve their energy efficiency and reduce the heating/cooling bills. Thermal insulation of buildings, in addition to replacing the old windows with double-glazed ones, is expected to reduce heating bills by at least 20%. At the same time, in order to further reduce utility bills for municipal buildings, local authorities may consider replacing the incandescent bulbs with more efficient fluorescent ones. Street Lighting Source: instalfocus.ro City-Wide Integrated Public Lighting Assessment TRACE recommendations in the field of street lighting are targeting high Municipalities across the world analyzed what solutions would work best potential energy savings with relatively small investments. Although the for improving street lighting efficiency. For example, the Ciy of Gaia in energy consumption per lighting pole is among the lowest compared to Portugal conducted a four-phase study aimed at reducing energy other cities within the TRACE database, with similar climate, decision- consumption in public lighting that included an evaluation of system, a makers in Cluj are looking to find appropriate ways to increase the pilot project to confirm the theoretical results of flux control systems, and system’s efficiency. implementation of a financial model. The study indicated that the flux The first step in this direction would be a full audit of the existing control system has a potential of 20-30% in energy savings and can lighting poles, together with an assessment of running and maintenance increase the life cycle of lamps by up to 30%. The total capital investments operations. The City Hall should appoint a small team to collect key data 50 of approximately USD 225,000 can lead to a payback period of 5 years, they are a very costly solution for which large investments are needed. without including savings in maintenance costs. (More details in Annex 9). However, this option could work better if there is a partnership or a joint- venture between the city government and a private entity, as is the case Street Lighting Audit and Retrofit in Los Angeles. Under a partnership between the Clinton Climate Initiative The lighting system in Cluj is doing relatively well. Overall, it performed and the municipality, Los Angeles is developing the largest streetlight well under normal operating conditions, and so far it did not pose serious retrofit undertaken by a city to date, replacing traditional streetlights with challenges to the municipality. Minor incidents can be detected and environmentally friendly LED lights. The project is estimated to reduce sorted out in a timely manner. Another recommendation made to the Cluj reduce CO2 emissions by 40,500 tons and save USD 10 million annually city managers was to perform an audit of the lighting system and, through reduced maintenance costs and 40% energy savings. subsequently, act for retrofit where appropriate. One good aspect about However, LED-based street lighting is considered not to be an retrofits is that they can deliver the same lighting levels for lower energy immediate priority for Cluj, but it can become so in the long run. As of consumption levels, reducing associated carbon emissions and the now, the city government and the street lighting contractor, Siemens, will operational costs. Maintenance costs will be lowered as well, and such have to continue replacing the inefficient bulbs and upgrade the old measures will also improve the system by reducing service interuptions. lighting infrastructure. As highlighted earlier, Cluj had replaced a large number of vapor- sodium lamps, and the city government is planning to carry on with this Lighting Retrofit example, Oslo process. Lighting Retrofit, City of Oslo Sodium vapor-based street lighting in Cluj The City of Oslo formed a joint-venture with Hafslund ASA, the largest electricity distribution company in Norway. Old fixtures containing PCB and mercury were replaced with high performance high pressure sodium lights and an advanced data communication system using powerline transmission that reduces the need for maintenance. Intelligent communication systems can dim lights when climatic conditions and usage patterns permit. This reduces energy use and increases the life of the bulbs, reducing maintenance requirements. This reduces energy use and increases the life of the bulbs, reducing maintenance requirements. The system is now fully equipped with all its components and is being calibrated to sort out some minor problems related to production failure in communication units. Overall the system has performed well under normal operating conditions. Although it is widely acknoweldeged that environmentally friendly LED lamps are more efficient than vapor-sodium ones, it is also very true that 51 Street Lighting Timing Program chose to dim lights to varying levels throughout the day, instead of turning The street lighting timing program is a simple, inexpensive method of off the lights at certain times of the day. The municipality installed retrofit reducing electricity consumption for city streets. An initial capital systems on each existing lighting pole and used wireless technology to investment of USD 100,000 over a year can prompt between 100,000 and monitor and dim the street lights. The retrofitting process simply required 200,000 kWh in energy savings. to add a small antenna to the lamp heads, which plugged into the The attractive aspect of this program is that it can be tailored for electronic ballast with no need for additional wiring. The lights are the specific needs for lighting in a particular area. The level of lighting can switched on 100% at 7PM, after that dimmed to 75% at 10PM, and then be adjusted through a monitoring system, according to varying weather to 50% at midnight. If the lights are still on at 5AM, they are increased and activity levels. Usually, light systems have astronomic timers with again to 100% lighting. (More details in Annex 10). Light dimming geographic designations, and allow for adjusting the light according to the programs are very efficient because they save both energy and money, season and time of day. More light is used during winters when days are reduce the brightness of bulbs at times of low road or street usage, and shorter and it gets dark early, whereas less light is required in the summer vary bulb brightness at varying times. time. The lighting and its intensity may vary based on demand on a At the same time, city authorities in Cluj should consider particular time of the day. implementing an automatic lighting system for certain city areas (e.g. areas with little pedestrian traffic, such as parking lots). Using a motion- LED Street Light Timer sensor, the light turns on only when someone is walking by, and it stays off when nobody is there. Such systems are implemented in some neighborhoods in București, along small alleys and paths around residential buildings. District Heating District Heating Maintenance and Upgrade The last recommendation made to the city managers in Cluj is related to the district heating sector. The heating district system of Cluj is operating since the 1960s. In its good times, in the mid-1990, it used to distribute over 1.2 million Gcal heat to 84,000 apartments in the city. However, RATCJ, the district heating company, lost 50,000 clients (apartments) following massive disconnections in the 2000s, as people switched to cheaper and more efficient individual heating units operating on natural Source: ledoes.com gas. The remaining 34,000 clients receive hot water and heat produced by a thermal plant connected to several sub-plants and by a co-generation For instance, at midnight, when only few people and cars are out on the facility. According to city authorities, RATCJ received perhaps one of the streets, the light is reduced automatically from a command center. By largest funding in the country to modernize the network. Rehabilitation dimming the lights gradually, eyes are able to adjust to lower lighting work on some of the old pipelines was performed, a number of the old levels, and the dimming is barely noticeable. The city of Kirklees, UK, boilers were replaced, and new pumps were purchased. However, the 52 system needs more money to continue network upgrading in order to units are not very safe and are not the most environmentally friendly reduce the 27% heat loss. The network is not very efficient because of its devices. Moreover, the chimneys sticking out of the buildings walls look poor insulation, and so loses water through leakage. One unaesthetic. recommendation made to the city managers is to continue maintenance RATCJ has taken some steps to counter disconnection from the and upgrading of the system. The rehabilitation of the network should district heating system. The company approached some schools and include further upgrading of boiler pumps, pipelines, and insulation. It is kindergartens in the city to jointly develop thermal rehabilitation projects expected that the primary network can deliver more heat to the end users and, thus, improve heating efficiency. The energy efficiency results are once the network pipelines are repaired and better insulated. Good better if, in addition to replacing old pipes, thermal rehabilitation is quality materials, improved heat exchange, and implementation of performed. RATCJ is planning to take up a few school rehabilitation methods to detect leaks in the pipelines can also help reduce heat losses. projects to demonstrate the increased efficiency of the system after completion of thermal insulation work. The district heating company also Modernized thermal plant in Cluj offers its expertise to those who would like to connect or reconnect to the system, as well as to those interested in rehabilitation work. In an initial stage, some thermostatic faucets have already been installed in a few kindergartens. It is expected that following rehabilitation work the energy efficiency of buildings will go up, and so people will acknowledge the positive change. RATCJ hopes that by promoting the good results and organizing educational campaigns for raising awareness, some people may end up reconnecting to the heating network, the number of customers could go up, and so the company may regain some of lost market. Not in the least, RATCJ should continue to expand the co- generation system and install combined heat and power facilities in all areas where it would be possible to run engines producing more than 1 MW of electricity. The co-generation system is environmentally friendly, makes better use of fuel, and has small production costs. Source: casa-construct.ro In parallel, the thermal rehabilitation and insulation of old, poorly-built communist residential buildings should continue through government programs or loans. RATCJ argues that besides investments, policies at the national level and local initiatives are needed in order to further sustain the system. For instance, the city should not allow installation of micro- heating units in new residential complexes where a district heating connection is available. The company believes that authorities should not encourage disconnection from the systems, as individual micro-heating 53 54 55 56 Detailed Recommendations from TRACE Improving Energy Efficiency in Cluj-Napoca, Romania Annex 1: Non-Motorized Transport Modes /58 Annex 2: Public Transportation Development /62 Annex 3: Traffic Flow Optimization /66 Annex 4: Traffic Restraint Measures /69 Annex 5: Parking Restraint Measures /72 Annex 6: Municipal Buildings Benchmarking /76 Annex 7: Municipal Buildings Audit and Retrofit /83 Annex 8: City-Wide Integrated Lighting Assessment /87 Annex 9: Street Lighting Audit and Retrofit /90 Annex 10: Street Lighting Timing /94 Annex 11: District Heating Network Maintenance and Upgrade /97 Annex 12: List of abbreviations for cities in the TRACE database /101 57 ANNEX 1: Non-motorized Transport Modes DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Non-motorised transport modes have zero operational fuel consumption and require low capital Energy Savings Potential costs for implementation. In addition to improving the health of users, their use reduces noise 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum pollution and improves air quality. First Cost > US$1,000,000 Benefits include improved air quality, lower operating costs for users and providers, and lower Speed of Implementation infrastructure requirements. > 2 years Co-Benefits IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Reduced carbon emissions Implementation Improved air quality Methodology Enhanced public health & safety Activity The City Authority pedestrianizes networks of streets or larger city areas. Either permanent or temporary, the closure of streets to motor vehicles increases public awareness of non-motorised modes and removes noisy and polluting vehicles, as well as creating opportunities for street markets Pedestrianization and other initiatives. The City Authority researches the feasibility and probable take-up from origin and destination surveys, existing mode splits, and subsequently designs networks to suit commuting patterns and local/neighbourhood travel. See Oxford case study for further details. The City Authority includes dedicated cycle / walking route networks in its transportation or city land use plans. Replacement or reservation of rights- of-way in new-built areas creates the necessary conditions for adopting Dedicated non-motorised modes that may otherwise be less favoured if roads cater networks to cars only. The key to success is the linkage of cycle and pedestrian networks at local level, and the quality of the environment provided, that requires good drainage and adequate lighting and shading. See Bogota case study for further details. The City Authority makes micro credits available which can be used to Microcredits increase the ownership of bicycles. Increased cycle ownership can have 58 significant financial benefits to low-income workers who may no longer be dependent upon expensive, inefficient and infrequent public transport. See Lima case study for further details. The City Authority introduces bicycle rental programs which provide bicycles on demand for a fee. The key factor for success to is the setting of tariffs that encourage use as well as security procedures that avoid and penalise theft. Registered-user schemes require a credit card or bank Rental programs details of users, but are not necessarily open to all. Non-registered user schemes are more flexible, but more open to abuse. Branding of bicycles and facilities can create revenue for local authority. See Paris case study for further details. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform surveys of the number of cycles in circulation by using traffic counters on roads and cycle lanes.  Determine the mode share of people travelling in the area or city.  Determine KPIs such as % non-motorized transport mode, modal shift, km of dedicated cycle/walking infrastructure, take-up of cycle promotion schemes by analyzing registers of subsidies CASE STUDIES Pedestrianization with road closures, Oxford, England European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (2004). "Reclaiming city streets for people: Chaos or quality of life?", available online from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/pubs/pdf/streets_people.pdf 59 The main retail streets have been fully pedestrianized, while other through roads in the central area are only accessible to buses and pedestrians. The adoption of a step by step, integrated approach to the implementation of the road closure program has been seen as critical to the success of the significant road space reallocation element of the scheme. Opposition to the USD 6 million scheme was raised most notably on the basis that traffic congestion on two key routes in the city would worsen, as well as from retailers concerned about delivery access and trade levels. These concerns were attended to via an extensive consultation process and an effective publicity campaign prior to the implementation of the scheme. This included leaflets, advertisements on buses, city-wide poster boards, and a series of press releases Dedicated cycle network, Bogota, Colombia C40 Cities (2010). "Bogota, Colombia: Bogota's CicloRuta is one of the most comprehensive cycling systems in the world", available online from http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/transport/bogota_cycling.jsp CicloRutas is considered a unique cycling network where design has taken the topography of the city into consideration in order to create maximum flow and function (manmade and natural features, hills, waterways, parklands, essential facilities). In a period of just 7 years, following an investment of USD 50 million, the use of bicycles on the network increased by more than 268%. CicloRutas plays an important role for lower income groups, as more than 23% of the trips made by the lowest income group in the city are by walking or by bike. The development of CicloRutas has also helped to recover public space along riverbanks and wetlands, as for many years the city's wetlands were occupied by illegal settlements. Bicycle micro credits, Lima, Peru ICLEI (2009). "Case study 46: Assistance to purchase bicycles - Lima, Peru" in Sustainable Urban Energy Planning: A handbook for cities and towns in developing countries, available online from http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2839 In 1990, the Municipality of Lima set up a micro-credit programme to help low income citizens purchase bicycles. By saving on daily public transportation costs, workers can see their income effectively rise more than 12% once the loan is paid off. In order to enhance the success of the program, efforts have been made at standardizing the use of bicycles in the city. Actions to achieve this have so far consisted of the development of a manual of technical standards for the design and planning of cycle ways. Bicycle rental, Velib, Paris, France C40 Cities (2010). "Paris, France Velib - a new Paris love affair", available from http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/transport/paris_cycling.jsp Paris launched a 24/7 cycle hire scheme through Velib; a public private partnership between the city of Paris and a company led by a major advertising group. Users must purchase a subscription by day, week or year, and bike rental is free for the first half hour of every individual trip, after which it costs a fixed rate. The increasing price scale ensures the bikes are kept in circulation. Notably, the City of Paris generates revenues from the project without any investment (which cost USD 108 million). The public-private partnership is the reason for this success, with the private company paying operating costs plus rights to advertising space to the City, funded by advertising revenues. 60 TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Sustrans (2007). "Technical guidelines for the development of cycle facilities" A series of guidance documents for professionals on the details of bicycle network design. Available online from http://www.sustrans.org.uk/resources/design-and-construction/technical- guidelines Transport for London (2010). "London Cycling Design Standards" A guidance document for designing to reduce barriers to cycling, in order to support road safety targets. Available online from http://www.tfl.gov.uk/businessandpartners/publications/2766.aspx 61 ANNEX 2: Public Transport Development DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Develop or improve the public transport system and take measures to increase its accessibility Energy Savings Potential and use. Public transport achieves lower emissions per capita than private cars, and has the > 200,000 kWh/annum potential to provide equitable transport network. A reduction in the number of private vehicles in First Cost circulation can lower emissions and improve air quality. > US$1,000,000 Speed of Implementation IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS > 2 years Implementation Co-Benefits Methodology Reduced carbon emissions Activity Improved air quality The City Authority establishes dedicated bus priority measures. This Enhanced public health & safety enables buses to bypass traffic queues enhancing their reliability and Bus priority journey times. There are a range of measures including bus lanes and priority at junctions that could be implemented. See the Bogota case study for further details. The City Authority invests in the necessary infrastructure for bus-priority signaling. Such systems are linked to buses via transponders which use GIS Signaling information, and favor the circulation of approaching buses either by extending green lights for buses or by shortening cycle for cars. The City Authority provides good quality passenger waiting facilities and as well as good information services. The provision of real-time bus Information countdown information allows users to understand and manage waiting times. These services enhance the attractiveness of public transport. The City Authority invests in the necessary infrastructure for electronic ticketing. This allows for use of multiple buses within a given amount of Operations time with one ticket, reducing the cost of travel, putting buses within the reach of the poorest, while attracting a wider patron base, when in combination with other modes, such as heavy rail or metro. Planning The City Authority links development densities to public transport 62 regulations & availability and funding and reviews the city's zoning ordinances and guidelines considers making the following changes: Increase the permitted floor area ratio/ plot ratio on sites located near public transport hubs. In areas where it is appropriate re-zone single-use lands to allow multiple uses on the same site. Allowing higher densities of development along well-served public transport corridors creates a patron base for public transport and can be used in combination with other planning measures, such as capping parking provision to residential and office buildings, thus discouraging car use. Developers are required to show how new developments link to the existing or planned public transport network in order to gain planning permission. See the Curitiba case study for details. The City Authority subsidizes travel on public transport. In certain areas Subsidies this can provide an incentive for people to use public transport. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform surveys of public transport passenger numbers.  Determine mode share of people travelling in area or city. CASE STUDIES BRT system, Bogota, Colombia Source: ESMAP (2009). "Good practices in city energy efficiency: Bogota, Colombia - Bus Rapid Transit for Urban Transport Energy", 63 available online from http://esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/Bogota_Case_Study_020310.pdf With the completion of its first two phases, the TransMilenio BRT system serves about 1.5 million passengers every day and has city-wide fuel consumption by 47%. Key success factors have been city-wide comprehensive planning of infrastructure, use of state-of-the-art technologies, implementation of a variety of design features to accommodate high volumes of passengers, and the use of a simple single price faring system. It does not require subsidies for operation - these are fully covered by fares. The project's capital cost totaled USD 240 million. The system is managed by a company which was set up by the Mayor, but runs independently from the city administration. While the company is in charge of all planning, maintenance and construction of infrastructure as well as organizing of schedules of bus services, buses and drivers are contracted through private firms, resulting in a complex but innovative management structure. Land Use and Public Transport Planning, Curitiba, Brazil Source: World Bank (2010). "Curitiba, Brazil -- Cost Is No Barrier to Ecological and Economic Urban Planning, Development, and Management . In ECO2 Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities, pages 169-182." available online from http://www.esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/CS_Curitiba.pdf The case of Curitiba, Brazil, shows that cost is no barrier to ecological and economic urban planning, development, and management. Curitiba has developed a sustainable urban environment through integrated urban planning. To avoid unplanned sprawl, Curitiba directed urban growth linearly along strategic axes, along which the city encouraged high density commercial and residential development linked to the city’s integrated master plan and land use zoning. Curitiba adopted an affordable but innovative bus system rather than expensive railways that require significant time to implement. Curitiba’s efficient and well-designed bus system serves most of the urban area, and public transportation (bus) ridership has reached 45 percent. The city now has less traffic congestion, which has reduced fuel consumption and enhanced air quality. The green area has been increased, mainly in parks that have been created to improve flood prevention and through regulations that have enabled the transfer of development rights to preserve green areas and cultural heritage zones. Linking development densities to public transport availability, Curitiba, Brazil Source: Rabinovitch, J. (1992) "Curitiba: towards sustainable urban development", Environment and Urbanization, Vol.4 (2) pp. 62-73 Curitiba's Master Plan integrated transportation with land use planning. Zoning laws are used to direct linear growth by attracting residential and commercial density along a mass transportation lane. High-density residential and commercial development is permitted within walking distance of stops, with much lower densities elsewhere in the city. The city's central area is partly closed to vehicular traffic, and pedestrian streets have been created. In addition, a strict street hierarchy safeguards the right of way for the current BRT, which has significantly contributed to the success of the transportation network. Integrated urban planning and efficient resource use, Singapore Good practices in City Energy Efficiency: Eco2 Cities - Land and Resource Management in Singapore, available online http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1230 Singapore is an island city-state at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. With a limited land area of 700 square kilometers and a 64 population of 4.8 million, Singapore has become developed because of innovative urban planning integrated with the efficient use of land and natural resources. Singapore’s small size poses challenges related to the availability of land and natural resources. To optimize land use, Singapore promotes high-density development not only for businesses and commercial entities, but also for residential structures. High density lends itself to higher economic productivity per unit of land and facilitates the identification of green spaces and natural areas for preservation. Furthermore, high-density development has translated into greater use of public transportation as major business, commercial, and residential areas are well connected to an integrated public transportation network. In 2004, public transportation as a share of all transportation modes during morning peak hours reached 63 percent. The significant use of public transportation helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. High public transportation ridership also means Singapore has been able to recover all public transportation operating costs from fares, a feat achieved only by Hong Kong, China, and by Singapore among modern, highly developed cities. Integrated regional urban planning, Auckland, New Zealand Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Eco2 Cities - Integrated Regional Urban Planning in Auckland, available online http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1227 The interconnectedness of national and local Auckland issues (such as housing and education) with growth and innovation and the major required investments (particularly in land transport) have created complex and difficult issues among multiple authorities. Despite Auckland’s importance to the New Zealand economy and the areas of common interest, such as transportation and energy provisio n, the national government did not initially play a close role in directing regional and local government planning. Concern emerged that, without agreement on an overarching regional strategy and framework, decision making in the region could become ad hoc and adversarial if each stakeholder tried to have a say from a narrow perspective and without viewing the region as a whole. As a result, there was a clear need for coordinated strategic planning across the Auckland Region to ensure that Auckland would be able to remain competitive in today’s globalized world. The response involved a process undertaken in 2001 to prepare a regional growth strategy that aimed to provide a vision of what Auckland could be like in 50 years. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Public Transport Authority Western Australia (2009). "Bus Priority Measures Principles and Design" A guidance document for planning bus priority methods and approaches. Available online from http://www.pta.wa.gov.au/PublicationsandPolicies/DesignandPlanningGuidelines/tabid/109/Default.aspx Transport for London (2006). "Accessible bus stop design guidance" A guidance document for designing bus stops which help make boarding easier for passengers. Available online from http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/accessibile_bus_stop_design_guidance.pdf 65 ANNEX 3: Traffic Flow Optimization DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Traffic can be positively managed to ensure the most efficient operation of the transport system. Energy Savings Potential Management techniques will seek to minimize distance travelled between origin and destination, > 200,000 kWh/annum ensure the efficient flow of traffic and encourage multiple occupancy vehicle travel. First Cost US$100,000-1,000,000 Encourage the efficient use of vehicles and minimize journey lengths, reducing fuel use. Speed of Implementation > 2 years IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Co-Benefits Implementation Reduced carbon emissions Methodology Enhanced public health & safety Activity The City Authority changes driving patterns either by technical optimization of traffic signaling, or by means of the provision of information. Real-time information can be provided by means of Variable Message Signing (VMS) or telecommunication where drivers are provided with route switching options, Flow optimization clear directional signing to destinations, and directions to nearest available car parks. This minimizes journey length and reduces congestion. Messaging systems have also been used to counter crime by providing information on e.g. kidnappings and terrorist attacks. See Portland and Milton Keynes case studies for further details. The City Authority establishes high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV), producing an incentive for car sharing. The pairing of users can be left to civic initiatives, or driven by city authorities either separately or in combination with its other initiatives (in the latter case initiatives can be communicated to users using the same platform). Achieving a minimum number of users is crucial, as Regulatory insufficient use results in reduced available road space and increased congestion. The implementation of an effective enforcement and penalties system are equally important, as the lane will otherwise attract an unacceptably high level of non-HOVs, which also reduces effectiveness. See Madrid case study for further details. 66 MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform traffic surveys of number of vehicles in circulation by using traffic counters.  Determine mode share of people travelling in the area or city. CASE STUDIES Arterial 'green wave' traffic flow optimisation, Portland, USA C40 Cities (2010). "Portland, USA: Optimizing traffic signal timing significantly reduces the consumption of fuel", available online from http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/transport/portland_traffic.jsp The City Authority optimized traffic signal timing at 135 intersections on 16 of some of Portland's most congested thoroughfares. 'Optimization' of traffic signals consists of re-timing the traffic signals to improve their synchronization across a road traffic network. The cost of an intersection synchronization varied USD 1,000-3,000. The resulting reductions in the frequency by which vehicles accelerate and decelerate, as well as the reductions in the time vehicles spend with idling engines, yielded annual fuel savings of 1,750,000 gallons of gas. This is the equivalent of removing 30,000 passenger vehicles from the road for an entire year. The city went a further step by measuring and eliminating CO2 through the purchase of carbon credits. Variable Message Signs, Milton Keynes, UK Department for Transport (2010). "Case Study: Milton Keynes Integrated Traffic Management", available online from: http://www.dft.gov.uk/itstoolkit/CaseStudies/milton-keynes-integrated-traffic-management.htm In order to achieve a more efficient usage of car parks and encourage shoppers into the central retail area of Milton Keynes, as well as reduce congestion caused by cars looking for parking, the city administration invested in Variable Message Signs which display the location and availability of parking spaces to road users. Installation costs were lowered by making use of existing ducted network in Milton Keynes used by the Police for CCTV. This created the added benefit of providing a large capacity network for future growth in data transmissions. The reduction in congestion and delays resulting from the system are estimated to save motorists and bus passengers in the central area 67 more than GBP 3 million over a 10-year period. High-Occupancy Vehicle lane, Madrid, Spain Monzon, A. (1999) "Managing long term congestion in HOV lanes. Effect of 2+ vs 3+ limit on the Madrid N-VI corridor", paper presented at the European Transport Conference, Cambridge, Jan 1st 1999, available online fromhttp://www.etcproceedings.org/paper/download/2493 High environmental standards, low housing density, and high motorization rates influenced the decision of implementing an HOV lane scheme on the median of the N-VI motorway into Madrid. The cut off limit for the lane is 2+ passengers and the facility is separated from the mix-flow lanes by a concrete barrier along the whole length of it. A successful design aspect is the reversible basis on which the system operates to match peak flows, serving the inbound trips during the morning peak, and the outbound trips during the evening peak. Rather than increase ridesharing, the lanes have attracted a growth in public transport mode share (40% in the period 0700-1000 in the year following implementation), resulting in increased frequencies of services. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Colorado Department of Transportation (2005). "CDOT Guidelines on Variable Message Signs (VMS)", A guidance document for the design of Variable Message Sign (VMS) messages. Available online from http://www.cotrip.org/its/whitepapers/VMSGUIDE-rev-2005.pdf Alabama Department of Transportation (2007). "Traffic Signal Design Guide & Timing Manual" A guidance document with detailed guidelines and recommendations for the designing and timing of traffic signals in the State of Alabama. Available online from http://www.dot.state.al.us/dsweb/Traffic/pdf/AldotTrafficSignalManual122007.pdf 68 ANNEX 4: Traffic Restraint Measures DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Discouraging potential drivers from using their cars leads to fewer cars in circulation. This Energy Savings Potential encourages people to use alternative modes, which in turn will increase their viability (increased 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum public transport patronage for example). First Cost US$100,000-1,000,000 Removing vehicles from circulation reduces fuel use and reduces the need for road space. Speed of Implementation 1-2 years IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Co-Benefits Implementation Reduced carbon emissions Methodology Improved air quality Activity Enhanced public health & safety The City Authority imposes blanket bans. Possible types of blanket bans include vehicle-type bans which exclude entire vehicle categories from circulation; or licence plate bans, by which certain number plates are Blanket bans banned from circulation. A weakness of licence plate bans are that they tend to result in wealthier residents purchasing second cars, not only negating the aims of the ban, but thereby also disadvantaging those with lower incomes. See Guangzhou case study for further details. The City Authority rations permits. The establishment of quotas for private vehicles allows for only a certain number of vehicle registrations over a given period of time. However, as demand for cars tends to be inelastic, this Licensing often results in very high purchase prices for the licenses - a mechanism which favours the wealthy and marginalizes the lower income brackets of society. See Singapore case study for further details. The City Authority sanctions and encourages 'no-driving days' to educate and lead by example. Participation in these initiatives is voluntary, however, Civic initiatives and therefore not enforceable. See Puerto Princesa case study for further details. 69 MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform traffic surveys of the number of vehicles in circulation pre- and post-implementation.  Determine the mode share of people travelling in an area or the city.  Collate registration data of users to paid schemes or voluntary schemes.  Perform statistical analysis of rate of growth of car registration data. CASE STUDIES Vehicle bans: Motorcycle ban, Guangzhou, China Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (2008). "Case study: motorcycles in Guangzhou", available online from http://www.itdp.org/documents/Guangzhou%20Case%20Studies%20-%20Motorcycles%2015-Sep-08.pdf Motorcycles have been completely banned in the City of Guangzhou. The ban was implemented in phases, beginning with a moratorium on new licenses, extending to various roads and time periods. Gradual implementation has been crucial to allow time for the public to adapt, and efficient supply of additional infrastructure/services has supported the induced modal shift. Many motorbike riders have shifted to bicycles and buses, and cycle rickshaws have also emerged as a popular substitute. Road accidents have dropped by 40% since the initial implementation of the ban. Rationing, Singapore, Singapore Sustainable Urban Transport Project (2010)."The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore", available online from http://www.sutp.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1582 Singapore fixes the number of new vehicles allowed for registration. Potential buyers need to bid for a non-transferable license, which entitles them to own a vehicle for a fixed number of years. The scheme had to be modified soon after implementation to safeguard against speculative action. The licences used to be transferable and within the first two months of the first round of release, 20% changed hands in "buy and sell" transactions with speculators making sizable profits of up to S$5000. As the rationing system does not control annual mileage, the success of the rationed registration in limiting vehicle usage has been dependent on support from other traffic restraint 70 measures, such as high road tolls, parking fees, and electronic road pricing. No-driving days, One Day Rest, Puerto Princesa, Philippines ICLEI (2001). "Vehicular Reduction Strategy for Air Pollution Prevention and Climate Change Mitigation; A Case of Puerto Princesa City, Philippines", available online from http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=1193 Introduced as part of a zoning and rerouting, this program stipulates a one day rest for tricycle drivers in the central business district. Regulation of illegally operated tri-cycles is a major impediment, as enforcement irregularities pose questions of inequality between illegal and legal tri-cycle taxi drivers. Furthermore, the income potential of those who comply with the rest day is lost to the illegal operators TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Sierra Club of Canada (2001). "How to Stage a Car Free Day In Your Community" A guidance document for preparing and planning a community-driven car free day. Available online from http://www.worldcarfree.net/wcfd/documents/cfd_howto.pdf 71 ANNEX 5: Parking Restraint Measures DESCRIPTION Restricting parking availability discourages car use and provides an ATTRIBUTES incentive to use more sustainable modes of transport, including public transport. Energy Savings Potential Removing vehicles from circulation reduces fuel use and reduces congestion effects. 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum First Cost IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS < US$100,000 Implementation Speed of Implementation Methodology > 2 years Activity Co-Benefits The City Authority introduces planning measures which determine Reduced carbon emissions car parking provision for residential and office developments. Improved air quality Introducing maximum parking allowances with low car-to-unit ratios Enhanced public health & safety discourages private-car acquisition and use. Such measures do not Increased employment affect the existing parking provision, however, and so need to be Planning supported by additional measures. While areas of intervention can measures be defined, larger coverage is more effective as it has less potential to overwhelm surrounding areas. A gradient approach solves this by making requirements less stringent from the centre to the periphery. These measures safeguard energy use and efficiency in design and thereby bear no immediate cost to the city authority. See London case study for further details. The City Authority charges for on-street parking. Implementing a charging regime for car parking and formalizing parking arrangements will enable the parking stock to be controlled and generate a revenue stream for sustainable transport measures. This Parking fees type of approach requires a supporting system for enforcement, e.g. traffic wardens who issue fines to perpetrators, and are politically very sensitive measures. See San Francisco case study for further details. Park & Ride The City Authority promotes multimodality by providing Park & Ride facilities locations at key interchanges. By linking parking to public transport 72 use, the necessities of non-inner city residents are considered. The success of Park & Ride is linked to availability of public transport and unavailability of cheap parking in central locations. The perceived cost should be lower than that of driving the entire way. Measures of this kind often require major capital investment in infrastructure by the city authority with respect to 'Park & Ride' locations on the periphery of the city, bus terminals and additional buses. See Oxford case study for further details. Complementary implementation activity: Planning measures MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform surveys of parking stock and usage.  Perform traffic surveys of number of vehicles in circulation by using traffic counters.  Determine the average travelling speeds on the main transport corridors.  Determine the mode share of people travelling in the area or city.  Perform statistical analysis of rate of growth of car registration data. CASE STUDIES Parking standards, London Plan, London, UK London (2010). "Chapter 6: Transport" in The London Plan, available from http://www.london.gov.uk/shaping-london/london-plan/docs/chapter6.pdf pp.160-161. The London Plan establishes maximum parking guidelines for residential development. It stipulates that all developments in areas of good public transport accessibility should aim for significantly less than 1 parking space per unit. The main challenge continues to consist of 73 ensuring that these standards are supported other measures which reduce car dependency, both within the development and in the surrounding area, e.g. improved and increased public transportation accessibility. SF park curbside parking, San Francisco, USA Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (2010) "U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management Strategies", available online from http://www.itdp.org/documents/ITDP_US_Parking_Report.pdf San Francisco Municipal Transit Agency's (SFMTA) installed new electronic, multi-space meters in 2009 and will activate parking spot sensors attached to the pavement sometime in 2010. The aim is to use pricing to help redistribute the demand for parking. The heart of SFpark is a Data Management System which sorts a tremendous amount of data collected from the networked array of remote sensors in all 6,000 parking spots. These wireless sensors can detect whether a spot is occupied by a vehicle and report parking occupancy information in real time to a central computer. The project will produce valuable data about the effect of meter pricing on occupancy. By 2010 the project will encompass 6,000 of San Francisco's 25,000 metered curbside parking spots in seven pilot neighborhoods. Parking fees, Aspen, US Source: Victoria Transport Policy Institute (2010). "Parking Pricing Implementation Guidelines", available online from http://www.vtpi.org/parkpricing.pdf The city used to suffer from high levels of congested on-street parking. In order to reduce the effects of the "ninety-minute shuffle" (where locals and downtown commuters moved their vehicles every 90 minutes to avoid a parking ticket), the city introduced charges for on- street parking using multi-space meters. Parking fees are highest in the center and decline with distance from the core. The city had a marketing campaign to let motorists know about the meters, including distribution of one free prepaid parking meter card to each resident to help familiarize them with the system. Motorists were allowed one free parking violation, and parking control officers provide an hour of free parking to drivers confused by the meters. Park-and-Ride, Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford City Council (2009). "Park and Ride Transfer", available online from http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decTS/Park_and_Ride_occw.htm Oxford city has five Park-and-Ride sites serving the city's shoppers, visitors and commuters. These sites used to charge for parking to provide income to cover operational costs, but were not able to generate additional money for repairs or improvement. In order to achieve savings, the management of the Park-and-Ride sites was transferred to Oxfordshire county, resulting in efficiency savings of 250,000 GBP per year for the city administration. These savings were achieved primarily through economies of scale, and by sharing the cost of providing the service with taxpayers across the County, and not just those in the city - both of which used the facilities. 74 TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Victoria Transport Policy Institute (2010). "Parking Management: Strategies, Evaluation and Planning" A comprehensive guidance document for planning and implementation of parking management strategies. Available online from http://www.vtpi.org/park_man.pdf Victoria Transport Policy Institute (2010). "Parking Pricing Implementation Guidelines" A guidance document for implementation of parking pricing with details on overcoming common obstacles. Available online from http://www.vtpi.org/parkpricing.pdf Spillar, R. (1997). "A Comprehensive Planning and Design Manual for Park-and-Ride Facilities" A guidance document for the planning and design of Park-and-Ride facilities. Available online from http://www.pbworld.com/library/fellowship/spillar 75 ANNEX 6: Municipal Buildings Benchmarking DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Develop a municipal buildings energy benchmarking program which collects and reports on an Energy Savings Potential annual basis the energy use, energy bills, water use, water bills, floor areas, and names of 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum building facility managers (if any). The goal of the program is to identify the highest energy First Cost intensive buildings in the CA portfolio so as to focus on the best energy efficiency opportunities. < US$100,000 The benefits of the program are to use energy efficiency program resources most effectively and Speed of Implementation to spend time and money on the easy wins first. The program will also establish annual data for 1-2 years use in energy/carbon footprint for municipal operations. Co-Benefits This recommendation is best-suited to larger cities with the size and capacity to implement such Reduced carbon emissions a program. Regular monitoring and analysis of building energy consumption and identifying Efficient water use improvement opportunities is a good starting point for most cities. However, setting a proper Improved air quality benchmark requires detailed analysis because similar buildings can have significantly varying Financial savings underlying factors, for example, types of tenants, occupancy density (people per square meter). IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Methodology Activity Appoint, or allocate 1-2 staff with the skills, experience and personality Appoint required to be able to gather a wide variety of data from many Benchmarking departments across the city administration. Alternatively hire an external Leader consultant as a leader for the below activities. Define essential and desirable information useful for an energy benchmarking database. Electricity bills are only one part of the benchmarking database, and many other key data points are required to Identify contextualize the information. Data may include: Benchmarking  building name and address Requirements  electrical, gas, water utility account numbers  electrical, gas, water utility bills for past 3 years  building floor areas  energy and water meter locations and associated floor areas 76  date constructed and date of major renovation  building facilities manager (if any)  building heating, cooling, lighting system types Set up an efficient process to collect data for the database. Identify which department and which individuals are likely to have access to desired information. Define which data should be collected every year and set up Set data collection a method to receive the data every year. Set up a method to check and strategy verify data and allow time for validation. Some data may not exist in CA departments, and if so, primary data must be collected by Benchmarking Team (i.e. floor areas, areas allocated to meters) Appoint junior staff to begin the arduous process of requesting data, receiving data, checking data, and collecting primary data from the source. Begin collecting Alternatively write an RFP and award a contract with a specific scope of data work to gather energy benchmarking data for all municipal buildings. Data can be stored in spreadsheets or dedicated energy software tools. Care should be taken to ensure quality checks are undertaken at a detailed level to ensure accuracy of data entry. Conduct an analysis of collected data to ensure accuracy and begin to identify opportunities. Some examples of analysis include:  compare kWh/m2/yr electricity consumption by building type  compare kWh/m2/yr heating energy by building type Analyse and  compare total $/m2/yr energy consumption by building type Interpret Data Starting with buildings with the highest and lowest performance, verify the floor areas allocated to the utility meters and note any special situations which may increase or decrease energy use (server rooms, unoccupied space, renovations, etc.) Formulate a The results of the analysis stage must be used to formulate a benchmark Bespoke suitable for the underlying factors affecting energy use in the city. This is Benchmark required as these factors may vary significantly from city to city and 77 between different buildings. These factors could include:  types of tenants  occupancy density (persons/m2)  building energy management This benchmarking is usually does for the purposes of building labeling. See Singapore case study for further details. One of the most significant motivators for energy efficiency in building operations is peer pressure as no building owners or operators want to be Present seen as having the worst performing buildings. So sharing building energy Benchmarking intensity internally across departments and operators will inherently Internally improve energy consumption. This will also allow operators to share experiences to allow knowledge sharing across the CA. The boldest statement to show leadership in building energy efficiency is to publish energy performance data to the public, press, voters, and potential political opponents. This last stage of the benchmarking Publish program may be many years after the commencement of the program Benchmarking when the data shows improvements and tells a good story of progress Publically toward efficiency in government operations. The CA could then challenge (or require as some cities have begun to do) private building owners to benchmark their buildings and publish their results. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows: 78  kWhe/m2 - annual electrical energy intensity by type of building (Schools, Offices, Residential, Hospital, Misc)  kWht/m2 - annual heating energy intensity by type of building  $/m2 - annual energy cost intensity by type of building CASE STUDIES Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings, Kiev, Ukraine Source: ESMAP (2010). "Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Kiev, Ukraine - Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings", available online from http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/656 Under the Kiev Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Project, 1,270 public buildings in the city of Kiev--including healthcare, educational and cultural facilities—were retrofitted with cost-effective, energy-efficiency systems and equipment. The project focused on the supply-side, such as automation and control systems, and demand-side measures, including installation of metering and weatherization, as well as a sound heating tariff policy. The project was undertaken by the Kiev City State Administration (KCSA). Savings from the retrofitting were estimated at 333,423 Gigacalories (Gcal)/year by 2006--normalized by degree/days in the base-line year--or about a 26% savings compared to the buildings’ heat consumption before the project. These upgrades also improved the buildings’ comfort level, helped foster an energy efficiency services industry, and raised public awareness of the importance of energy efficiency. The project cost US$27.4 million and was financed through a World Bank loan, Swedish Government grant, and KCSA funds. Based on the project’s success, many other cities in Ukraine have requested information on the project and expressed interest in implement ing similar ones for their public buildings. Building Energy Efficiency Master Plan (BEEMP), Singapore http://www.esu.com.sg/pdf/research6_greece/Methodology_of_Building_Energy_Performance_Benchmarking.pdf http://www.bdg.nus.edu.sg/BuildingEnergy/energy_masterplan/index.html The Inter-Agency Committee on Energy Efficiency (IACEE) report identified strategic directions to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings, industries and transport sectors. The Building Energy Efficiency Master Plan (BEEMP), formulated by the Building & Construction Authority (BCA), details the various initiatives taken by the BCA to fulfil these recommendations. The plan contains programmes and measures that span the whole life cycle of a building. It begins with a set of energy efficiency standards to ensure buildings are designed right from the start and continues with a programme of energy management to ensure their operating efficiency is maintained throughout their life span. The BEEMP consists of the following programmes:  Review and update of energy standards  Energy audit of selected buildings  Energy efficiency indices (EEI) and performance benchmark  Energy management of public buildings  Performance contracting 79  Research and development Energy Smart Building Labelling Programme, Singapore http://www.e2singapore.gov.sg/buildings/energysmart-building-label.html The Energy Smart Building Labelling Programme, developed by the Energy Sustainability Unit (ESU) of the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the National Environment Agency (NEA), aims to promote energy efficiency and conservation in the buildings sector by according recognition to energy efficient buildings. The Energy Smart Tool is an online benchmarking system that can be used to evaluate the energy performances of office and hotel buildings. It enables building owners to review the energy consumption patterns within their buildings and compare them against the industry norms. An Energy Smart Building Label, reviewed every three years, is awarded to winners as part of an annual awards ceremony. Apart from helping to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions within the buildings sector, Energy Smart Buildings stand to:  Reap energy savings due to active energy management  Enjoy higher satisfaction levels by occupants  Enhance the company's corporate image Municipal Energy Efficiency Network, Bulgaria http://www.munee.org/files/MEEIS.pdf Thirty-Five Bulgarian cities have established the Municipal Energy Efficiency Network (MEEN). EnEffect is the Secretariat of the Network. Since April 2001, MEEN has admitted four municipal associations as collective members. In order to create a successful municipal energy plan, MEEN promotes the development of two key elements: an energy database and a training program for municipal officials. General information is collected into municipal "Passports". This information is gathered through surveys of various organizations and entered into a database, or energy efficiency information system (EEIS). The EEIS has two layers: database and analysis. The database, a Microsoft Access application, contains objective, technical information, and the analysis contains non-technical information, such as financial, institutional and regulatory documents generated at the national level. This information is organized into three categories: municipality-wide consumption, site-specific consumption, and municipality-wide production. Energy Management Systems in Public Building, Lviv, Ukraine Source: ESMAP (2011). "Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Lviv, Ukraine - Energy Management Systems in Public Buildings", available online from http://www.esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/Lviv%20Buildings%20Case%20final%20edited%20042611_0.pdf The Ukrainian city of Lviv was able to reduce annual energy consumption in its public buildings by about 10 percent and tap water consumption by about 12 percent through a Monitoring and Targeting (M&T) program to control energy and water consumption. This generated an estimated net savings of 9.5 million UAH (US$1.2 million) as of 2010. The M&T program was launched in December 2006 and became fully operational by May 2007. It provided the city management with monthly consumption data for district heating, natural gas, electricity and water in all of the city’s 530 public buildings. Under the program, utility use is reported and analyze d monthly; targets for 80 monthly utility consumption are determined annually based on historical consumption and negotiations on an adjustment (in cases of foreseeable changes in consumption patterns). Actual consumption is reviewed monthly against the target, with deviations spotted and acted upon immediately and the performance of buildings is communicated to the public through a display campaign. The M&T program achieved significant savings with minimal investment and recurring program costs. These utility bill reductions have been valuable in light of fiscal constraints and increasing energy prices. The program benefited from a crucial initial condition where most of the city’s public buildings were already metered for energy and water consumption and that the city had been collaborating with international aid programs in municipal energy since the late 1990s. Strong city government leadership and commitment were key success factors of Lviv’s public buildings energy and water M&T pro gram. A new Energy Management Unit (EMU) was established within the city administration and resources were mobilized to train all personnel with line responsibility on building utility use in an administrative division, unit, or building. The M&T system established responsibility, created transparency, and enabled informed control of energy and water use in public buildings, laying a solid foundation for sustained improvements in energy and water efficiency. Public Building Energy Management Program, Lviv, Ukraine http://www.ecobuild-project.org/docs/ws2-kopets.pdf As part of the Energy Efficiency Cities of Ukraine initiative, launched in 2007 as initiative of 4 cities, sopported by MHME, NAER and and European Associationof local authorities "Energie-Cites", Lviv has promoted sustainable energy policy and action plans at a local level. The city has developed a Public Building Energy Management Program through the Energy Efficiency Cities of Ukraine initiative. These involve regular data gathering through various agencies and a subsequent monitoring and analysis of building energy consumption in order to identify easily achievable improvement opportunities. SMEU Software, Romania http://www.munee.org/files/SMEU-romania.pdf The SMEU software was created to set priorities for municipal energy action plans and to assess global energy costs and consumption. The goal of this software is to gather, organize and use energy data so that decision-makers could analyze trends in energy use by consumers and by resources and accurately predict the energy budget for the following period. The SMEU software divides data into individual and interacting modules to collect data on various aspects of the energy cycle. The Locality Module collects information on an annual basis, including area, population, and average temperature, as well as general information on the municipality such as number of buildings and number of dwellings per building. NYC Greener Buildings, USA http://council.nyc.gov/html/releases/prestated_4_22_09.shtml New York City Municipal Buildings were benchmarked for Energy Efficiency. The project, initiated on December 9, 2009 with the passage of the "Greener, Greater Buildings Plan" (formally known as Intro. No. 476-A, Benchmarking Energy and Water Use), puts the city at the head 81 of a national effort to improve building energy efficiency aimed at reducing America's carbon footprint and its use of highly pollutive fossil fuels to generate electricity. The project used the U.S. Environmental Agency's (EPA's) Energy Star Portfolio Manager energy management tool, which is integral to the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification process, as established and managed by the U.S. Green Building Council, or USGBC. The Plan aims to reduce the city's total carbon footprint by 30 percent by 2030 (originally 2017), with five percent of that reduction coming from government, commercial and residential building. After the initial phase is completed, building owners will be required to benchmark yearly. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Target Finder helps users establish an energy performance target for design projects and major building renovations. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finder Portfolio Manager is an interactive energy management tool to track and assess energy and water consumption across the entire portfolio of buildings. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager A presentation by Berlin Energy Agency on Berlin's Energy Saving Partnership - "a Model of Success" , June 29th, 2010. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRUSSIANFEDERATION/Resources/305499-1280310219472/CArce_BEA_ENG.pdf Energy Efficient City in Russia: Workshop Proceedings, June 2010. A guidance document for Preparing, Financing and Implementing Municipal Energy Efficiency Programs. http://www.esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/Russia%20EE%20Cities%20Proceedings%20ENG%20080210.pdf 82 ANNEX 7: Municipal Buildings Audit and Retrofit DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Develop an audit and retrofit program focused on all Offices to survey and implement Energy Savings Potential opportunities for energy efficiency retrofits and upgrades. The benefits of the program will be > 200,000 kWh/annum cost savings for municipal government offices and reduction in carbon footprint of the CA. The First Cost program will identify immediate savings opportunities, and implement rapid payback items to > US$1,000,000 yield cost savings that can go to other municipal services. Speed of Implementation 1-2 years IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Co-Benefits Implementation Reduced carbon emissions Methodology Improved air quality Activity Enhanced public health & safety Identify a CA staff position or hire a new position to be responsible for Increased employment opportunities Identify Offices execution and delivery of energy efficiency projects in municipal office Financial savings Program Leader buildings. This individual must be able to work across agencies, understand building systems and manage subcontractors. Using results from the Benchmarking Program or data collected on office buildings by Office Program staff, identify preliminary opportunities for energy efficiency such as: new lighting systems, new air conditioning systems, new heating systems, new computers, server cooling Identify Preliminary opportunities, etc. Opportunities Offices buildings can be more complex buildings and can have a high variety of system types, for example some may have simple window A/C (or no A/C) and others may have larger central A/C systems with chillers, cooling towers, air handlers and ductwork. Walk through a variety of office buildings to identify specific energy efficiency opportunities across the following end-uses and activities: Perform Detailed  lighting systems Energy Audits  air conditioning systems  heating systems  computers 83  server rooms and cooling of servers  appliances (water cooler, fridge, vending machines) The Municipal Offices EE Spreadsheet includes estimation methods for energy efficiency potential for offices which includes equipment retrofits, behavioural changes (turning lights off, heating set points, time of operation, etc.) and procurement guidelines. Allocate budgets for energy efficiency upgrades in municipal office buildings. Combining upgrades with natural building renovations tends to be the best use of limited financing. For example if a new roof is required due to leaks, this is a good time to add insulation and white roof; or if Set Budget and new windows are being installed they could be upgraded to highly Requirements insulated windows using Office Building Energy Efficiency Program funds. Alternatively contracts may be set up with Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) who will pay for the first cost of the upgrades and will share in the savings from the retrofits. Considering the benchmarking data, detailed energy audits and Design Retrofits / budgetary constraints, design retrofits, equipment replacement and Upgrades renovation upgrades specifically for each building. Prepare an RFP for mechanical or electrical contractors to bid on the retrofit projects. Combining a large number of similar retrofits across Hire Contractor to dozens of office buildings will allow the CA to obtain economies of scale Implement and quality assurance with lower overheads. Alternatively prepare a RFP Retrofits and award an energy service contract to a private company (ESCO) who will guarantee energy savings, put forward the initial investment, and share future savings with the CA. Walk through and verify each construction project has been performed Verify Retrofit and per the specifications in the energy efficiency retrofit RFP. Continue to Performance collect electricity and heating bills for each building with improved systems and compare to historical data. 84 MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  $/m2 - Benchmark annual energy cost on a per-square-meter basis for all municipal office buildings.  kWhe/m2 - Benchmark annual electrical energy consumption on a per-square-meter basis for all municipal office buildings;  kWht/m2 - Benchmark annual heating energy consumption on a per-square-meter basis for all municipal office buildings;  $/yr saved - aggregate total energy savings generated through the life of the program. CASE STUDIES Model for Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Berlin, Germany http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/berlin_efficiency.jsp The City of Berlin in partnership with Berlin Energy Agency (BEA) has pioneered an excellent model for improving energy efficiency in buildings. They project manage the retrofit of public and private buildings, preparing tenders for work that will guarantee reductions in emissions. CO2 reductions of an average 26% are written into the public retrofit tenders so that winning Energy Systems Companies (ESCOs) must deliver sustainable energy solutions. 1,400 buildings have so far been upgraded, delivering CO2 reductions of more than 60,400 tonnes per year - these retrofits cost the building owners nothing - and the buildings make immediate savings. Internal Contracting, Stuttgart, Germany http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/stuttgart_efficiency.jsp Stuttgart saves around 7200 tonnes of CO2 each year through an innovative form of internal contracting, making use of a revolving fund to finance energy and water-saving measures. The city is able to reinvest savings directly into new activities, creating a virtuous circle of environmental improvements and emissions reductions. 85 EU and Display Campaign Case Studies http://www.display-campaign.org/page_162.html The European Display Campaign is a voluntary scheme designed by energy experts from European towns and cities. When started in 2003 it was initially aimed at encouraging local authorities to publicly display the energy and environmental performances of their public buildings using the same energy label that is used for household appliances. Since 2008 private companies are also encouraged to use Display for their corporate social responsibility CSR activities. Energy Management System, Frankfurt, Germany http://www.managenergy.net/download/r164.pdf In 1996 the City of Frankfurt (Building department) signed a contract with a private company to install and operate an energy-management system (EMS) for the city hall (Romer), Paulskirche and Museum "Schirn". The goal is to reduce the costs for energy- and water as well as the CO2-emissions. Based on the annual costs of 2.6 Million DM in 1992/1993 the potential cost reductions were estimated to be approximately 320,000 DM/ year. To reach these savings an investment of 1 Million DM for control equipment was needed. Repayment of the invested capital will be provided from the energy savings (54%) over a period of 8 years. The remaining 46% will reduce the operating costs for the buildings. Energy Efficient Office of the Future (EoF), Garston, UK http://projects.bre.co.uk/envbuild/index.html The new Environmental Building at Garston was built as a demonstration building for the Energy Efficient Office of the Future (EoF) performance specifications, drawn up by a number of companies representing the manufacturers, designers and installers of building components and the fuel utilities, as part of the EoF project run by BRECSU. A key part of this specification is the need to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 30% from current best practice. Air conditioning is not used in the new building - the major energy consumer in many existing office buildings. Other savings will be made by making better use of daylighting and by using the building's 'thermal mass' to moderate temperatures. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance EU LOCAL ENERGY ACTION Good practices 2005 - Brochure of good practice examples from energy agencies across Europe. http://www.managenergy.net/download/gp2005.pdf ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf Energy Conservation Buildings Code provides minimum requirements for the energy efficient design and construction of buildings and their systems. http://www.emt-india.net/ECBC/ECBC-UserGuide/ECBC-UserGuide.pdf 86 ANNEX 8: City-wide integrated lighting assessment DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Existing public lighting is often highly inefficient, using high energy consumption technologies, Energy Savings Potential and lacking the strategic coordination of placement and operation of lighting. An audit of the 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum existing stock as well as assessing running and maintenance operations, will help identify First Cost appropriate measures to significantly increase energy efficiency. Interventions that include new < US$100,000 technologies and retrofitting will also increase the design life of luminaires, which reduces both Speed of Implementation the requirements and costs of maintenance. The aim of this recommendation is to enable a < 1 year holistic assessment of the lighting system as a whole to identify areas for improvement across Co-Benefits the network. Reduced carbon emissions Enhanced public health & safety IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Financial savings Implementation Methodology Activity Hire, or allocate staff with the skills, experience and personality required to be able to gather a wide variety of data from many departments across Appoint Inventory the city administration. Leader Alternatively hire an external consultant as a leader for the below activities. Define essential and desirable information useful for a street lighting inventory database. Key data points are required to contextualize the information. Data may include:  Street Name and Pole Number Identify Inventory  Pole types and Luminaries types Requirements  Lamp type and wattage and lumen output  Park lighting lamp type inventory  Monument lighting lamp type inventory  Traffic Signal lamp type inventory  Street Signage lamp type inventory Collect Data Hire staff positions to begin the arduous process of requesting data, 87 receiving data, checking data, and collecting primary data by visiting street lights and other lighting features. Alternatively write an RFP and award a contract with a specific scope of work to gather energy benchmarking data for all municipal buildings. Conduct an analysis of collected data to ensure accuracy and begin to identify opportunities. Some examples of analysis include: Analyse and  compare kWh/ pole Interpret Data  compare lumens / Watt for different lighting source types  compare $ / Watt for initial cost  compare $ of lifetime operational cost per lamp The boldest statement to show leadership in Public Lighting energy efficiency is to publish energy performance data to the public, press, voters, and potential political opponents. This last stage of the program Publish Inventory may be many years after the commencement of the program when the Publically data shows improvements and tells a good story of progress toward efficiency in government operations. The CA could then challenge (or require as some cities have begun to do) private owners to benchmark their lighting installations and publish their results. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  % street lights inventoried for luminaries type and lamp type. 88  % public parks and monuments lighting inventoried for luminaries type and lamp type.  % traffic lights inventoried for luminaries type and lamp type.  % signage lighting inventoried for luminaries type and lamp type. CASE STUDIES Energy Efficiency Public Lighting Project, Vietnam http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=1106; http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/lighting/vietnam_lighting.jsp The Vietnam Energy Efficiency Public Lighting Project (VEEPL) is a national 10-year program which audits, installs and promotes the use of energy efficient lighting in streets, schools and hospitals, where all costs from installation, operation, maintenance, and electricity are covered by the national government. At a capital cost of US$ 15 million, the program is projected to yield annual financial savings of about US$ 13 million (based on an electricity tariff of US$ 0.056/kWh). By means of strengthening both the technical and policy support for a transition to more energy efficient public lighting in Vietnam, the authorities are looking to set up a sustainable long-term lighting industry. Measures which have been introduced to remove barriers have included the establishing of standards which define energy-efficient public lighting and building policies; improvements made in testing capabilities of the local lighting laboratories; the education of the public about the benefits of energy efficient public lighting; and having brought private and public industry and stakeholders around the table to agree on minimum standards of energy efficiency in lighting. Energy efficient public lighting, Gaia, Portugal http://www.managenergy.net/download/nr20.pdf Gaia Municipality enacted a study with the main objective of reducing energy consumption in public lighting across the municipal area. The project was divided into four phases. The first phase evaluated existing public lighting conditions and available energy efficient technologies. The second phase developed a pilot project to confirm the theoretical results of flux control systems. This was followed by a third phase, where a financial model for project implementation was developed. Finally the project was implemented using a third party financing model. A communication campaign was then enacted in order to disseminate the information on the project. The preliminary study found that the best technical solution was the installation of flux control systems. These typically save 20-30% of energy and increase the life span of lamps by up to 30%. The first stage of the project saw the installation of 30 flux control equipments inducing energy savings of up to US$ 45,000. The total investment was approx. US$ 225,000, which will lead to payback period of 5 years, not considering savings in maintenance costs. Tools & Guidance "Lighting the Way": A Local Government Guide to Energy Efficient Public Lighting on Minor Roads, Australian Government, Department of Environment and Water Resources. http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/ANZ/CCP/CCP- AU/EnergyToolbox/lightingtheway.pdf 89 ANNEX 9: Street Lighting Audit and Retrofit DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Traditionally used incandescent bulbs in street lights, are highly inefficient by producing little Energy Savings Potential light and much heat energy from their significant power consumption. They are also often poorly > 200,000 kWh/annum designed and unnecessarily spread light equally in all directions, including the sky above, which First Cost further increases their energy inefficiency. New bulb technologies can significantly increase their US$100,000-1,000,000 efficiency as well as extend their design life. The aim of this recommendation is to both assess Speed of Implementation current lighting efficiency and act to retrofit where appropriate. 1-2 years Co-Benefits Retrofits can deliver the same lighting levels for lower energy consumption levels, reducing Reduced carbon emissions associated carbon emissions and reducing operational costs. An increased design life reduces Enhanced public health & safety maintenance requirements and costs and also reduces interruptions to service, improving public Increased employment opportunities health and safety. Financial savings IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Methodology Activity The main expenditures associated with a street lighting retrofit are bulb / fitting replacement, control system upgrade / replacement, and manual Self- labor for installation. These expenses along with consulting fees are implementation funded directly by the city, which means the city accrues all financial benefits, but also bears the financial risks. Enlist an ESCo to take on the project. There are multiple tactics for engaging an ESCo, including part- and full-ownership of the system therefore there are varying levels of benefit in terms of risk mitigation, upfront capital cost, and financial savings over the life of the project. The Energy Services presence of local ESCos will help streamline the process and make the Company Retrofit upgrade more feasibly. Similarly, the presence of a local credible and independent Measurement & Verification agency minimises contractual disputes by providing performance verification. See Akola Street Lighting Case Study for further details. 90 A supply and install contract gives the city flexibility to set performance parameters and review contractor performance as part of a phased Supply and Install project. This type of approach will require upfront spending and Contract establishing an appropriate financing plan is essential. See City of Los Angeles Case Study for further details. Long-term concessions free the city from financing pressures but will pass on financial savings accrued through energy saving to the body carrying Long-term out the upgrade. This strategy can be beneficial for cities without the Concession financial resources to bear the upfront cost and engages an informed stakeholder to inform the process. A joint venture allows the city to maintain a significant degree of control over upgrade projects while sharing associated risks with a partner that is experienced in street lighting issues. Joint ventures are effective in Joint Venture situations where both parties stand to benefit from improved energy efficiency and do not have competing interests. See Oslo Case Study for further details. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  $/km - Benchmark annual energy cost on a per liner km basis.  Lumens / Watt - average efficacy of illumination for the current operational city street lighting inventory. 91 CASE STUDIES ESCO street light retrofit, Akola, India Source: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) (2009). "Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Akola Municipal Corporation, India - Performance Contracting for Street Lighting Energy Efficiency" The Akola CA enlisted an ESCO to replace over 11,500 existing street lights (standard fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor) with efficient T5 fluorescent lamps. The selected contractor financed 100% of the investment cost, implemented the project, maintained the newly-installed lights, and received a portion of the verified energy savings to recover its investment. Under the energy savings performance contract, the CA paid the ESCO 95% of the verified energy bill savings over the 6-year duration of the contract. AEL was also paid an annual fee for maintaining the lamps and fixtures. Initial investments were estimated at USD 120,000 and the retrofit was completed within a 3-month period. Annual energy savings of 56% were achieved, delivering the equivalent of USD 133,000 in cost savings. This gave a very attractive payback period of less than 11 months. Street light retrofits, Dobrich, Bulgaria http://www.eu-greenlight.org - Go to "Case Study" In 2000, the City of Dobrich performed a detailed audit of the current state of the entire street lighting system. The results informed a project which commenced the following year which reconstructed and modernized the street lighting system. Mercury bulbs were replaced with high pressure sodium lamps and compact fluorescent lamps. In total, 6,450 new energy efficient lamps were brought into operation. The street lighting control system was also upgraded, as well as two-tariff electric meters installed. The implemented measures delivered an illumination level of 95% whilst yielding annual energy savings of 2,819,640 kWh. This saved the CA 91,400 EUR/year. Street Lighting LED Replacement Program, City of Los Angeles, USA Clinton Climate Initiative, http://www.clintonfoundation.org/what-we-do/clinton-climate-initiative/i/cci-la-lighting A partnership beween Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) and the city of Los Anglese, this project will be the largest streetlight retrofit undertaken by a city to date, replacing traditional streetlights with environmentally friend LED lights. It will reduce CO2 emissions by 40,500 tons and save $10 million annually, through reduced maintenance costs and 40% energy savings. The Mayor of Los Angeles and the Bureau of Street Lighting collaborated with CCI's Outdoor Lighting Program to review the latest technology, financing strategies, and public-prive implementation models for LED retrofits. CCI's modelling and technology analysis, as well as its financial advisory, serves as key reference sources for the development of this comprehensive retrofit plan. The phased nature of the project allows the city to re-evaluate its approach on an yearly basis. This gives enviable flexibility to the municipality when selecting contractors and the street lighting systems for upgrade. Los Angeles also capitalised on its government status to attract financial institutions offering favourable loans and funding mechanisms as these institutions were looking to establish positive relationships with the city. Due to these and other factors the City of Los Angeles was able to establish a well-developed business case for the retrofit. 92 Lighting Retrofit, City of Oslo Clinton Climate Initiative, Climate Leadership Group, C40 Cities http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/lighting/oslo_streetlight.jsp The City of Oslo formed a joint-venture with Hafslund ASA, the largest electricity distribution company in Norway. Old fixtures containing PCB and mercury were replaced with high performance high pressure sodium lights and an advanced data communication system using powerline transmission that reduces the need for maintenance. Intelligent communication systems can dim lights when climatic conditions and usage patterns permit. This reduces energy use and increases the life of the bulbs, reducing maintenance requirements. The system is now fully equipped with all its components and is being calibrated to sort out some minor problems related to production failure in communication units. Overall the system has performed well under normal operating conditions. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance European Lamp Companies Federation. "Saving Energy through Lighting", A procurement guide for efficient lighting, including a chapter on street lighting. http://buybright.elcfed.org/uploads/fmanager/saving_energy_through_lighting_jc.pdf Responsible Purchasing Network (2009). "Responsible Purchasing Guide LED Signs, Lights and Traffic Signals", A guidance document for maximizing the benefits of retrofitting exit signs, street lights and traffic signals with high efficiency LED bulbs. http://www.seattle.gov/purchasing/pdf/RPNLEDguide.pdf ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf 93 ANNEX 10: Street Lighting Timing DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Public lighting usually only has two states of operation, i.e. 'on' and 'off', and only switches Energy Savings Potential between these states in the early evening and early morning. The demand for lighting varies > 200,000 kWh/annum significantly throughout the day, however, with periods of very little use of public space during First Cost the middle of the night. A program with strategic timing and/or dimming tailored to the specific < US$100,000 needs for lighting in specific areas can significantly reduce energy consumption whilst still Speed of Implementation delivering appropriate levels of lighting for e.g. providing safety and sense of security in public < 1 year areas. An intelligent monitoring system can be used to adapt the levels of lighting according to Co-Benefits varying weather and activity levels. The aim of this recommendation is to identify public space Reduced carbon emissions usage patterns and adjust the lighting system levels accordingly. Often lighting timing programs Enhanced public health & safety are integral to a full audit and retrofit program, but for cities that already have energy efficient Increased employment opportunities public lighting systems, a lighting timing program may still be a small and effective program. Financial savings Lighting timing programs can reduce energy consumption, and subsequent carbon emissions as well as operational costs. Such programs often also increase the design life of light bulbs, reducing maintenance requirements and associated costs. The use of intelligent monitoring systems also enables quick detection of faults, allowing for quick replacement, enhancing the quality of the public lighting service. IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Activity Methodology Prepare a study to estimate the types of streets and luminaires that Study illumination timing have the opportunity to have reduced timing and dimming during alternatives late night hours. Allocate funding to implement upgrades and retrofits for dimming Install timers and and timing opportunities. Roll out upgrades over the course of dimmers on existing multiple years to achieve 100% coverage of all city public lighting street lights and street lighting installations. See Kirklees and Oslo case studies for further details. 94 Set up timing and dimming standards for new installations of public Standards for new illumination and street lighting that confirm to global best practice lighting for energy efficiency and IESNA illumination guidelines. Measure on an annual basis the energy savings achieved by this Monitor and publish program and encourage private sector owners to follow the model energy savings of the CA. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Hours per year street lights are illuminated at maximum output.  Hours per year street lights are illuminated at less than 50% of maximum output. CASE STUDIES Control system for public lighting, Kirklees, UK http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/environment/green/greencouncil/LightingStoryboard.pdf Instead of switching off street lights at certain times of the day, as has been done by other CAs, the Kirklees CA decided instead to dim lights to varying levels throughout the day. This was done partly because not switching public lighting off completely during times of low activity would provide increased safety in the community by preventing crime. Retrofit systems were installed on each existing lighting pole which used wireless technology to monitor and dim the street lights. The retrofitting of these systems simply required the addition of a small antenna to the lamp heads, which plugged into the electronic ballast with no need for additional wiring. Generally the lights are switched on 100% at 7pm, thereafter dimmed to 75% at 10pm, and then to 50% at midnight. If the lights are still on at 5am, they are increased again to 100% lighting. By dimming the lights gradually, eyes are able to adjust to lower lighting levels, and the dimming is barely 95 noticeable. The remote monitoring system also provides accurate inventory information and enables street lighting engineers to identify failed lamps quickly and easily. This reduces the need for lighting engineers to carry out night scouting and has also reduced other on-site maintenance costs. A dimming of lights as implemented in Kirklee can save up to 30% of the electricity used annually. By replacing 1,200 lights, Kirklee CA estimates savings of approx USD 3 million in energy costs per year. Intelligent outdoor city lighting system, Oslo, Norway http://www.echelon.com/solutions/unique/appstories/oslo.pdf An intelligent outdoor lighting system has replaced PCB and mercury containing fixtures with high-performance high-pressure sodium lights. These are monitored and controlled via an advanced data communication system which operates over the existing 230V power lines using specialist power line technology. An operations centre remotely monitors and logs the energy use of streetlights and their running time. It collects information from traffic and weather sensors, and uses an internal astronomical clock to calculate the availability of natural light from the sun and moon. This data is then used to automatically dim some or all of the streetlights. Controlling light levels in this way has not only saved significant amount of energy (estimated at 62%), but has also extended lamp life, thereby reducing replacement costs. The CA has been able to use the monitoring system to identify lamp failures, often fixing them before being notified by residents. By being able to provide predictive failure analyses based on a comparison of actual running hours versus expected lamp life, the efficiency of repair crews has been increased. 10,000 replacements have cost the CA approx. USD 12 million. Currently the program saves approx USD 450,000 in running costs per year. However, it is estimated that if the program is rolled out to the entire city, the increased economies of scale will yield a payback period of less than five years. Motorway intelligent lights retrofit, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.lighting.philips.com.my/v2/knowledge/case_studies-detail.jsp?id=159544 The project implemented a lighting solution for highways leading to Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The total length of the dual carriage highway covers 66 km. The main requirement for the project was that each individual lamp along the entire 66 km stretch of highway should be independently dimmable. This called for a network linking all 3,300 positions to a central control facility. There was also a need for greater maintenance efficiency while ensuring optimal visibility without compromising on visual comfort on the road. An intelligent lighting system that uses telemanagement control was employed. Telemanagement makes it possible to switch or control every individual light point in the system from a central PC. It also enables specific dimming profiles adjusted to suit conditions on the road for different lamps, instant reception of failure messages, and the creation of a database where all system data is stored. It allows a significant reduction in energy consumption in addition to the 45% savings as a result of the use of dimming circuits. 96 ANNEX 11: District Heating Network Maintenance and Upgrade DESCRIPTION ATRIBUTES Many cities already have established district heating networks. The primary plant (boilers), Energy Savings Potential may be operating at low efficiencies, or the pipework distribution networks may have poor or > 200,000 kWh/annum no insulation thereby losing thermal energy or considerable amounts of water through First Cost leakage. Advances in materials, boiler design or alternative system configuration (for > US$1,000,000 example, improved heat exchange) mean that higher efficiencies can be achieved, and there Speed of Implementation are various different methods for detecting leaks. More energy can be delivered to the end > 2 years user through primary plant upgrades, pipework repair and replacement and better insulation. Co-Benefits Reduced carbon emissions The aim is of this recommendation is to develop a program for maintenance and retrofits to Efficient water use upgrade boiler plant, pumps, pipework or insulation. District energy networks are inherently Improved air quality more efficient than individual systems, but further energy efficiencies could be gained Financial savings through repairing pipework and upgrading insulation, delivering more resource, operational Security of supply cost and carbon emission savings. IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Methodology Activity The City Authority establishes appropriate partnerships to undertake a feasibility study. The CA should engage a team that includes network planners, power and heat engineers, environmental specialists and financial advisors to ensure the feasibility study captures all pertinent aspects. The feasibility study establishes the technological and financial viability, Feasibility Study as well as procurement and policy options. It establishes the baseline city energy expenditure associated with power and heat supply and the efficiency of their distribution across the network(s). Technical ability, procurement methodology, incentives and taxes should also be given consideration. Each option should be appraised against the specific requirements and capabilities of the CA. 97 The City Authority invests in the maintenance of the network as well as upgrades of the infrastructure where necessary. The main expenditures associated with a replacement program are the capital cost of plant and the civil works to access networks where the pipework is buried. The City Authority can pay for these items directly out of the city budget, Direct and recoup the investment through lower primary fuel costs. expenditures & The City Authority invests in the maintenance of the network as well as procurement upgrades of the infrastructure where necessary. The main expenditures associated with a replacement program are the capital cost of plant and pumps and the civil works to access networks where the pipework is buried. The City Authority can pay for these items directly out of the city budget, and recoup the investment through lower primary fuel costs. The City Authority contracts with an Energy Services Company (ESCO) to assume management of the district heating network, and maintain and investing in repairs to ensure consistent and efficient supply to users. The benefit of this approach is that the CA does not have to commit to Energy Services significant financial investment in the project or retain ownership of the Company project related risks. There are a number of potential ESCO contractual structures and it is recommended that if the City Authority explores the various advantages and disadvantages of each. See Jiamusi case study for further details. The City Authority passes legislation or creates policy that requires minimum efficiency levels in both the generation and supply Legal or infrastructure of the district heating network. The efficiency levels Statutory should be set to ensure that the replacement program is staggered, targeting the worst performing assets first. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should 98 be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Establish baseline energy losses due to pipework and pumps(kWh/annum)  Establish baseline water losses due to pipework and pumps(l/annum)  Establish the City Authority goal for losses (kWh/annum) due to potential network upgrades  Compare actual program performance with targeted performance CASE STUDIES District heating network pipe maintenance, Seoul, Korea DBDH, Direct Access to District Heating Technology "Seoul Metropolitan District Heating Network", http://www.e- pages.dk/dbdh/12/ Established in 1985 by a public corporation, the district heating network in Seoul supplies 10,604 GWh of district heating and cooling to 832,000 households, commercial buildings and public buildings. During its first five years of operation, the network suffered from service interruptions caused by construction failures as pre-insulated pipe construction had only just been introduced in Korea and construction skills were too low to assure a good quality pipe construction. By the mid 2000s, 300 km of pre-insulated pipelines (20% of the total length) were around 20 years old, and investigation into pipe construction failure showed that these were mainly caused by loose casing joints (51%) and the use of improper materials (21%). In order to improve the reliability of the supply network, and thereby reduce the cost of water and energy losses, the company invested in improving pipe construction skills and used a leak detection system which enables them to locate 'defaults'. As the leak detection system does not work well with the old pipes, faults are also located by means of "thermal graphic camera" and "injection gas to pipelines" methods. District heating network upgrade, Jiamusi, China DBDH, Direct Access to District Heating Technology "Dalkia Management of Jiamusi Urban Heating Network" http://dbdh.dk/images/uploads/pdf-news/hotcool_1_2010_low.pdf Due to a chronic lack of funds, the Jiamusi district heating network had for many years suffered from reduced maintenance, which had resulted in large energy and water losses. As interruption of service and low in-door temperature were the norm, the operator 99 of the network, Jiamusi Heating Company (JHC), experienced increased dissatisfaction from its users. In May 2007 JHC, which was owned by the municipality, signed a 25-year agreement with an energy services company to take responsibility for the management of the network. A large-scale initiative to improve performance and upgrade the network's facilities was implemented. The heat supply temperature was raised; 90 new substations were built; and a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system was installed, enabling real-time management of the substations and the network, and resulting in improved optimization of energy efficiency and user's comfort. As a result, water losses were reduced by 30%, and energy consumption by 13.5%. By improving service quality, the company improved its customer relationships and was able to reduce the bad debt rate from 7% to 2%. The network has begun expansion and after two years of operation, it has increased its supply from 5.5 million sq. m (29% of the total heating surface) by 56% to 8.6 million sq. m. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance DHCAN "District Heating System Rehabilitation and Modernisation and Modernisation Guide" projects.bre.co.uk/DHCAN/pdf/Modernisation.pdf. A guidance document for technical improvements resulting in higher energy efficiency and reduction of primary energy use. It attempts to set out a range of solutions from low-cost to high-cost, with consideration of financial circumstances, and links this to the fundamental need for a strategic view. IEA "Coming in from the Cold- Improving District Heating Policy in Transition Economies" http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/cold.pdf. A document which summarises the institutional experiences of district heating rehabilitation, with focus on delivering clear policy on district heating. ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf 100 ANNEX 12: List of abbreviations for cities in the TRACE database City Country City Abbreviation City Country City Abbreviation 1 Addis Ababa Ethiopia ADD 38 Karachi Pakistan KAR 2 Amman Jordan AMM 39 Kathmandu Nepal KAT 3 Baku Azerbaijan BAK 40 Kiev Ukraine KIE 4 Bangkok Thailand BAN 41 Kuala Malaysia KUA Lumpur 5 Belgrade Serbia BE1 42 Lima Peru LIM 6 Belo Brazil BEL 43 Ljubljana Slovenia LJU Horizonte 7 Bengaluru India BEN 44 Mexico Mexico MEX City 8 Bhopal India BHO 45 Mumbai India MUM 9 Bratislava Slovakia BRA 46 Mysore India MYS 10 Brasov Romania BR1/BRA 47 New York USA NEW 11 Bucharest Romania BUC 48 Odessa Ukraine ODE 12 Budapest Hungary BUD 49 Paris France PAR 13 Cairo Egypt CAI 50 Patna India PAT 14 Cape Town South CAP 51 Phnom Cambodia PHN Africa Penh 15 Casablanca Morocco CAS 52 Ploiesti Romania PLO 16 Cebu Philippines CEB 53 Pokhara Nepal POK 17 Cluj-Napoca Romania CLU 54 Porto Portugal POR 18 Colombo Sri Lanka COL 55 Pune India PUN 19 Constanta Romania CON 56 Quezon Philippines QUE City 20 Craiova Romania CRA 57 Rio de Brazil RIO Janeiro 21 Dakar Senegal DAK 58 Sangli India SAN 22 Danang Vietnam DAN 59 Sarajevo Bosnia and SAR Herzegovina 23 Dhaka Bangladesh DHA 60 Seoul South Korea SEO 24 Gaziantep Turkey GAZ 61 Shanghai China SHA 25 Guangzhou China GUA 62 Singapore Singapore SIN 101 26 Guntur India GUN 63 Sofia Bulgaria SOF 27 Hanoi Vietnam HAN 64 Surabaya Indonesia SUR 28 Helsinki Finland HEL 65 Sydney Australia SYD 29 Ho Chi Minh Vietnam HO 66 Tallinn Estonia TAL 30 Hong Kong China HON 67 Tbilisi Georgia TBI 31 Iasi Romania IAS 68 Tehran Iran TEH 32 Indore India IND 69 Timisoara Romania TIM 33 Jabalpur India JAB 70 Tokyo Japan TOK 34 Jakarta Indonesia JAK 71 Toronto Canada TOR 35 Jeddah Saudi JED 72 Urumqi China URU Arabia 36 Johannesburg South JOH 73 Vijaywada India VIJ Africa 37 Kanpur India KAN 74 Yerevan Armenia YER 102