Republic of Yemen E4075 Ministry of Public Works and Highways v 14 ROAD MAINTENANCE FUND - IMPLEMENTATION UNIT. (RMF-IU) ROAD ASSET MANAGEMENT PROJECT-RAMP ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIALMANAGMENT PLAN FOR TAIZ GOVERNORATE SUB-PROJECT 3 (640 km) 08/07/2014 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Republic of Yemen Ministry of Public Works and Highways ROAD MAINTENANCE FUND - IMPLEMENTATION UNIT. (RMF-IU) ROAD ASSET MANAGEMENT PROJECT-RAMP ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGMENT PLAN FOR TAIZ GOVERNORATE SUB-PROJECT 3 (640 km) Draft Final Prepared by: RMF-IU July 2014 1 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................6 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 19 1.1 LOCATION.............................................................................................................................................................. 19 1.2 PROPOSED WORKS .............................................................................................................................................. 22 1.3 SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT................................................................................................. 23 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIV E FRAMEWROK ................................................................................. 40 2.1 YEMEN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION ............................................................................... 40 2.2 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD PO LICIES ....................................................... 41 3. BASEL INE ENVIRON MENTAL AND SOCIAL DATA .......................................................................................... 42 3.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES ......................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES .......................................................................................................................... 50 3.3 SOCIO-EECONOMIC AND CULTUR AL ................................................................................................................ 53 4. ENVIRON MEN TAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...................................................................................................... 40 4.1. IMPACT SCOPING ................................................................................................................................................. 56 4.2. SPECIFIC IMPACTS DURING THE BACKLOG ROAD REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE .................................... 59 4.2.1. Impact of construction and domestic was te generation, storage and disposal ....................................... 59 4.2.2. Impact of Landslides, Soil Erosion and Visual Intrusion................................................................................ 59 4.2.3. Deterioration of the ambient Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 60 4.2.4. Impact of increased noise levels and vibration .............................................................................................. 60 4.2.5. Disruption of Water Supply................................................................................................................................ 60 4.2.6. Disruption of Runoff Water and Drainage systems ....................................................................................... 61 4.2.7. Deterioration of groundwater quality.............................................................................................................. 61 4.2.8. Damage to Fauna and Flora, deterioration of local ecosystem ................................................................... 61 4.2.9. Disruption of traffic ............................................................................................................................................. 62 4.2.10. Health and safety conditions ............................................................................................................................. 62 4.2.11. Social impacts ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................ 64 6. ENVIRON MEN TAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES (ESMM) .......................................................... 65 6.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................................................ 65 6.2 MITIGATION TOOLS ............................................................................................................................................. 65 6.3 Mitigation measures for project activities during both the backlog repairs and regular maintenance phases …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………66 6.3.1 Generation, storage and disposal of construction and domestic waste ................................................... 66 6.3.2 Landslides, Soil Erosion and Visual Intrusion.................................................................................................. 66 6.3.3 Deterioration of air quality ................................................................................................................................ 67 6.3.4 Increased level of noise ...................................................................................................................................... 67 6.3.5 Disruption of water supply................................................................................................................................. 67 6.3.6 Disruption of the runoff water and drainage systems .................................................................................. 67 6.3.7 Deter ioration of groundwater quality............................................................................................................. 67 6.3.8 Stress on fauna and flora.................................................................................................................................... 67 6.3.9 Disruption of traffic ............................................................................................................................................. 68 2 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 6.3.10 Deterioration of health and safety conditions ............................................................................................... 68 6.3.11 Social Impacts ....................................................................................................................................................... 68 7 ENVIRON MEN TAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES ........................................................................ 70 7.1 MONITORING ARRANGEMENTS........................................................................................................................ 70 7.2 REPORTING ........................................................................................................................................................... 70 8 ENVIRON MEN TAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMEN T PLAN (ESMP) ................................................................. 71 8.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................................................ 71 8.2 RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................. 71 9 SOCIAL CONSULSTATION ................................................................................................................................... 80 9.1 CONSULTATIONS PROGRAM.............................................................................................................................. 80 9.2 CONSULTATIONS WITH MEN ............................................................................................................................. 80 9.3 CONSULTATIONS WITH WOMEN ...................................................................................................................... 82 9.4 CONCLUSIONS: ..................................................................................................................................................... 83 9.5 RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 84 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................................. 85 ANNEX 1 . SOCIAL FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT (SFA) ................................................................................................... 85 ANNEX 2 . BENEFICIARY COMMITTEE LIST .................................................................................................................. 106 ANNEX 3 . SAMPLE OF SCREENING REPORT TEMPLATE ............................................................................................ 107 ANNEX 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PROCEDURES FOR INCLUSION IN THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF CONTRACTS....................................................................................................................................................................... 110 3 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ List of Tables and Figures in all sections No. of Table Figure Title Page Section ExSu T. A Summary of the ESMP during the Backlog Repair Works Phase 12 T.B Summay of the ESMP during the Maintenance Phase 16 T. 1.1 RAMP subproject – Taiz governorate – Roads, Lengths and Types 19 F. 1.1 Location of the Taiz Governorate in Yemen 20 F. 1.2 Administrative map of the project area 21 1 F. 1.3 GPS Track of Location of the project road alignments in Taiz Governorate 21 T. 1.2 Specific Items of Works 22 T. 1.3 Characteristics of the 20 road sections identified during site surveys 23 2 T. 2.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies triggered 41 F. 3.1 Physical Regions of Yemen 42 F. 3.2 Topographic map of the Taiz Governorate . 43 F 3.3 Geological map of Yemen . 44 F 3.4 Map of major famrimg system zones in Yemen 45 F. 3.5 Agro-climatic zones and rainfall distribution in Yemen 46 F 3.6 Hydrological provinces in Yemen 47 T. 3.1 Cultivated Land in Yemen by Type of Irrigation Distribution by Governorate 48 (2001) 3 T. 3.2 Most important plant species in Taiz 50 T. 3.3 Most important fauna in the project area 51 T. 3.4 Location and extent of mangrove stands surveyed in Yemen, July and August 52 2002 F. 3.7. Location of Mangrove in relation to the coastal road alignment no. 5. 53 T. 3.5 Population and Settlements of Taiz Governorate - (2013 estimated) 54 T. 3.6 Poverty Status of Taiz Governorate 54 T. 3.7 Access to Basic Public Services in Taiz Governorate 55 6 T. 6.1 Impact Assessment Scoping Matrix for the backlog repair phase of the project 65 T . 8.1 Relevant Clauses in Standard Construction Contracts 71 8 T. 8.2 Summary of the ESMP during the Backlog Repair Works Phase 73 T. 8.3 Summay of the ESMP during the Maintenance Phase 77 T. 9.1 The surveyed villages and the number of respondents. 80 9 F. 9.1 Social consultations 81 4 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ABBREVIATIONS EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPC Environment Protection Council EPL Environment Protection Law ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIAF Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMMF Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework ESIP Environment & Sustainable Investment Program GOAMM General Organization for Antiquities, Manuscripts and Museums GOPHC General Organization for Protection of Historical Cities GoY Government of Yemen GRSF Global Road Safety Facility IDA International Development Association NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NWRA National Water Resource Authority NWSA National Water and Sanitation Authority MOLA Ministry of Local Administration MOPD Ministry of Planning and Development MOPH Ministry of Public Health MOWE Ministry of Water and Environment MPWH Ministry of Public Works and Highways MP&D Ministry of Planning and Development NGO Non-Governmental Organization OP Operation Policy PAPs Project Affected People PMMR Performance-Based Management and Maintenance of Roads PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPP Public-Private-Partnership PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy RAMP Road Asset Management Project RAP Rural Access Project RMF Road Maintenance Fund RMFIU Road Maintenance Fund Implementation Unit ROW Right Of Way SEA Sectoral Environmental Assessment SFA Social Framework Agreements SMP Social Management Plan SSA Sectoral Social Assessment WAU – EPA Women Affairs Unit of the Environmental Protection Authority WB World Bank 5 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) contains the results of the environmental and social impact assessment undertaken for the Backlog Repairs and Maintenance Works Phase of the sub-project no. 3 for Taiz Governorate located in the southwestern part of Yemen. This sub-project is part of the Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) implemented by the Road Maintenance Fund (RMF). This ESMP report complies with the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Policies and the Relevant Yemen Regulations. As the scope of work is limited to backlog repairs and maintenance activities, and based on the field visits’ observations, there would be no direct impacts associated with land acquisition, and no resettlement of any individuals would be experienced. Also, no adverse impacts are anticipated in respect of sensitive habitats, wildlife or cultural heritage. Accordingly, this sub-project is classified as category B. The ESMP document identifies and assesses the environmental and social risks and impacts of the sub-project. In addition, the report determines the necessary mitigation measures and summarizes the necessary management and monitoring plans to ensure that impacts are dealt with and mitigation measures are followed, and the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is applied during the project activities. The environmental and social review processes (guidelines stipulated in the OP 4.01), the environmental and social impact screening and scoping checklist for each specific road, and consultations with the PAPs were carried out between the 27th of January 2014 and the 1st of February 2014. Sub-Project Objectives The sub-project development objective is to upgrade the existing paved roads to good conditions and to prevent its deterioration. Furthermore, to improve traffic safety at critical locations, improve slope stability at mountainous roads, clean cross drainage and side ditches and remove the illegal speed bumps and build new safe speed bumps. Another objective is to alleviate poverty in the area by creating local employment through road repairs and maintenance works by improving access to basic services such as schools, health centers and markets. The backlog maintenance works of the proposed sub-project will meet the future demand for better transportation and communication between many districts and villages of Taiz Governorate, and other Governorates. In addition, keeping in view an anticipated overall development in the southern region of the country, it will reduce travel time and the cost of freight traffic between districts, cities and villages. Sub-Project Description The RAMP subproject no. 3 in the Taiz governorate is composed of 20 roads with the total length of 640.2 km. The target roads include 4 main roads, 7 secondary roads, and 9 tertiary roads. The roads serve directly the population of about 1,911,000 inhabitants in 18 districts within the sub-project area. The roads pass through different topographical regions such as: 6 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ mountainous, coastal, deserts and agricultural Wadi basins. Consequently, terrains range from flat, flat-rolling, flat-rolling- mountainous to pure mountainous. The scope of works include: structural excavation, gabions construction, construction of stone masonry with culverts and walls, installation of safety barriers and handrails, cleaning blocked drainage, repairs of riprap, road resurfacing, crack sealing, repairs and cleaning of shoulders, installation of pipe culverts, pavement marking, installation of subsoil filter drains, installation of road signs. All rehabilitation and backlog works of this sub-project will be conducted within the ROW. No additional land acquisition is required. Legal and Institutional Framework This ESMP is developed following the guidelines set forth in the ESIAF prepared in December 2012 for the RAMP, and approved by the Bank. The ESMP of this sub-project is carried out to meet the requirements of the Environment Protection Law (EPL) No. 26 of 1995 in Yemen to protect the environment, natural resources, society and health. The provisions of this framework law are implemented through Executive Regulations (By-Law 148-2000), issued by a decree of the Council of Ministers. According to the Law 26 described above, an EMP is required for road maintenance works. In addition, this ESMP report has been prepared in conformity with World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01. The sub-project is classified as category B. The OP 4.12 is not triggered for this sub-project. Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions Data regarding the baseline environmental and social conditions were collected from the existing reports, papers and publications, as well as field surveys conducted by environmental and social specialists; and public consultations carried out between the 27th of January 2014 and the 1st of February 2014. The following baseline conditions were presented: physical environment, biological environment, socio-economic aspects including health and safety. Details are presented in chapter 3. Land Use: Most of the sub-project roads that have been visited have agricultural lands on one or both sides. Most of the terrains have vegetative cover on the valley side. Agricultural and pastures activities are the major land use characteristic in the sub-project area. Climate: Arid and semi-arid type covers the coastal plains region and lower mountain slopes in the west and south, with rainy summers and a cool, moderately dry winter. Temperatures are generally high in the coastal areas, while the highlands enjoy a cool temperate. Rainfall in this area ranges from 70-800 mm/year. In most areas the rainfall is insufficient for rain fed agriculture. The local population constructed terraces to utilize highlands for cultivation and control soil erosion. Air Quality: Data in air quality in the sub-project area is extremely scarce. However, the air pollution is not identified as an issue in the sub-project area since it is passing mostly through rural areas and villages without much traffic or polluting industrial or commercial activities. 7 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Noise: The field survey indicated that the current noise levels along the road alignment are low except at some locations like markets or where there are relatively noisy activities along the road alignment. Flora: The project passes through places that deserve special care from the environmental point of view, i.e.; Road no. 5. The natural vegetation in most parts of the sub-project area is used by the residents for their daily purposes, for firewood and as rangeland for livestock. The most common plant species are Salvadora persica, Tamarix aphylla, Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne, Acacia etbaica Schweinf, Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd, Acacia origena, Acacia tortilis, Commiphora myrrha, Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk., Cordia africana Lam, Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd etc. Fauna: The wild animals in the sub-project areas are monkeys, rabbits, hedgehogs, hyenas, foxes, reptiles and birds. The sub-project traverse some biodiversity hotspot in road no. 5 closed to area that identified as having particular biological values such as Mangroves. Agricultural crops: Most cultivable lands are found along the Wadis. Mostly Maize and Millet are grown in large quantities along the route. The fruit trees were encountered along many roads (No’s 8, 9, 10 and 11), such as Mango and Banana. Socio-Economic: Some the local communities in Taiz sub-project depend on fishing and raising livestock (such as in roads 5+6). The majority of the population along the remaining 18 roads is located in the Wadis and Highland Plateaus, carrying out agricultural activities through irrigation from the flow in the Wadis during the rainy seasons, from base flow and groundwater. In general, Agriculture and pasturing are the main economic activities. The most important agricultural crops are fruits, vegetables and grains as well as beekeeping. The main crops are cereals (Sorghum, Millet, Maize and Gharib), Fruits (Bananas and Mango), vegetables, legumes and cash crops like coffee. Date palm plantations are concentrated in some places like Bani Hamad and Wadis like Resian. Some populations rely on livestock keeping and the use of pastures especially where there is arable land, which is used for crops cultivation in rainy seasons and for pastures in non-rainy seasons like the west districts as Maqbnah and Mocha. Trade and manufacturing are one of the most important activities in Taiz Governorates. Some terrains contain of the most precious metals such as Copper, Marble and Zeolite. The people still use the old means of transportation such as donkeys. Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment The project activities that are likely to cause deterioration of environmental quality and social integrity were identified. These are:  Generation, storage and disposal of debris and construction waste.  Trucking and application of construction materials.  Resurfacing of roads. 8 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬  Repairs of drainage system and culverts.  Construction of retaining walls and gabions.  Storage and handling of fuel and oils.  Operation of labour camps. The generation, temporary storage and disposal of debris and construction waste are likely to lead to more significant deterioration of environmental quality and social status. This activity is predicted to have minor negative impacts on the siltation, slope stability, surface runoff, agricultural land, air quality, vegetation, wildlife movement and landscape. Trucking of materials is predicted to cause increase of noise levels and vibration, and deterioration of air quality through dust emissions. Road works and resurfacing are predicted to lead to increased noise levels, deterioration of air quality and reduced safety during the repairs works. Storage of diesel and oil, and refueling of vehicles is expected to cause contamination risk to agricultural land, surface and groundwater, and safety of project staff. Leakages or spillages of fuel and oils can affect habitats in the Sensitive areas located in Mocha and Bab Almandab along the coast, as in road no. 5. However, the risk and the volumes involved are minor. The setting up and operation of labor camp may create minor increase of noise levels, temporary taking of land, deterioration of landscape value, local littering and minor sewage discharges. Potential conflicts may arise if the location is not carefully selected in consultation with local communities. Since this project does not involve the construction of new roads, and realignment of existing roads would not be considered, the negative impacts associated with resettlement and land acquisition are not expected, therefore the Bank policy on Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 is not triggered, The project activities will generate also positive environmental and social impacts. The positive environmental impacts include: employment opportunities for the local population, reduced soil erosion and siltation of surface water, and improved slope stability and surface runoff. More details about this subject are presented in chapter 5. Analysis of Alternatives From the environmental and social viewpoint, the “no -build” alternative is not preferable to sub- project implementation since the improvements of the alignments will have a very positive impact on road users regarding the improvement of safety, landslides and cleaning, repair of damaged portions of asphalt pavement and implementing all safety measures at unsafe curves and the unstable slopes. The "no project" option or the decision to not implement any road project is considered inappropriate in view of the long-term and widespread benefits of roads upgrading to the communities served by the roads in comparison with the short-term potential adverse impacts associated with the maintenance phase, most of which can be mitigated satisfactorily. 9 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures (ESMM) The key mitigation measures proposed include: storage of construction waste in locations pre- agreed with the local communities, waste disposal in designated locations, handling of liquid waste in sealed containers, repairs of retaining walls, restoration of riprap and stone pitching, restoration of adequate drainage systems, planting trees in sensitive zones, restoration of vegetative cover, usage of well-maintained equipment, water spraying for dust control, limiting noisy activities to normal daylight hours, keeping the drainage ditches and culverts unblocked, provision and use of personal protective equipment to workers, installing construction and warning signs, provision of alternative temporary access roads. Most of the proposed mitigation measures will be ensured under provisions of the construction supervision contract documents and as necessary by agreement with the communities that will be stated in the SFA. All costs associated with the mitigation measures for all environmental and social impacts would be incorporated into the contractor’s budget. The total estimated costs of the Mitigation Measures are USD 84,000. Environmental and Social Monitoring (ESM) During the maintenance activities, the regular monitoring activities (including environmental and social safeguards) rely on the Supervision consultant who reports on contractor’s compliance or otherwise with the ESMP. The consultant will monitor the application of environmental and social mitigation measures. The result of monitoring activities should be reflected in the monthly progress reports. The total estimated costs of the monitoring activities are USD 90,000. The RAMP IU will take overall responsibility for coordination of the monitoring activities. It will review and comment on the monitoring reports and prepare quarterly reports for the WB. The sub-project officer at Road Asset Management Project Implementation Unit (RAMP-IU) should conduct monthly to bi-monthly site inspections to monitor the compliance of the contractor with the applications of all mitigation measures for environmental and social impacts. Photographic documentation will be required in the continuous and regular monitoring. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Summary of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) during the backlog works and repairs phase is presented in a tabular format at the end of this section (see Table A) and in chapter 7 of this report. Summary of the ESMP during maintenance phase is presented in Table B. The objective of this ESMP is to establish a mechanism to implement mitigation measures addressing the expected negative impacts, and to monitor the efficiency of these mitigation measures. The content of the ESMP Table of this sub-project is based on the findings of this study and consultations with the local stakeholders and Project Affected People. Social Consultations Consultations were carried out with both male and female beneficiaries. The men consultations from the affected local communities along the road were carried out between the 27th of January 2014 and the 1st of February 2014. One hundred and twenty five sites were selected along 20 roads sections. A total of 201 beneficiaries were randomly selected 10 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ and interviewed (see Table 9.1). Due to the fact that most of the respondents are illiterate, data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The interview started by a general talk and a brief explanation of the nature and objectives of the study to gain the trust and confidence of the respondents to ensure the most reliable responses. Most interviewed men expressed their support for the sub-project as they think it will have positive social and economic impacts for the local communities such as hiring local people for the road works, improved access and trade opportunities. However, they showed their concerns regarding impacts of wastes on the agricultural land. The women consultations were carried out in June 2013 through field visit and interviews with women in different villages along the project road sections. In total, 113 women were interviewed in 30 villages. During the consultation process, questionnaires were used to solicit people’s views, concerns, and feedback on the road maintenance activities to be financed by the project. The consulted persons strongly supported the project pointing out improved access to health care, education and markets, reduced risk of accidents, employment opportunities. They raised their concerns regarding access to and quality of water wells and tanks, increased risk of accidents involving children (during the works), and social tensions that may arise from the presence of worker camps. Conclusions The project is expected to generate minor negative environmental and social impacts. The minor adverse environmental and social impacts anticipated during the rehabilitation works can be mitigated by applying mitigation measures set out in the ESMP, and closely scrutinized following the environmental and social compliance monitoring. Conventional engineering designs with proven records of reliable performance will be adopted for the rehabilitation of each road. The rehabilitated infrastructure will be environmentally sound in their design, sitting, maintenance and operation. The total expected costs of the mitigation measures and monitoring costs is estimated at the level of USD 174,000. When properly and consistently applied, these measures are expected to minimize the potential impacts to negligible levels. 11 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Table A: Summary of the ESMP during the Backlog Repair Works Phase Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Generation,  Waste minimization  Maintaining a record of type, storage, disposal of  Storage of construction waste in quantity, and disposal location Will be part of the Cost of full time construction and locations pre-agreed with the local of solid and liquid waste contract. Bidders will be environmental and domestic waste generation Constractor, communities able to cost this item in social monitoring 1 rotnCrtnoC Supervision  Waste disposal in designated locations  Site inspections their bids. specialists, camera Consultant  Handling of liquid waste in sealed  Frequency: Once a week for lattnt r tntotrx and vehicle (90,000 containers each road under repairs DSU 000111toono USD)  Solid/liquid waste management plan Landslides, soil  Construction and repairs of retaining  Site inspection and erosion, and Visual walls photographic documentation intrusion  Restoration of riprap and stone pitching of excavation and  Provision of open area ~1m wide, maintenance activities behind cut side channels, to store  Photographic documentation Will be part of the Cost of full time temporarily fallen debris of planting and re-vegetation contract. Bidders will be environmental and Supervision 2  Increase the mass thickness of rock fill activities rotnrtnoC able to cost this item in social monitoring Consultant for additional stability  Frequency: Once a week for their bids. specialists, camera  Restoration of drainage systems each road under repairs and vehicle.  Planting trees in sensitive zones  Restoration of vegetative cover  Planting of grass and trees along the slopes to prevent landslides Deterioration of air  Usage of well-maintained equipment  Visual observation and quality  Water spraying for dust control photographic documentation Cost of full time Will be part of the works  Wheel washing of equipment induced Supervision contract. environmental and 3  Covering of trucks carrying fine grade emissions and dust clouds rotnCrtnoC social monitoring Consultant Expected additional costs: construction materials from works and trucks specialists, camera 10,000 USD  Frequency: Once a week for and vehicle. each road under repairs 12 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Increased level of  Usage of quiet/well-maintained  Site supervision, inspection Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time noise equipment and documentation to ensure Consultant in contract. Bidders will be environmental and  Limiting noisy activities to normal the implementation of coordination able to cost this item in social monitoring 4 daylight hours mitigation measures Contractor with the their bids. Expected specialists, camera  Provision of speed limit signs at  Frequency: Once a week for Contractor additional cost: 5,000 and vehicle. critical locations each road under repairs USD  Planting trees in sensitive zones Disruption of water  Protecting water supply systems during  Close supervision and Contractor in Supervision Expected cost 15,000 Cost of full time supply works documentation of pipe re- coordination with Consultant in USD. environmental and  Fixing the damaged riprap after location activities Supervision Engineer coordination social monitoring compacting the top soil along the  Monitoring any interruptions with the specialists, camera 5 eroded side ditches of water supplies to local Contractor and vehicle.  Coordination with land owners on communities caused by scheduling maintenance activities project works  Ensuring no interruption of water supply  Frequency: Once a week for during works. each road under repairs Disruption of the  Proper side sloping of the road to  Site inspection and photo Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time runoff water and prevent the accumulation of water on documentation of water coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental and drainage systems the road surface harvesting activities and re- Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in social monitoring  Re-vegetation of disturbed soils vegetation activities their bids. Additional cost specialists, camera  Keeping the drainage ditches and  Checking on culverts (revegetation): 7,000 USD and vehicle. 6 culverts unblocked particularly following rainfall events  Frequency: Twice a month during the rainy season for each road Deterioration of  Storage of liquid materials (especially  Monitoring water quality of Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of full time groundwater hydrocarbons) in sealed containers. the groundwater wells coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental quality  Application of liquid fuels and oils in  Monitoring of fuel and oil Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in monitoring 7 sealed areas with sump. handling and storage. their bids. specialist, camera  Refueling in sealed locations  Frequency: Once every month Expected additional costs: and vehicle.  Development and implementation of for each road under repairs 15,000 USD (incl. water Waste management plan. sampling and analysis) 13 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Damage to fauna,  Placing speed limit signs and planting  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of full time flora and the trees at critical locations and known photographic documentation coordination with Consultant contract. Expected environmental proposed protected animal crossing pathways of the condition of culverts Supervision Engineer additional costs: 10,000 monitoring areas  Keeping culverts unblocked to  Monitoring of re-planting USD specialist, camera facilitate amphibians crossing activities and vehicle. 8  Restoring affected land along the road  Checking records of spillages alignment to the preconstruction status and animal killings  Preventing leakages of fuel near the  Frequency: Once every two coast, particularly near the Mangrove weeks for each road under sites (Road No. 5) repairs Disruption of  Informing the public about schedule of  Site supervision-inspection Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time traffic repair and maintenance works and photographic coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental and  Provision of temporary alternative documentation Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in social monitoring 9 access roads/ by-passes  Frequency: Weekly (including their bids. Additional specialists, camera  On the spot traffic management photographic evidence) for costs: 2,000 USD and vehicle. each road under repairs Deterioration of  Provision and use of personal  Inspection and photo evidence Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time health & safety protective equipment to workers  Maintaining records of Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental and conditions  Installing construction and warning injuries and accidents with Contractor able to cost this item in social monitoring signs cause and location their bids. specialists, camera 10  Installing barriers along sharp curves  Frequency: Weekly for each and vehicle. road under repairs Urarut no tgxngCrx  Do not block access to cultural and  Site inspection/ supervision and Contractor in Supervision Part of the contract. Cost of full time rt stonoCttrx otnto religious sites, wherever possible photographic documentation of coordination with Consultant Bidders will be able to environmental and  Use of manual equipment when cultural and historical sites. Supervision Engineer cost this item in their social monitoring 00 working next to a cultural or religious  Frequency: Monthly for each bids. specialists, camera and historical sites. road under repairs and vehicle. 14 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Social Impacts  Coordinating with the public the  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time schedule of maintenance activities in documentation of community coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be social monitoring residential areas activities along roads. Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in specialist, camera  Location of workers’ camps away from  Inspections of worker camps their bids. and vehicle. residential areas  Frequency: Bi-weekly for Expected additional cost: 12  Hiring local workers from rural areas each road under repairs 5,000 USD  Provision of alternative access roads/ by-passes  Traffic management  Camps must be equipped with sealed septic tanks and waste containers. Expected additional mitigation costs: USD 84,000 Expected monitoring costs: USD 90,000 Total expected costs of ESMP: USD 174,000 15 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Table B: Summary of ESMP during the Maintenance Phase Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Generation,  Waste minimization  Maintaining a record of type, storage, disposal of  Storage of construction waste in quantity, and disposal location Cost of part time construction and locations pre-agreed with the local of solid and liquid waste Constractor, Will be part of the environmental and 1 domestic waste communities generation rotnCrtnoC Supervision contract. social monitoring  Waste disposal in designated locations  Site inspections Consultant specialists, camera  Handling of liquid waste in sealed  Frequency: Once a month for and vehicle containers each road under maintenance Landslides, soil  Repairs of retaining walls  Site inspection and erosion, and Visual  Restoration of riprap and stone pitching photographic documentation Cost of part time intrusion  Cleaning and repairs of drainage of maintenance activities environmental and systems  Photographic documentation Supervision Will be part of the 2 rotnCrtnoC social monitoring  Restoration of vegetative cover of planting and re-vegetation Consultant contract. specialists, camera  Maintain grass and trees along the activities and vehicle. slopes to prevent landslides  Frequency: Once a month for roads under maintenance Deterioration of air  Usage of well-maintained equipment  Visual observation and quality  Water spraying for dust control photographic documentation Cost of part time  Covering of trucks carrying fine grade of equipment induced Will be part of the works environmental and construction materials emissions and dust clouds Supervision 3 noCrotnCrt contract. social monitoring from works and trucks Consultant specialists, camera  Frequency: Once a month for and vehicle. each road under maintenance Increased level of  Usage of quiet/well-maintained  Site and documents Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time noise equipment inspections Consultant in contract. environmental and  Limiting noisy activities to normal  Frequency: Once a month for social monitoring 4 Contractor specialists, camera daylight hours each road under maintenance  Provision of speed limit signs at and vehicle. critical locations 16 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Disruption of water  Protecting water supply systems during  Monitoring any interruptions Contractor in Supervision None Cost of part time supply works of water supplies to local coordination with Consultant in environmental and  Coordination with land owners on communities caused by Supervision Engineer coordination social monitoring 5 scheduling maintenance activities project works with the specialists, camera  Ensuring no interruption of water supply  Frequency: Once a month for Contractor and vehicle. during works. each road under maintenance Disruption of the  Keeping the drainage ditches and  Checking on culverts Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time runoff water and culverts unblocked particularly following rainfall coordination with Consultant contract. environmental and drainage systems events Supervision Engineer social monitoring 6  Frequency: Once a month specialists, camera during the rainy season for and vehicle. each road under mainteance Deterioration of  Storage of liquid materials (especially  Monitoring of fuel and oil Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of part time groundwater hydrocarbons) in sealed containers. handling and storage. coordination with Consultant contract. environmental quality  Application of liquid fuels and oils in  Frequency: Once a month for Supervision Engineer monitoring 7 specialist, camera sealed areas with sump. each road under maintanance  Refueling in sealed locations with and vehicle. sump Damage to fauna,  Keeping culverts unblocked to  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of part time flora and the facilitate amphibians crossing photographic documentation coordination with Consultant contract. environmental proposed protected  Preventing leakages of fuel near the of the condition of culverts Supervision Engineer monitoring 8 areas coast, particularly along the Mangrove  Checking records of spillages specialist, camera areas (Road No. 5) and animal killings and vehicle.  Frequency: Once a month for each road under maintenance Disruption of  Informing the public about schedule of  Site supervision-inspection Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time traffic maintenance works and photographic coordination with Consultant contract environmental and 9  On the spot traffic management documentation Supervision Engineer social monitoring  Frequency: Monthly for each specialists, camera road under maintenance and vehicle. 17 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Deterioration of  Provision and use of personal  Inspection and photo evidence Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time health & safety protective equipment to workers  Frequency: Once every month Contractor Consultant contract. environmental and 10 conditions  Installing construction and warning for each road under social monitoring signs maintenance specialists, camera and vehicle. Urarut no tgxngCrx  Do not block access to cultural and  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Part of the contract. Cost of ful time rt stonoCttrx otnto religious sites, wherever possible photographic documentation. coordination with Consultant environmental and  Protect graves along Road No. 20  Frequency: Monthly for each Supervision Engineer social monitoring 00 during road works road under maintenance specialists, camera  Use of manual equipment when and vehicle. working next to a cultural or religious and historical sites. Social Impacts  Coordinating with the public the  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time schedule of maintenance activities in documentation of community coordination with Consultant contract. social monitoring residential areas near markets, schools, activities along roads. Supervision Engineer specialist, camera health centres, pastures, firewood sites  Frequency: Once a month for and vehicle.  Removal of random speed bumps each road under maintenance  Maintaining barriers in sharp curves 12 and along steep slopes  Awareness workshop on road maintenace  Traffic management  Camps must be equipped with sealed septic tanks and waste containers. 18 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The RAMP sub-project no. (3) Taiz governorate is composed of twenty roads with the total length of 640.2 km. The target roads include 4 main roads, 7 secondary roads, and 9 tertiary roads (see Table 1.1 for details). Table 1.1: RAMP subproject – Taiz governorate – Roads, Lengths and Types. Lengths in km No. Road Length [km] Main Secondary Tertiary 1 Al Bareh-Maqbanah-Saqam(first phase) 22.7 2 Al kamb Road – Makbanah 19.7 3 Al Bareh-Al Wazeaiah- Al Ahiooq 37 4 Al Mafraq - Mocha 40 5 Mocha – Ras Al Arah with Branches 135 6 Al Hiudaidah -Mocha 67 7 Al-Dhabab road – Al Monam – Yafres road 4.5 8 Al Nashamah-Qadas 30.5 9 Al Samsarah-Qadas 17.6 10 Soq Al Ahad -BaniHammad 11.7 11 AS safiah-Bani Omar (first phase) 13.6 12 As Sabbabah-Al Haqeebah 10 13 Taiz - Al Turbah -Al gahli 77 14 Haifan -Al Mafalis -Toor Al bahah 29.7 15 Al khorss -Bani Ali 7.5 Al Rahidah -Dhamran with Al 29 16 Mazaberahbranche 17 Al Ain-Fawfalah-Samea'a 5 18 Taiz - JabalSabar - Al Aros 16 19 Al Ganad - Mawiah 36.7 20 Ibb(Al Qa'aidah)-Alganad 10 Total 640.2 1.1 Location Taiz governorate is located in the southwest corner of Yemen (Figure 1.1). The locations of the target roads are shown in Figures 1.2 & 1.3 below. Roads run in different topographical regions such as mountainous, coastal plains, and agricultural Wadi basins. Consequently, terrains range from flat, flat-rolling, flat-rolling-mountainous to pure-mountainous. 19 ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Asset Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪Figure 1.1:‬‬ ‫‪Location of Taiz Governorate.‬‬ ‫‪Figure 1.2:‬‬ ‫‪Administrative map of Taiz Governorate.‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Asset Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪Figure 1.3: GPS Track of Location of the project road alignments in the project area‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 1.2 Proposed works The summary of the main required works is estimated by technical consultant and summarized in Table 1.2. Table 1.2: Specific Items of Works Unit Rate No. Description Unit (YR) 1 Excavation of soil and rock material m3 1200 2 Embankment repair and construction m3 1000 3 Structural excavation m3 1000 4 Repair of cyclopean walls m3 7500 5 Construct gabions m3 15000 6 Demolition and removal of old walls m3 1500 7 Stone masonry for walls m3 14000 8 Supply and installation of safety barriers LM 18000 9 Provide and install handrails m 18000 10 Stone masonry for culverts m3 16000 11 Cleaning ditches for drainage blocked more than 30% of the top elevation area L.S 1200 12 Cleaning culvert for culvert blocked more than 30% NO 25000 13 Repair and maintenance of old riprap m2 1500 14 Construct new riprap m2 3500 15 Install new curbs (Paradoras) m 2000 16 Concrete Class C © m3 22000 17 Removal of asphalt with disposal, transportation and bed preparation m2 150 18 Removal of asphalt and base with disposal, transportation and bed preparation m2 200 19 Removal of asphalt and lower layers with disposal, transportation and bed preparation m2 300 20 Pothole repair with cold mix (< 100mm thick ,< 25m2 area) m2 5000 Pothole repair with site mix asphalt on stabilized base (50-100mm thick asphalt,150- 21 200mm thick base,<25m2 area) m2 4200 22 Application of coarse slurry seal (10mm) m2 350 23 Application of medium slurry seal (5mm) m2 250 24 Subgrade failure repair with selected material (200mm thick) m3 1000 25 Provide and place asphalt concrete m3 37000 26 Provide and place granular base course m3 1800 27 Crack sealing m 200 28 Provide and apply prime coat m2 150 29 Provide and apply tack coat m2 180 30 Shoulder cleaning m2 100 31 Shoulder leveling with selected material m3 1000 32 Removal and disposal of excess material at shoulders for 5km m3 400 33 Shoulder trimming m2 50 34 Install pipe culvert (600mm diameter) m 34000 35 Install pipe culvert (900mm diameter) m 40000 36 Install pipe culvert (1500mm diameter) m 68000 37 Pavement marking (white and yellow thermoplastic reflective paint) m 220 38 Install subsoil filter drains (400mm thick ) m3 5000 39 Install directional roads signs (with small sign face (A < 1.0 m²) with single post No 90000 40 Install warning roads signs with small sign face (A < 1.0 m²) with single post No 50000 41 Maintain expansion joints m 500 42 Provide and install concrete slab for culverts (3.5 *1.5*0.20) m No 45000 22 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 1.3 Specific Characteristics of the project The specific characteristics of each road section of the Taiz sub-project are summarized below. General views along each road are shown in the photographic evidence (Plates 1 to plate 20, pages 30-39). The sub-project will require setting up of one labor camp for about 100 workers. The location of the camp was not known during the time of the ESMP preparation. Table 1.3: Characteristics of the twenty road sections that were identified during site surveys Note : General views along the road are shown in (Plates 1- 20 ) Road Road characteristics No. 1 Al Bareh-Maqbanah-Saqam (first phase) -22.7Km road This alignment branches from Al Barh-Taiz road, at Al Bareh town. It contains two roads, the first one starts from Mafraq Makbanah and ends at Makbanah village (Center of Makbanah District). The road is a narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches that passes through some wadis like wadi Alfahsha. It is characterized by rolling to mountainous terrain with gentle slopes start ing at MafraqSaqam and some acute dangerous curves. The second one starts from Mafraq Saqam as an asphalt road that continues for 2.5 km and then ends. It is characterized by rolling terrain. In general both roads are in very bad condition especially the Al Barh-Taiz road one in many sections and there is civil works in some sections aims to protect body roads from floods. General views of the road are shown in Plate 1, page 30. The road is located within Makbanah district. It connects villages and medium density populated area to the main national network. The major villages are Makbanah and Saqam. Land availability that can use for multipurposes is medium. The main land uses on both s ides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Culverts protection from flood and rehabilitation of damaged road section. - Falling rocks in many sections to drainage system or direct to asph alt layer. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, - management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 2 Al kamb Road – Makbanah - 19.7km tertiary road. This alignment branches from Al barh-Taiz road, at Al Kamb village. It runs through Alkamb, till it ends at Makbanah village (Center of Mak-banah District), where it meets road no. 1. The road is a narrow 6m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches in some section . In general, the road has no shoulders or side ditches in many sections. It is passes through rolling to mountainous terrain with some acute dangerous curves. General views along road are shown in Plate 2, page 30. The road is located within Makbanah district. It connects villages and density populated area to the main national network. Main villages are Makbanah and Al-Gabri. Land availability is high, main land uses on both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Drainage system and rehabilitation of damaged road section. - Provision of safety measures at some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as, coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 23 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 3 Al Bareh-Al Wazeaiah- Al Ahiooq -37 Km road This alignment branches from Al Barh-Taiz road (Part from Taiz-Allhodidah after Albarh Cement Factory), at Mafraq Al Wazeaiah – Alahiooq. It runs through Mozaa and Alwazeaiah district, till it ends before Al- Alahiooq village by a non-asphalt road. The road to Alahiooq is a branch off the road that reaches to the center of Mawzaa district. The road is a narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It crosses many wadis, some of them without bridges . It passes through rolling to mountainous terrain but it becomes gentle to steep slopes and some acute dangerous cu rves especially for the branch to Alahiooq. General views along road are shown in Plate 3, page 31. The road is located within Mawzaa and Al-Wazeiah districts. It connects villages and small to medium density populated area to the main national network. The main villages are Alwazeaiah and Alahiooq. Land availability is small-medium, main land uses on both sides of the road are agricultural, ,pasture, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road section. - Falling rocks in many sections to drainage systems or direct to asphalt layer. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as, coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply , electrical facilities and cultural resources. 4 Al Mafraq-Mocha road- 44 km Main road This alignment branches from Taiz-Alhodaidah main asphalt road, runs through flat and scarce area, till it ends at Mocha city. The road is a narrow 8m asphalt pavement with side ditches and shoulders. It is characterized by flat terrain. General views along the road are shown in Plate 4, page 31. The road is located within Mocha district. It connects villages and sparsely populated areas to the main national network. Land availability is scarce, main land use on both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Furthermore, it is an important link between Mocha terminal and other districts in both Taiz and Ibb Governorates and also northern region. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and drainage culverts - Provision of safety measures . - Impacts of socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals, maintain good relations with community and management of contractor camp. - Replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. - This alignment creates a barrier for the movement of wildlife between beach and inner land. - Saline water in wetlands adjacent to road may cause damages to road. - Slope stability of steep curves. 5 Mocha – Ras Al Arah with Branches (135 km ) This alignment is a section of an international coastal road. It starts from Mocha City at the western coastal plain in the west of Taiz Gov. and runs in flat terrain beside western cost to the end of road beside southern cost at Alsokaia village which is located near the coast. The road is 8m asphalt pavement with side shoulders. It is characterized by flat terrain mostly with vacant areas. Topography is mostly coastal plain with many sections pass through wetlands that effected the road by water salinity r and some moving sand sections. General views along road are shown in plate 5, page 32. The road is located within Mocha and Bab Almandab districts (Taiz) and RasAlarah district (Lahj). It connects low density populated area to main national network. The main cities are Mocha and Dubab and the main villages are Alkhadha and Algaded. It is an important link between Taiz and northern region to Lahj, Aden and southern region, where it is used mainly by high trucking traffic volume. Land is mostly vacant, main land uses are grazing, commercial and housing. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Cleaning and removal of accumulated sand from road surface and drainage culverts - Provision of safety measures at dangerous stretches. - Impacts of socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals, maintain good relations with 24 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ community and management of contractor camp. - This alignment creates a barrier for the movement of wildlife between beach and inner land. - Mocha and Dobab are environmentally sensitive sites, which is beach sump area rich in plants Mangrove - Saline water in Wet land adjacent to road, may cause damages to road. 6 Al Hudaidah – Mocha road (67 km) This alignment starts at Mocha city (Mocha district) on ALhodaidah -Taiz main road, and runs in flat terrain through Mocha and Alkhokha districts. The road ends at Altehetah town. The road is 8m asphalt pavement with side shoulders. It is characterized by flat terrain mostly with vac ant areas. Topography is mostly desert, with some agricultural spots. General views along the road are shown in plate 6, page 32. The road is located within Mocha and Alkhokha districts . It connects villages and low to mediam density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Yaktol and Wadi Almalik. This road and road (5) are located on the same alignment w. It is an important link between Alhodaidah to Taiz and southern region. Land along the road is on both sides of the road are for grazing, agricultural, commercial and housing with many desert spots. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Cleaning and removal of accumulated sand from road surface and drainage culverts. - Provision of safety measures at dangerous curves. - Socio-economic issues should be considered such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water su pply, and electrical facilities. 7 Taiz - Al Turbah -Algahli -77Km road. This alignment branches from Taiz city that starts from BerBasha at Taiz city on Taiz Alhodidah road- and runs through rolling to terrain with some hills and small mountains and many Wadis till it ends at Al Turbah city. Then from the branch in Al Turbah to Al gahli village in Al Macatera ' province. The road is a narrow 8m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by mountainous terrain of medium slopes and dangerous curves. General views along road are sh own in plate 7, page 33. The road is located within many districts . It connects villages and medium to High density populated area to main national network. The main cities are Al turbah , Alsamsarah and Almarkz and the main villages is Sharaf Shargab. Land availability is high, main land uses on both sides of the road are agricultural terraces, housing and facilities. Furthermore, it is link between Taiz and southern region Taur Al Baha in Lahj and northern region. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability of mountainous cuts with fallen stones and soil during rain seasons. - Provision of safety measures for dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as, coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. - Environmentally sensitive location at Wadi Aldubab Crossing. - Pollution may occur from inadequate solid and liquid waste management. 8 Assafiah -Bani Omar. 14km tertiary road This alignment branches from Al Turbah-Taiz road. It runs through Al-Shamaiateen district, till it ends at non asphalt road. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by rolling to semi- mountainous terrain with gentle slopes and some acute dangerous curve. The road is located within the Al-Shamaiateen district. It connects villages and medium density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Alkhaf and Alaram. Land availability is high, main land uses on both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and vendors facilities. General views along road are shown in plate 8, page 33. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: . - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Pollution of Wadi Aqqan from improper solid and liquid waste management. 25 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ - Socio-economic issues such as, coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources 9 Al-Dhabab road – Al Monam – Yafres road 4.5km tertiary road. This alignment is a part of road 7. It is located in very important area of Taiz (Wadi Al Dhabab) that is located in Gabal Hibachi district. It starts from Mafraq Gabal Habachi to Mafraq Yafres and runs through agricultural lands with intense vegetation. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by rolling to semi- mountainous terrain with and some acute dangerous curves. General views along road are shown in plate 9, page 34. The road is located within Gabal Habachi district. It connects villages and medium to high density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Al-Monam and Yafros. Land availability is high, main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road in both sides of the road. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Pollution of Wadi Al Dhabab from improper solid and liquid waste management. - Socio-economic issues such as, coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 10 Al Nashamah-Qadas. 30km main road. This alignment continues from roads 6&7 that run through mountainous terrain, with acute curves till it ends in SokAlahd, Al Mwaset province. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by rolling to mountainous terrain of steep slopes and dangerous curves. The road is located within Al maafer and Almwaset districts . It connects villages and medium to high density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Alnawbah and Alshoaib. Land availability is high and main land uses on both sides of the road are agricultural terraces, housing and facilities. Furthermore, it is an important link between Taiz and northern region to TawrAlbaha and southern region. General views along road are shown in plate 10, page 34. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability of mountainous cuts with fallen stones and soil during rain seasons, - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as , coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 11 Qadas - Al Samsarah-17.6km This alignment is a part of the Al Turbah-Taiz road. It runs through the Al-Moasit district, till it ends in Al- Samsarah. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by rolling – mountainous to mountainous terrain with gentle slopes and acu te dangerous curves. General views along road are shown in plate 11, page 35. The road is located within Al-Moasit and Al-Shmaeateen districts. It connects villages and high density populated area to main national network. Main villages are Mataran and Sen ah. Land availability is high and main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural terraces, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road near Naqil Mataran . - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Pollution of Wadi aqqan from improper solid and liquid waste management. - Socio-economic issues such as, coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 26 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 12 Soq Al Ahad -Bani Hammad11,7,km tertiary road. This alignment connects road 10, which is a part of Alturbah-Taiz road. It runs through Al-Moasit district, till it ends at Al-Bani Hammad . The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by s mountainous terrain with gentle slopes and some acute dangerous curves. (plate 12, page 35). The road is located within Al-Moasit and Alshmaieateen districts. It connects villages and medium density populated area to main national network. Main villages is Alain . Land availability is high, main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Pollution from improper solid and liquid wastet. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 13 As Sabbabah-Al Haqeebah This alignment branches from Al Turbah-Taiz road. It runs through Al-Shamaiateen district, till the end. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by rolling to semi- mountainous terrain with gentle slopes and some acute dangerous curves (plate 13, page 36). The road is located within Al-Shamaiateen district. It connects villages and high density populated area to main national network. Land availability is high main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Pollution from improper solid and liquid waste management. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources 14 Haifan -Al Mafalis -Toor Al bahah. This alignment branches from Haifan district. It runs through Haifan district, till it ends Wadi Maaden in Toor Al bahah. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by mountainous to rolling terrain with gentle slopes and some acute dangerous curves. (plate 14, page 36). The road is located within Haifan and Al-Sabaiha districts. It connects villages and medium to high density populated area to main national network. Main villages are Haifan Alawsat and Alkhazagah. Land availability is medium, main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road in many sites. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts . - Pollution from improper solid and liquid waste management. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 15 Al kharass -Bani Ali This alignment branches from Haifan district center. It runs through Alagabirah privacy, till the end of road. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by mountainous terrain with gentle slopes and some acute dangerous curves. (plate 15, page 37). 27 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ The road is located within Haifan district. It connects villages and medium density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Alnawbah and Algalaibahi. Land availability is low, main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural in terraces, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches . - Pollution of dam from improper solid and liquid waste management. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 16 Al Rahidah -Dhamran with Al Mazaberah branch This alignment branches from Al rahidah – Nawbat Dokaim road, just before Al Rahidah Town. It runs through Al-Qabaitah district, till it ends at Al-Qatahat village. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by rolling to mountainous terrain with gentle slopes and some acute dangerous curves. (plate 16, page 37). The road is located within Al-Maqaterah district. It connects villages and medium density populated area to main national network. Main villages is Alhisewah. Land availability is medium, main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability of mountainous cuts with fallen stones and soil during rain seasons, - Preparing the damage in road protection and some culverts . - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 17 Al Ain-Fawfalah-Samea'a This alignment branches from Taiz -Al Rahidah road, at Ademnah town. It runs through kadeer district, till it ends at Fawfalah village. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by flat to rolling terrain with some acute dangerous curves. (plate 17, page 38). The road is located within Kadeer and Samea'a districts . It connects villages and medium density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Al wadi and Habil. Land availability is high, main land uses of both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road near Moreeb vellage. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Pollution of lands from improper solid and liquid waste management. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 18 Taiz - JabalSabar - Al Aros17km tertiary road This alignment branchs from Taiz (starts from Almogaleah). It runs through mountains terrain with some hills till it ends at the top of Gabal Saber, at Heleocabter airport related to Military Station in AlAros r village, Mashra'a and Hadanan district. The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by mountainous terrain of steep slopes and dangerous curves. (plate 18, page 38). The road is located within Mashra'a and Hadanan district. It connects villages and high density populated area to main national network. Main villages are Quradah and Alaredah . La nd availability is low.The main land uses on both sides of the road are agricultural terraces, housing and facilities especially for tourism. 28 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ The road is an important link to Taiz and other region. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability of mountainous cuts with fallen stones and soil during rain seasons, - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 19 Al Ganad - Mawiah. 17km tertiary road. This alignment branches from Taiz-Sana'a road, at Mafrak Mawiah. It runs through Al-Ganad and Mawiah districts, till it ends at Mawiah village (Center of Mawiah district). The road is narrow 7m asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by flat to rolling terrain with some acute dangerous curves. General views along road are shown in plate 19, page 39. The road is located within Mawiah district. It connects villages and medium density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Mawiah and Alsweda. Land availability is high and main land uses on both sides of the road are agricultural, housing and facilities. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Slope stability and rehabilitation of damaged road section. - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and culverts. - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 20 Ibb- Algand 1okm This alignment is a section from Taiz-Sana'a road, and it is part of International road. It runs through flat to rolling terrain. The road is wide and has two ways asphalt pavement with shoulders and side ditches. It is characterized by crow. The road situation is good (plate 20, page 39). The road is located within Al-Ganad and Al-Qaiedah districts. It connects high density populated area to main national network. The main villages are Al-Ganad and Al-Qaseer. The main land uses on both sides of the road are stores, housing and facilities. The road is an important link between Taiz and southern region to Ibb and northern region. Main environmental issues are primarily related to: - Preparing the shoulders . - Provision of safety measures of some dangerous curves. - Cleaning and removal of accumulated debris from drainage ditches and . - Socio-economic issues such as coordination with locals and maintain good relations with community, management of contractor camp, replacement and/or take care of existing water supply, electrical facilities and cultural resources. 29 ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 1: General Views of Road No. (1‬‬ ‫‪Al Bareh-Maqbanah-Saqam (first phase) -22.7Km road‬‬ ‫)‪PLATE 2: General Views of Road No. (2‬‬ ‫‪Al kamb Road – Makbanah 19.7 k m‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 3: General Views of Road No. (3‬‬ ‫) ‪(Al Bareh-Al Wazeaiah- Al Ahiooq37km‬‬ ‫)‪PLATE 4: General Views of Road No. (4‬‬ ‫)‪(Al Mafraq-Moca44 km Road‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 5: General Views of Road No. (5‬‬ ‫)‪(Moca – Ras Al Arah135 km‬‬ ‫)‪PLATE 6: General Views of Road No. (6‬‬ ‫)‪Al Hiudaidah -Moca 70 km Road‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪PLATE 7: General Views of Road No7 Taiz - Al Turbah -Al gahli -77Km road.‬‬ ‫)‪PLATE 8: General Views of Road No. (8 (Al-Dhabab road – Al Monam – Yafres road18KM‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 9: General Views of Road No. (9‬‬ ‫)‪(Al Nashamah-Qadas Road‬‬ ‫)‪PLATE 10: General Views of Road No. (10‬‬ ‫)‪(AS safiah-Bani Omar. 14km tertiary road‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 11: General Views of Road No. (11‬‬ ‫)‪(Al Samsarah-Qadas‬‬ ‫‪PLATE 12: General Views of Road No. (12) ( Soq Al Ahad -Bani Hammad11,7,km tertiary‬‬ ‫)‪road.‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 13: General Views of Road No. (13‬‬ ‫‪( As Sabbabah-Al Haqeebah‬‬ ‫)‪PLATE 14: General Views of Road No. (14‬‬ ‫)‪Haifan -Al Mafalis -Toor Al bahah.‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 15: General Views of Road No. (15‬‬ ‫‪Al kharass -Bani Ali Km road‬‬ ‫‪PLATE 16: General Views of Road No. (16 Al Rahidah -Dhamran with Al Mazaberah branch -‬‬ ‫‪22.7Km‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 17: General Views of Road No. (17‬‬ ‫‪Al Ain-Fawfalah-Samea'a‬‬ ‫)‪PLATE 18: General Views of Road No. (18‬‬ ‫‪Taiz - JabalSabar - Al Aros17km tertiary road‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫)‪PLATE 19: General Views of Road No. (19‬‬ ‫‪Al Ganad - Mawiah. 17km tertiary road .7Km road‬‬ ‫‪PLATE 20: General Views of Road No. (20 )Ibb- Algand road 10km‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWROK 2.1 Yemen Environmental policies and legislation Since 1990, the Government of Yemen has established institutions with responsibilities for environmental management, joined International Conventions and continues to develop sector legislation and procedures. A National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) was adopted in 1995 and the Environmental Protection Law (EPL) was enacted a year later. The NEAP established priority issues and actions in the main environmental fields such as “Water Resources, Land Resources, Natural Habitats, and Waste Management”. Despite these efforts, Yemen continues to face serious environmental problems such as severe water crisis leading to loss of arable land, forests and unique habitats; waste pollution negatively affecting populations’ health. These issues cause poverty and reduced development opportunities in the country. The Environment Protection Law (EPL) number 26 of 1995 legislates on the protection of the environment, and permits Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The provisions of this law are implemented through Executive Regulations (By-Law 148-2000), issued by a decree of the Cabinet to protect the Environment, Natural Resources, Society, and Health. Accordingly, the Law No. 26, the EMP is required for projects during the maintenance phase (information confirmed by the Environmental Protection Authority). The law equally stipulates the incorporation of environmental considerations in economic development plans at all levels and stages of planning for all sectors. It also requires the preparation of EIAs for projects proposed by the public and private sectors. In addition, Yemen is signatory of more than 20 International Conventions on environmental issues like:  Framework Convention on Climate Chang FCCC (1995).  Convention on Biological Diversity (1995).  Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1995).  Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1995).  Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1995).  United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCD (1996).  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES (1997).  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants POP’s (2002).  The Ramsar Convention of Wetlands (2001).  The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (2002).  Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (2002).  Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2004).  Protocol concerning Regional Cooperation of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden Environment (1982).  Regional Convention for the Conversation of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden PERSEGA (1982).  Convention concerning the protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1980). 40 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 2.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies The World Bank has ten operational safeguard policies, which apply to various development projects that the Bank is either implementing or funding. The purpose of these policies is to ensure that social and environmental risks are prevented or at least minimized while increasing socio-economic benefits of approved projects in addition to preserving the environment. These policies have been a means to increase the effectiveness and positive impacts of development projects and programs supported by the Bank. The Bank’s 10 safeguard p olicies are presented in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered Applicability Policy Reference to RAMP 1 Environmental Assessment OP/BP 4.01 Yes 2 Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 No 3 Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.04 No 4 Physical Cultural Resources OP/BP 4.11 No 5 Pest Management OP/BP 4.09 No 6 Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.10 No 7 Forests OP/BP 4.36 No 8 Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37 No 9 Projects in Disputed Areas OP/BP 7.60 No 10 Projects on International Waterways OP/BP 7.50 No The scope of works and the expected minor environmental and social impacts of the project allow to classify the project as category B. The project triggers the Bank Safeguards Policy on Environmental Assessment OP 4.01. This sub-project does not involve construction of new roads. The realignment of existing roads and road widening would not be considered. All the maintenance activities will be limited to existing road tracks. The road maintenance will not involve any involuntary taking of land or involuntary restriction of access to economic assets for livelihood. No squatters and encroachers are found on any of the roads to be supported by the project. Therefore, the Bank policy on Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 is not triggered. The Environmental Assessment takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land), human health and safety and social aspects (involuntary resettlement, physical cultural resources, etc.), in addition to trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. Useful guidelines and manuals that need to be considered during the ESMP phase of the project include:  The World Bank Participation Source book.  Safeguard Policy Basics – Redbook.  Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines issued by the World Bank.  Roads and the Environment. A Handbook. World Bank Technical Paper 376.  Doing Better Business through Effective Public Consultation and Disclosure – A good Practice Manual, issued by IFC. 41 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 3. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DATA 3.1 Physical Resources Physical Region 3.1.1 Governorate location: The physiographic characteristics of the sub-project area are very diverse. Taiz Governorate is located in the southwestern part of the Republic of Yemen, between latitudes 12 o - 14o North of the equator and between longitudes 43 o - 45o East of Greenwich. Taiz borders the provinces of Ibb and Hoddaidah governorates from the north parts of the governorates of Dali and Ibb from the east and overlooking the Red Sea from the west (Figure 1.1 and Figure 3.1). The proposed sub-project serves 18 districts with a total road length of 640.2 km and includes 20 roads. The terrain type of these roads vary between flat (4 roads) to rolling (2 roads) to mountainous (3 roads), the rest are a mix of flat to rolling- mountainous (Figure 3.2) terrain. Figure 3.1: Physical Regions of Yemen Taiz Governorate includes a large chain of mountains interspersed by many valleys, plains and as well as vast areas of the coastline of the Red Sea. There are many mountains chains with heights ranging between 1000 - 3200 meters above sea level (Figure 3.2). The most important mountain chains stretch from the northern parts of the province, where it forms an extension of the mountain range towards the south, north and east. The most well-known of these mountains are: 42 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬  Saber Mountain;  Habashi Mountain;  Sameaa Mountain;  Qadas – Munief Mountain;  The highlands series located in the southern province of Taiz (2000-3000m high);  Alselo Mountain: is located southeast of the city of Taiz and the Fort and Castle Damlah;  Alwazeieaah Mountain: located in the west of the province of Taiz (1000-1500m);  Shara’ab Mountain and Maqbnah Mountains: Located in the northwestern province of Taiz (2000 meters high). The Governorate includes valleys, some with permanent water flow, but majority are dry valleys where water runs temporarily during the seasonal rainfall. It has a long coast, which extends from the Sokaia village in the south to the northern part of Wadi Almalik and Yaktool village beaches. Figure 3.2: Topographic map of Taiz Governorate (heights in meter). 43 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 3.1.2 Geology and Soils The complex geologic setting of Yemen is caused by the regional tectonic forces (continental drift) that controlled the formation of sedimentary rocks and impacted the present landscape. Due to the proximity to the Red Sea Rift Fault system, Yemen is moderately seismically active. The underlying geological strata in Taiz governorate are largely alluvial rocks created in the Quaternary by erosion of the nearby mountains. In addition, there is exposure of granite with quartz dykes in Gabal Saber Mountain (Figure 3.3). The soils are generally sandy to silty and loamy in coastal plains area. Soil erosion that caused by run-off and/or winds is often serious. Sand and dust storms across the lowlands and highlands, promote soil erosion. Figure 3.3: Geological map of Yemen. 3.1.3 Land Use The sub-project roads run in different topographical areas. Land use differs from coastal plains, where the population is occupied with fishing to agricultural and pasture in agricultural farms located in Wadi basins and in mountainous terraces that receive more rainfall. Figure 3.4 shows the agricultural zones of Yemen. Taiz is the most industrialized Governorate in Yemen. Mining industry is present in Khadeer and Alwaziea districts. 44 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Figure 3.4: Map of major farming zones in Yemen. 3.1.4 Climate Arid and semi-arid climate cover the coastal plains region and the lower mountain slopes in the west and south, with rainy summers and a cool, dry winter. Temperatures are generally high in the coastal areas, while the highlands enjoy a cool temperate. The mean temperature ranges from 20-28 degrees centigrade, while relative humidity ranges from 60-80%. Rainfall in this area ranges from 70-800 mm/year. In most areas the rainfall is insufficient for rain fed agriculture. In general the climate in the sub-project area is diverse and depends on the altitude and distance from the coast. The climate in the mountains and highlands is cold in winter and moderate in summer. While the lower parts of the Governorate is characterized by moderate climate in winter and warm to relatively hot in summer. The area located in western part of the governorate along the Red Sea coast is dry, warm in winter and hot in summer. 45 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ The season wind that comes from the Indian Ocean brings monsoon type of rains in the summer period in all parts of Taiz governorate. The higher elevations receive up to 800-900mm of rain annually. The coastal plain receives 70-150mm of rain per annum. Occasional rains are observed in the highlands during the winter period. Figure 3.5 shows the rainfall distribution in Yemen. Figure 3.5: Agro-climatic zones and rainfall distribution in Yemen. 3.1.5 Water Resources Taiz Governorate experience shortage of water. In Yemen's agriculture, water is crucial importance. In most areas the rainfall is insufficient for rain fed agriculture. The groundwater becomes over-used especially with increasing Qat cultivation. There are plans to build desalinization plants that will use seawater. Based on the field visits to Taiz sub-project alignments region, it was found that several systems are used for water harvesting (Table 3.6). Direct discharge to terraces from mountain tops roads located on mountain slopes are used to accumulate rainwater runoff. It is an established practice that farmers construct simple water harvesting structures with available local material on the existing tracks to divert rainwater runoff to terraces. Irrigation system Use of diversion channels to divert water from catchments areas. Farmers use local materials to build those channels used during rainfall when water is in abundance. This system is inefficient. 46 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Water Wells People use water from ponds and hand-dug and tube wells, scattered in the valleys and at some places along road alignments, to meet their demands for water for drinking and other household purposes. During our visits we noticed many wells, for instance: 1- There are many wells along Road 1. Most of them surface wells drilled from along time beside the road. Most have been improved by building concrete walls and installing pumping system with casing .300 and more in depth, at distances between 150 to 350m from the road. The wells supply water for drinking and crop irrigation.Reference materials indicate that wells in the area cross geological sections from alluvial deposits to sandstone (Figure 3.6). 2- There are many sub surface wells along Road 19. Often more than 60 m in depth at distances ranging from 300m-900m and more from the road, they are mainly used for Qat irrigation, so there is a large decrease in water level., refer to information and geological features in the area the well crossing alluvial deposits tertiary volcanic. Figure 3.6: Hydrological Provinces in Yemen. 47 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Table 3.1: Cultivated Land in Yemen by Type of Irrigation Distribution by Governorate (2001) Governorate (Muhafazat) Cultivated Land by Type of Irrigation (ha) Flood Water Groundwater irrigation Total Rain Water N Name Harvesting Spring Well Cultivated Harvesting (Spate) Irrigation Irrigation (ha) (ha) 1 Al-Beid a 13,622 3,205 801 9,082 26,710 2 Al-Dhaleh n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3 Al-Mahweet 14,738 3,468 867 9,826 28,899 4 Amran n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 5 Dhamar 49,678 11,689 2,922 33,119 97,408 6 Ibb 43,810 10,308 2,577 29,207 85,902 7 Sana'a 115,343 27,140 6,785 76,895 226,163 8 Sana'a City n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 9 Hajjah 31,355 7,378 1,844 20,903 61,480 10 Sa'adah 29,170 6,863 1,716 19,446 57,195 11 Taiz 35,661 8,391 2,098 23,774 69,924 12 Abyan 16,033 3,772 943 10,688 31,436 13 Aden 1,406 331 83 938 2,758 14 Al-Hodeidah 160,613 37,791 9,448 107,076 314,928 15 Laheg 11,144 2,622 656 7,429 21,851 16 Al-Jawf 24,903 5,860 1,465 16,602 48,830 17 Al-Mahrah 541 127 32 360 1,060 18 Hadramout 12,238 2,879 720 8,159 23,996 19 Mareb 46,363 10,909 2,727 30,908 90,907 20 Shabwah 4,925 1,159 290 3,283 9,657 Total 611,543 143,892 35,974 407,695 1,199,104 3.1.6 Air quality and noise 3.1.6.1 Air Quality Data on air quality in Yemen generally, and in the project area in particular, is extremely scarce. No air quality monitoring data for the project area was found. However, based on field visit, it was noticed that the air quality in the road regions is very good. No significant sources of point air pollution were identified. The non-point air pollution is caused by traffic. Yet, due to the limited volume of traffic, the low population density and the open areas through which the roads are passing, the current air quality is found to be of no concern. 3.1.6.2 Noise The field survey indicated that the current noise levels along the road alignments are low except in some locations like markets or that are relatively close to noisy activities along the road alignment. During the backlog maintenance works, minimum noise is expected from equipment in many roads like (No 2, 8 to 13, and 14). However, no noise is expected in the remaining roads because most of the maintenance activities will be carried out with hand held equipment and labor work such as cleaning and masonry works. Therefore, noise is seen as a minor concern in the sub-project area. 48 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 3.2 Environmental Resources Flora of Project Area The flora in the entire sub-project corridor is generally rather sparse and has been altered to various extents as a result of several types of pressure on the exiting natural habitats, primarily by agriculture and grazing. The vegetation in most part of the sub-project area is characterized by high diversity. It is used by the residents for their daily needs, for firewood and as rangeland for livestock. Wild plants are found everywhere along the routes with large diversity of mountainous plants, wadis plants. The common plant species observed along the sub-project road alignment and information collected from available records is shown in Table (3.2). Some grasses and small plant, and desert plants, costal plants like Mangrove and sea grasses exist at Mocha and Bab Almandab districts along road no. 5. Table 3.2: Most important plant species in Taiz Local Name Botanical Name TREES Asak Acacia asak Al Salam Acacia ehrenbergiana. Qarad Acacia etbaica Arafat Acacia nilotica Talah Acacia origena Somur Acacia tortilis Adad Delonix elata Qadhb Cadaba rotundifolia Mor Commiphora myrrha Taneb Cordia africana Lam. Sakam Ficus sycomorus Taulak Ficus vasta Arar Juniperus procera Arak, Suak Salvadora persica Alathl Tamarix aphylla Sedr, Elb Ziziphus spina-christi SHRUBS Sabbar Agave spp. Haumar Cadia purpurea Ussar Calotropis procera Arom Carissa edulis Khadar Grewia tentax Ausaj Lycium shawii Zedb Rhamnus staddo Athrob Rumex nervosus GRASSES HERBS AND CLIMBERS Halss Cissus rotundifolia Kharath Euphorbia cactus Balas Turki Opuntia ficus-indicus 50 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Fauna of Project Area There is a relatively rich wild life across the project area. The most important fauna reported in project area is listed in Table (3.3). Table 3.3: Most important fauna in project area Local Name English Name Zoological Name MAMMALS Qet barri Wild Cat Felis silvestris Alnems Common Mongoose Herpestres edwardsii Daba Hyena Hyaena hyaena Kerd Hamadryas Baboon Papio hamadryas Thalab Fox Vulpes bengalensis REPTILES Thuban Brown House Snakes Boaedon lineatus Afa’a Samah Viper Echis borkini Afa’a Yemen Amia Yemen Blind Snake Myriopholis yemenicus Lura Arabia Arabian Cobra Naja arabica BIRDS Hagal Partridge Alectoris melanocephala Al Nasr Alkabir Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga Ghurab House Crow Corvus splendens Malik Alhazin Western Reef-Heron Egretta gularis Alnawras Alaswad Black backed Gull Larus fuscus Alnawras Almuskham Sooty Gull Larus hemprichii Hamam pigeon Hodhod Hoopoe Sakr Falcon The most common livestock in the area are goats and sheep. People also raise cows, camels and donkeys. Roads no.4 and 5 form barrier for free movement of wildelife between the beach ecosystem and semi-desert ecosystems. The coastal road alignment passes Mocha – Ras Alarah, which includes salt marshes and three environmentaly sensitive sites at a distance of less than 1km from road project. 1- South of Al-Makha, five kilometres south of Al-Makha, a very thin belt of stunted Avicennia marina extends for 150m along the shore. This stand has been severely damaged by camel grazing. It is approximately 700 m away from the road aligment). 2- Between Al-Kadaha and Al-Ubaidah: A long stand of Avicennia marina mangrove extends for 16km from El-Kadaha (7km south of El-Makha) in the north to Al-Ubaidah in the south. This stand is very narrow, mostly 20-50m wide but up to 100m wide at a few sites, and severely impacted. It is buried in sand in some areas and grazed along its outer margins. Most of the mangroves in this stand appear to receive seawater frequently through tidal channels. Excessive sedimentation by sand is severely impacting tidal water flow in some of the channels. It is approximately 600 m away from the road aligment). 51 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 3- Al-Ghurairah village near Bab al-Mandab is the biggest fishing settlement on the Red Sea Coast of Yemen. A relatively long narrow inlet emerges from a bay in the village and extends north-east for 3km. In the upper 1.5km of the channel, both banks are fringed by a dense stand of Avicennia marina mangrove. Tree height reaches 0.5-1.5m in the outer stand and 1.0-4.0m in the inner stand. Over the past few years, sand dunes have increasingly buried the narrow entrance of the Khor thus significantly reducing the flow of tidal water and the water level in the inlet. This has caused mass mortality of mangroves in the upper reaches. The mass mortality area was 100 x 500m, with well above 2,500 dead trees. Cutting of the living trees is very limited; local inhabitants collect dead trunks and dry wood. The living part of the mangrove stand also suffers from camel grazing on the outer fringes and limited pollution from domestic solid wastes. It is approximately 750m from the road aligment (see Table 3.4). These sites consist of fine mud and sand fractures with small rocks. There is also a coarse sand and gravel desert coastal plain in the surrounding area. The coast includes salt marshes at a distance of less than 1km from the road project in addition to the sea grasses. These sites are not nature protected area so far. They are still under declaration, although they contain hosts of protected species (see Figure 3.7). Table 3.4 Location and extent of mangrove stands surveyed in Yemen, July and August 2002 Stand site Position site Position Approximate Stand code RSY27 5km south of El-Makha 13° 16’N, 43° 15’E 0.15 RSY28 Between Al-Kadaha and Al- 13° 08’N, 43° 18’E 16.0 Ubaidah RSY29 El-Ghurairah at Bab al-Mandab 12° 44’N, 43° 28’E 1.5 52 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Figure 3.7: Location of Mangrove in relation to the coastal road alignment no. 5. Agricultural crops The majority of the population along the project road alignment depends on agricultural activities. Most cultivable lands are found along the Wadis. Mostly Maize and Millet are grown in large quantities along the route. The fruit trees, such as Mango and Banana, were encountered along many roads as (8, 9, 10 and 11). 3.3 Socio-economic and Cultural 3.3.1 Population The data presented in Table 3.5 shows that the total population of districts benefiting from the project reaches 1,808,519 inhabitants (2014 estimations). See Photographs illustrating the road sections presented in plates 1 through 20. 53 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Table 3.5: Population and Settlements of Taiz Governorate - (2014 estimated) Total Total Number of AREA Density DISTRICT Population Population HH (family) km2 P/km 2004 2014 Maqbanah 28,965 186955 227435 1,168 160.1 Al Mocha 10,477 62471 79058 1617 38.6 Bab al mandab 3,050 18115 23095 1,557 11.6 Mawza 5,800 35054 44216 655 52.7 JabalHabashi 18,036 . 146407 309 387.8 Mashra'ahwaHadnan 3,898 24544 29871 14,8 250 Sabir Al Mawadim 16,358 109533 133299 202 79.3 Al Misrakh 14,140 100284 122796 91 1,1 Khadir 17,182 112653 143739 460 244.9 As Silw 8,005 49832 60611 89 559.9 Ash Shim'yatayn 28,970 152846 188482 918 27.9 Al Wazi'iyah 4,431 26790 32480 439 61 Haifan 13,660 75288 92105 197 61.7 Al Ma'afer 17,856 110924 135188 208,6 80.8 Al Mawasid 17,449 115857 140813 208,8 83 Mawiyah 20448 129765 158461 709 28.8 Sa ma 5,928 41464 50463 208 198.8 Total 234,653 1472193 1808519 6328,925 325 3.3.2 Poverty Status This project will help to eliminate poverty through improving the working environment. Through consultations with the local population during the study to the need to focus on the importance of providing employment opportunities for the local population, which will play a big role in promoting the interest of the population: increase their income and improve the investment environment as a whole, resulting in improving the economy aspects of the population in general, was pointed out. The province suffers from a relatively high rate of poverty. On average, up to 35% of the population lives below the poverty line. Please refer to the Tables 3.6 and 3.7. Table 3.6: Poverty status in the Taiz Governorate/ Number of Number of Number of Poor affected by Poor affected by District poor by rural poor by urban poor by poverty gap poverty intensity district district district Mawiyah 52,834 1,490 54,323 14,765 5,681 Maqbanah 40,767 357 41,125 11,048 4,203 Al Mukha 61,748 1,494 63,242 18,163 7,212 Bab al mandab 80,502 1,527 82,029 23,650 9,351 Mawza 25,654 5,918 31,572 9,737 4,041 JabalHabashi 9,589 622 10,210 3,648 1,680 Mashra'ahwaHadnan 16,407 1,653 18,060 5,377 2,179 Sabir Al Mawadim 50,626 1,507 52,132 14,443 5,547 Al Misrakh 7,240 - 7,240 1,767 626 54 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Khadir 45,675 - 45,675 12,815 5,039 As Silw 40,318 1,095 41,413 11,276 4,330 Ash Shim'yatayn 42,566 9,669 52,235 15,614 6,333 Al Wazi'iyah 22,325 - 22,325 6,777 2,820 Haifan 56,267 4,887 61,154 17,047 6,696 Al Ma'afer - 38,032 38,032 10,108 3,889 Al Mawasid - 23,990 23,990 5,851 2,121 Sa ma - 29,580 29,580 7,768 2,913 Total 594,850 121,943 716,791 202,010 79,516 Source: Yemen Poverty Assessment, Volume 11, and Nov.2007 3.3.3 Services and Facilities in the sub-project area Local people have difficulties getting access to basic public services, such as health, education, water supply and sewage in many districts (Table 3.7). Table 3.7 Access to Basic Public Services in Taiz Governorate % of HH % of HH % of HH % of HH % of HH Illiteracy No. Using Wood with Health District Name with with with water Ratio Adult & Coal Facilities Electricity sewerage sources Both Sexes 1 Mawiyah 40.7 6.6 77.9 78.2 68.7 57.0 2 Maqbanah 76.0 82.9 84.2 7.1 44.8 57.2 3 Al Mukha 41.59 70.31 79.81 79.59 6.70 41.59 4 Bab al mandab 70.3 79.8 79.6 6.7 41.6 57.2 5 Mawza 93.85 91.88 93.67 11.17 66.17 68.3 6 JabalHabashi 68.7 78.2 77.9 6.6 40.7 56.7 7 Mashra'ahwaHadnan 73.0 81.6 81.9 6.9 43.1 58.2 8 Sabir Al Mawadim 69.6 79.2 78.9 6.7 41.2 57.2 9 Al Misrakh 72.5 81.3 81.6 6.9 42.8 58.2 10 Khadir 85.6 86.9 88.5 8.2 51.6 62.1 11 As Silw 80.3 84.9 86.6 7.5 47.6 60.6 12 Ash Shim'yatayn 70.5 80.0 79.8 6.7 41.7 57.8 13 Al Wazi'iyah 92.9 91.3 93.0 10.5 63.2 66.8 14 Haifan 77.9 83.7 85.3 7.3 46.0 59.6 15 Al Mudhaffar 69.8 79.4 79.1 6.7 41.3 57.0 16 Al Mawasid 42.8 6.8 81.4 81.2 72.4 57.9 17 Sa ma 61.3 10.1 92.7 90.8 92.3 66.1 55 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 4.1 Impact Scoping This section of the report addresses the impact scoping findings. The impact scoping exercise was conducted by the consultant for the backlog repairs works to identify key potential impacts. Input from the public and various authorities consulted during this process are also considered and incorporated. Scoping provides guidelines to better understand the possible negative environmental and social impacts that will require mitigation measures. The most sensitive physical resources in relation to the project activities were found to be noise level and air quality (including dust concentration). Job creation was found to be the most sensitive social aspect. The implementation of this project will inevitably bring some impact on the natural environment. The impacts involve mainly 3 aspects: 1. The implementation of the project will affect transportation. 2. The implementation will cause dust emission and noise. 3. The implementation will destroy some green land. The project activities that are likely to cause more deterioration for environmental quality and social integrity are:  Earthworks.  Generation, storage and disposal of debris and construction waste.  Trucking of construction materials.  Resurfacing of roads.  Slope side stabilization and building of gabions. Impacts of these activities are analyzed for 22 physical, environmental, biodiversity and social aspects. The most sensitive aspects are identified to be noise levels, air quality including dust concentration and local employment (Table 4.1). The result of the scoping exercise indicated that the earthworks can produced negative impacts regarding soil erosion, slope stability, surface runoff, hydrology, noise, agricultural land, air quality (including dust), habitat change, vegetation and wildlife movement. Generation, temporary storage and disposal of debris and construction waste are likely to lead to deterioration of environmental quality and social status. This activity is predicted to have minor negative impacts on the siltation, slope stability, surface runoff, agricultural land, air quality, vegetation, wild life movement and landscape. Trucking of materials is predicted to cause increasing of noise levels, vibration and deterioration of air quality (including dust concentration). Road resurfacing is predicted to lead to increase noise levels, deterioration of air quality and reduced safety during the repairs works. 56 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Slope stabilization and gabion works can impact negatively on soil erosion, noise, air quality and vegetation. Repairs of drainage system can impact negatively noise levels, air quality and vegetation. Storage of diesel and oil, and refueling of vehicles is expected to cause contamination risk to agricultural land, surface and groundwater and safety of project staff. The setting up and operation of labor camp may create minor increase of noise levels, taking of agricultural land and deterioration of landscape value. Because this project does not involve the construction of new roads and realignment of existing roads would not be considered, the negative impacts associated with resettlement and land acquisition are not expected. The expected negative social and environmental impacts associated with the construction and operations of these RAMP sub-projects are minor, localized and can be mitigated. They are temporary and following the short-term repairs works. So they will be replaced by positive impacts in terms of reduced soil erosion, slope stability and surface runoff. Most of the expected beneficial impacts of the project during the repairs phase are related to the social and economic aspects including: generation of local employment and stimulation of local social and economic development. Overall, the beneficial impacts of the RAMP-Taiz sub- project on physical and natural resources, safety, job creation and local economic development outweigh the expected negative impacts. Table 5.1 below presents a matrix of potential impacts associated with the implementation of the sub-project and likely to occur. The key activities during backlog repairs activities are listed against natural/environmental media, biodiversity and social aspects. The estimated magnitudes and types of impacts are also presented. 57 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Table 4.1: Impact Assessment Scoping Matrix for the backlog repair phase of Taiz sub-project Impact Category Natural Resources Environmental Media and Biodiversity Social Ecosystem Fragmentation Local economic develop. Ambient Noise/Vibration Nature Protected Areas Air Quality and dust Wildlife Movement Agricultural Land Species Diversity Habitat Change Surface Runoff Project Activities Slope Stability Surface Water Resettlement Groundwater Topography Soil Erosion Job creation Vegetation Hydrology Landscape Siltation Safety Excavation works L L L L L L L L L 0 L L 0 L L L 0 0 0 B 0 0 Generation of debris and construction waste 0 L L L 0 0 0 L 0 0 L 0 0 L L L 0 0 L B 0 0 Repairs of retaining walls L B B B 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L L 0 0 B B 0 B Slope stabilization, building of gabions L 0 0 L 0 0 L 0 0 0 L 0 0 L 0 L 0 0 0 B 0 0 Trucking materials 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L B 0 B Restorations of shoulders L B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B B 0 B Drainage restoration, repairs of culverts and B 0 B B B 0 L 0 B 0 L B 0 0 0 B 0 0 B B 0 B side ditches Road resurfacing 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L B 0 B Storage of diesel/oils 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L L L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 Operation of labor camp 0 0 0 0 0 0 L L 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 L 0 0 0 B 0 B Legend: L= Low adverse impact; M= Medium adverse impact; H= High adverse impact; B= Beneficial impact (bold – high); 0=no impact Sensitive environmental and social aspects, most disturbing construction activities Negative or positive impacts of particular attention 58 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 4.2 SPECIFIC IMPACTS DURING THE BACKLOG ROAD REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE This section describes in more detail the environmental and social impacts of the project during the backlog road repairs and maintenance phase that were identified in the scoping exercise. The details of the consultation with the local communities are presented in chapter 9. 4.2.1 Impact of construction and domestic waste generation, storage and disposal Road repairs and maintenance will inevitably result in the generation of soil, debris and asphaltic waste. Improper disposal of wastes from works can potentially lead to the contamination of soils and watercourses. When spoil material from road excavation or surplus fill is dumped along the side of the road, it can damage vegetation, contribute to erosion and slope stability problems and destroy terraces or other agricultural land. Such waste can block also access roads, and lead to dust arising. The impact of dominant agricultural mountain terraces in Yemen should be mitigated. In addition, equipment maintenance and fuelling may cause contamination of soils and watercourses because of improper or careless handling and storage of petroleum products (lubricants, fuels, oil or solvents). Moreover, domestic waste will arise from the contractor’s site compound, workshop, asphalt mixing and inadequate sanitation. During site surveys, it was noticed that the areas adjacent to roads no. 14, 15, 16, 18 and 8 are very sensitive to the impacts associated with the storage and disposal of debris and solid construction wastes. This is due to the scarcity of land, and existence of agricultural terraces or property below these roads. The area adjacent to roads no. 5 and 6 are potentially sensitive to the impacts associated with the disposal of liquid and solid waste as it runs along, and is in close proximity to the coast. Roads no. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 19 cross many wadi streams. Overall, the issue of waste generation, storage and disposal is sensitive particularly in mountainous terrain, near settlements and near watercourses along the road alignments. These impacts can be mitigated. Due to the limited volume of waste generation, which is determined by the limited scope of works, the nature of this impact is temporary, localized, minor and reversible. 4.2.2 Impact of Landslides, Soil Erosion and Visual Intrusion Important issue in vertical alignment design is the avoidance of landslides where slopes are unstable, and prevention of damage to lands down the slope. Lack of slope stabilization measures can cause damage to agricultural land and/or endanger people and property. High gradient slopes and top-soil are dangerously vulnerable to landslides and erosion by rainwater and wind during road works including excavation and soil removal, which eventually pose a potential risk of fatal accidents involving road blockage and construction workers. In addition to soil erosion, excavation and mount cutting activities can cause depletion of the vegetative cover and impact on the landscape. During the field surveys, it was noticed that road works on roads no. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 18 are subject to landslides. This is because these alignments are characterized by deep cuts and rainy weathers. Construction, repair and maintenance works on roads no. 4, 5 and 6 can cause soil erosion due to sandy terrain, very low precipitation and occasional strong winds. 59 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ The issue of slope stabilization is very significant in mountainous area. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized and potentially significant. It can be successfully mitigated. 4.2.3 Deterioration of the ambient Air Quality During the road works, air quality can be negatively affected mainly by dust generation and dispersion resulting from the road repairs and maintenance activities such as earthworks, cuts, transport and loading of construction materials and storage of construction waste; and exhaust emissions from the use of construction equipment. Accordingly, the residents of the nearby areas could be easily affected. In agricultural areas, emissions from construction equipment and excavation activities will deposit on nearby plants and vegetation along the road. During both backlog works and operation phases, the area that may be potentially impacted would typically be limited to about 100 m wide corridor along the road. During the field surveys, it was noticed that construction/repair works on roads no. 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19 and 20 can cause local impacts associated with dust and air pollutants as a result of construction equipment operation, particularly during dry and windy weather. These roads are characterized by narrow corridors with dense agricultural and human activities. Overall, it is expected that the deterioration of the ambient air quality (particularly dust generation and dispersion) is potentially important near settlements and agricultural areas. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized and minor. It can be partly mitigated. 4.2.4 Impact of increased noise levels and vibration The use of heavy machines during road works may cause increasing noise level, which may create stress on local inhabitants and workers in the close vicinity to the road as well as on wild animals specially birds. The area that may be potentially impacted would typically be limited to a corridor less than 1000m wide along the road and the associated increase in noise level is expected to be less than 20dBA. During the site visit, it was noticed that repair/maintenance works on roads no. 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19 and 20 are likely to generate higher levels of noise and vibration from operation of the construction equipment then other roads. These roads are characterized by narrow corridor with much livestock and human activities. Overall, noise and vibration are significant issues near settlements, agricultural and wildlife areas. The nature of this impact is very temporary, localized, minor and reversible. 4.2.5 Disruption of Water Supply Road repairs and maintenance might require the displacement and/or temporary shutdown of water supply systems often running parallel to the existing roads or underneath crossings. These systems are invariably the only source of water available for certain regions and their displacement and/or temporary shutdown during maintenance activities can deprive inhabitants from much needed water depending on the period of maintenance. During site visits, it was noticed that repairs and maintenance works on roads no. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 can affect water supply system adjacent to the road alignments. 60 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Disruption of water supply system can significantly affect local population and lead to social tensions. Any such impacts can be effectively mitigated. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized, major and reversible. 4.2.6 Disruption of Runoff Water and Drainage systems Roads tend to concentrate runoff on the surface and in adjacent ditches and channels, which may increase potential erosion. This condition can be particularly aggravated during the backlog works phase in the event of heavy rainfall. It is a common practice of water harvesting along and even on the road surfaces, which may be disrupted or destroyed during maintenance works. This needs to be taken into consideration when designing and maintaining the road conditions. During site visit, it was noticed that repairs and maintenance works on all roads could affect runoff water, drainage and water harvesting systems on roads no.14, 15, 16, and 18. The potential impacts are highest in road sections characterized by higher precipitation. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized, significant and reversible. The impact can be effectively mitigated. 4.2.7 Deterioration of groundwater quality Contamination of groundwater may be associated with spillages of liquid dangerous materials, particularly with diesel, oils, lubricants, solvents and paints. During the field visits, it was noticed that works on roads no.2, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 could cause a grave higher risk of groundwater contamination. The available wells are the main water sources for local community. None of the existing wells was found to be located in a distance of less than 100m from the road alignment. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized, minor and reversible. It can be satisfactorily mitigated. 4.2.8 Damage to Fauna and Flora, deterioration of local ecosystem Roads are associated with a diversity of negative effects on the biotic integrity of sensitive ecosystems. Improvement of road conditions could increase traffic flow. Since the roads intersect with the existing animal pathways and amphibian crossing routes, this might lead to increased collisions with crossing animals and thus negatively affecting the natural pattern of faunal life. Road construction and repairs lead to very short-term fragmentation of local ecosystem since roads intersect with existing animal pathways and amphibian crossing routes that might be closed during the road works. Generally, the resulting noise from works activities and increased traffic volume and speed, may negatively affect birds or other wildlife communities. However, this noise will not last for a long time. Another concern due to road repairs and maintenance is the fate of the existing trees on the edge of the roads, which might be affected by site clearance of off-road movement of vehicles unless protected appropriately. Earth works may cause local land erosion and siltation of water bodies especially during strong winds or rainfall periods. During the field visits, it was noticed that the sub-project does not traverse any known biodiversity hotspot, nor is it close to any area identified as hosting endangered species. However, road no. 5 61 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ runs near sensitive areas (wetland and mangrove) located in several sites along the coast from Mocha to Bab Almandab. The main predicted impacts that during the repairs/maintenance phase (in addition to the information and impacts mentioned in chapter 4, section 4.2.2) include: 1- The works may affect local habitats (especially mangroves). 2- The main risk would be generation and discharge of the waste to all types to these sensitive areas, 3- The accidental spillages of fuel or lubricants during the road works. 4- Proper maintenance of construction vehicles and avoiding refueling in the road sections close to the coast are critical . 5- Increasing the number of visitors to the sites for tourism or picnic with noise may effect the animals specially birds, and their wastes may cause pollution. The nature of this impact is very temporary, localized, minor and reversible. These impacts can be effectively mitigated. 4.2.9 Disruption of traffic Due to the road works, the road might need to be closed temporarily, especially in the narrow sections, and near markets. It can affect traffic movement and road safety. The works can also affect the crossing options for the local habitats and cattle. This is a short-term impact that can be mitigated by installing warning traffic signing and proper traffic management. 4.2.10 Health and safety conditions Road works pose potential risk to the safety of workers, as well as to the public either from passing traffic or negligent/careless use of heavy equipment. The health of the laborers will deteriorate if they work in bad conditions on which ultimately impair their performance. However, the labors should be trained well about health care. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized, minor and reversible. It can be effectively mitigated. 4.2.11 Social impacts This sub-project does not involve any construction of new roads. All the road works will be limited to the existing road alignments. The road works will not involve any involuntary taking of land, involuntary resettlement of local people (including squatters) or restriction of access to economic assets for livelihood. The sub-project will involve setting up of one temporary labor camp for up to 100 workers. Location of the camp was not known at the time of drafting the ESMP, but the principle in selction of the camp location is to avoid use of any communal or privately owned land. The camp will generate small volume of domestic sewage and waste. In addition, it may create social tension with the nearby local community. The camp must be located away from local villages and equipped with septic tanks and waste containers. The most important features of the cultural heritage and architecture exist in Alganad (road no. 19), Almonam (road no. 8) and Saber (road no. 18). The road construction and maintenance activities will not affect any cultural properties in those areas. 62 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ However, some other social impacts are revealed through consultation with both men and women. The main social impacts are related to interruption of carrying water from water tanks located on the road no.5, road safety issues near by the schools and villages, crossing road for grazing, collecting firewood and potential conflicts between local communities and construction workers camp in many roads as (7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14,18.19). These impacts are minor and manageable. In conclusion, while the road upgrading is vital for the development of an area, the potential negative impacts could actually be eliminated and minimized by adopting proper mitigation measures. Once a sub-project is defined under the RAMP, its specific characteristics will be detailed and corresponding impact analysis will be updated in the EIA targeting the sub-project. These impacts are minor and manageable. 63 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Since this sub-project does not involve the construction of new roads, the analysis of alternatives is limited to modifying the design at some critical locations such as sharp curves or crowded sections at market areas. Accordingly, based on the field survey, there are few sharp curves along some roads like (No 9,14 and 15) which could be improved during implementation phase after determining the percent of land to be taken, if needed, according to RPF (OP 4.12) and in agreement with the land owners as spelled out in the SFA. Also, there are few narrow segments around market areas, which cause traffic jam especially at rush hours in some roads like (No. 7, 8, 9, 18 and 19). Therefore, it is recommended to shift the alignment around the market areas wherever possible during implementation if the road is not part of the project. From a purely environmental viewpoint, the "no-build" alternative is not preferable to sub-project implementation since the improvements of the alignments will have a very positive impact on road users regarding safety at unsafe curves and will ease the movement of traffic at congested areas. Therefore, the "no project" option or the decision to delete any project is considered as inappropriate in view of the long-term and widespread benefits of roads upgrading to the communities served by the roads in comparison with the short-term potential adverse impacts associated with the maintenance phase, most of which can be mitigated satisfactorily. Since this sub-project does not involve the construction of new roads, the negative impacts associated with resettlement and land acquisition are not expected. However, during the field visit, it was noticed that some road sections in few locations will require minor road realignments such as road No. 8 and road no. 14 at sharp curves. Hence, additional impacts related to land expropriation and minor construction works should be managed properly during implementation in agreement with land owners and according to conditions spelled out in the SFA. The positive impact indicates that overall, beneficial impacts of this sub-project (backlog repairs and maintenance works) on physical and natural resources, safety, job creation and local economic development are expected to outweigh negative impacts. 64 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES (ESMM ) 6.1 General This chapter presents the Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures (ESMM) for the proposed sub-project. These mitigation measures aim to address the expected negative impacts of the sub- project. All mitigation measures that are proposed should be included in the works contract and binding for the contractor. The local community should be fully informed about them. The mitigation measures will prevent or reduce the potential adverse impacts and strengthen the positives ones. Mitigation measures are highly dependent on the significance and type of the predicted impacts. Possible measures to mitigate potential impacts described in the previous sections are outlined below. Summary of mitigation measures during the backlog repairs and works phase is presented in Table 8.2. The costs of environmental mitigation measures (additional to the usual provisions in the construction contract) during the backlog works and repairs phase are estimated to reach up to USD 84,000. 6.2 Mitigation Tools There are specific measures required from the contractor to reduce the potential impacts of physical works and also the proposals for monitoring contractor compliance/performance during construction. These measures are attached to the contract documents (volume 2 General Specifications and Regulations). The General Specifications and Regulations of Yemen (Environmental Protection Law, 1995) contain specific Environmental, Health and Safety Requirements for:  Proper management of construction waste.  Controlling measures for waste fuel, oil and lubricants.  Reduction of noise and dust levels.  Rehabilitation of areas used for construction detours and sites used for temporarily storage of construction materials.  Using a proper equipment of maintenance with appropriate noise and smoke etc. The following Table summarizes the Relevant Clauses in Standard Construction Contracts. Table 6.1: Relevant Clauses in Standard Construction Contracts Clause # Issues 4.1 to 4.10 General Requirements 5.1 to 5.16 Safety Requirements 6.1 to 6.5 Environmental and Health Requirements 7.1 to 7.5 Additional Requirements for Work in Public Areas 8 Contractor's Site Check List 65 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 6.3 Mitigation measures for project activities during both the backlog repairs and regular maintenance phases 6.3.1 Generation, storage and disposal of construction and domestic waste Improper disposal of the wastes can destroy terraces and agricultural lands below the road. To mitigate environmental impacts caused by construction and domestic waste generation at campsites, storage and disposal, generation of solid waste should be minimized as much as possible. Construction wastes should be stored temporarily in locations agreed with the local communities, and waste should be properly disposed of in suitable place to avoid contamination of soil, agricultural land, groundwater and surface water. Agreements regarding solid waste management, storage and disposal should be obtained from the local authorities. Inert waste materials can be used as filling material for road reconstruction. The mitigation measure for the waste generated due to damage of the asphalt edge and shoulders is to remove the excess material to designated areas. In addition, the mitigation for waste generation during cleaning the blocked drainage is disposal at vacant land. To avoid damage to soil, surface and groundwater, fuels, oil, lubricants and other chemicals should be stored in sealed containers. Refueling and handling of HC should be restricted to properly sealed location with a sump. Construction equipment should be regularly maintained to prevent possible leakage of lubricants and fuel. Regarding to the contractor camp, contractor should provide solid waste containers and sanitation facilities. The contractors must prepare and submit Plan for Solid and Liquid Waste Management subject to the RMFIU approval prior to initiating road works. The Contractor’s staff should be trained regarding waste handling. High volume of debris could be generated in case of landslides and soil erosion along the roads no. 2, 6, 7, 9 and 16. Rehabilitation of damaged pavement sections will generate additional construction waste along roads 9 and 10. The waste should be used as filling, construction and stabilization materials. During the maintenance phase, only very small volume of waste is expected from cleaning of drainage works. These wastes should be adequately disposed to suitable locations. Special information signs and boards should be installed regarding handling of harmful waste to prevent contamination of soil and water resources. 6.3.2 Landslides, Soil Erosion and Visual Intrusion In general, the concern regarding the safety of steep cut slopes can be alleviated by rehabilitation of existing retaining walls and provision of protection work to slopes side such as riprap and stone pitching. To mitigate visual intrusion, possible measures consist of planting trees and restoration of depleted vegetative cover at side-slopes and mount cuts. The field visits revealed that rehabilitation is required for retaining walls along roads no 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Rehabilitation of protection works in side slopes, inlet and outlets of drainage works will be required for roads 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10. During operation phase all retaining walls and protection works should receive regular maintenance. 66 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 6.3.3 Deterioration of air quality The impact of road works on air quality and dust emissions can be reduced by the use of well- maintained equipment, wheel washing, regular water spraying of earthworks and cuts, temporary storage sites for construction materials and covering of trucks transporting construction materials. These measures are especially important and effective during periods of dry weather and strong winds. 6.3.4 Increased level of noise To reduce the impacts of noise from road works, possible mitigation measures include the use of quiet equipment, proper maintenance of equipment, limiting noisy activities to normal daylight working hours, introducing speed limits and planting trees in critical sections of the roads adjacent to human settlements. 6.3.5 Disruption of water supply Water supply pipes were observed along most of roads. The highest risks of damage of the water supply system are found along roads no. 1, 6 ,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 9. The contractor should avoid damaging these pipes. To avoid potential water shortages during relocation of the water pipes laid along the roads, the contractor should coordinate with land owners the best times for scheduling works. The contractor should avoid any damages to water supply sources and facilities during the maintenance phase of the project. The contractor should insure that the curbside water supply is not interrupted to the residents in subproject communities. Otherwise, he must make available another source of water until the normal service is restored. 6.3.6 Disruption of the runoff water and drainage systems The measures to mitigate the potential negative impacts of uncontrolled runoff water include: proper side sloping of the road surface to prevent run off water from accumulating on the road surface, provision of adequate drainage structures and using of erosion control measures such as re- vegetation and protection of disturbed soils to prevent erosion of ditch side-slopes. The contractor should maintain and clean regularly the drainage ditches and culverts to prevent uncontrolled runoff of water and clogging of the drainage system. 6.3.7 Deterioration of groundwater quality To minimize the risk of groundwater contamination, storage of fuel, lubricants, solvents and paints should be ensured in sealed containers. Refueling of vehicles should be ensured in locations away from ground water sources. The water quality in nearby wells should be periodically analyzed for any pollution from the chemicals used in construction. 6.3.8 Stress on fauna and flora Planting trees and placing speed limit signs can alleviate potential negative impacts of noise from the road. The existing trees along the road alignment should be preserved by the contractor. The site survey showed that the effective mitigation for amphibians is to maintain clean culverts and rehabilitate them to provide open crossings and avoid fragmentation of habitats. The contractor should restore the land adjacent to the road alignments to at least its pre-construction status. 67 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential damage to coastal zone along the road no. 4 passing near three sensitive sites hosting mangrove (as shown in Figure 4.7) must be preventing by avoiding any spillages of fuel or lubricants from the road sections located adjacent to this site. All constructor vehicles must be properly maintained to prevent any fuel leakages. Re-fuelling and inspection of vehicles and machines must be banned in these road sections. Furthermore, worker camps cannot be located adjacent to those sites to avoid any sewage discharge and littering. Noisy machines should be substituted by manual works in sections adjacent to these sites. 6.3.9 Disruption of traffic The impact of the road works on traffic can be mitigated by measures including. (a) Informing the public about the length of time expected for sub-project completion. (b) The provision of alternative access roads during maintenance. (c) The spot traffic management. 6.3.10 Deterioration of health and safety conditions Road workers need to receive safety instructions and personal protective equipment. Construction signs should be used to inform about the risk of accidents. Implementation of traffic management plan and bypasses in the working areas should be organized to establish a safe working environment. The measures below must be provided for project workers: 1- Provide workers with suitable campaign. 2- Provide workers with PPE. 3- Provide workers with safety induction before start any job. 4- Preparing and application training program. 5- Provide a necessary treatment medicine to face some infectious and chronic diseases like malaria. 6.3.11 Social Impacts The socio-economic impacts of the sub-project as described in chapter 5 above can be minimized: the contractor needs to make efforts to shorten the time of maintenance activities as much as possible, providing alternative access road/by-passes where feasible, informing the public and local people about the maintenance schedule, setting up traffic signs on road near schools and villages and coordinating with local communities in selection of the sites of the construction worker camps. To mitigate the socio-economic impacts, the contractor needs to make efforts to implement the measures. All measures will be reflected in the Social Framework Agreement (see Annex 1). In general, there will be some potential negative impacts. Most of the potential impacts are a temporary nature and can be alleviated with appropriate Mitigation measures. Contractors are responsible for adhering to these mitigation measures and implementing them throughout the duration of their contracts in coordination with the Supervising Consultant and the RMF. The latter will ensure adequate monitoring as outlined below. The labor camp must be located away from local villages to avoid social tensions with the local population. They must be equipped with sealed septic tanks and waste containers (both must be regularly emptied in permitted locations). 68 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Road construction must be managed in such a way to avoid any impact or access restriction to graveyards and architectural sites in Al Gaand, Almonam and Sabar area. The project will generate positive social impacts during the backlog repairs and maintenance phase such as local employment, additional revenue in the local economy and increased demand for local products. While the cost of implementing mitigation measures will vary depending on their characteristics, contractors must provide corresponding cost estimates for these measures as a separate line item in all bids/contracts. As previously stated, the cost of mitigation measures will be a part of the contractor’s fees and shall be disbursed at the completion of a sub -project upon satisfactory compliance with the mitigation plan. 69 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES 7.1 Monitoring arrangements During the repairs and maintenance works, the daily monitoring activities rely on the supervising consultant of all environmental and social impacts to determine contractor compliance or otherwise with the ESMP. The supervision consultant will monitor the application of environmental and social mitigation measures and the result of monitoring activities should be reflected in the monthly progress reports. The environmental and social specialists of the Road Asset Management Project (RAMP) are responsible for overall monitoring of the contractor performance under the sub-project. Their responsibility is to review monthly reports on contractor compliance, produce quarterly progress reports and carry out random visits to the project sites. The estimated costs of the monitoring activities during the backlog repairs and maintenance phase is USD 90,000 and the bulk of the cost of hiring environmental and social (E&S) monitoring specialist as part of the supervision contract (see Table 8.2). The E&S specialist should conduct site visits to inspect and determine contractor and sub-project officer compliance or otherwise with the ESMP and other applicable regulations and statutes. Monitoring activities will rely primarily on field observations, feedback from stakeholders and other affected people and documentation of their reactions to the project works and their perception of the adequacy of the mitigation measures. Photographic documentation will be required in the continuous and regular monitoring. Upon completion of the sub-project backlog repairs phase and thereafter during the operation and maintenance, periodic routine inspections/monitoring will continue by the dedicated environmental and social specialist from the Implementation Unit. Social impact would be monitored primarily through the Social Framework Agreement (SFA). The World Bank will monitor the implementation of road specific ESMPs and other safeguard related documents (SFAs, etc.). In particular, the Bank will ensure that proper monitoring takes place and that the reports are filed regularly and to acceptable quality. When these reports indicate incomplete monitoring of specifically identified environmental or social issues, these will be reported back to the responsible staff in the RMFIU. 7.2 Reporting Each month, a progress report documenting compliance with mitigation measures and illustrated with photos, should be compiled. It should identify areas of contractor’s non-compliance with the ESMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance should also be noted. The E&S specialist must prepare these reports and follow-up with the contractor to comply with all ESMP items or otherwise corrective actions would be taken. In addition, the RAMPIU should prepare quarterly progress monitoring report, and brief supervision memo before each WB mission on each sub-project to be reviewed by the Environmental and Social Safeguards team. In addition, an annual report of all the environmental and social monitoring activities will be compiled by the RAMPIU and submitted to the Bank as part of the overall project implementation. 70 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 8.1 General The objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan are to establish a mechanism to implement mitigation measures for the expected negative impacts and to monitor the efficiency of the mitigation measures. Tables 8.2 and 8.3 summarizes the potential impacts, standard mitigation measures, responsibilities for implementation and monitoring to be applied in this project during the backlog works and repairs phase, and the maintenance phase respectively. The ESMP establishes a procedural framework for implementing the environmental and social process for all roads within this sub-project during the backlog repairs and maintenance phase. Due to the limited and minor nature of potential negatives impacts of the sub-project identified in this ESMP report and the classification of the sub-project as category B, it is considered that the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) prepared for the Taiz Governorate satisfies the OP 4.01 Safeguard Policy of the World Bank. The ESMP is based on the study results and findings of consultations with local stakeholders and Project Affected People. The ESMP for the sub-project will be reviewed in accordance with the World Bank guidelines and disclosed prior to the launching of the works contract. The RMF will obtain no objection notice from the World Bank for the ESMP of this sub-project. The total estimated costs of the ESMP during the backlog repairs and maintenance phase (including implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring activities) is estimated to reach USD 174,000 (see Table 8.2). The costs represent activities specifically related to environmental and social mitigation (84,000 USD) and monitoring measures (90,000 USD). Bulk of mitigation measures will be addressed by the standard environmental and social procedures included in the technical specifications of works contracts (see Annex 4). 8.2 Responsibilities and Procedures The overall implementation of the ESMP is the responsibility of the RAMP through the RMFIU, which includes qualified environmental and social specialists. The procedures of the RMFIU are developed to incorporate the environmental and social considerations into the overall process for road planning and implementation. These procedures are summarized in Table 8.1 below. Table 8.1: Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan procedures Road Project Cycle Phase Activities Responsibilities  Initial site visit & consultations.  Identification of issues and applicable safeguards PLANNING Screening and policies RMFIU scooping  Categorization  Action plan Preparation of  Draft ESMP ESMP, SFA and  Draft SFA Consultant /RMFIU DESIGN consultations  Women consultations Disclosure and  Disclosure of draft ESMP& SFA to communities RMFIU/ Consultant agreement  Signing of final SFA Districts, landowners 71 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ signing  Abbreviated RAP and communities  Landowners participation Finalization and  Final version of ESMP Consultant /RMFIU Incorporation  Incorporation of EMP into contract documents Implementation  Implementation Contractors EXECUTION and monitoring  Monitoring & reporting on environmental and RMFIU, RE & local social mitigation measures community Operations and  Implementation Contractors OPERATIONS maintenance  Monitoring & reporting on environmental and RMFIU RE & local social mitigation measures community ESMP = Environmental and Social Management Plan SFA = Social Framework Agreement 72 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Table 8.2: Summary of the ESMP during the Backlog Repair Works Phase Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Generation,  Waste minimization  Maintaining a record of type, storage, disposal of  Storage of construction waste in quantity, and disposal location Will be part of the Cost of full time construction and locations pre-agreed with the local of solid and liquid waste contract. Bidders will be environmental and domestic waste generation Constractor, communities able to cost this item in social monitoring 1 rotnCrtnoC Supervision  Waste disposal in designated locations  Site inspections their bids. specialists, camera Consultant  Handling of liquid waste in sealed  Frequency: Once a week for lattnt r tntotrx and vehicle (90,000 containers each road under repairs DSU 000111toono USD)  Solid/liquid waste management plan Landslides, soil  Construction and repairs of retaining  Site inspection and erosion, and Visual walls photographic documentation intrusion  Restoration of riprap and stone pitching of excavation and  Provision of open area ~1m wide, maintenance activities behind cut side channels, to store  Photographic documentation Will be part of the Cost of full time temporarily fallen debris of planting and re-vegetation contract. Bidders will be environmental and Supervision 2  Increase the mass thickness of rock fill activities rotnrtnoC able to cost this item in social monitoring Consultant for additional stability  Frequency: Once a week for their bids. specialists, camera  Restoration of drainage systems each road under repairs and vehicle.  Planting trees in sensitive zones  Restoration of vegetative cover  Planting of grass and trees along the slopes to prevent landslides Deterioration of air  Usage of well-maintained equipment  Visual observation and quality  Water spraying for dust control photographic documentation Cost of full time Will be part of the works  Wheel washing of equipment induced Supervision contract. environmental and 3  Covering of trucks carrying fine grade emissions and dust clouds rotnCrtnoC social monitoring Consultant Expected additional costs: construction materials from works and trucks specialists, camera 10,000 USD  Frequency: Once a week for and vehicle. each road under repairs 73 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Increased level of  Usage of quiet/well-maintained  Site supervision, inspection Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time noise equipment and documentation to ensure Consultant in contract. Bidders will be environmental and  Limiting noisy activities to normal the implementation of coordination able to cost this item in social monitoring 4 daylight hours mitigation measures Contractor with the their bids. Expected specialists, camera  Provision of speed limit signs at  Frequency: Once a week for Contractor additional cost: 5,000 and vehicle. critical locations each road under repairs USD  Planting trees in sensitive zones Disruption of water  Protecting water supply systems during  Close supervision and Contractor in Supervision Expected cost 15,000 Cost of full time supply works documentation of pipe re- coordination with Consultant in USD. environmental and  Fixing the damaged riprap after location activities Supervision Engineer coordination social monitoring compacting the top soil along the  Monitoring any interruptions with the specialists, camera 5 eroded side ditches of water supplies to local Contractor and vehicle.  Coordination with land owners on communities caused by scheduling maintenance activities project works  Ensuring no interruption of water supply  Frequency: Once a week for during works. each road under repairs Disruption of the  Proper side sloping of the road to  Site inspection and photo Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time runoff water and prevent the accumulation of water on documentation of water coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental and drainage systems the road surface harvesting activities and re- Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in social monitoring  Re-vegetation of disturbed soils vegetation activities their bids. Additional cost specialists, camera  Keeping the drainage ditches and  Checking on culverts (revegetation): 7,000 USD and vehicle. 6 culverts unblocked particularly following rainfall events  Frequency: Twice a month during the rainy season for each road Deterioration of  Storage of liquid materials (especially  Monitoring water quality of Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of full time groundwater hydrocarbons) in sealed containers. the groundwater wells coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental quality  Application of liquid fuels and oils in  Monitoring of fuel and oil Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in monitoring 7 sealed areas with sump. handling and storage. their bids. specialist, camera  Refueling in sealed locations  Frequency: Once every month Expected additional costs: and vehicle.  Development and implementation of for each road under repairs 15,000 USD (incl. water Waste management plan. sampling and analysis) 74 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Damage to fauna,  Placing speed limit signs and planting  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of full time flora and the trees at critical locations and known photographic documentation coordination with Consultant contract. Expected environmental proposed protected animal crossing pathways of the condition of culverts Supervision Engineer additional costs: 10,000 monitoring areas  Keeping culverts unblocked to  Monitoring of re-planting USD specialist, camera facilitate amphibians crossing activities and vehicle. 8  Restoring affected land along the road  Checking records of spillages alignment to the preconstruction status and animal killings  Preventing leakages of fuel near the  Frequency: Once every two coast, particularly near the Mangrove weeks for each road under sites (Road No. 5) repairs Disruption of  Informing the public about schedule of  Site supervision-inspection Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time traffic repair and maintenance works and photographic coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental and  Provision of temporary alternative documentation Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in social monitoring 9 access roads/ by-passes  Frequency: Weekly (including their bids. Additional specialists, camera  On the spot traffic management photographic evidence) for costs: 2,000 USD and vehicle. each road under repairs Deterioration of  Provision and use of personal  Inspection and photo evidence Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time health & safety protective equipment to workers  Maintaining records of Consultant contract. Bidders will be environmental and conditions  Installing construction and warning injuries and accidents with Contractor able to cost this item in social monitoring signs cause and location their bids. specialists, camera 10  Installing barriers along sharp curves  Frequency: Weekly for each and vehicle. road under repairs Urarut no tgxngCrx  Do not block access to cultural and  Site inspection/ supervision and Contractor in Supervision Part of the contract. Cost of full time rt stonoCttrx otnto religious sites, wherever possible photographic documentation of coordination with Consultant Bidders will be able to environmental and  Use of manual equipment when cultural and historical sites. Supervision Engineer cost this item in their social monitoring 00 working next to a cultural or religious  Frequency: Monthly for each bids. specialists, camera and historical sites. road under repairs and vehicle. 75 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Social Impacts  Coordinating with the public the  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of full time schedule of maintenance activities in documentation of community coordination with Consultant contract. Bidders will be social monitoring residential areas activities along roads. Supervision Engineer able to cost this item in specialist, camera  Location of workers’camps away from  Inspections of worker camps their bids. and vehicle. residential area.  Frequency: Bi-weekly for Expected additional cost: 12  Hiring local workers from rural areas each road under repairs 5,000 USD  Provision of alternative access roads/ by-passes  Traffic management  Camps must be equipped with sealed septic tanks and waste containers. Expected additional mitigation costs: USD 84,000 Expected monitoring costs: USD 90,000 Total expected costs of ESMP: USD 174,000 76 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Table 8.3: Summary of ESMP during the Maintenance Phase Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Generation,  Waste minimization  Maintaining a record of type, storage, disposal of  Storage of construction waste in quantity, and disposal location Cost of part time construction and locations pre-agreed with the local of solid and liquid waste Constractor, Will be part of the environmental and 1 domestic waste communities generation nCrtnoCrot Supervision contract. social monitoring  Waste disposal in designated locations  Site inspections Consultant specialists, camera  Handling of liquid waste in sealed  Frequency: Once a month for and vehicle containers each road under maintenance Landslides, soil  Repairs of retaining walls  Site inspection and erosion, and Visual  Restoration of riprap and stone pitching photographic documentation Cost of part time intrusion  Cleaning and repairs of drainage of maintenance activities environmental and systems  Photographic documentation Supervision Will be part of the 2 rotnCrtnoC social monitoring  Restoration of vegetative cover of planting and re-vegetation Consultant contract. specialists, camera  Maintain grass and trees along the activities and vehicle. slopes to prevent landslides  Frequency: Once a month for roads under maintenance Deterioration of air  Usage of well-maintained equipment  Visual observation and quality  Water spraying for dust control photographic documentation Cost of part time  Covering of trucks carrying fine grade of equipment induced Will be part of the works environmental and construction materials emissions and dust clouds Supervision 3 rotnCrtnoC contract. social monitoring from works and trucks Consultant specialists, camera  Frequency: Once a month for and vehicle. each road under maintenance Increased level of  Usage of quiet/well-maintained  Site and documents Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time noise equipment inspections Consultant in contract. environmental and  Limiting noisy activities to normal  Frequency: Once a month for social monitoring 4 Contractor specialists, camera daylight hours each road under maintenance  Provision of speed limit signs at and vehicle. critical locations 77 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Disruption of water  Protecting water supply systems during  Monitoring any interruptions Contractor in Supervision None Cost of part time supply works of water supplies to local coordination with Consultant in environmental and  Coordination with land owners on communities caused by Supervision Engineer coordination social monitoring 5 scheduling maintenance activities project works with the specialists, camera  Ensuring no interruption of water supply  Frequency: Once a month for Contractor and vehicle. during works. each road under maintenance Disruption of the  Keeping the drainage ditches and  Checking on culverts Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time runoff water and culverts unblocked particularly following rainfall coordination with Consultant contract. environmental and drainage systems events Supervision Engineer social monitoring 6  Frequency: Once a month specialists, camera during the rainy season for and vehicle. each road under mainteance Deterioration of  Storage of liquid materials (especially  Monitoring of fuel and oil Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of part time groundwater hydrocarbons) in sealed containers. handling and storage. coordination with Consultant contract. environmental quality  Application of liquid fuels and oils in  Frequency: Once a month for Supervision Engineer monitoring 7 specialist, camera sealed areas with sump. each road under maintanance  Refueling in sealed locations with and vehicle. sump Damage to fauna,  Keeping culverts unblocked to  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the works Cost of part time flora and the facilitate amphibians crossing photographic documentation coordination with Consultant contract. environmental proposed protected  Preventing leakages of fuel near the of the condition of culverts Supervision Engineer monitoring 8 areas coast, particularly along the Mangrove  Checking records of spillages specialist, camera areas (Road No. 5) and animal killings and vehicle.  Frequency: Once a month for each road under maintenance Disruption of  Informing the public about schedule of  Site supervision-inspection Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time traffic maintenance works and photographic coordination with Consultant contract environmental and 9  On the spot traffic management documentation Supervision Engineer social monitoring  Frequency: Monthly for each specialists, camera road under maintenance and vehicle. 78 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Potential Responsibility Additional Cost in USD No. Mitigation Measures Monitoring Impacts Implementation Monitoring Mitigation measures Monitoring Deterioration of  Provision and use of personal  Inspection and photo evidence Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time health & safety protective equipment to workers  Frequency: Once every month Contractor Consultant contract. environmental and 10 conditions  Installing construction and warning for each road under social monitoring signs maintenance specialists, camera and vehicle. Urarut no tgxngCrx  Do not block access to cultural and  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Part of the contract. Cost of ful time rt stonoCttrx otnto religious sites, wherever possible photographic documentation. coordination with Consultant environmental and  Protect graves along Road No. 20  Frequency: Monthly for each Supervision Engineer social monitoring 00 during road works road under maintenance specialists, camera  Use of manual equipment when and vehicle. working next to a cultural or religious and historical sites. Social Impacts  Coordinating with the public the  Site inspection and Contractor in Supervision Will be part of the Cost of part time schedule of maintenance activities in documentation of community coordination with Consultant contract. social monitoring residential areas near markets, schools, activities along roads. Supervision Engineer specialist, camera health centres, pastures, firewood sites  Frequency: Once a month for and vehicle.  Removal of random speed bumps each road under maintenance  Maintaining barriers in sharp curves 12 and along steep slopes  Awareness workshop on road maintenace  Traffic management  Camps must be equipped with sealed septic tanks and waste containers. 79 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 9. SOCIAL CONSULTATION 9.1 Consultations program Consultations were carried out with both men and women. The consultations program has multiple objectives:  To provide a forum for the initial definition of critical environmental and social issues.  To establish from regional stakeholders their concerns of key development issues and their linkages to the environment and social development.  To confirm the suitability of the initial list of beneficiary’s communities selected for consultations.  To obtain assistance by contacting leading members of targeted communities whenever necessary. This involves a program of semi-structured discussions with communities in the affected road areas. The Consultations were for men during the preparation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study. 9.2 Consultations with Men Consultations with male beneficiaries from selected local communities along the road were carried out from February 27 to January 1st , 2014. One hundred twenty five sites were selected of 20 roads. A total of 201 beneficiaries were randomly selected for the above mentioned sites and interviews. Please see Table 9.1. Due to the fact that most of the respondents are illiterates, data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The interview started by a general talk and a brief explanation about the nature and objectives of the study to gain the trust and confidence of the respondents to ensure the most possible reliable data. Table 9.1: The surveyed villages and the number of respondents Number of No Road Name Villages Surveyed Responden t Almoca-Alkdah- Algaded- Alsmoin- Alsokaia- Beir Eisa- Wadi 1 Moca – Ras Al Arah Alhobir- Almandab- Dobab - 14 2 Al Hiudaidah -Moca Yaktol - Mocha -Wadi Almolk 8 3 Al Mafraq-Moca Almafrq-Almocha 2 4 Ibb(Al Qa'aidah)-Alganad Aldakra- Algand- Almfrak – Algandia Aloalia- Al Qa'aidah 3 Jabal Habashi - Almsrakh - Alncmh - Khiyami - Bereen - 5 Taiz - Al Turbah -Al gahli Alklaúbh – Wadi Arafa - Albrakani - Achammsrh - Almarkz - 20 Mansoura - Aezzaaz - Asabh - Dobhan – Al turbah – Al gahli 6 Al Ganad - Mawiah mawiah - akrak - Sharman - Alaoman - Ajerana – alsoida 10 Al Aros - Aladrafa – Amaekia- Almakab - a - Mkhozan - Zmhenh 7 Taiz - JabalSabar - Al Aros - Zmaren - Moadm - Qrata - Maragha – Al shab - Qafh - Aldmga 13 Al-Dhabab road – Al Monam – 8 Al-Dhabab - Moneim – Jabal Habashi - Yafres Yafres road 8 9 Al kamb Road – Makbanah Alkmb - Mqubnp - Almtoaffh-Alkhaashim Alaqahoz- 12 10 Al Bareh-Al Wazeaiah- Al Ahiooq Lawashq-Al Soida-Al Hadana -Almshaolh-Al sahioukra 8 11 Al Nashamah-Qadas Alncmh-Al Nashama – Reprehensible 8 12 Al Samsarah-Qadas A lhakb – Tho gamal-Alhaz- ALHawban-Al shrouh-‫ ه‬Achammsrh 5 80 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 13 Soq Al Ahad -BaniHammad Soq Al Ahad -Alaalom-Bani Yossif – Bani Hammad 4 14 As Sabbabah-Al Haqeebah Abbabh – Alhaqeebah - Alkadia 12 15 AS safiah-Bani Omar (first phase) AS safiah -Doba-Al agrm- - Bani Omar - Alhadia 19 Al Bareh-Maqbanah-Saqam(first 16 Saqam-Maqbanah-Wadi Asar-Alaqahoz-Alkhaashim - phase) 3 Hivan - Al arouk - Al Abos-Al Agabrh – Alkhozjh - Al Ahkom- 17 Haifan -Al Mafalis -Toor Al bahah Almfaleis - Albida. 22 18 Al khorss -Bani Ali Khers – BeniAli - Alglipe 8 Al Rahidah -Dhamran with Al 19 Alrahdh - Zmran-nagd Dmran - EinREM- Soq Althlot – Almzabrh Mazaberahbranche 12 20 Al Ain-Fawfalah-Samea'a Alain-Fovlh- Khadder - Sritasfal – Ahjur - Samea'a 10 Total 125 201 . Figure 9.1: Social consultations 81 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ The men consulted strongly expressed their views on hiring local people in the maintenance activities. At the same time, they showed their concerns on the impacts of wastes on the agricultural land. However, most people whom were interviewed, showed their support for the sub-project as they think it will have positive impacts such as improving the traffic conditions of Taiz city, the road congestion will be reduced the traffic will become more quickly, convenient and comfortable and it can economize people's time spent on transportation. It can also reduce the displeasure caused by poor traffic conditions and improve people's working efficiency. As the sampling investigation result showed, when people were asked, "if the implementation of RMF can help economizing time used to go to work (school), the answers were:  80% respondents answered "yes",  15% answered "No" and  5% answered "I don't know", The implementation of RMF will bring advantages to the city as follows:  Making the city's traffic more convenient, which makes the transportation faster.  Beautify the city and build a civilized city image.  Heightening the city's civilization level and improve its investment environment in many aspects.  Bringing comprehensive benefits to many aspects of Taiz city. 9.3 Consultations with Women The consultations with women were held in June, 2013 through field visits and interview with women in different villages along the roads to be financed by the project. 110 women were interviewed in 30 villages. During the consultation process, questionnaires were also used to solicit people’s views, concerns, and feedback on the road maintenance activities to be supported by the project. The key findings of the consultation are the following:  There are some old traditional wells located close to the project areas as it is existed on the road of Alkamb-Makbanah-Wadi Aldabab-Yafros-Alwaziea-Alahiok road while the areas 82 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ located on the coast line extending from Mocha till Ras Alara. The people in these areas suffer from drought and the population depends on water from water tanks.  Another concern is that improved roads may increase the speed of vehicles in front of schools and residential areas. That will have potential impacts on safety of students, children and local residents. They expressed that road bumps should be built to reduce the vehicles’ speed near the schools and villages.  Women are afraid to cross the road during the maintenance for grazing activities, getting water and collecting firewood. They hope the maintenance activities can be shortened as much as possible.  Women also expressed concerns of the potential conflicts between local communities and construction worker camps. They hope the location of camp should be selected carefully in consultation with local people, and construction workers should be educated to have better understanding of local traditions and customs. At the same time, the women consulted also recognized the positive impacts of the project and expressed their expectations for job opportunities from the road maintenance. The positive impacts are the following:  Enabling them to obtain the basic services such as health, education and clean drink water .  Reducing the time required to access to governorate center and facilitate the communicating and transport between the Governorate center and Districts.  Contribute to decreasing the traffic accidents and dangers that the population subject.  Contribute to maintaining the infrastructure of the roads and providing traffic safety. 9.4 Conclusions  Implementation of the project will help to reduce the poverty and destitution in the district. The population will benefit directly from this project through the use of labor during the period of implementation.  Implementation of the project could improve the investment environment in Taiz governorate, and will help to improve traffic in the governorate through the provision of time.  The project could raise the social position of women and reduce poverty.  Implementation of the project will help to development of professionally individuals in work areas and giving them the experiences, advanced international technologies, management experience in the field of maintenance, and improvement of traffic management.  The Implementation of the project will make accessing to health centers and hospitals easier than before.  In most of the areas it was found that the fuel source is wood so the maintenance project will help to improve gas supply to these areas at affordable prices, so this will help in preserving the environment. 83 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 9.5 Recommendations  Setting up traffic signs on the roads especially in the places located close to the population accumulations and schools to facilitate students' transfers and passing.  Coordinating with the community committees to hold awareness workshops for the population in terms of maintaining roads and sign roads and setting up penalties against the violators and this will contribute to the sustainability of the project.  The contractors should provide more job opportunities to women during the road maintenance.  It needs to establish the mechanism of public participation, no matter being in the implementation period or the settlement period of the project, so as to make the project go on smoothly.  Pay great attention to environmental protection. 84 ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪ANNEXES‬‬ ‫)‪Annex 1. Social Framework Agreement (SFA‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪86‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪87‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪91‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪97‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪99‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪101‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪103‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫)‪Road Maintenance Fund (RMF‬‬ ‫‪Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate‬‬ ‫)‪Road Assets Management Project (RAMP‬‬ ‫‪Environmental and social Impact Assessment‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪Annex 2. Beneficiary Committee List‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬ Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Annex 3. Sample of screening report template A. Project Related Issues Yes No Remark 1. Will the project involve land expropriation or demolition of existing structures? 2. Will the project require that populations be resettled or compensation for resettlement provided? 2. Will the project involve widespread land disturbance or site clearance? 3. Will the project require large amounts of raw / construction materials? 4. Will the project generate large amounts of residual wastes and wasted construction materials or eroded soil? 5. Will the project require the setting up of ancillary production facilities? 6. Will the project affect land use zoning and planning or conflict with prevalent land use patterns? 7. Will the project land be encroached upon by urbanized or industrialized areas or areas intended for urbanization or industrialization? 8. Will the project result in potential soil contamination or ground and surface water contamination, e.g., from oil, grease and fuel from equipment yards, from herbicides for vegetation control and from chemical (e.g., calcium chloride) for dust control? 9. Will the project lead to an increase in suspended sediments in streams affected by road cut erosion, decline in water quality and increased sedimentation downstream? 10. Will the project involve the use of chemicals or solvents? 11. Will the project require blasting? 12. Will the project make significant demands on utilities and services, and require significant levels of accommodation or service amenities to support the workforce during construction? 13. Will the project increase the levels of harmful air emissions? 14. Will the project increase ambient noise levels? 15. Will the project involve the disturbance or modification of existing drainage channels (canals) or surface water bodies (lakes, lagoons)? 16. Will the project lead to the disruption / destruction or damage of terrestrial wildlife habitats, biological resources or ecosystems through interruption of migratory routes, disturbance of wildlife habitats, and noise related problems? 17. Will the project induce marred landscape (e.g., scars 107 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ from road cuts) and lead to landslides, slumps, slips and other mass movements in road cuts? 18. Will the project lead to long-term or semi-permanent destruction of soils in cleared areas not suited for agriculture? 19. Will the project lead to the destruction of vegetation and soil in the right-of-way, borrow pits, waste dumps, and equipment yards? 20. Will the project lead to environmental and social disturbance by construction camps? 21. Will the project lead to the creation of stagnant water bodies in borrow pits, quarries, etc., suited for mosquito breeding and other disease vector? 22. Will the project lead to health hazards and interference of plant growth adjacent to road by dust raised and blown by vehicles? 23. Will the project lead to erosions of lands below the roadbed receiving concentrated outflow carried by covered or open drains? 24. Will the project lead to unplanned use of the infrastructure being developed? 25. Will the project result in health hazards and interference of plant growth adjacent to road by dust raised and blown by vehicles 26. Will the project lead to the illegal invasion of homelands and indigenous people by squatters and poachers causing serious social and economic disruption? 27. Will the project be equally profitable to all beneficiaries in the region? 28. Will the project be equally accessible by all beneficiaries in the region? B. Site Related Issues 1. Is the project located in an area with designated natural reserves? 2. Is the project located in an area with unique natural features? 3. Is the project located in an area with endangered or conservation-worthy ecosystems, fauna or flora? 4. Is the project located in an area falling within 500 meters of national forests, protected areas, wilderness areas, wetlands, biodiversity, critical habitats, or sites of historical or cultural importance? 5. Is the project located in an area such that it would create a barrier for the movement of conservation- worthy wildlife or livestock? 6. Is the project located close to subterranean water sources, surface water bodies, water courses or wetlands? 7. Is the project located in an area with designated 108 Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Sub-Project (3) : Taiz Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ historic or cultural resources? 8. Is the project located in a polluted or contaminated × area? 9. Is the project located in an area of high visual and × landscape quality? 10. Is the project located in an area susceptible to × landslides or erosion? 11. Is the project located in an area of seismic faults? × 12. Is the project located in a densely populated area? × 13. Is the project located in prime agricultural land? × 14. Is the project located in an area of tourist × importance? 109 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (2) : TAIZ Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Annex 4. Environmental and Social Procedures for Inclusion in the Technical Specifications of Contracts I. General 1. The Contractor and his employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the Engineer to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of his operations on the environment. 2. The Contractor shall not be permitted to unnecessarily strip clear the right of way. The Contractor shall only clear the minimum width for construction and diversion roads should not be constructed alongside the existing road. 3. Remedial actions that cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be carried out on completion of each Section of the road (earthworks, pavement and drainage) and before issuance of the Taking Over Certificate: (a) These sections should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation; (b) Water courses should be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear flow paths; and (c) Borrow pits should be dressed as fish ponds, or drained and made safe, as agreed with the landowner. 4. The Contractor shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas. 5. The Contractor shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital. 6. To prevent dust pollution during dry periods, the Contractor shall carry out regular watering of earth and gravel haul roads and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage. II. Transport 7. The Contractor shall use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Engineer, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of road, and shall restrict loads to prevent damage to roads and bridges used for transportation purposes. The Contractor shall be held responsible for any damage caused to the roads and bridges due to the transportation of excessive loads, and shall be required to repair such damage to the approval of the Engineer. 8. The Contractor shall not use any vehicles, either on or off road with grossly excessive, exhaust or noise emissions. In any built up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor. 9. Adequate traffic control measures shall be maintained by the Contractor throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer. III. Workforce 10. The Contractor should whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and shall provide appropriate training as necessary. 11. The Contractor shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system for any residential labor camp and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses. 12. The Contractor shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the labor camp and/or base camp. 110 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (2) : TAIZ Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 13. The Contractor shall not allow the use of fuel wood for cooking or heating in any labor camp or base camp and provide alternate facilities using other fuels. 14. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located in appropriate areas as approved by the Engineer and not within 500 meters of existing residential settlements and not within 1,000 meters for asphalt plants. 15. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet. 16. The contractor shall not use fuel wood as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the Works. IV. Quarries and Borrow Pits 17. Operation of a new borrow area, on land, in a river, or in an existing area, shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer, and the operation shall cease if so instructed by the Engineer. Borrow pits shall be prohibited where they might interfere with the natural or designed drainage patterns. River locations shall be prohibited if they might undermine or damage the river banks, or carry too much fine material downstream. 18. The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with stable side slopes, and are drained ensuring that no stagnant water bodies are created which could breed mosquitoes. 19. Rock or gravel taken from a river shall be far enough removed to limit the depth of material removed to one-tenth of the width of the river at any one location, and not to disrupt the river flow, or damage or undermine the river banks. 20. The location of crushing plants shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust control devices. V. Earthworks 21. Earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season. 22. The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the work. 23. The Contractor shall complete cut and fill operations to final cross-sections at any one location as soon as possible and preferably in one continuous operation to avoid partially completed earthworks, especially during the rainy season. 24. In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, in accordance with the drawings, cut off drains and toe-drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or other plant cover. Cut off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and slope erosion. 25. Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated tipping areas as agreed to by the Engineer. 26. Tips should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any watercourse. Drains may need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer. VI. Historical and Archeological Sites 27. If the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall: a. Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. 111 Road Maintenance Fund ( RMF) Sub-Project (2) : TAIZ Governorate Road Assets Management Project (RAMP) Environmental and social Impact Assessment ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ b. Delineate the discovered site or area. c. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture take over. d. Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture immediately (less than 24 hours). e. Contact the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture who would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archeologists of the Ministry of Culture (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. f. Ensure that decisions on how to handle the finding be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of Culture. This could include changes in the layout (such as when the finding is an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. g. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the Ministry of Culture; and h. Construction work will resume only after authorization is given by the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture concerning the safeguard of the heritage. VII. Disposal of Construction and Vehicle Waste 28. Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the project engineer. The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare flora. Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas. 29. In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Supervisor/Engineer. 30. Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area. 31. All arrangements for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, will be considered incidental to the work and should be planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and directed by the Engineer. 32. Vehicle/machinery and equipment operations, maintenance and refueling shall be carried out to avoid spillage of fuels and lubricants and ground contamination. An oil interceptor will be provided for wash down and refueling areas. Fuel storage shall be located in proper bounded areas. 33. All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines. Fuel storage and refilling areas shall be located at least 300m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer. 112