THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 16 / NO 3 NOVEMBER 2017 INSIDE India makes huge progress in the Ease of Doing Business rankings 1-5 Sustained reforms help Pathways to Prosperity – World Bank series 6-8 Development Dialogue: India jump 30 places Triple helix of innovation 9-10 in World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business 2018 ICR Update: Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 11-13 I Interview 14-15 ndia for the first time moved into the top 100 in the World Bank’s Ease  Recent Project Signings of Doing Business global rankings on the back of sustained business 16-17 reforms over the past several years. Last year the report had ranked India New Additions to the Public at 130.  Information Center 18-27 Contact Information 28 Doing Business 2018: Reforming to Create Jobs report recognizes India as one of the top 10 improvers in this year’s assessment, having implemented About the photograph: A skills center in Okhla, reforms in 8 out of 10 Doing Business indicators. India is the only large New Delhi country this year to have achieved such a significant shift. Photo by Jitendra Sharma On the “distance to frontier metric,” one The Doing Business project, launched in of the key indicators in the survey, India’s 2002, looks at domestic small and medium- score went from 56.05 in Doing Business size companies, across 190 economies 2017 to 60.76 in Doing Business 2018. This and selected cities at the subnational and means last year India improved its business regional level, and measures the regulations regulations in absolute terms – indicating applying to them through their life cycle. that the country is continuing its steady shift Developing countries carried out 206 towards best practice in business regulation. reforms, accounting for 78 percent of the total reforms, with Sub-Saharan Africa implementing 83 reforms, a record for a second consecutive year for the region, and South Asia implementing a record 20 reforms. A large number of reforms centered on improving access to credit and registering a new business, with 38 reforms each, as well as facilitating cross border trade, with 33 reforms. 2 The World Bank in India • November 2017 In its annual ease of doing business rankings, strengthen its position as a preferred place New Zealand, Singapore and Denmark to do business globally,” said Annette Dixon, retained their first, second and third spots, Vice President, South Asia region. respectively, followed by Republic of Korea; This year, the eight indicators on which Hong Kong SAR, China; United States; United reforms were implemented in Delhi and Kingdom; Norway; Georgia; and Sweden. Mumbai, the two cities covered by the Consistency pays for India – report are: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting credit, reforms in 8 out of 10 areas protecting minority investors, paying taxes, this year trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency (see the factsheet). Marking its 15th anniversary, the report Last year the Doing Business report notes that India has adopted 37 reforms recognized India for reforms in the areas of since 2003. Nearly half of these reforms have getting electricity, paying taxes, trading been implemented in the last four years. The across borders and enforcing contracts. report captures reforms in the period June 2, 2016 to June 1, 2017.  India performs well in the areas of Protecting Minority Investors, Getting Credit, and Getting “Having embarked on a strong reform Electricity. The country’s corporate law and agenda to improve the business securities regulations have been recognized environment, the significant jump this as highly advanced, placing India in 4th place year is a result of the Indian government’s in the global ranking on Protecting Minority consistent efforts over the past few years. Investors. And the time to obtain an electricity It indicates India’s endeavor to further connection in Delhi has dropped from 138 The World Bank in India • November 2017 3 Doing Business 2018 Fact Sheet: India India implemented substantive changes in the following areas in 2016/17: ● Starting a business: India made starting a business faster by merging the applications for the Permanent Account Number (PAN) and the Tax Account ` Number (TAN) and by improving the online application system. Mumbai also made starting a business faster by merging the applications for value added tax and the Profession Tax (PT). ● Dealing with construction permits: India reduced the number of procedures and time required to obtain a building permit by implementing an online system that has streamlined the process at the Municipality of New Delhi and Municipality of Greater Mumbai. ● Getting credit: India strengthened access to credit by amending the rules ` on priority of secured creditors outside reorganization proceedings and by adopting a new law on insolvency that provides a time limit and clear grounds for relief to the automatic stay for secured creditors during reorganization procedures. This reform impacts the data for both Mumbai and Delhi. ● Protecting minority investors: Protections for minority investors were strengthened by increasing the remedies available in cases of prejudicial transactions between interested parties. This reform applies to both Delhi and Mumbai. ● Paying taxes: In both Delhi and Mumbai, paying taxes was made easier by requiring payments to the Employees Provident Fund to be made electronically, and introducing administrative measures that make it easier to comply with corporate income tax regulations. ● Trading across borders: In Mumbai, reducing the time taken to comply with import regulations at Nhava Sheva port made it much quicker to trade across borders. In Delhi and Mumbai, the elimination of merchant overtime fees and the increased use of electronic and mobile platforms reduced the time taken to comply with both export and import regulations. ● Enforcing contracts: In both Delhi and Mumbai, the introduction of the National Judicial Data Grid made it possible to generate case management reports on local courts, thereby making it easier to enforce contracts. ● Resolving insolvency: India made resolving insolvency easier by adopting a new insolvency and bankruptcy code that introduced a reorganization procedure for corporate debtors and facilitated continuation of the debtor’s business during insolvency proceedings. This reform applies to both Delhi and Mumbai. 0 The World Bank in India • November 2017 4 days four years ago to 45 days now, almost However, the number of procedures is still 20 days less than the 78 days average in cumbersome for local entrepreneurs who still OECD high-income economies. India places need to go through 12 procedures to start a in 29th place in the global ranking on the business in Mumbai, which is considerably Getting Electricity indicator. more than in OECD high-income economies, where it takes five procedures on average. Challenges ahead “Tackling these challenging reforms will While there has been substantial progress, be key to India sustaining the momentum India still lags in areas such as Starting a towards a higher ranking. To secure changes Business, Enforcing Contracts, and Dealing in the remaining areas will require not just with Construction Permits. In fact, the time new laws and online systems but deepening taken to enforce a contract is longer today, the ongoing investment in the capacity of at 1,445 days, than it was 15 years ago (1,420 states and their institutions to implement days), placing the country in 164th place in change and transform the framework of the global ranking on the Enforcing Contracts incentives and regulation facing the private indicator. sector. India’s focus on ‘doing business’ (Change background colour as needed) at the state level may well be the platform In Starting a Business, India has reduced the that sustains the country’s reform trajectory time needed to register a new business to for the future” said Junaid Ahmad, Country 30 days now, from 127 days 15 years ago. Director India. The World Bank in India • November 2017 5 Pathways to Prosperity Where you live decides how ‘well’ you live Location and poverty are intimately linked. In India’s rapidly transforming economy, where the boundaries between rural and urban have become increasingly blurred, living standards are much higher in ‘good’ locations, and much worse in places that are not so ‘good’. In the years to come, creating more such ‘good’ locations, and spreading their prosperity to surroundings areas, will play a key role in raising incomes and reducing poverty in India, say Yue Li, an economist in World Bank’s South Asia region and Martin Rama, World Bank’s Chief Economist for the South Asia Region W hether a household is poor or not depends not only on its assets, education and skills but also, importantly, also ‘typical’ in other respects, it would spend Rs. 8,121 per month if it lived in urban Maharashtra, but only Rs. 3,735 on where it lives.  Consider a ‘typical’ Indian a month if it resided in rural Bihar. A household, which has four members and part of this difference can be explained where the adults have less than nine years by the higher cost of living in urban of education. Assuming this household is Maharashtra. Nonetheless, a big part of 6 The World Bank in India • November 2017 it can be attributed to the real difference With this more granular spatial perspective, in consumption levels between the two we find that the ‘typical’ Indian household locations. One may think of this difference could consume Rs. 13,554 per month in in consumption levels – 117 percent in this urban Gurgaon in Haryana, which has case – as the gain associated with living in the highest consumption levels among all a ‘good’ location. the 1,400 places considered. At the other extreme, a similar household in a small It is however important to note that this village in the Malkangiri district of Odisha clear distinction between urban and rural would consume only Rs. 2,928. Seen from areas no longer exists in India. A decade this more detailed standpoint, the difference ago India’s cities and countryside were truly in consumption levels rises to 362 percent. different. Nowadays, the difference between urban and rural areas is mostly a matter of Clearly, where a household lives matters. degree. While cities are expanding beyond About half of the overall variation in their municipal boundaries, many once-rural consumption expenditure across places can areas are becoming denser and acquiring be explained by differences in a household’s more urban characteristics. Today, as cities characteristics such as its ownership of move to people as much as people move assets, in its education and skills, and in its to cities, India’s rural-urban divide is being age composition – or how many working replaced by a rural-urban gradation. members there are in a household. But when we also take the household’s place of In a recent paper, we explore how this residence into account, nearly two thirds of messy urbanization affects the likelihood this difference can be explained. This means of a household being poor, and its living that one third of the variation in per capita standards more generally. We use National consumption in India is related, in one way Sample Survey (NSS) data from 2012 to or another, to the place where a household compare patterns in living standards across lives. four different types of locations along the rural-urban gradation, from small rural areas The analysis yields other insights too. with a population of less than 5,000 to large First, it has now become difficult to tell the urban areas with a population greater than difference between large rural areas and one million. In all, we consider roughly 1,400 small urban areas.  And, that on average, places spread across the 599 districts for small urban areas and large rural areas can which we have good data. support similar consumption levels. The World Bank in India • November 2017 7 It’s not just where you live, know for sure why this is so, but the issue certainly warrants further research. but also near what you live that matters The ‘least good’ places to live and work are concentrated in the centre of India, where It also appears that the ‘best’ places to the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, live in India tend to be near each other. and Orissa meet. A number of such places Clusters of such places are to be found in can also be found in Uttar Pradesh and the northwest of India, along the western Bihar, along the Ganga basin. Surprisingly, and southwestern coasts, and in India’s most of them do not fall in the rural parts of northeast, towards Bangladesh. Among these states, but rather in small urban areas. them are the agglomerations surrounding Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Jodhpur, Tribal populations live in some Kolkata, Mumbai, Puducherry, South Goa and Thiruvananthapuram. of the most disadvantaged places Some of these clusters are huge. For example, the one around Delhi spreads across 60 districts, spanning seven of India’s northwestern states and Union Territories. Similarly, the cluster around Thiruvananthapuram spans 19 districts across the three southern states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Although generally, urban India tends to have higher consumption levels than rural areas, there are some surprises. Interestingly, it is not only large urban areas which display Last but not least, paying attention to the the highest gains in living standards. In fact, places where people live changes our many of the best places to live and work are interpretation of the key determinants of secondary towns, and some of them are still poverty. One of the most dramatic changes administratively rural. What makes these concerns our understanding of why some ‘good’ rural locations special is that they lie social groups are poorer than others. For in the catchment area of some of the best instance, a tribal household consumes 23 locations in the country. Seen this way, what percent less than a household from the matters for a household is not just ‘where’ it general category that is otherwise identical.  lives, but also ‘near what’ it lives. But when the place of residence is taken into account this gap falls to 13 percent. Some ‘good’ locations spread In other words, a superficial analysis would their prosperity more than others suggest that poverty among tribals is related However, all the ‘good’ locations do not to their socio-economic characteristics. On (Change background colour as needed spread their prosperity around them evenly.  the other hand, our spatial analysis suggests For instance, both Bangalore and Delhi are a key reason why tribal populations are poor among India’s top locations. Between them, is because they live in some of the most Bangalore enjoys a slightly higher gain in disadvantaged places in the country. living standards than Delhi, arguably making Reference: it a better city to live and work in. But Delhi Li, Yue and Martin Rama (2015) “Households spreads its benefits more widely, doing or Locations? Cities, Catchment Area and substantially better than Bangalore in the Prosperity in India.” Policy Research Working extent of its impact on surrounding areas. In Paper 7473, World Bank, Washington DC. Delhi’s case, the gain in living standards is still high up to 200 km away from the core of This blog was originally published in the city, while in Bangalore it almost vanishes the Indian Express on 28th June, 2016 just 100 km from the city centre. We do not 8 The World Bank in India • November 2017 Development Dialogue Triple Helix of Innovation Most research and development (R&D) budgets focus on developing drugs that fetch high returns. This leaves the diseases that afflict the developing world with few takers. India is well- placed to fill this gap, say Junaid Ahmad, World Bank Country Director, India and Albert Sole, Senior Private Sector Specialist, World Bank A s the monsoon gathers pace, civic authorities are gearing up to deal with the spectre of malaria, chikungunya and an India is well-placed to fill this gap. Two key strengths have enabled India to reach its pinnacle position as the world’s largest assortment of other maladies. Yet, while two- manufacturer of high quality generic thirds of the world’s people are at risk from medicines and vaccines. these and other debilitating diseases, no India’s academia has established a strong vaccines have yet been developed to prevent base in scientific research that helps identify them. potential new drugs. The private sector too Even where vaccines exist — such as for has mastered reverse-engineering drugs and dengue and the human papilloma virus, the vaccines freed from patent protections. precursor of cervical cancer — they don’t But these strengths alone will not be enough target the strains prevalent in India. Or they to take the country forward. Today, rapid are prohibitively expensive. Since it costs an advances in genetics, nanotech and biotech average of $800 million to bring a single new are revolutionising the fundamentals of the drug to market, most R&D budgets focus on industry. developing drugs that fetch high returns. This leaves the diseases that afflict the A whole new era of discovery and innovation developing world with few takers. lies before us. But before India can capitalise The World Bank in India • November 2017 9 on its potential, it will need to work on its more collaborative R&D environment key weaknesses. Today, too many promising and leveraging the expertise of local and leads fail to make it to market because of international players, from both the public the missing link between discovery and and private sectors, to take the industry development. forward. Since neither the public nor the private Specifically, Birac aims to foster talent sector can go it alone in such a complex, in research and nurture next-generation high-cost, high-risk environment, a bridge technical skills among scientists, researchers will need to be created between academia, and others across the different stages industry and government — the triple helix of of product development. It also seeks to medical innovation. improve the success rate of promising leads, accelerate the development of new products, In the US, early stage incubators at and equip the industry to carry out the full universities such as Stanford, Cornell, spectrum of validation activities. MIT and Harvard serve as hubs for the development of new drugs and medical Clinical trials are currently a critical devices. After this, the country’s vibrant bottleneck. It will be important to provide venture capital market takes the prototypes companies with advanced shared facilities forward. to conduct these trials, link clinical trial units with networks of expert advisers and Its investment in startups helps validate international bodies so that they comply with the prototypes for efficacy, safety and the best global standards, and strengthen consistency, and takes the product to all the institutions involved in the adoption the market. In Israel and South Korea, of global innovations, technologies and government-led initiatives draw in the private licensing models. sector, and large pharma companies take the pioneering work of small industries forward. Recently, the World Bank joined hands with Birac to help scale up its efforts across the India, too, is now seeking to strengthen industry. Initiatives such as this, in which this value chain. Five years ago, GoI set (Change background an industry goes beyond ‘Make in India’ to up the Biotechnology Industry Research ‘Innovate in India’, will hopefully pave the Assistance Council (Birac) with this explicit way for private investors to follow, and raise purpose. the industry’s long term competitiveness. Since then, Birac has supported a number This opinion piece was originally published of startups, and fostered collaboration in the Economic Times on 8th September, within the biopharma innovation ecosystem. 2017. Birac is now focused on promoting a 10 The World Bank in India • November 2017 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Context Punjab Rural Water Supply and In rural Punjab, public water utilities were Sanitation Project poorly managed. Even though they were accessible to more than 80 percent of Approval Date: 14 December, 2006 households in the state, poor performance Closing Date: 31 March, 2014 led households to access drinking water Total Project US$ 261.4 million from shallow bore wells, which were highly Cost susceptible to bacterial pollution from Bank Financing: US$ 126.4 million poor sanitation conditions. Sixty percent of households did not have latrines and Implementing Department of Water sanitation facilities were generally septic Agency: Supply and Sanitation, Government of Punjab tanks with effluent flowing directly into open drains, resulting in degradation of the Outcome: Moderately Satisfactory village environment and pollution of village Risk to Low or Negligible ponds. Limited institutional, operational and Development financing arrangements, made long-term Outcome: sustainability of public schemes difficult. Overall Bank Moderately Satisfactory Moreover, the capacity at local government Performance: level was inadequate and new schemes were Overall Borrower Moderately Satisfactory planned and built with little participation from Performance: beneficiaries. The World Bank in India • November 2017 12 11 To tackle these issues, the Government The Project targeted individual household of Punjab (GoP) developed an ambitious connections over public stand-posts. Piped vision to cover all habitations in Punjab with household water connections increased individual household water connections with by more than 300 percent, from 77,089 to modern waste water collection and disposal 310,824 connections over the Project period. systems. In 492 habitations, 100 percent household connections were achieved. Project Development Objectives The Project has made extensive efforts to The objective was to assist the Government increase metering of household connections of Punjab to provide rural communities with and 335 habitations were fully metered and increased access and sustainable rural water are charging volumetric tariffs. supply and sanitation services. The Project constructed 98 sewerage Achievements collection and treatment systems on a pilot Out of the 3,000 habitations targeted, 5,335 basis out of the 100 that were targeted. Of habitations were reached, achieving 178 these, 97 were reported to be performing percent of the target. By the time the Project well. Sewerage schemes benefitted 20,700 ended, close to 99 percent of habitations households or approximately 109,710 were covered by public water supply (88 beneficiaries. percent with supply levels exceeding 40 liters per capita per day, and 11percent supplying By ensuring the direct participation of gram less than 40 liters per capita per day). panchayats in planning, implementation, operation and maintenance of the schemes, In addition to extending access, the Project the Project is believed to have played a made substantial efforts in demonstrating transformational role in the decentralization increased levels of service that was not agenda of the state. explicitly part of the project design. These levels of service (10 and 24 hours of supply The Project created an enabling institutional per day, 100 percent household connections, structure for a demand responsive approach 100 percent metering) were notable firsts across the state and for post-implementation for the rural water supply sector in the monitoring and support by strengthening state, and for the country, and provided a the gram panchayats, the village water and strong demonstration of the applicability of sanitation committees, and the Department improved service levels in the rural context. of Water Supply and Sanitation. Lessons Learnt ● Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Human Resource Development (HRD) recognized as a critical function to deliver community driven rural water supply and sanitation services. These functions need to be well resourced with staff, vehicles and technical support to strengthen community commitment to project activities, empower communities to consider alternative options, institute performance improvement, ensure sustainability and inclusion in service provision. The use of peer learning mechanisms, like exposure visits and the development of role model villages worked effectively to demonstrate the viability of higher service levels and generate greater demand in other habitations. There is a need to strengthen monitoring, reporting and evaluation, 12 The World Bank in India • November 2017 including consumer research, to get the strong sense of ownership and at least best out of IEC interventions. three to four people to actively participate. In addition, GP elections take place every ● Capacity building of Gram Panchayat five years and there is a need to educate Water and Sanitation Committee’s new committees when they are elected. (GPWSC) is an ongoing activity to ensure Professionalizing the functions of the sustainability and requires greater GPWSCs for operating and maintaining institutionalization. For GPWSCs to work schemes can create a professional market well they require strong leadership, a for these skills and secure continuity in times of political change. ● Gender inclusiveness. Punjab requires more specifically designed interventions to ensure gender inclusiveness. Despite the high per capita income in Punjab, gender inequality remains high and there is a need for more specialized gender interventions, specifically in the context in Punjab. ● Aneffective institutional structure for long-term sustainability. The presence of a government department with the specific mandate for rural water supply and sanitation service provision provides the opportunity for sound technical backstopping to communities, especially in the O&M stage, to ensure sustainability (Change background colour as needed) of schemes, and the opportunity to improve sector monitoring and evaluation to develop an evidence base for future policy development. 12 The World Bank in India • November 2017 13 Interview “The attempt under this Project was to create the capacity in the public health system to identify and treat patients suffering from non- communicable diseases right at the primary health center level” Non-communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe. India is no exception. Many parts of India are experiencing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and different cancers while still grappling with an array of infectious diseases such as malaria, chikengunya and dengue, which account for a large portion of the people getting sick if not treated on time. The challenge for India is to implement appropriate prevention strategies to halt the growing double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases. The health delivery system must be reorganized. Patients with non-communicable diseases typically require care over a longer time, with clinical management starting at a primary care setting, said Jorge Coarasa, World Bank’s Senior Health Economist in an interview with World Bank’s communication team. Excerpts. Q uestion: Could you highlight the key objectives of a recent pilot initiative that the World Bank supported in Karnataka to tackle the growing burden of non- communicable diseases? Answer: The key objective of the Project in Karnataka was to bring screening for non- communicable diseases to the Primary Health Center (PHC) level. The interventions in the two districts, Dakshina Kannada and Davangere in Karnataka were on creating non- communicable disease clinics at all the three levels – at the district hospital, community health center, and the primary health center. The screenings were for hypertension, diabetes and for cervical cancer. The Accredited Social Health Activists, popularly known as Ashas were given the task to enumerate everyone in the population and not just people with symptoms and encourage them to get screened at either the Primary Health Center (PHC) or at the Community Health Center (CHC) or at a district hospital as per their convenience. For people who were confirmed positive and needed to be treated at the district hospital, Asha’s accompanied them to the hospital for further tests and treatment, while the rest of the cases were treated and managed at the PHC level. Question: How successful was the Project in setting up systems for tracking and follow-ups? Answer: People were provided a unique registration number at the PHC that could be tracked both at the CHC and at the district hospital. The staff was trained for providing diagnosis, counselling and follow-up. The attempt was to create the capacity in the public health system to find patients who needed treatment rather than waiting for patients to come when they became sick; diagnose, counsel and refer patients to the district hospital as required and follow-up with patients to make sure they were not only diagnosed but that their disease was either cured or was brought under control. 14 The World Bank in India • November 2017 January 2015 Question: What were the main achievements of the Project in the two districts? Answer: When we compared the pilot initiative to what was prevalent in other district hospitals, we found that many more patients were screened in the two pilot districts. Some 48,851 people were screened for cervical cancer alone, 859,827 for hypertension, and 727,597 for diabetes. The Project successfully screened about 1.6 million people from the target group and diagnosed about 150,387 people who needed treatment and management. About 88 percent of the target population screened for diabetes, hypertension and cervical cancer were treated and regular follow-ups were conducted for effective management. This simply meant that a lot more people were aware of their health status, more people were put on treatment and hopefully more people did change their behavior that will allow them to stay healthy. Question: What were the challenges the team faced during the course of the Project? Answer: There were several bumps on the way. For example, many women got screened for cervical cancer and were found to be “presumptive positive”, which meant they had to be referred to a higher level facility for treatment. Unfortunately, while they were screened and referred they did not go to the health facility for a confirmation and treatment. There could have been several reasons including cultural and social norms that prevent women from taking further action. We also found that even while the Project was able to equip the community health centers and the district hospitals to treat cervical cancer and obstetricians were trained to perform the procedure, women referred to district hospitals were further referred to medical colleges or other facilities because either the obstetrician was not available or the obstetrician did not feel confident to perform this new procedure or he was a man and the woman did not feel comfortable with a male obstetrician performing the procedure. You see it goes beyond training, equipment and infrastructure. There is a need for a lot of behavior change not only on the part of the patients but also in the frontline workers who are supposed to treat these diseases. Question: Does the World Bank have a plan to extend the initiative to other states? Answer: We have an ongoing policy dialogue with the national program on non- communicable diseases. These pilot initiatives are not only informing the state governments but also the central ministry of health and the national program on non-communicable diseases. In the upcoming state projects on health, non-communicable diseases will definitely figure prominently. Already in Uttar Pradesh we are working with King George Medical University in Lucknow in assessing the capability of the public health facilities in various districts to deal with non-communicable diseases. We are at the moment taking stock of the total number of specialists in Uttar Pradesh, the number of labs and assessing what would it take to introduce a systematic response to non-communicable diseases in the state. (Change background colour as needed) Similarly, our health projects in Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Karnataka are better informed by this experience. We are also discussing the potential for a follow-on project in Karnataka which will take this pilot initiative to the next level. For the World Bank, working on non- communicable diseases are a big part of our agenda in India. The The World World Bank Bank in India • November in India 2017 15 • January 2015 Recent Project Signings Odisha Higher Education Program for Excellence and Equity Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a $119 million loan agreement for the Odisha Higher and six state universities based on their IDPs. Another 70 will be selected in the second round which will commence after 12 to 18 Education Program for Excellence and months. The remaining about 660 colleges Equity Project. The Project will support the that do not receive the institutional grant will Government of Odisha in improving the directly benefit from a faculty development quality, equity and governance of higher program and the anticipated governance education institutes in the state. reforms. The agreement was signed by Sameer In all, about 630,000 higher education (Change background colour as needed) Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, Department students and about 21,000 faculty staff of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on and 11,000 administrative staff at the behalf of the Government of India; G.V.V. colleges and universities will benefit from Sarma, Additional Chief Secretary, Higher the Project. Education, on behalf of the Government of Odisha; and Hisham Abdo, Acting Country Director, World Bank India, on behalf of the Assam Agribusiness and Rural World Bank.    Transformation Project T Government, government-aided, and block he Government of India and the World grant colleges that have an accreditation from Bank have signed a $200 million loan the National Assessment and Accreditation agreement for the Assam Agribusiness and Council (NAAC) are eligible to apply for Rural Transformation Project. grants under the Project. Their Institutional Development Plan (IDP) will be evaluated by The Project will support the Government of a committee comprising eminent academics Assam to facilitate agri-business investments, from inside and outside the state. increase agriculture productivity and market access, and enable small farm holders The first round of selection has already begun produce crops that are resilient to recurrent and the committee has selected 70 colleges floods or droughts in the state. 16 The World Bank in India • November 2017 The agreement was signed by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of India; Ravi Kota, Principal Secretary, Finance, Government of Assam; and Hisham Abdo, Acting Country Director, World Bank India, on behalf of the World Bank.    The Project will be implemented in over 16 districts of Assam. Over 500,000 farming households will directly benefit and at least 30 percent women are expected to (Change backg participate in project activities. Specific focus will be given to women-led enterprises and their participation in the decision-making process of farmer producer organizations. National Agricultural Higher Education Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a $82.50 million loan agreement for the National Agricultural Higher by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of Education Project. India; and Sumila Gulyani, Acting Country Director, World Bank India, on behalf of the It will support the Indian Council of World Bank. Agricultural Research (ICAR) and participating agricultural universities in providing more The project will target 75 institutions, (Change backg relevant and better quality agricultural higher consisting of state agricultural universities education to students. (63), deemed universities (five), central universities with agricultural faculty (four), The agreement for the project was signed and central agricultural universities (three).  The World Bank in India • November 2017 17 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Water use and reallocation implications for economic The World Bank PIC growth: A case study of Rajasthan The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By the World Bank 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Available On-line New Delhi – 110 001, India Published August 2017, Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 2 Vol. Website: www.worldbank.org English Version. Paperback Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Report No.: 120421 The study analyzes whether PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR Rajasthan can achieve its Viva Books Pvt Ltd economic growth targets with its available water 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj resources and current water allocation pattern. It looks New Delhi – 110 002 at water use in agriculture, domestic and industrial Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 (including power) sectors of Rajasthan. It identifies Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 the water allocation patterns in different sectors and Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net calculates the water intensity in each of these sectors. It brings out the constraints that the available water may Other Preferred Stockist in India pose towards achieving the economic growth targets Anand Associates of the state and suggests various strategic options and 1219 Stock Exchange Tower interventions that policy makers may consider to meet 12th Floor, Dalal Street the economic growth target. Mumbai – 400 023 Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 Email: thrupti@vsnl.com South Asia Publications Website: www.myown.org Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) Migrating to opportunity: Overcoming barriers to labor mobility in Southeast Asia Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd By Mauro Testaverde, Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Harry Edmund Moroz, Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com Website: www.alliedpublishers.com Claire Honore Hollweg and Achim Daniel Schmillen Bookwell Available On-line Published October 2017, 24/4800 Ansari Road, Daryaganj pages 337 New Delhi – 110 002 English Version. Paperback Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 ISBN 978-1-4648-1106-7 Email: bookwell@vsnl.net The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Workers move throughout Southeast Asia in search of economic opportunities. 18 The World Bank in India • November 2017 This book highlights how mobility affects the well- WPS 8204 being of workers, the constraints workers face when How does port efficiency affect maritime transport migrating for better opportunities, and the solutions costs and trade? Evidence from Indian and Western to ease these constraints. The diversity of economic Pacific Ocean countries development in Southeast Asia means that there are By Matias Herrera Dappe, Charl Jooste and Ancor ample opportunities for workers to seek out better jobs Suarez Aleman that pay higher wages. Would improvements in port performance increase trade The book documents why workers are not always able in countries on the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans? to take advantage of these opportunities, what is lost This paper builds a measure of economic efficiency when they are not able to take advantage of them, and based on the use of port inputs to deliver port output. potential policies that will expand their access to them. Using data envelop analysis, it ranks countries on the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans in terms of their India: Policy Research Working Papers port efficiency, and assesses the effect of increased efficiency. It finds that becoming as efficient as the WPS 8207 country with the most efficient port sector would reduce Measuring the effectiveness of service delivery: their average maritime transport costs by up to 14 Delivery of government provided goods and services percent and increase their exports by up to 2.2 percent. in India By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper and Neeraj WPS 8197 Prasad Flies without borders: Lessons from Chennai on This paper uses new survey data to measure the improving India’s municipal public health services government’s capacity to deliver goods and services in By Monica Das Gupta, Rajib Dasgupta, P. Kugananthan, a manner that includes: high coverage of the population; Vijayendra Rao and et.al. equal access; and high quality of service delivery. This paper explores the management of municipal public The paper finds variation in these indicators across and health services in two major Indian metropolises with within Indian states. Access to government provided sharply contrasting health and sanitation indicators. goods and services is low — about 60 percent of the The paper explains how Chennai mitigates these surveyed population are unable to apply for goods challenges through active service outreach to vulnerable and services; inequality in access is high — women populations, and a considered approach to devolution and poor adults are more likely to report an inability to that distributes responsibilities appropriately between apply for goods and services they need; and less than line agencies, technical personnel, and elected a third of the respondents who did manage to apply representatives. Services in Delhi are quite constrained. for a government delivered good or service found the These policy lessons are pertinent to other Indian cities application process to be easy. and beyond. WPS 8205 WPS 8185 Making it easier to apply for a bank account: A study A bit far? Geography, international economic of the Indian market agreements, and foreign direct investment: Evidence By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Saniya Ansar and from emerging markets Aditya Jagati By Laura Gomez-Mera and Gonzalo J. Varela This paper draws on new individual-level survey data from India to study the costs of opening an account This paper studies the ways in which bilateral and the efficiency of the account application process. investment treaties and preferential trade agreements The data show a recent increase in account ownership, interact with geographic and cultural distance to especially by women and poor adults. The data also influence firms’ investment patterns. How does suggest that India’s flagship financial inclusion program, geographic and cultural proximity affect the impact of the Jan Dhan Yojana scheme, has made it easier to get international economic agreements on foreign direct an account, through lower costs and greater ease of investment flows? This question is answered using data applying. Yet despite the scheme’s initial successes, from an original survey of 700 firms from four emerging people who wish to apply for an account continue to (or newly-emerged) economies: Brazil, India, the incur a range of costs. Republic of Korea, and South Africa. The survey results suggest several recommendations The findings suggest that bilateral investment treaties that could improve the account application process and and preferential trade agreements increase the likelihood increase ownership and usage of accounts. of foreign direct investment. Yet, the effects of these The World Bank in India • November 2017 19 agreements on foreign direct investment depend on the economic attributes, each of which entail distinct policy distance between the origin and potential destination responses. If water is not managed more prudently— countries. from source, to tap, and back to source—the crises observed today will become the catastrophes of tomorrow. India Publications World Development Report 2018: Learning to Realize Trouble in the Making? The Future of Manufacturing- Education’s Promise Led Development By the World Bank By Mary Hallward-Driemeier Available On-line and Gaurav Nayyar Published October 2017, Available On-line pages 234 Published October 2017, English Version. Paperback pages 184 ISBN: 978-1-4648-1096-1 English Version. Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1174-6 Every year, the World Bank’s World Development Report Throughout history, lower- (WDR) features a topic of income countries have central importance to global relied on manufacturing, development. which provides jobs for unskilled workers, helps increase productivity, The 2018 WDR—LEARNING to Realize Education’s and drives economic growth, as a central driver of Promise—is the first ever devoted entirely to education. development. However, success in manufacturing and Education has long been critical to human welfare, but it global value chains is currently concentrated in a limited is even more so in a time of rapid economic and social number of countries. In 2015, 55 percent of the world’s change. The best way to equip children and youth for manufactured goods were produced in high-income the future is to place their learning at the center. countries. This book examines the impacts of new technologies, Uncharted Waters – The New Economics of Water rising international competition, and increased Scarcity and Variability servicification on manufacturing productivity and employment. By Richard Damania, Sébastien Desbureaux, Marie Hyland, Asif Islam The Innovation Paradox: Developing-Country and et.al. Capabilities and the Unrealized Promise of Available On-line Technological Catch-Up Published October 2017, pages 101 By Xavier Cirera and William English Version. Paperback. F. Maloney ISBN (print): 978-1-4648- Available On-line 1179-1 Published October 2017, ISBN (electronic): 978-1- pages 192 4648-1180-7 English Version. Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1160-9 This report presents new evidence to advance understanding on how rainfall shocks coupled with Economists have long water scarcity, impacts farms, firms, and families. argued that developing countries have the potential On farms, the largest consumers of water in the world, for high productivity growth impacts are channeled from declining yields to changing if they adopt existing technologies and apply them to landscapes. In cities, water extremes especially when the local context. combined with unreliable infrastructure can stall firm production, sales, and revenue. At the center of this This report brings to bear a battery of new data sources are families, who feel the impacts of this uncertainty on to explore the innovation “paradox”: despite the their incomes, jobs, and long-term health and welfare. potential for very high returns, developing countries Pursuing business as usual will lead many countries invest far less in adopting and inventing new processes down a “parched path” where droughts shape destinies. and products than advanced countries. A key message of this report is that water has multiple 20 The World Bank in India • November 2017 Open and Nimble: Finding Stable Growth in Small Reducing inequalities in water supply, sanitation, and Economies hygiene in the era of the sustainable development goals: Executive summary (2 Vol.) By Daniel Lederman and Justin T. Lesniak Available On-line Available On-line Published October 2017, Published October 2017, 2 Vol. pages 135 English Version. Paperback English Version. Paperback Report No.: 119099 ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- The Water Supply, 1042-8 Sanitation, and Hygiene ISBN (electronic): 978-1- Poverty Diagnostic Initiative 4648-1043-5 undertook multidisciplinary Does economic size matter research in 18 countries, for economic development outcomes? If so are current developing innovative methods to better understand the policies adequately addressing the role of size in the impacts of inadequate services on human development development process? outcomes, and identify the binding constraints to service delivery. This initiative considers the new standards Using working age population as a proxy for country of the SDGs, which raise the bar (above that set by size, Open and Nimble, systematically analyzes what the MDGs) by not just aiming for universal access to makes small economies unique. Small economies are basic WASH services, but also attempting to close the not necessarily prone to underdevelopment and in fact gaps in service quality, with an eye toward long-term can achieve very high income levels. sustainability. Small economies, however, do tend to be highly open to both international trade and foreign direct investment, have highly specialized export structures, and have Independent Evaluation Group annual report 2017: large government expenditures relative to their Gross Influence through evaluation Domestic Product. The export structures of small Available On-line economies are concentrated in a few products or Published September 2017, pages 40 services and in a small number of export destinations. English Version. Paperback Report No.: 119999 Global Mobility Report 2017: Tracking Sector In this report the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) Performance assesses how well the World Bank Group is positioned to attain its goal of boosting shared prosperity. The By Sustainable Mobility results should help the World Bank Group to adjust for All, World Bank their programs to ensure success. IEG also completed Available On-line two evaluations on delivering services to the poor Published October 2017, and simultaneously stimulated discussions about the pages 107 assessment of service delivery and behavior change. English Version. Paperback For their strategic engagement area on environmental ISBN: 978-0-692-95670-0 sustainability, IEG put together a synthesis paper of their The Global Mobility Report findings on resilience to systemic shocks. 2017 (GMR) is the first- ever attempt to examine performance of the transport sector globally, and its capacity to support the mobility of goods and people, in a sustainable way. The GMR is built around three components: (i) four global objectives that define “sustainable mobility”; (ii) quantitative and qualitative targets for those objectives, drawn from international agreements; and (iii) indicators to track country-level progress towards those objectives. It covers all modes of transport, including road, air, waterborne and rail. The World Bank in India • November 2017 21 India Project Documents Second Kerala Rural Water and Sanitation Project Second Technical Engineering Education Quality (Jalanidhi II) Improvement Project Date 10 October 2017 Date 28 September 2017 Project ID P121774  Project ID P102549 Report No. STEP3095, STEP3976, STEP4300 Report No. ICR4197 (Implementation Completion (Procurement Plan) & Results Report) Amaravati Sustainable Capital City Development Meghalaya Community Led Landscape Management Project Project Date 01 August 2017 Date 17 August 2017 Project ID P159808 Project ID P157836 Report No. SFG3009 (Environment Assessment) Report No. SFG3562 (Environment Assessment) Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Mumbai Urban Transport Project - 3 Project Date 19 September 2017 Date 08 August 2017 Project ID P159782 Project ID P155617 Report No. PIDISDSC20633 (Project Information Report No. PAD1898 (Project Appraisal and Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet) Document) Mumbai Urban Transport Project - 2 HP DPL Green Growth Project Date 27 September 2017 Date 16 October 2017 Project ID P113028 Project ID P124041 Report No. ICRR0020854 (Implementation Report No. ICRR0020256 (Implementation Completion Report Review) Completion Report Review) Odisha Higher Education Program for Excellence Himachal Pradesh Mid-Himalayan Watershed and Equity Project Development Project Date 10 August 2017 Date 20 September 2017 Project ID P160331 Project ID P093720 Report No. 113124 (Project Appraisal Document) Report No. ICR4212 (Implementation Completion 116524 (Environment Assessment) & Results Report) Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Project Date 22 August 2017 Date 13 September 2017 Project ID P154283 Project ID P091031 Report No. RES29342 (Project Paper) Report No. RES29424 (Project Paper) Strengthening Public Financial management in Rajasthan First National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project Date 11 October 2017 Date 01 October 2017 Project ID P156869 Project ID P092217 Report No. PIDISDSC23405 (Project Information Report No. RES27861 (Project Paper) and Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet) 22 The World Bank in India • November 2017 Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development Project Uttar Pradesh Pro-Poor Tourism Development Project Date 16 October 2017 Date 01 September 2017 Project ID P150395 Project ID P146936 Report No. SFG3527 (Environment Assessment) Report No. SFG1207 (Environment Assessment) SFG3145, SFG3563 (Resettlement Plan) From the Blogworld Planning for disaster: forecasting the impact of floods in South Asia’s river basins By Satya Priya Co-authors: William Young, Lead Water Resources Management Specialist, the World Bank, Thomas Hopson and Ankit Avasthi T he Ganges Basin in South Asia is home to some of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable communities. Annual floods during monsoon season cause widespread human suffering and economic losses. This year, torrential rains and catastrophic floods affected more than 45 million people, including (Change background colour as needed) 16 million children. By 2030, with ongoing climate change and socioeconomic development, floods may cost the region as much as $215 billion annually. River Basins, summarizes two recent initiatives aiming to reduce these flood losses. A new report, Flood Risk Assessment and Forecasting for the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Read more: https://tinyurl.com/ybduydzh From potato eaters to world leaders in agriculture By Priti Kumar Co-author: Fokke Fennema V an Gogh’s famous painting of Potato Eaters depicts a family of poor peasants seated around a dinner table eating their staple fare. The artist confessed that this work is deeply reflective of the hard work that Dutch peasants have to do to earn a bare meal. Van Gogh frequently painted the harvest and often compared the season to his own art, and how he would someday reap all that he had put into it. Since those difficult times in the late 1800s, the tiny country of the Netherlands (pop: 17 mill; about the size of Haryana state in India) has come a long (Change background colour as needed) way. Matching sheer ingenuity with technological prowess, the Netherlands today is one of the world’s most agriculturally productive countries, feeding eggs; some 6% of world trade in fruits and 16% in people across the globe from its meager land vegetables comes from the Netherlands. area. Indeed, this small nation is now the world’s But how exactly did they do this?  second-largest exporter of agri-food products including vegetables, fruits, potatoes, meat, milk and Read more: https://tinyurl.com/ybrjdslg The World Bank in India • November 2017 23 From the Blogworld Reducing the health burden due to pollution disease, disability and death in childhood and across their lifespan. By Olusoji O. Adeyi Co author: Julia Bucknall Pollution of the air outside and inside our homes, of waterways and coastal zones and of land all contribute to the health burden reported by the Lancet. Ambient air pollution, chemical pollution and soil pollution are all increasing, with the biggest rise found in rapidly developing and industrializing low- income and middle-income countries. Household air and water pollution were, the Lancet added, slowly declining, which is some good news. To help curb this massive health and environmental burden, the World Bank Group works with developing countries and our partners to reduce pollution, implement proper waste management, improve water and air quality and promote clean development for healthier lives and improved economic opportunity. H eavy smog compelled New Delhi to declare a pollution emergency last week. As air pollution soared to hazardous levels and residents donned World Bank commitments (IBRD/IDA) to pollution management and environmental health totaled more than US$ 7 billion between fiscal year 2009 and masks, India’s capital took a series of measures, such 2016. These commitments are well aligned with the as banning most commercial trucks from entering World Bank Group’s twin goals of eradicating extreme the city and closing all schools, in response to the poverty and boosting shared prosperity. air quality crisis. Many residents complained of Tackling this pollution problem needs actions on many headaches, coughs and other health concerns, and fronts and requires sustained effort. We need better poor visibility caused major traffic accidents. monitoring, improved public awareness, regulation However, those in New Delhi aren’t the only ones and enforcement of those regulations. We need good suffering the consequences of pollution. Globally, contract management for polluting industries. We pollution accounted for an estimated 9 million, or 16 need traffic management and vehicle maintenance. percent, of all premature deaths worldwide in 2015, We need behavior change. And sometimes we according to a report released last month by The have to clean up polluted sites. The diversity of Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health. This constituencies also points to a need for customized is three times more deaths than AIDS, malaria and messaging that will resonate with each audience. In tuberculosis combined; 15 times as many deaths as addition, leadership – at the local, country and global war and all forms of violence; and more deaths than levels – is needed to initiate and sustain coalitions for alcohol (2.3 million deaths), road accidents (1.4 million) change, identify large-scale solutions, formulate and or child and maternal malnutrition (1.4 million). enforce regulations and secure financing for pollution prevention and reduction programs. The Commission also reports that pollution-related diseases cause productivity losses equivalent to about Much of the work ahead requires partnerships across 2 percent of gross domestic product per year. They sectors and institutions. These institutions include also result in healthcare costs that are responsible for the World Health Organization as the global leader 1.7 percent of annual health spending in high-income in health, think tanks, civil society organizations, countries and for up to 7 percent of health spending in multilateral and financiers, bilateral financiers, middle-income countries that are heavily polluted and foundations and the private sector. Building on our rapidly developing.  Welfare losses due to pollution are track record and working across multiple sectors estimated at US$ 4.6 trillion per year – equivalent to – environment, health, governance, energy, water, 6.2 percent of global economic output. macroeconomics and fiscal management – the World Bank can further support countries to inform policy Far from being a rich person’s problem, pollution change and to improve governance, institutional (Change background colour as needed) disproportionately kills the poor and vulnerable. Nearly capacity, communications and behaviors. These, 92 percent of all pollution-related deaths occur in low- combined with investments in prevention and cleaning income and middle-income countries.  Children are up, will help to curtail pollution as a major drag on especially at high risk of pollution-related disease, with public health and economic growth. exposure to pollutants during times of vulnerability in utero and early infancy leading to higher risk of See: https://tinyurl.com/y8tv92rt 24 The World Bank in India • November 2017 From the Blogworld An Indian government effort to encourage led Jan Dhan Yojana (JDY) program was introduced account ownership produces surprising results in India to encourage account ownership. By Asli Demirgüç-Kunt The survey was carried out in early 2016, roughly a Co-authors: Leora Klapper, Saniya Ansar year and a half after the Indian government launched its flagship JDY program to achieve universal account ownership. The program encouraged every household to open one account by offering zero- balance accounts with no opening fees. The JDY has yielded impressive results: At the end of 2016, about 250 million accounts had been opened thanks to the new policy—earning the Indian government a Guinness World Records certificate recognizing the feat. We asked respondents if they had ever applied for an account at any financial institution. We found that 68 percent of adults in surveyed states had applied for an account at some point in their lives. Among this group, one third – or 21 percent of adults – had applied for a JDY account. C an government policies designed to promote financial inclusion encourage people to open an account at a bank or other financial institution? The most interesting finding: In the 12 months (Change background colour as needed) preceding the survey, groups that traditionally didn’t have accounts applied in greater numbers Results from our paper using a new survey of than those that would otherwise fare better with 13,000 adults across India suggest they can have an traditional accounts. impact. Women, poor and illiterate adults were more likely to apply for an account after the government- Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y996zzlm World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 8216 WPS 8211 Fiscal incidence in Belarus: A commitment to equity Firm-level decomposition of energy consumption in analysis Turkish manufacturing industry By Kateryna Bornukova, Gleb Shymanovich and By Sebnem Sahin Alexander Chubrik WPS 8210 WPS 8215 Information disclosure and demand elasticity of Technological change and the labor market in financial products: Evidence from a multi-country Argentina and Uruguay: A task content analysis study By Ignacio Raul Apella and Gonzalo Zunino By Xavier Gine, Cristina Martínez Cuellar and Rafael Keenan Mazer WPS 8214 Economic growth in Guinea and how to accelerate it WPS 8209 By Abdoul Ganiou Mijiyawa Oil discovery and macroeconomic management: The recent Ghanaian experience WPS 8213 By Mahamudu Bawumia and Havard Halland Demand and supply curves in political markets: Understanding the problem of public goods and why WPS 8208 governments fail them An evaluation of border management reforms in a By Stuti Khemani technical agency By Ana Margarida Fernandes, Russell Henry and WPS 8212 Alejandra Mendoza Alcantara Municipal pooled financing of infrastructure in the United States: Experience and lessons WPS 8207 By Lili Liu, Michael A. De Angelis and Sally M. Torbert Measuring the effectiveness of service delivery: The World Bank in India • November 2017 25 Delivery of government provided goods and services WPS 8195 in India Short-term impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom’s By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper and Neeraj Prasad export of goods By Hiau Looi Kee and Alessandro Nicita WPS 8206 Trade creation and trade diversion in deep agreements WPS 8194 By Aaditya Mattoo, Alen Mulabdic and Michele Ruta Financial globalization: A glass half empty? By Sergio L. Schmukler and Facundo Abraham WPS 8205 Making it easier to apply for a bank account: A study WPS 8193 of the Indian market Why secondary towns can be important for poverty By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Saniya Ansar and reduction – a migrant’s perspective Aditya Jagati By Bert Lodewijk M Ingelaere, Luc Christiaensen, Joachim De Weerdt and Ravi Kanbur WPS 8204 How does port efficiency affect maritime transport WPS 8192 costs and trade? Evidence from Indian and Western Could the debate be over? Errors in farmer-reported Pacific Ocean countries production and their implications for the inverse scale- By Matias Herrera Dappe, Charl Jooste and Ancor productivity relationship in Uganda Suarez Aleman By Sydney Gourlay and Talip Kilic and David Lobell WPS 8203 WPS 8191 The distributional impact of taxes and social spending Optimal targeting under budget constraints in a in Croatia humanitarian context By Maria Gabriela Inchauste Comboni and Ivica Rubil By Chiara Gigliarano and Paolo Verme WPS 8202 WPS 8190 Unequal laws and the disempowerment of women in Preferential trade agreements and global value chain: the labor market: Evidence from firm-level data Theory, evidence, and open questions By Asif Mohammed Islam, Silvia Muzi and Mohammad By Michele Ruta Amin WPS 8189 WPS 8201 Shelter from the storm? Household-level impacts of, Output- and performance-based road contracts and and responses to, the 2015 floods in Malawi agricultural production: Evidence from Zambia By Nancy Mccarthy, Talip Kilic, Alejandro De La Fuente By Atsushi Iimi and Ben Gericke and Josh Brubaker WPS 8200 WPS 8188 Assessing effects of large-scale land transfers: Natural disaster damage indices based on remotely Challenges and opportunities in Malawi’s estate sector sensed data: An application to Indonesia By Klaus W. Deininger and Fang Xia By Emmanuel Skoufias, Eric Strobl and Thomas Breivik Tveit WPS 8199 Regulatory constraints to agricultural productivity WPS 8187 By Raian Divanbeigi and Federica Saliola The impact of digital technologies on routine tasks: Do labor policies matter? WPS 8198 By Rita Kullberg Almeida, Carlos H. L. Corseuil and Which emerging markets and developing economies Jennifer Pamela Poole face corporate balance sheet vulnerabilities? A novel monitoring framework WPS 8186 By Erik H.B. Feyen, Norbert Matthias Fiess, Igor Esteban Moving out and up: Panel data evidence on migration Zuccardi Huertas and Lara Alice Victoria Lambert and poverty in Uganda By Edouard Romeo Mensah and Michael B. O’Sullivan WPS 8197 Flies without borders: Lessons from Chennai on WPS 8185 improving India’s municipal public health services A bit far? Geography, international economic By Monica Das Gupta, Rajib Dasgupta, P. Kugananthan, agreements, and foreign direct investment: evidence Vijayendra Rao and et.al. from emerging markets By Laura Gomez-Mera and Gonzalo J. Varela WPS 8196 Export quality in advanced and developing economies: WPS 8184 Evidence from a new data set When is the government transfer multiplier large? By Christian Henn, Chris Papageorgiou, Jose Romero By Eric Giambattista and Steven Michael Pennings and Nikola L. Spatafora 26 The World Bank in India • November 2017 WPS 8183 By Atsushi Iimi, Richard Martin Humphreys and Yonas Investigating the transmission channels behind Dutch Eliesikia Mchomvu disease effects: Lessons from Mongolia using a CGE WPS 8172 model Does arsenic-contaminated drinking water limit early By Tehmina Shaukat Khan and Jan Gottschalk childhood development in Bangladesh? WPS 8182 By Sabrina Sharmin Haque, George Joseph and Nazia Child schooling and child work in the presence of a Sultana Moqueet partial education subsidy WPS 8171 By Jacobus Joost De Hoop, Jed Friedman, Eeshani Revisiting the effect of food aid on conflict: A Kandpal and Furio Camillo Rosati methodological caution WPS 8181 By Paul J. Christian and Christopher B. Barrett Bridging the intention-behavior gap? The effect of WPS 8170 plan-making prompts on job search and employment Welfare-consistent global poverty measures By Martin Abel, Rulof Petrus Burger, Eliana Carranza and By Martin Ravallion and Shaohua Chen Patrizio Piraino WPS 8169 WPS 8180 The impact of strengthening agricultural extension Labor market discrimination and sorting: Evidence services: Evidence from Ethiopia from South Africa By Niklas Buehren, Markus P. Goldstein, Ezequiel Molina By Martin Abel and Julia Vaillant WPS 8179 WPS 8168 The many faces of deprivation: A multidimensional The nature of trade and growth linkages approach to poverty in Armenia By Tatiana Didier Brandao and Magali Pinat By Diana Martirosova, Osman Kaan Inan, Moritz Meyer and Nistha Sinha WPS 8167 Tracing back the weather origins of human welfare: WPS 8178 Evidence from Mozambique Politics, public works and poverty: Evidence from the By Javier Eduardo Baez Ramirez, German Daniel Caruso Bangladesh employment generation programme for and Chiyu Niu the poorest By Iffath Anwar Sharif, Ummul Hasanath Ruthbah WPS 8166 Buses, houses or cash? Socio-economic, spatial and WPS 8177 environmental consequences of reforming public Delivering education to the underserved through a transport subsidies in Buenos Aires public-private partnership program in Pakistan By Paolo Avner, Shomik Raj Mehndiratta, Vincent Viguie By Felipe Barrera-Osorio, David S. Blakeslee, Matthew and Stephane Hallegatte Hoover, Leigh Linden, Dhushyanth Raju and Stephen P. Ryan WPS 8165 Assessing forecast uncertainty: An information WPS 8176 Bayesian approach Will elders provide for their grandchildren? By Fabian Mendez Ramos Unconditional cash transfers and educational expenditures in Bolivia WPS 8164 By Gustavo Canavire-Bacarreza, Alberto Chong, The poverty implications of alternative tax reforms: Fernando Rios-Avila and Monica Yanez Pagans Results from a numerical application to Pakistan By Andrew Feltenstein, Carolina Mejia-Mantilla, David WPS 8175 Locke Newhouse and Gohar Sedrakyan Longevity and lifetime education: Global evidence from 919 surveys By Mohammad Mainul Hoque, Elizabeth M. King, Claudio E. Montenegro and Peter F. Orazem WPS 8174 Modal choice between rail and road transportation: Evidence from Tanzania By Atsushi Iimi, Richard Martin Humphreys and Yonas Eliesikia Mchomvu WPS 8173 Rail transport and firm productivity: Evidence from Tanzania The World Bank in India • November 2017 27 The World Bank in India VOL 16 / NO 3 • November 2017 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Annamalai University ◆ New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 Centre for Studies in Social ◆ Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata Giri Institute of Development ◆ Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune Guru Nanak Dev University ◆ Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank Indian Institute of ◆ 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 Institute of Development ◆ (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur Institute of Economic ◆ The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore Karnataka University ◆ Dharwad Kerala University Library ◆ Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad Pt. 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